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Beets MW, Burkart S, Pfledderer C, Adams E, Weaver RG, Armstrong B, Brazendale K, Zhu X, McLain A, Turner-McGrievy B, Pate R, Kaczynski A, Fairchild A, Saelens B, Parker H. Differences in elementary-age children's accelerometer - measured physical activity between school and summer: three-year findings from the What's UP (Undermining Prevention) with summer observational cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:86. [PMID: 39107808 PMCID: PMC11304806 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among elementary-aged children (5-12yrs), summer vacation is associated with accelerated gains in Body Mass Index (BMI). A key behavioral driver of BMI gain is a lack of physical activity (PA). Previous studies indicate PA decreases during summer, compared to the school year but whether this difference is consistent among boys and girls, across age, and by income status remains unclear. This study examined differences in school and summer movement behaviors in a diverse cohort of children across three years. METHODS Children (N = 1,203, age range 5-14 years, 48% girls) wore wrist-placed accelerometers for a 14-day wear-period during school (April/May) and summer (July) in 2021 to 2023, for a total of 6 timepoints. Mixed-effects models examined changes in school vs. summer movement behaviors (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA], sedentary) for boys and girls, separately, and by age and household income groups (low, middle, and upper based on income-to-poverty ratio). RESULTS Children provided a total of 35,435 valid days of accelerometry. Overall, boys (+ 9.1 min/day, 95CI 8.1 to 10.2) and girls (+ 6.2 min/day, 95CI 5.4 to 7.0) accumulated more MVPA during school compared to summer. Boys accumulated less time sedentary (-9.9 min/day, 95CI -13.0 to -6.9) during school, while there was no difference in sedentary time (-2.7 min/day, 95CI -5.7 to 0.4) for girls. Different patterns emerged across ages and income groups. Accumulation of MVPA was consistently greater during school compared to summer across ages and income groups. Generally, the difference between school and summer widened with increasing age, except for girls from middle-income households. Accumulation of sedentary time was higher during school for younger children (5-9yrs), whereas for older children (10-14yrs), sedentary time was greater during summer for the middle- and upper-income groups. For boys from low-income households and girls from middle-income households, sedentary time was consistently greater during summer compared to school across ages. CONCLUSIONS Children are less active and more sedentary during summer compared to school, which may contribute to accelerated BMI gain. However, this differs by biological sex, age, and income. These findings highlight the complex factors influencing movement behaviors between school and summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Beets
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Adams
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Xuanxuan Zhu
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alexander McLain
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Russell Pate
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Andrew Kaczynski
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amanda Fairchild
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Hannah Parker
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Foraita R, Witte J, Börnhorst C, Gwozdz W, Pala V, Lissner L, Lauria F, Reisch LA, Molnár D, De Henauw S, Moreno L, Veidebaum T, Tornaritis M, Pigeot I, Didelez V. A longitudinal causal graph analysis investigating modifiable risk factors and obesity in a European cohort of children and adolescents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6822. [PMID: 38514750 PMCID: PMC10957936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a complex disorder that appears to be influenced by an interacting system of many factors. Taking this complexity into account, we aim to investigate the causal structure underlying childhood obesity. Our focus is on identifying potential early, direct or indirect, causes of obesity which may be promising targets for prevention strategies. Using a causal discovery algorithm, we estimate a cohort causal graph (CCG) over the life course from childhood to adolescence. We adapt a popular method, the so-called PC-algorithm, to deal with missing values by multiple imputation, with mixed discrete and continuous variables, and that takes background knowledge such as the time-structure of cohort data into account. The algorithm is then applied to learn the causal structure among 51 variables including obesity, early life factors, diet, lifestyle, insulin resistance, puberty stage and cultural background of 5112 children from the European IDEFICS/I.Family cohort across three waves (2007-2014). The robustness of the learned causal structure is addressed in a series of alternative and sensitivity analyses; in particular, we use bootstrap resamples to assess the stability of aspects of the learned CCG. Our results suggest some but only indirect possible causal paths from early modifiable risk factors, such as audio-visual media consumption and physical activity, to obesity (measured by age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores) 6 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Foraita
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Janine Witte
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Börnhorst
