1
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Kim JD, Lee AR, Moon DH, Chung YU, Hong SY, Cho HJ, Kang TH, Jang YH, Sohn MH, Seong BL, Seo SU. Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343910. [PMID: 38618740 PMCID: PMC11060017 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Animals
- Genotype
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Mice
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Deog Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dah-Hyun Moon
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Chung
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Vaccine Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Bissett SL, Roy P. Impact of VP2 structure on antigenicity: comparison of BTV1 and the highly virulent BTV8 serotype. J Virol 2024:e0095324. [PMID: 39320096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00953-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an agriculturally and economically significant insect-borne virus that causes serious illness and death in sheep and other domestic and wild ruminants in large areas of the world. Numerous BTV serotypes exist, and distant serotypes exhibit unique neutralizing antibody profiles, which target the outermost capsid protein VP2. The predominant serotype-specific nature of the antibody response to VP2 is a barrier to the development of broad-spectrum prophylactic BTV vaccine candidates. Although VP2 is the main serotype determinant of BTV, the structural basis of serotype specificity has not been investigated. In this study, we utilized the recently available atomic structure of VP2 with a modeled tip domain to carry out in silico structural comparisons between distant serotypes BTV1 and BTV8. These analyses identified structural differences in the tip domain, positioned at the apex of VP2, and informed the design of mutant VP2 constructs. Dissection of tip domain antigenicity demonstrated that the region of structural difference between BTV1 and highly virulent BTV8 was a target of BTV neutralizing antibodies and that mutation of this region resulted in a loss of neutralizing antibody recognition. This study has for the first time provided insights into the structural differences, which underpin the serotype-specific neutralizing antibody response to BTV.IMPORTANCEThe immune system can protect against virus infection by producing antibodies, which bind and inhibit the virus from infecting the susceptible host. These antibodies are termed neutralizing antibodies and generally target the viral receptor binding protein, such as the VP2 of bluetongue virus (BTV). This pressure from the immune system can drive mutation of the viral protein resulting in escape from antibody-mediated neutralization and the evolution of serotypes, as is the case for BTV. Understanding the structural differences, which underpin the different BTV serotypes, could help guide the design of a BTV vaccine that targets multiple serotypes. In this study, we have mapped the VP2 structural differences between distant serotypes, to a region targeted by neutralizing antibodies, and have demonstrated for the first time how VP2 structure is the fundamental basis of serotype specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Bissett
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical, London, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Roy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Augestad EH, Holmboe Olesen C, Grønberg C, Soerensen A, Velázquez-Moctezuma R, Fanalista M, Bukh J, Wang K, Gourdon P, Prentoe J. The hepatitis C virus envelope protein complex is a dimer of heterodimers. Nature 2024; 633:704-709. [PMID: 39232163 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Fifty-eight million individuals worldwide are affected by chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a primary driver of liver cancer for which no vaccine is available1. The HCV envelope proteins E1 and E2 form a heterodimer (E1/E2), which is the target for neutralizing antibodies2. However, the higher-order organization of these E1/E2 heterodimers, as well as that of any Hepacivirus envelope protein complex, remains unknown. Here we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of two E1/E2 heterodimers in a homodimeric arrangement. We reveal how the homodimer is established at the molecular level and provide insights into neutralizing antibody evasion and membrane fusion by HCV, as orchestrated by E2 motifs such as hypervariable region 1 and antigenic site 412, as well as the organization of the transmembrane helices, including two internal to E1. This study addresses long-standing questions on the higher-order oligomeric arrangement of Hepacivirus envelope proteins and provides a critical framework in the design of novel HCV vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Honerød Augestad
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christina Holmboe Olesen
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Grønberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Soerensen
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margherita Fanalista
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaituo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Pontus Gourdon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jannick Prentoe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Feng Y. Recent advances in the study of zika virus structure, drug targets, and inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1418516. [PMID: 39011504 PMCID: PMC11246971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1418516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that can lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome or encephalitis in some individuals and hence presents a serious public health risk. Since the first outbreak of ZIKV in Brazil in 2015, no effective clinical inhibitors have been developed, making the development of effective ZIKV drugs an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. ZIKV belongs to the Flaviviridae family, and its structure includes three structural proteins, namely, capsular (C), premembrane (prM), and envelope (E) proteins, as well as seven nonstructural proteins, namely, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5. To provide a reference for the development of future ZIKV drugs, this paper reviews the structure of the ZIKV based on recent literature reports, analyzes the potential therapeutic targets of various proteins, and proposes feasible drug design strategies. Additionally, this paper reviews and classifies the latest research progress on several protease inhibitors, such as E protein inhibitors, NS2B-NS3 inhibitors, and NS5 inhibitors, so that researchers can quickly understand the current status of development and the interconnections among these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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5
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Gallo FN, Marquez AB, Fidalgo DM, Dana A, Dellarole M, García CC, Bollini M. Antiviral drug discovery: Pyrimidine entry inhibitors for Zika and dengue viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116465. [PMID: 38718623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, constituting over 17 % of infectious diseases, are caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria, and their prevalence is shaped by environmental and social factors. Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), some of the most prevalent infectious agents of this type of diseases, are transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to the genus Aedes. The highest prevalence is observed in tropical regions, inhabited by around 3 billion people. DENV infects millions of people annually and constitutes an additional sanitary challenge due to the circulation of four serotypes, which has complicated vaccine development. ZIKV causes large outbreaks globally and its infection is known to lead to severe neurological diseases, including microcephaly in newborns. Besides, not only mosquito control programs have proved to be not totally effective, but also, no antiviral drugs have been developed so far. The envelope protein (E) is a major component of DENV and ZIKV virion surface. This protein plays a key role during the virus cell entry, constituting an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs. Our previous studies have identified two pyrimidine analogs (3e and 3h) as inhibitors; however, their activity was found to be hindered by their low water solubility. In this study, we performed a low-throughput antiviral screening, revealing compound 16a as a potent DENV-2 and ZIKV inhibitor (EC50 = 1.4 μM and 2.4 μM, respectively). This work was aimed at designing molecules with improved selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties, thus advancing the antiviral efficacy of compounds for potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo N Gallo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agostina B Marquez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela M Fidalgo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Dana
