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Rezq S, Huffman AM, Basnet J, Alsemeh AE, do Carmo JM, Yanes Cardozo LL, Romero DG. MicroRNA-21 modulates brown adipose tissue adipogenesis and thermogenesis in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:53. [PMID: 38987854 PMCID: PMC11238487 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women, is associated with increased obesity, hyperandrogenism, and altered brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. MicroRNAs play critical functions in brown adipocyte differentiation and maintenance. We aim to study the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in altered energy homeostasis and BAT thermogenesis in a PCOS mouse model of peripubertal androgen exposure. METHODS Three-week-old miR-21 knockout (miR21KO) or wild-type (WT) female mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or vehicle for 90 days. Body composition was determined by EchoMRI. Energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Androgen receptor (AR), and markers of adipogenesis, de novo lipogenesis, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and thermogenesis were quantified by RT-qPCR and/or Western-blot. RESULTS MiR-21 ablation attenuated DHT-mediated increase in body weight while having no effect on fat or BAT mass. MiR-21 ablation attenuated DHT-mediated BAT AR upregulation. MiR-21 ablation did not alter EE; however, miR21KO DHT-treated mice have reduced VO2, VCO2, and RER. MiR-21 ablation reversed DHT-mediated decrease in food intake and increase in sleep time. MiR-21 ablation decreased some adipogenesis (Adipoq, Pparγ, and Cebpβ) and extracellular matrix remodeling (Mmp-9 and Timp-1) markers expression in DHT-treated mice. MiR-21 ablation abolished DHT-mediated increases in thermogenesis markers Cpt1a and Cpt1b, while decreasing CIDE-A expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BAT miR-21 may play a role in regulating DHT-mediated thermogenic dysfunction in PCOS. Modulation of BAT miR-21 levels could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PCOS-associated metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Rezq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Alexandra M Huffman
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Jelina Basnet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Amira E Alsemeh
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Licy L Yanes Cardozo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Damian G Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Barsky ST, Monks DA. Lifespan Effects of Muscle-Specific Androgen Receptor Overexpression on Body Composition of Male and Female Rats. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae012. [PMID: 38301268 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Androgenic actions of gonadal testosterone are thought to be a major mechanism promoting sex differences in body composition across the lifespan. However, this inference is based on studies of androgen receptor (AR) function in late adolescent or emerging adult rodents. Here we assess body composition and AR expression in skeletal muscle of rats at defined ages, comparing wild-type (WT) to transgenic human skeletal actin-driven AR overexpression (HSAAR) rats which overexpress AR in skeletal muscle. Male and female HSAAR and WT Sprague Dawley rats (N = 288) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning and tissue collection at postnatal day (PND) 1, 10, 21, 42, 70, 183, 243, and 365. Expected sex differences in body composition and muscle mass largely onset with puberty (PND-21), with no associated changes to skeletal muscle AR protein. In adulthood, HSAAR increased tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus mass in males, and reduced the expected gain in gonadal fat mass in both sexes. In WT rats, AR protein was reduced in soleus, but not TA, throughout life. Nonetheless, soleus AR protein expression was greater in male rats than female rats at all ages of sexual development, yet only at PND-70 in TA. Overall, despite muscle AR overexpression effects, results are inconsistent with major sex differences in body composition during sexual development being driven by changes in muscle AR, rather suggesting that changes in ligand promote sexual differentiation of body composition during pubertal timing. Nonetheless, increased skeletal muscle AR in adulthood can be sufficient to increase muscle mass in males, and reduce adipose in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tzivia Barsky
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Douglas Ashley Monks
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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Yin L, Qi S, Zhu Z. Advances in mitochondria-centered mechanism behind the roles of androgens and androgen receptor in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1267170. [PMID: 37900128 PMCID: PMC10613047 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have reported that androgens and androgen receptors (AR) play important roles in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and the development of obesity-related diseases have been found in either hypogonadal men or male rodents with androgen deficiency. Exogenous androgens supplementation can effectively improve these disorders, but the mechanism by which androgens regulate glucose and lipid metabolism has not been fully elucidated. Mitochondria, as powerhouses within cells, are key organelles influencing glucose and lipid metabolism. Evidence from both pre-clinical and clinical studies has reported that the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by androgens/AR is strongly associated with the impact on the content and function of mitochondria, but few studies have systematically reported the regulatory effect and the molecular mechanism. In this paper, we review the effect of androgens/AR on mitochondrial content, morphology, quality control system, and function, with emphases on molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the sex-dimorphic effect of androgens on mitochondria. This paper provides a theoretical basis for shedding light on the influence and mechanism of androgens on glucose and lipid metabolism and highlights the mitochondria-based explanation for the sex-dimorphic effect of androgens on glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yin