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wencke Gwozdz
- Department of Consumer Research, Communication and Food Sociology, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany
- Department of Management, Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lauren Lissner
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fabio Lauria
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy
| | - Lucia A Reisch
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- El-Erian Institute of Behavioural Economics and Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luis Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Iris Pigeot
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Didelez
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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3
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Hebestreit A, Sina E. [Consequences of digital media on the health of children and adolescents with a focus on the consumption of unhealthy foods]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2024; 67:292-299. [PMID: 38233498 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-024-03834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Children and adolescents' media time has increased since 2019. Prolonged time spent with media and media multitasking is increasingly being discussed as a health determinant. This narrative review highlights the importance of media time on the development of obesity and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents and discusses in more detail the associations with consumption of unhealthy foods and increased exposure to media food marketing.The prolonged durations that children and adolescents spend with social and digital media in their leisure time are positively related to sensory taste preferences for sweet, fatty, and salty foods as well as to higher snack food and energy intakes. Moreover, prolonged media time is also associated with a long-term increased risk of metabolic syndrome and its single components. The potential of social media for promoting physical activity and healthy eating lies especially in simplifying the inclusion of otherwise hard-to-reach groups. Further, social media may facilitate social support from peers and thus positively influence the well-being of young users.Particularly against the background of the not yet fully developed cognitive abilities of children and adolescents, the article refers to options for action to protect young media users. Exposure to certain social media content appears to negatively relate to children and adolescents' food choices and eating behaviors, supporting the call to regulate advertising directed at young consumers for foods and beverages that do not meet WHO criteria for child-friendly foods in these media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Hebestreit
- Abteilung: Epidemiologische Methoden und Ursachenforschung, Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland.
| | - Elida Sina
- Abteilung: Epidemiologische Methoden und Ursachenforschung, Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland
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4
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Patel J, Katapally TR, Khadilkar A, Bhawra J. The interplay between air pollution, built environment, and physical activity: Perceptions of children and youth in rural and urban India. Health Place 2024; 85:103167. [PMID: 38128264 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of physical inactivity as a contributor to non-communicable disease risk in children and youth is widely recognized. Air pollution and the built environment can limit participation in physical activity and exacerbate non-communicable disease risk; however, the relationships between perceptions of air pollution, built environment, and health behaviours are not fully understood, particularly among children and youth in low and middle-income countries. Currently, there are no studies capturing how child and youth perceptions of air pollution and built environment are associated with physical activity in India, thus, this study investigated the association between perceived air pollution and built environment on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels of Indian children and youth. Online surveys captured MVPA, perception of air pollution as a problem, built environment factors, as well as relevant sociodemographic characteristics from parents and children aged 5-17 years in partnership with 41 schools across 28 urban and rural locations during the Coronavirus disease lockdowns in 2021. After adjusting for age, gender, and location, a significant association was found between the perception of air pollution as a problem and MVPA levels (β = -18.365, p < 0.001). Similarly, the perception of a high crime rate was associated with lower MVPA levels (β = -23.383, p = 0.002). Reporting the presence of zebra crossings, pedestrian signals, or attractive natural sightings were associated with higher MVPA levels; however, this association varied across sociodemographic groups. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing air pollution and improving the built environment to facilitate outdoor active living, including active transportation, among children and youth - solutions that are particularly relevant not only for preventing non-communicable disease risk but also for climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Patel
- DEPtH Lab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Tarun Reddy Katapally