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Meton AI, Inc, Wilmington, DE, 19801, USA
| | - Mariano Dellarole
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C García
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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6
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Penteado AB, de Oliveira Ribeiro G, Lima Araújo EL, Kato RB, de Melo Freire CC, de Araújo JMG, da Luz Wallau G, Salvato RS, de Jesus R, Bosco GG, Franz HF, da Silva PEA, de Souza Leal E, Goulart Trossini GH, de Lima Neto DF. Binding Evolution of the Dengue Virus Envelope Against DC-SIGN: A Combined Approach of Phylogenetics and Molecular Dynamics Analyses Over 30 Years of Dengue Virus in Brazil. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168577. [PMID: 38642883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The Red Queen Hypothesis (RQH), derived from Lewis Carroll's "Through the Looking-Glass", postulates that organisms must continually adapt in response to each other to maintain relative fitness. Within the context of host-pathogen interactions, the RQH implies an evolutionary arms race, wherein viruses evolve to exploit hosts and hosts evolve to resist viral invasion. This study delves into the dynamics of the RQH in the context of virus-cell interactions, specifically focusing on virus receptors and cell receptors. We observed multiple virus-host systems and noted patterns of co-evolution. As viruses evolved receptor-binding proteins to effectively engage with cell receptors, cells countered by altering their receptor genes. This ongoing mutual adaptation cycle has influenced the molecular intricacies of receptor-ligand interactions. Our data supports the RQH as a driving force behind the diversification and specialization of both viral and host cell receptors. Understanding this co-evolutionary dance offers insights into the unpredictability of emerging viral diseases and potential therapeutic interventions. Future research is crucial to dissect the nuanced molecular changes and the broader ecological consequences of this ever-evolving battle. Here, we combine phylogenetic inferences, structural modeling, and molecular dynamics analyses to describe the epidemiological characteristics of major Brazilian DENV strains that circulated from 1990 to 2022 from a combined perspective, thus providing us with a more detailed picture on the dynamics of such interactions over time.
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MESH Headings
- Dengue Virus/genetics
- Dengue Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Phylogeny
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Humans
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Brazil
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Evolution, Molecular
- Dengue/virology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Viral Envelope/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- André Berndt Penteado
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmacy, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Geovani de Oliveira Ribeiro
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Emerson Luiz Lima Araújo
- General Coordination of Attention to Communicable Diseases in Primary Care of the Department of Comprehensive Care Management of the Secretariat of Primary Health Care of the Ministry of Health (CDTAP/DGCI/SAPS-MS), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar de Melo Freire
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sao Carlos, PO Box 676, Washington Luis Road, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Joselio Maria Galvão de Araújo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Biosciences Center, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Campus Universitário, S/N Lagoa Nova 59078900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Department of Entomology and Bioinformatics Center of the Aggeu Magalhães Institute - FIOCRUZ - IAM, Brazil
| | - Richard Steiner Salvato
- Center for Scientific and Technological Development, State Center for Health Surveillance of Rio Grande do Sul, State Department of Health of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Jesus
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Geraldine Goés Bosco
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Ferreira Franz
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Almeida da Silva
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Elcio de Souza Leal
- Federal University of Pará, Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Guamá, 04039-032 Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goulart Trossini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmacy, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira de Lima Neto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmacy, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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7
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Ghosal M, Rakshit T, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharyya S, Satpati P, Senapati D. E-Protein Protonation Titration-Induced Single-Particle Chemical Force Spectroscopy for Microscopic Understanding and pI Estimation of Infectious DENV. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3133-3144. [PMID: 38512319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The ionization state of amino acids on the outer surface of a virus regulates its physicochemical properties toward the sorbent surface. Serologically different strains of the dengue virus (DENV) show different extents of infectivity depending upon their interactions with a receptor on the host cell. To understand the structural dependence of E-protein protonation over its sequence dependence, we have followed E-protein titration kinetics both experimentally and theoretically for two differentially infected dengue serotypes, namely, DENV-2 and DENV-4. We have performed E-protein protonation titration-induced single-particle chemical force spectroscopy using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to measure the surface chemistry of DENV in physiological aqueous solutions not only to understand the charge distribution dynamics on the virus surface but also to estimate the isoelectric point (pI) accurately for infectious dengue viruses. Cryo-EM structure-based theoretical pI calculations of the DENV-2 surface protein were shown to be consistent with the evaluated pI value from force spectroscopy measurements. We also highlighted here the role of the microenvironment around the titrable residues (in the 3D-folded structure of the protein) in altering the pKa. This is a comprehensive study to understand how the cumulative charge distribution on the outer surface of a specific serotype of DENV regulates a prominent role of infectivity over minute changes at the genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manorama Ghosal
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, WB 700064, India
| | - Tatini Rakshit
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, PO Box 4, Faridabad-Gurugram HR-121001, India
| | - Priyadarshi Satpati
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dulal Senapati
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, WB 700064, India
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8
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Tandavanitj R, Setthapramote C, De Lorenzo G, Sanchez-Velazquez R, Clark JJ, Rocchi M, McInnes C, Kohl A, Patel AH. Virus-like particles of louping ill virus elicit potent neutralizing antibodies targeting multimers of viral envelope protein. Vaccine 2024; 42:2429-2437. [PMID: 38458875 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Louping ill virus (LIV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that predominantly causes disease in livestock, especially sheep in the British Isles. A preventive vaccine, previously approved for veterinary use but now discontinued, was based on an inactivated whole virion that likely provided protection by induction of neutralizing antibodies recognizing the viral envelope (E) protein. A major disadvantage of the inactivated vaccine was the need for high containment facilities for the propagation of infectious virus, as mandated by the hazard group 3 status of the virus. This study aimed to develop high-efficacy non-infectious protein-based vaccine candidates. Specifically, soluble envelope protein (sE), and virus-like particles (VLPs), comprised of the precursor of membrane and envelope proteins, were generated, characterized, and studied for their immunogenicity in mice. Results showed that the VLPs induced more potent virus neutralizing response compared to sE, even though the total anti-envelope IgG content induced by the two antigens was similar. Depletion of anti-monomeric E protein antibodies from mouse immune sera suggested that the neutralizing antibodies elicited by the VLPs targeted epitopes spanning the highly organized structure of multimer of the E protein, whereas the antibody response induced by sE focused on E monomers. Thus, our results indicate that VLPs represent a promising LIV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapeepat Tandavanitj
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom; Biologicals Research Group, Research and Development Institute, The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chayanee Setthapramote
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Giuditta De Lorenzo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jordan J Clark
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mara Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin McInnes
- Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom; Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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9
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Tam EH, Peng Y, Cheah MXY, Yan C, Xiao T. Neutralizing antibodies to block viral entry and for identification of entry inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2024; 224:105834. [PMID: 38369246 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are naturally produced by our immune system to combat viral infections. Clinically, neutralizing antibodies with potent efficacy and high specificity have been extensively used to prevent and treat a wide variety of viral infections, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Dengue Virus (DENV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). An overwhelmingly large subset of clinically effective NAbs operates by targeting viral envelope proteins to inhibit viral entry into the host cell. Binding of viral envelope protein to the host receptor is a critical rate limiting step triggering a cascade of downstream events, including endocytosis, membrane fusion and pore formation to allow viral entry. In recent years, improved structural knowledge on these processes have allowed researchers to also leverage NAbs as an indispensable tool in guiding discovery of novel antiviral entry inhibitors, providing drug candidates with high efficacy and pan-genus specificity. This review will summarize the latest progresses on the applications of NAbs as effective entry inhibitors and as important tools to develop antiviral therapeutics by high-throughput drug screenings, rational design of peptidic entry inhibitor mimicking NAbs and in silico computational modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Hong Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637551, Singapore; Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University 636921, Singapore
| | - Yu Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637551, Singapore; Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University 636921, Singapore
| | - Megan Xin Yan Cheah
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency of Science, Technology and Research) 138673, Singapore
| | - Chuan Yan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency of Science, Technology and Research) 138673, Singapore
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637551, Singapore; Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University 636921, Singapore.
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10
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Rani NV, Baig MS, Pathak B, Kapoor N, Krishnan A. Mutation of conserved histidine residues of dengue virus envelope protein impairs viral like particle maturation and secretion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119682. [PMID: 38301907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) envelope protein plays crucial role in virus entry and maturation of virus during infection. Maturation of DENV occurs in the trans Golgi network at slightly acidic pH which is close to pKa of histidine. When exposed to the acidic environment of the late secretory pathway, dengue virus particles go through a significant conformational change, whereby interactions of structural proteins envelope (E) and prM proteins are reorganised and enable furin protease to cleave prM resulting in mature virus. In order to study the role of histidine of E protein in DENV maturation, we mutated 7 conserved histidine residues of envelope protein and assessed the percent of budding using viral like particle (VLP) system. Histidine mutants; H144A, H244A, H261A and H282A severely disrupted VLP formation without any significant change in expression in cell and its oligomerization ability. Treatment with acidotropic amine reversed the defect for all 4 mutants suggesting that these histidines could be involved in maturation and release. Over expression of capsid protein slightly enhanced VLP release of H244A and H261A. Similarly, furin over expression increased VLP release of these mutants. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that prM and E interaction is lost for H244A, H261A and H282A mutants at acidic pH but not at neutral pH indicating that they could be involved in histidine switch during maturation at acidic pH. Detailed analysis of the mutants could provide novel insights on the interplay of envelop protein during maturation and aid in target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Veena Rani
- School of Sciences, IGNOU, New Delhi 110068, India
| | - Mirza Sarwar Baig
- Centre for Virology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Bharti Pathak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- School of Sciences, IGNOU, New Delhi 110068, India
| | - Anuja Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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11
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Perera DR, Ranadeva ND, Sirisena K, Wijesinghe KJ. Roles of NS1 Protein in Flavivirus Pathogenesis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:20-56. [PMID: 38110348 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses are highly concerning pathogens that pose significant risks to public health. The NS1 protein is conserved among flaviviruses and is synthesized as a part of the flavivirus polyprotein. It plays a critical role in viral replication, disease progression, and immune evasion. Post-translational modifications influence NS1's stability, secretion, antigenicity, and interactions with host factors. NS1 protein forms extensive interactions with host cellular proteins allowing it to affect vital processes such as RNA processing, gene expression regulation, and cellular homeostasis, which in turn influence viral replication, disease pathogenesis, and immune responses. NS1 acts as an immune evasion factor by delaying complement-dependent lysis of infected cells and contributes to disease pathogenesis by inducing endothelial cell damage and vascular leakage and triggering autoimmune responses. Anti-NS1 antibodies have been shown to cross-react with host endothelial cells and platelets, causing autoimmune destruction that is hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, in contrast, immunization of animal models with the NS1 protein confers protection against lethal challenges from flaviviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses. Understanding the multifaceted roles of NS1 in flavivirus pathogenesis is crucial for effective disease management and control. Therefore, further research into NS1 biology, including its host protein interactions and additional roles in disease pathology, is imperative for the development of strategies and therapeutics to combat flavivirus infections successfully. This Review provides an in-depth exploration of the current available knowledge on the multifaceted roles of the NS1 protein in the pathogenesis of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayangi R Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 00300