- DEPtH Lab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, 750 Base Line Road East, Suite 300, London, Ontario, N6C 2R5, Canada; Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 001, India
| | - Anuradha Khadilkar
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 001, India
| | - Jasmin Bhawra
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 001, India; School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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5
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McKay CD, Gubhaju L, Gibberd AJ, McNamara BJ, Macniven R, Joshy G, Roseby R, Williams R, Yashadhana A, Fields T, Porykali B, Azzopardi P, Banks E, Eades SJ. Health behaviours associated with healthy body composition among Aboriginal adolescents in Australia in the 'Next Generation: Youth Well-being study'. Prev Med 2023; 175:107715. [PMID: 37775084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This study described the distribution of healthy body composition among Aboriginal adolescents in Australia aged 10-24 years and examined associations with health behaviours and self-rated health. Data were cross-sectional from the 'Next Generation: Youth Well-being study' baseline (N = 1294). We used robust Poisson regression to quantify associations of self-reported health behaviours (physical activity, screen time, sleep, consumption of vegetables, fruit, soft drinks and fast food, and tobacco smoking and alcohol) and self-rated health to healthy body mass index (BMI) and waist/height ratio (WHtR). Overall, 48% of participants had healthy BMI and 64% healthy WHtR, with healthy body composition more common among younger adolescents. Higher physical activity was associated with healthy body composition (5-7 days last week vs none; adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) healthy BMI 1.31 [95% CI 1.05-1.64], and healthy WHtR 1.30 [1.10-1.54]), as was recommended sleep duration (vs not; aPR healthy BMI 1.56 [1.19-2.05], and healthy WHtR 1.37 [1.13-1.67]). There was a trend for higher proportion of healthy body composition with more frequent fast food consumption. Healthy body composition was also associated with higher self-rated health ('very good/excellent' vs 'poor/fair'; aPR healthy BMI 1.87 [1.45-2.42], and healthy WHtR 1.71 [1.40-2.10]). Culturally appropriate community health interventions with a focus on physical activity and sleep may hold promise for improving body composition among Aboriginal adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D McKay
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Lina Gubhaju
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alison J Gibberd
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette J McNamara
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rona Macniven
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grace Joshy
- Centre for Public Health Data and Policy, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Robert Roseby
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn Williams
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Aryati Yashadhana
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Primary Health Care & Equity, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ted Fields
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Primary Health Care & Equity, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bobby Porykali
- Guunu-maana (Heal) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Program, The George Institute for Global Heath, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Azzopardi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emily Banks
- Centre for Public Health Data and Policy, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sandra J Eades
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Galmés S, Rupérez AI, Sánchez J, Moreno LA, Foraita R, Hebestreit A, Molnár D, Palou A, Picó C. KLB and NOX4 expression levels as potential blood-based transcriptional biomarkers of physical activity in children. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5563. [PMID: 37019912 PMCID: PMC10074339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient physical activity (PA) in children is considered one of the major contributors to obesity and cardiometabolic complications later in life. Although regular exercise may contribute to disease prevention and health promotion, reliable early biomarkers are required to objectively discern people performing low PA from those who exercise enough. Here, we aimed to identify potential transcript-based biomarkers through the analysis of a whole-genome microarray in peripheral blood cells (PBC) from physically less active (n = 10) comparing with more active (n = 10) children. A set of genes differentially expressed (p < 0.01, Limma test) in less physically active children were identified, including the down-regulation of genes related to cardiometabolic benefits and improved skeletal function (KLB, NOX4, and SYPL2), and the up-regulation of genes whose elevated expression levels are associated with metabolic complications (IRX5, UBD, and MGP). The analysis of the enriched pathways significantly affected by PA levels were those associated with protein catabolism, skeletal morphogenesis, and wound healing, among others, which may suggest a differential impact of low PA on these processes. Microarray analysis comparing children according to their usual PA has revealed potential PBC transcript-based biomarkers that may be useful in early discerning children expending high sedentary time and its associated negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastià Galmés