| | - Nadeeka D Ranadeva
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, KIU Campus Sri Lanka 10120
| | - Kavish Sirisena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 00300
- Section of Genetics, Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Sri Lanka 10120
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12
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Masrinoul P, Sun-Arlee P, Yoksan S, Wanlayaporn D, Juntarapornchai S, Punyahathaikul S, Ketsuwan K, Palabodeewat S, Kongchanagul A, Auewarakul P. Intra-serotypic antigenic diversity of dengue virus serotype 3 in Thailand during 2004-2015. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e11. [PMID: 38185822 PMCID: PMC10804135 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to the well-known differences among the four dengue serotypes, intra-serotypic antigenic diversity has been proposed to play a role in viral evolution and epidemic fluctuation. A replacement of genotype II by genotype III of dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV3) occurred in Thailand during 2007-2014, raising questions about the role of intra-serotypic antigenic differences in this genotype shift. We characterized the antigenic difference of DENV3 of genotypes II and III in Thailand, utilizing a neutralizing antibody assay with DENV3 vaccine sera and monotypic DENV3 sera. Although there was significant antigenic diversity among the DENV3, it did not clearly associate with the genotype. Our data therefore do not support the role of intra-serotypic antigenic difference in the genotype replacement. Amino acid alignment showed that eight positions are potentially associated with diversity between distinct antigenic subgroups. Most of these amino acids were found in envelope domain II. Some positions (aa81, aa124, and aa172) were located on the surface of virus particles, probably involving the neutralization sensitivity. Notably, the strains of both genotypes II and III showed clear antigenic differences from the vaccine genotype I strain. Whether this differencewill affect vaccine efficacy requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promsin Masrinoul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Panumas Sun-Arlee
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sutee Yoksan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangnapa Wanlayaporn
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sanjira Juntarapornchai
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Surat Punyahathaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kunjimas Ketsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somnuek Palabodeewat
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alita Kongchanagul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Agbodzi B, Sado Yousseu FB, Nemg Simo FB, Kumordjie S, Yeboah C, Mosore MT, Bentil RE, Coatsworth HG, Attram N, Nimo-Paintsil S, Fox AT, Bonney JHK, Ampofo W, Dinglasan RR, Sanders T, Wiley MR, Demanou M, Letizia AG. Whole genome sequencing of outbreak strains from 2017 to 2018 reveals an endemic clade of dengue 1 virus in Cameroon. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2281352. [PMID: 37933502 PMCID: PMC10732222 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2281352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is expanding as a global public health threat including countries within Africa. For the past few decades, Cameroon has experienced sporadic cases of arboviral infections including dengue fever. Here, we conducted genomic analyses to investigate the origin and phylogenetic profile of Cameroon DENV-1 outbreak strains and predict the impact of emerging therapeutics on these strains. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic inference approaches were employed in virus evolutionary analyses. An in silico analysis was performed to assess the divergence in immunotherapeutic and vaccine targets in the new genomes. Six complete DENV-1 genomes were generated from 50 samples that met a clinical definition for DENV infection. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the strains from the current study belong to a sub-lineage of DENV-1 genotype V and form a monophyletic taxon with a 2012 strain from Gabon. The most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the Cameroon and Gabon strains was estimated to have existed around 2008. Comparing our sequences to the vaccine strains, 19 and 15 amino acid (aa) substitutions were observed in the immuno-protective prM-E protein segments of the Dengvaxia® and TetraVax-DV-TV003 vaccines, respectively. Epitope mapping revealed mismatches in aa residues at positions E155 and E161 located in the epitope of the human anti-DENV-1 monoclonal antibody HMAb 1F4. The new DENV strains constitute a conserved genomic pool of viruses endemic to the Central African region that needs prospective monitoring to track local viral evolution. Further work is needed to ascertain the performance of emerging therapeutics in DENV strains from the African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Agbodzi
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Clara Yeboah
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Heather G. Coatsworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Naiki Attram
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Anne T. Fox
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph H. K. Bonney
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ampofo
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rhoel R. Dinglasan
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Terrel Sanders
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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14
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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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15
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Desingu PA, Mishra S, Dindi L, Srinivasan S, Rajmani RS, Ravi V, Tamta AK, Raghu S, Murugasamy K, Pandit AS, Sundaresan NR. PARP1 inhibition protects mice against Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113103. [PMID: 37676769 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in children. Although vaccines have been developed against the JE virus (JEV), no effective antiviral therapy exists. Our study shows that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), an NAD+-dependent (poly-ADP) ribosyl transferase, protects against JEV infection. Interestingly, PARP1 is critical for JEV pathogenesis in Neuro-2a cells and mice. Small molecular inhibitors of PARP1, olaparib, and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) significantly reduce clinical signs and viral load in the serum and brains of mice and improve survival. PARP1 inhibition confers protection against JEV infection by inhibiting autophagy. Mechanistically, upon JEV infection, PARP1 PARylates AKT and negatively affects its phosphorylation. In addition, PARP1 transcriptionally upregulates PTEN, the PIP3 phosphatase, negatively regulating AKT. PARP1-mediated AKT inactivation promotes autophagy and JEV pathogenesis by increasing the FoxO activity. Thus, our findings demonstrate PARP1 as a potential mediator of JEV pathogenesis that can be effectively targeted for treating JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Arumugam Desingu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
| | - Sneha Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Lavanya Dindi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Shalini Srinivasan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Venkatraman Ravi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Tamta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sukanya Raghu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Krishnega Murugasamy
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Anwit Shriniwas Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nagalingam R Sundaresan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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16
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Reemtsma H, Holicki CM, Fast C, Bergmann F, Groschup MH, Ziegler U. A Prior Usutu Virus Infection Can Protect Geese from Severe West Nile Disease. Pathogens 2023; 12:959. [PMID: 37513806 PMCID: PMC10386565 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related pathogens circulating between mosquitoes and birds, but also infecting mammals as dead-end hosts. Both viruses share the same susceptible hosts, vectors, and even distribution areas in Central Europe. The aim of the study was, therefore, to understand their amplification potential and interference upon a successive infection. Two-week old geese were initially infected with an USUV isolate from Germany and with a German WNV isolate17 days later. The geese were susceptible to the USUV and the WNV infections, as evidenced by specific flavivirus antibodies in all of the birds. Furthermore, in half of the USUV-inoculated geese, USUV genomes were detected in the blood and swab samples 2-4 days post-infection. Additionally, most of the examined organs contained USUV genomes and showed signs of encephalitis and ganglioneuritis. Interestingly, upon a sequential infection with WNV, the genome copy numbers in all of the examined samples were significantly lower and less frequent than after a WNV mono-infection. Similarly, the histopathological lesions were less severe. Therefore, it can be concluded that a previous USUV infection can protect birds from clinical disease in a subsequent WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Reemtsma
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cora M Holicki
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Fast
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Felicitas Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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17
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Kaur G, Pant P, Bhagat R, Seth P. Zika virus E protein modulates functions of human brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes: implications on blood-brain barrier properties. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1173120. [PMID: 37545876 PMCID: PMC10399241 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1173120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can cross the otherwise dynamically regulated blood-brain barrier (BBB) and affect the brain cells. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped neurotropic Flavivirus known to cause severe neurological complications, such as encephalitis and fetal microcephaly. In the present study, we employed human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and astrocytes derived from human progenitors to establish a physiologically relevant BBB model. We used this model to investigate the effects of ZIKV envelope (E) protein on properties of cells comprising the BBB. E protein is the principal viral protein involved in interaction with host cell surface receptors, facilitating the viral entry. Our findings show that the presence of ZIKV E protein leads to activation of both hBMECs and astrocytes. In hBMECs, we observed a decrease in the expression of crucial endothelial junction proteins such as ZO-1, Occludin and VE-Cadherin, which are vital in establishment and maintenance of the BBB. Consequently, the ZIKV E protein induced changes in BBB integrity and permeability. We also found upregulation of genes involved in leukocyte recruitment along with increased proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines upon exposure to E protein. Additionally, the E protein also led to astrogliosis, evident from the elevated expression of GFAP and Vimentin. Both cell types comprising the BBB exhibited inflammatory response upon exposure to E protein which may influence viral access into the central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent infection of other CNS cells. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the transient changes that occur at the site of BBB upon ZIKV infection.
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18
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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19
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Zhu Y, Chen S, Lurong Q, Qi Z. Recent Advances in Antivirals for Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051033. [PMID: 37243122 DOI: 10.3390/v15051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Culex mosquitoes are the primary vectors of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Since its discovery in 1935, Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by JEV, has posed a significant threat to human health. Despite the widespread implementation of several JEV vaccines, the transmission chain of JEV in the natural ecosystem has not changed, and the vector of transmission cannot be eradicated. Therefore, JEV is still the focus of attention for flaviviruses. At present, there is no clinically specific drug for JE treatment. JEV infection is a complex interaction between the virus and the host cell, which is the focus of drug design and development. An overview of antivirals that target JEV elements and host factors is presented in this review. In addition, drugs that balance antiviral effects and host protection by regulating innate immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, or necrosis are reviewed to treat JE effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhe Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shenglin Chen
- Department of Clinic Laboratory Diagnostics, General Hospital of Tibet Military Area Command of PLA, Lhasa 850007, China
| | - Qilin Lurong
- Department of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Tibet Military Area Command of PLA, Lhasa 850007, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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20
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Castro-Amarante MFD, Pereira SS, Pereira LR, Santos LS, Venceslau-Carvalho AA, Martins EG, Balan A, Souza Ferreira LCD. The Anti-Dengue Virus Peptide DV2 Inhibits Zika Virus Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040839. [PMID: 37112820 PMCID: PMC10143277 DOI: 10.3390/v15040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal portion of the E protein, known as stem, is conserved among flaviviruses and is an important target to peptide-based antiviral strategies. Since the dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses share sequences in the stem region, in this study we evaluated the cross-inhibition of ZIKV by the stem-based DV2 peptide (419–447), which was previously described to inhibit all DENV serotypes. Thus, the anti-ZIKV effects induced by treatments with the DV2 peptide were tested in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Molecular modeling approaches have demonstrated that the DV2 peptide interacts with amino acid residues exposed on the surface of pre- and postfusion forms of the ZIKA envelope (E) protein. The peptide did not have any significant cytotoxic effects on eukaryotic cells but efficiently inhibited ZIKV infectivity in cultivated Vero cells. In addition, the DV2 peptide reduced morbidity and mortality in mice subjected to lethal challenges with a ZIKV strain isolated in Brazil. Taken together, the present results support the therapeutic potential of the DV2 peptide against ZIKV infections and open perspectives for the development and clinical testing of anti-flavivirus treatments based on synthetic stem-based peptides.