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation - NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Azahara I Rupérez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation - NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ronja Foraita
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Antje Hebestreit
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Medical School and National Laboratories of Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation - NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation - NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Floyd B, Battles HT, White S, Loch C, McFarlane G, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Mahoney P. Longitudinal changes in juvenile and adolescent body mass indices before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown in New Zealand. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23861. [PMID: 36642922 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study uses longitudinal data from school children in Dunedin, New Zealand, to evaluate impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures on changes in body mass (BMI, kg/m2 ). Impacts are assessed using two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses. The "structured days" hypothesis holds that children tend to alter sleep patterns, reduce activity and increase snacking when not in structured environments. The bidirectional hypothesis proposes that over-weight or obese children are predisposed to further gains in unstructured settings. METHODS Juveniles and adolescents (n = 95, 60% female) were recruited from Dunedin schools. Repeated measures analyses assessed variation in intra-individual change in BMI during four periods: P1 (before summer break), P2 (during summer break), P3 (during the COVID-19 lockdown), and P4 (after the lockdown ended). The model also examined if these changes were influenced by participants' sex or body size early in the first period assessed using log-transformed BMI, log-transformed weight, height, or lower leg length. RESULTS Repeated measures analyses of per month gains in BMI (kg/m2 ) during the four periods revealed consistent period (p ≤ .001), period by sex (p ≤ .010), and period by body size (p ≤ .001) interactions across all four body size proxies. Both sexes experienced the greatest gains during the lockdown (P3), but differed in response to their summer break (P2). CONCLUSION Results are mostly consistent with the "structured days" hypothesis, but challenge the bidirectional hypothesis as defined. Further research better characterizing risks of gains in adiposity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Floyd
- School of Social Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Sophie White
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Carolina Loch
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gina McFarlane
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Patrick Mahoney
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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de la Rie S, Washbrook E, Perinetti Casoni V, Waldfogel J, Kwon SJ, Dräger J, Schneider T, Olczyk M, Boinet C, Keizer R. The role of energy balance related behaviors in socioeconomic inequalities in childhood body mass index: A comparative analysis of Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Soc Sci Med 2023; 317:115575. [PMID: 36470056 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood Body Mass Index (BMI) are becoming increasingly more pronounced across the world. Although countries differ in the direction and strength of these inequalities, cross-national comparative research on this topic is rare. This paper draws on harmonized longitudinal cohort data from four wealthy countries-Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US)-to 1) map cross-country differences in the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in childhood BMI, and 2) to examine cross-country differences in the role of three energy-balance-related behaviors-physical activity, screen time, and breakfast consumption-in explaining these inequalities. Children were aged 5-7 at our first timepoint and were followed up at age 8-11. We used data from the German National Educational Panel Study, the Dutch Generation R study, the UK Millennium Cohort Study and the US Early Childhood Longitudinal-Kindergarten Study. All countries revealed significant inequalities in childhood BMI. The US stood out in having the largest inequalities. Overall, inequalities between children with low versus medium educated parents were smaller than those between children with high versus medium educated parents. The role of energy-balance-related behaviors in explaining inequalities in BMI was surprisingly consistent. Across countries, physical activity did not, while screen time and breakfast consumption did play a role. The only exception was that breakfast consumption did not play a role in the US. Cross-country differences emerged in the relative contribution of each behavior in explaining inequalities in BMI: Breakfast consumption was most important in the UK, screen time explained most in Germany and the US, and breakfast consumption and screen time were equally important in the Netherlands. Our findings suggest that what constitutes the most effective policy intervention differs across countries and that these should target both children from medium as well as low educated families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanneke de la Rie
- Department of Public Administration & Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Elizabeth Washbrook