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21
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Jurisic L, Malatesta D, Zaccaria G, Di Teodoro G, Bonfini B, Valleriani F, Teodori L, Bencivenga F, Leone A, Ripà P, D'Innocenzo V, Rossi E, Lorusso A. Immunization with Usutu virus and with a chimeric West Nile virus (WNV) harboring Usutu-E protein protects immunocompetent adult mice against lethal challenges with different WNV lineage 1 and 2 strains. Vet Microbiol 2023; 277:109636. [PMID: 36580873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), two antigenically related flaviviruses co-circulating in Europe, can cause severe neurological disease in animals and humans. The immune response against USUV and WNV and their immunopathogenesis are still poorly investigated. Here we present results upon sequential infections of adult immunocompetent CD-1 and BALB/c mice primed with two different doses (high dose, HD or low dose, LD) of an USUV isolate and challenged with HD or LD of three different WNV isolates. CD-1 and BALB/c LD USUV-primed mice, regardless of the dose, are largely protected from lethal WNV challenges despite showing no detectable neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, mice immunized with a chimeric virus harboring the E protein of USUV within the WNV backbone (WNVE-USUV) are protected against a lethal challenge with WNV. We believe these findings could contribute to understanding the dynamics of the interaction during sequential infection of these two flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Jurisic
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Guendalina Zaccaria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonfini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Valleriani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Leone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Ripà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D'Innocenzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo (IZS-Te), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy.
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22
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Ma X, Yuan Z, Yi Z. Identification and characterization of key residues in Zika virus envelope protein for virus assembly and entry. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1604-1620. [PMID: 35612559 PMCID: PMC9196690 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2082888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a family member in the Flavivirus genus, has re-emerged as a global public health concern. The envelope (E) proteins of flaviviruses play a dual role in viral assembly and entry. To identify the key residues of E in virus entry, we generated a ZIKV trans-complemented particle (ZIKVTCP) system, in which a subgenomic reporter replicon was packaged by trans-complementation with expression of CprME. We performed mutagenesis studies of the loop regions that protrude from the surface of the virion in the E ectodomains (DI, DII, DIII). Most mutated ZIKVTCPs exhibited deficient egress. Mutations in DII and in the hinge region of DI and DIII affected prM expression. With a bioorthogonal system, photocrosslinking experiments identified crosslinked intracellular E trimers and demonstrated that egress-deficient mutants in DIII impaired E trimerization. Of these mutants, an E-trimerization-dead mutation D389A that nears the E-E interface between two neighbouring spikes in the immature virion completely abolished viral egress. Several mutations abolished ZIKVTCPs’ entry, without severely affecting viral egress. Further virus binding experiments demonstrated a deficiency of the mutated ZIKVTCPs in virus attachment. Strikingly, synthesized peptide containing residues of two mutants (268-273aa in DII) could bind to host cells and significantly compete for viral attachment and interfere with viral infection, suggesting an important role of these resides in virus entry. Our findings uncovered the requirement for DIII mediated-E trimerization in viral egress, and discovered a key residue group in DII that participates in virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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23
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Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Two Decades after Its Elimination in Singapore. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122662. [PMID: 36560666 PMCID: PMC9786948 DOI: 10.3390/v14122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an important arbovirus in Asia that can cause serious neurological disease. JEV is transmitted by mosquitoes in an enzootic cycle involving porcine and avian reservoirs, in which humans are accidental, dead-end hosts. JEV is currently not endemic in Singapore, after pig farming was abolished in 1992; the last known human case was reported in 2005. However, due to its location along the East-Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF), Singapore is vulnerable to JEV re-introduction from the endemic regions. Serological and genetic evidence in the last decade suggests JEV's presence in the local fauna. In the present study, we report the genetic characterization and the first isolation of JEV from 3214 mosquito pools consisting of 41,843 Culex mosquitoes, which were trapped from April 2014 to May 2021. The findings demonstrated the presence of genotype I of JEV (n = 10), in contrast to the previous reports of the presence of genotype II of JEV in Singapore. The genetic analyses also suggested that JEV has entered Singapore on several occasions and has potentially established an enzootic cycle in the local fauna. These observations have important implications in the risk assessment and the control of Japanese encephalitis in non-endemic countries, such as Singapore, that are at risk for JEV transmission.