- School of Education, University of Bristol, 35 Berkeley Square, Bristol, BS8 1JA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane Waldfogel
- Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sarah Jiyoon Kwon
- Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jascha Dräger
- School of Education, University of Strathclyde, 141 St James Road, Glasgow, G4 0LT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Melanie Olczyk
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Paracelsusstr. 22, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Césarine Boinet
- Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde, 199 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0QU, United Kingdom; French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), 9 Cours des Humanités CS 50004, 93322, Aubervilliers Cedex, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Renske Keizer
- Department of Public Administration & Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Lifestyle Risk Factors for Overweight/Obesity in Spanish Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121947. [PMID: 36553390 PMCID: PMC9777298 DOI: 10.3390/children9121947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is one of the main public health concerns in Europe. The aim was to identify possible risk factors associated with overweight/obesity in Spanish preschool and school-age children. The sample (1075 (50.7% girls) children aged 3 to 12) is part of the project 'Alimentando el Cambio' whose objective is to promote healthy lifestyles in schools. Child height and weight were measured, and parents filled out questionnaires related to the children's lifestyle. There was a positive and significant association between sweetened beverage consumption and body mass index (BMI) z-score in both sexes and age groups. There was a negative and significant association between BMI z-score and dairy products in girls of both age groups. There was also a protective effect of regular nut consumption on overweight/obesity in girls 6-12 y. Night-time sleep during weekdays showed a negative association with BMI z-score for older boys and girls. A positive and significant association was found between total screen time and BMI z-score during weekdays. Regarding emotional well-being and self-esteem, having girls 6-12 y laughing and feeling happy and good about themselves in the last week was a protective factor against overweight/obesity. Childhood obesity prevention efforts may benefit from targeting these key risk factors.
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Breau B, Brandes M, Veidebaum T, Tornaritis M, Moreno LA, Molnár D, Lissner L, Eiben G, Lauria F, Kaprio J, De Henauw S, Ahrens W, Buck C. Longitudinal association of childhood physical activity and physical fitness with physical activity in adolescence: insights from the IDEFICS/I.Family study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:147. [PMID: 36494689 PMCID: PMC9733271 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine associations of early childhood physical fitness and physical activity (PA) with PA during later childhood/early adolescence while accounting for gender differences. METHODS We selected data of N = 4329 children from the IDEFICS/I. Family cohort (age 2.4-11.7 years) with data on baseline fitness and accelerometer measurements. At baseline, physical fitness tests were conducted including Flamingo balance, Backsaver sit and reach, Handgrip strength, Standing Long Jump, 40-m sprint and 20-m Shuttle run (to estimate cardio-respiratory fitness levels). PA was measured with Actigraph accelerometers over 3 days at baseline (ActiTrainer or GT1M) and 7 days at follow-up (GT3X). Evenson cutpoints were used to determine moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) time, and children with ≥60mins/day of average MVPA were deemed as having met WHO guidelines at baseline and follow-up. Linear and logistic regressions were performed to examine longitudinal associations between meeting WHO guidelines, MVPA, and physical fitness tests at baseline with meeting WHO guidelines and MVPA at follow-up. Models were conducted on the entire sample, the sex-stratified sample, and stratified by sex and pubertal status at follow-up. RESULTS Results showed that meeting WHO guidelines for MVPA at baseline was positively associated with MVPA (Standardized Beta (B) = 0.13, 95%CI:(5.6;11.1)) and meeting WHO guidelines at follow-up for the entire sample (OR = 2.1, 95%CI:(1.5; 3.14), and stratified by males (OR = 2.5, 95%CI:(1.5; 4.1)) and females (OR = 1.8, 95%CI:(1.0; 3.2)). This was also found for both male pre/early pubertal and pubertal groups but only in the female pre/early pubertal group, and not the female pubertal group (MVPA: B = .00, 95%CI:(- 6.1; 5.6), WHO: OR = 0.61, 95%CI:(0.23;1.6)). Models indicated that Standing Long jump, 40-m sprint, Shuttle run and Flamingo balance at baseline were associated with MVPA and meeting the guidelines at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Meeting WHO guidelines and certain fitness tests at baseline were strongly associated with MVPA and meeting WHO guidelines at follow-up, but this association varied with sex and pubertal status. Consequently, these findings underline the importance of ensuring sufficient physical activity in terms of quality and quantity for children at the earliest stages of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN62310987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Breau
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada ,grid.418465.a0000 0000 9750 3253Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mirko Brandes
- grid.418465.a0000 0000 9750 3253Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- grid.416712.70000 0001 0806 1156Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Michael Tornaritis
- grid.513172.3Research and Education Institute of Child health, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón) Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.484042.e0000 0004 5930 4615Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dénes Molnár
- grid.9679.10000 0001 0663 9479Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lauren Lissner
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gabriele Eiben
- grid.412798.10000 0001 2254 0954Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Fabio Lauria
- grid.429574.90000 0004 1781 0819Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- grid.418465.a0000 0000 9750 3253Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christoph Buck
- grid.418465.a0000 0000 9750 3253Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
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Bergqvist-Norén L, Hagman E, Xiu L, Marcus C, Hagströmer M. Physical activity in early childhood: a five-year longitudinal analysis of patterns and correlates. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:47. [PMID: 35443696 PMCID: PMC9022334 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge on longitudinal patterns and related factors of young children’s physical activity (PA) is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine patterns and changes of accelerometer-measured PA over time in two to six-year-old children. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate if parental PA, socioeconomic status, sex, weight status, and motor skills are related to child PA over time, using prospective cohort data from a clustered randomized controlled trial. Methods One hundred and six children (52% girls) and their parents had PA measured yearly from age two to six with an Actigraph GT3X. The actigraph was worn on the non-dominant wrist for one week; anthropometric data and motor skills, as well as background information, was collected simultaneously. The outcome was counts per minute from the vector magnitude, and linear mixed-effect models were used to answer the research questions. Results Among the children, accelerometer-measured PA increased on average by 11% per year from two years of age (mean 3170 cpm (3007-3334 95% CI)) onwards to six years of age (mean 4369 cpm (4207-4533 95% CI)). From three years of age, children were more active on weekdays than on weekend days. The rate of difference varied across low, medium, and highly active children (based on tertiles). No significant differences in weekdays/weekend PA among the lowest active children was found. Despite this, they were still significantly less active on weekend days than the most active children. Maternal, but not paternal PA was found to be significantly positively related to child PA over time, with a medium to large effect size. But no significant relationships were found between child PA and sex, weight status, or socioeconomic status. Conclusions PA increased on average with 11% per year, similarly for boys and girls. From three years of age children were more active during weekdays than weekend days. These results indicate that child PA benefits from active stimulation by parents and care takers already from early ages. It is important to identify attributes of possible intervention designs for weekend days for families with young children as well as characterize the least active children. Trial registration Early STOPP was prospectively registered in the clinical trials registry: clinicaltrials.gov, ID NCT01198847 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-022-01289-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Bergqvist-Norén
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 6A, Stockholm, Huddinge, 141 57, Sweden.
| | - Emilia Hagman
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 6A, Stockholm, Huddinge, 141 57, Sweden
| | - Lijuan Xiu
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 6A, Stockholm, Huddinge, 141 57, Sweden
| | - Claude Marcus
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 6A, Stockholm, Huddinge, 141 57, Sweden
| | - Maria Hagströmer
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society - Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 23, Stockholm, Huddinge, 141 83, Sweden.,Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Santos-Beneit G, Fuster V, Fernández-Jiménez R. Uso de registros clínicos electrónicos en atención primaria con fines de investigación: ¿despegando? Rev Esp Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Santos-Beneit G, Fuster V, Fernández-Jiménez R. Use of primary care electronic medical records for research purposes: is it taking off? REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 75:288-290. [PMID: 34953765 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Santos-Beneit
- Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Division of Cardiology, The Zena and Michael A, Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Valentín Fuster
- Foundation for Science, Health and Education (SHE), Barcelona, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Division of Cardiology, The Zena and Michael A, Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Jiménez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain.
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