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24
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Genomic Determinants Potentially Associated with Clinical Manifestations of Human-Pathogenic Tick-Borne Flaviviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113404. [PMID: 36362200 PMCID: PMC9658301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne flavivirus group contains at least five species that are pathogenic to humans, three of which induce encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus, louping-ill virus, Powassan virus) and another two species induce hemorrhagic fever (Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur Forest disease virus). To date, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these strikingly different clinical forms are not completely understood. Using a bioinformatic approach, we performed the analysis of each amino acid (aa) position in the alignment of 323 polyprotein sequences to calculate the fixation index (Fst) per site and find the regions (determinants) where sequences belonging to two designated groups were most different. Our algorithm revealed 36 potential determinants (Fst ranges from 0.91 to 1.0) located in all viral proteins except a capsid protein. In an envelope (E) protein, most of the determinants were located on the virion surface regions (domains II and III) and one (absolutely specific site 457) was located in the transmembrane region. Another 100% specific determinant site (E63D) with Fst = 1.0 was located in the central hydrophilic domain of the NS2b, which mediates NS3 protease activity. The NS5 protein contains the largest number of determinants (14) and two of them are absolutely specific (T226S, E290D) and are located near the RNA binding site 219 (methyltransferase domain) and the extension structure. We assume that even if not absolutely, highly specific sites, together with absolutely specific ones (Fst = 1.0) can play a supporting role in cell and tissue tropism determination.
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25
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Khare B, Kuhn RJ. The Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex Viruses: From Structure to Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:2213. [PMID: 36298768 PMCID: PMC9607441 DOI: 10.3390/v14102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, several flaviviruses of concern that belong to different antigenic groups have expanded geographically. This has resulted in the presence of often more than one virus from a single antigenic group in some areas, while in Europe, Africa and Australia, additionally, multiple viruses belonging to the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serogroup co-circulate. Morphological heterogeneity of flaviviruses dictates antibody recognition and affects virus neutralization, which influences infection control. The latter is further impacted by sequential infections involving diverse flaviviruses co-circulating within a region and their cross-reactivity. The ensuing complex molecular virus-host interplay leads to either cross-protection or disease enhancement; however, the molecular determinants and mechanisms driving these outcomes are unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of four JE serocomplex viruses, parameters affecting flaviviral heterogeneity and antibody recognition, host immune responses and the current knowledge of the cross-reactivity involving JE serocomplex flaviviruses that leads to differential clinical outcomes, which may inform future preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldeep Khare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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26
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In Silico Comparative Analysis of Predicted B Cell Epitopes against Dengue Virus (Serotypes 1–4) Isolated from the Philippines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081259. [PMID: 36016147 PMCID: PMC9415047 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a viral mosquito-borne disease that rapidly spreads in tropical and subtropical countries, including the Philippines. One of its most distinguishing characteristics is the ability of the Dengue Virus (DENV) to easily surpass the innate responses of the body, thus activating B cells of the adaptive immunity to produce virus-specific antibodies. Moreover, Dengvaxia® is the only licensed vaccine for DENV, but recent studies showed that seronegative individuals become prone to increased disease severity and hospitalization. Owing to this limitation of the dengue vaccine, this study determined and compared consensus and unique B cell epitopes among each DENV (1–4) Philippine isolate to identify potential areas of interest for future vaccine studies and therapeutic developments. An in silico-based epitope prediction of forty (40) DENV 1–4 strains, each serotype represented by ten (10) sequences from The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), was conducted using Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity, Emini surface accessibility, and Parker hydrophilicity prediction in Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Results showed that five (5) epitopes were consensus for DENV-1 with no detected unique epitope, one (1) consensus epitope for DENV-2 with two (2) unique epitopes, one (1) consensus epitope for DENV-3 plus two (2) unique epitopes, and two (2) consensus epitopes and one (1) unique epitope for DENV-4. The findings of this study would contribute to determining potential vaccine and diagnostic marker candidates for further research studies and immunological applications against DENV (1–4) Philippine isolates.
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27
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França RKADO, Silva JM, Rodrigues LS, Sokolowskei D, Brigido MM, Maranhão AQ. New Anti-Flavivirus Fusion Loop Human Antibodies with Zika Virus-Neutralizing Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147805. [PMID: 35887153 PMCID: PMC9321016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus infections exhibit recurrent outbreaks and can be responsible for disease complications such as congenital Zika virus syndrome. Effective therapeutic interventions are still a challenge. Antibodies can provide significant protection, although the antibody response may fail due to antibody-dependent enhancement reactions. The choice of the target antigen is a crucial part of the process to generate effective neutralizing antibodies. Human anti-Zika virus antibodies were selected by phage display technology. The antibodies were selected against a mimetic peptide based on the fusion loop region in the protein E of Zika virus, which is highly conserved among different flaviviruses. Four rounds of selection were performed using the synthetic peptide in two strategies: the first was using the acidic elution of bound phages, and the second was by applying a competing procedure. After panning, the selected VH and VL domains were determined by combining NGS and bioinformatic approaches. Three different human monoclonal antibodies were expressed as scFvs and further characterized. All showed a binding capacity to Zika (ZIKV) and showed cross-recognition with yellow fever (YFV) and dengue (DENV) viruses. Two of these antibodies, AZ1p and AZ6m, could neutralize the ZIKV infection in vitro. Due to the conservation of the fusion loop region, these new antibodies can potentially be used in therapeutic intervention against Zika virus and other flavivirus illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Kaylan Alves de Oliveira França
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.d.O.F.); (J.M.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.S.); (A.Q.M.)
- Graduation Program in Molecular Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jacyelle Medeiros Silva
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.d.O.F.); (J.M.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.S.); (A.Q.M.)
| | - Lucas Silva Rodrigues
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.d.O.F.); (J.M.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.S.); (A.Q.M.)
- Graduation Program in Molecular Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Dimitri Sokolowskei
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.d.O.F.); (J.M.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.S.); (A.Q.M.)
- Graduation Program in Molecular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Brigido
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.d.O.F.); (J.M.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.S.); (A.Q.M.)
- Graduation Program in Molecular Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Molecular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- III-Immunology Investigation Institute–CNPq-MCT, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Queiroz Maranhão
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.d.O.F.); (J.M.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.S.); (A.Q.M.)
- Graduation Program in Molecular Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Molecular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- III-Immunology Investigation Institute–CNPq-MCT, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
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28
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Development of antiviral carbon quantum dots that target the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101957. [PMID: 35452675 PMCID: PMC9123278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that is prevalent in Asia and the Western Pacific. Currently, there is no effective treatment for Japanese encephalitis. Curcumin (Cur) is a compound extracted from the roots of Curcuma longa, and many studies have reported its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the high cytotoxicity and very low solubility of Cur limit its biomedical applications. In this study, Cur carbon quantum dots (Cur-CQDs) were synthesized by mild pyrolysis-induced polymerization and carbonization, leading to higher water solubility and lower cytotoxicity, as well as superior antiviral activity against JEV infection. We found that Cur-CQDs effectively bound to the E protein of JEV, preventing viral entry into the host cells. In addition, after continued treatment of JEV with Cur-CQDs, a mutant strain of JEV was evolved that did not support binding of Cur-CQDs to the JEV envelope. Using transmission electron microscopy, biolayer interferometry, and molecular docking analysis, we revealed that the S123R and K312R mutations in the E protein play a key role in binding Cur-CQDs. The S123 and K312 residues are located in structural domains II and III of the E protein, respectively, and are responsible for binding to receptors on and fusing with the cell membrane. Taken together, our results suggest that the E protein of flaviviruses represents a potential target for the development of CQD-based inhibitors to prevent or treat viral infections.
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29
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Zaccaria G, Malatesta D, Jurisic L, Marcacci M, Di Teodoro G, Conte A, Teodori L, Monaco F, Marini V, Casaccia C, Savini G, Di Gennaro A, Rossi E, D'Innocenzo V, D'Alterio N, Lorusso A. The envelope protein of Usutu virus attenuates West Nile virus virulence in immunocompetent mice. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109262. [PMID: 34715462 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are the two most widespread mosquito-borne flaviviruses in Europe causing severe neuroinvasive disease in humans. Here, following standardization of the murine model with wild type (wt) viruses, we engineered WNV and USUV genome by reverse genetics. A recombinant virus carrying the 5' UTR of WNV within the USUV genome backbone (r-USUV5'-UTR WNV) was rescued; when administered to mice this virus did not cause signs or disease as wt USUV suggesting that 5' UTR of a marked neurotropic parental WNV was not per se a virulence factor. Interestingly, a chimeric virus carrying the envelope (E) protein of USUV in the WNV genome backbone (r-WNVE-USUV) showed an attenuated profile in mice compared to wt WNV but significantly more virulent than wt USUV. Moreover, except when tested against serum samples originating from a live WNV infection, r-WNVE-USUV showed an identical antigenic profile to wt USUV confirming that E is also the major immunodominant protein of USUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Zaccaria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucija Jurisic
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Conte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Valeria Marini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Claudia Casaccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Annapia Di Gennaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D'Innocenzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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30
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Hansen CA, Barrett ADT. The Present and Future of Yellow Fever Vaccines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090891. [PMID: 34577591 PMCID: PMC8468696 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease yellow fever (YF) is prevented by a live-attenuated vaccine, termed 17D, which has been in use since the 1930s. One dose of the vaccine is thought to give lifelong (35+ years) protective immunity, and neutralizing antibodies are the correlate of protection. Despite being a vaccine-preventable disease, YF remains a major public health burden, causing an estimated 109,000 severe infections and 51,000 deaths annually. There are issues of supply and demand for the vaccine, and outbreaks in 2016 and 2018 resulted in fractional dosing of the vaccine to meet demand. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established the “Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics” (EYE) initiative to reduce the burden of YF over the next 10 years. As with most vaccines, the WHO has recommendations to assure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the YF vaccine. These require the use of live 17D vaccine only produced in embryonated chicken eggs, and safety evaluated in non-human primates only. Thus, any second-generation vaccines would require modification of WHO recommendations if they were to be used in endemic countries. There are multiple second-generation YF vaccine candidates in various stages of development that must be shown to be non-inferior to the current 17D vaccine in terms of safety and immunogenicity to progress through clinical trials to potential licensing. The historic 17D vaccine continues to shape the global vaccine landscape in its use in the generation of multiple licensed recombinant chimeric live vaccines and vaccine candidates, in which its structural protein genes are replaced with those of other viruses, such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis. There is no doubt that the YF 17D live-attenuated vaccine will continue to play a role in the development of new vaccines for YF, as well as potentially for many other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairissa A. Hansen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-4036, USA;
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-4036, USA;
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-4036, USA
- Correspondence:
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