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- School of Sport Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Biomarkers and genetic polymorphisms associated with maximal fat oxidation during physical exercise: implications for metabolic health and sports performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1773-1795. [PMID: 35362801 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) assessed during a graded exercise test is a remarkable physiological indicator associated with metabolic flexibility, body weight loss and endurance performance. The present review considers existing biomarkers related to MFO, highlighting the validity of maximal oxygen uptake and free fatty acid availability for predicting MFO in athletes and healthy individuals. Moreover, we emphasize the role of different key enzymes and structural proteins that regulate adipose tissue lipolysis (i.e., triacylglycerol lipase, hormone sensitive lipase, perilipin 1), fatty acid trafficking (i.e., fatty acid translocase cluster of differentiation 36) and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (i.e., citrate synthase and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II-V) on MFO variation. Likewise, we discuss the association of MFO with different polymorphism on the ACE, ADRB3, AR and CD36 genes, identifying prospective studies that will help to elucidate the mechanisms behind such associations. In addition, we highlight existing evidence that contradict the paradigm of a higher MFO in women due to ovarian hormones activity and highlight current gaps regarding endocrine function and MFO relationship.
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Kim J, Beak S, Ahn S, Moon BS, Kim BS, Lee SJ, Oh SJ, Park HY, Kwon SH, Shin CH, Lim K, Lee KP. Effects of taurine and ginseng extracts on energy metabolism during exercise and their anti-fatigue properties in mice. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:33-45. [PMID: 35116126 PMCID: PMC8784266 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Suji Beak
- Research and Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Korea
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Bom Sahn Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Sang Ju Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seung Hae Kwon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Chul Ho Shin
- Department of Sports Healthcare management, Namseoul University, Cheonan 31020, Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kang Pa Lee
- Research and Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea
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Massett MP, Matejka C, Kim H. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endurance Exercise Training Protocols for Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:782695. [PMID: 34950054 PMCID: PMC8691460 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.782695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbred and genetically modified mice are frequently used to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial adaptations to exercise training. However, published paradigms for exercise training in mice are variable, making comparisons across studies for training efficacy difficult. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to characterize the diversity across published treadmill-based endurance exercise training protocols for mice and to identify training protocol parameters that moderate the adaptations to endurance exercise training in mice. Published studies were retrieved from PubMed and EMBASE and reviewed for the following inclusion criteria: inbred mice; inclusion of a sedentary group; and exercise training using a motorized treadmill. Fifty-eight articles met those inclusion criteria and also included a "classical" marker of training efficacy. Outcome measures included changes in exercise performance, V ˙ O2max, skeletal muscle oxidative enzyme activity, blood lactate levels, or exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The majority of studies were conducted using male mice. Approximately 48% of studies included all information regarding exercise training protocol parameters. Meta-analysis was performed using 105 distinct training groups (i.e., EX-SED pairs). Exercise training had a significant effect on training outcomes, but with high heterogeneity (Hedges' g=1.70, 95% CI=1.47-1.94, Tau2=1.14, I2 =80.4%, prediction interval=-0.43-3.84). Heterogeneity was partially explained by subgroup differences in treadmill incline, training duration, exercise performance test type, and outcome variable. Subsequent analyses were performed on subsets of studies based on training outcome, exercise performance, or biochemical markers. Exercise training significantly improved performance outcomes (Hedges' g=1.85, 95% CI=1.55-2.15). Subgroup differences were observed for treadmill incline, training duration, and exercise performance test protocol on improvements in performance. Biochemical markers also changed significantly with training (Hedges' g=1.62, 95% CI=1.14-2.11). Subgroup differences were observed for strain, sex, exercise session time, and training duration. These results demonstrate there is a high degree of heterogeneity across exercise training studies in mice. Training duration had the most significant impact on training outcome. However, the magnitude of the effect of exercise training varies based on the marker used to assess training efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Massett
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Caitlyn Matejka
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Hyoseon Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Wong A, Chen SQ, Halvorson BD, Frisbee JC. Microvessel Density: Integrating Sex-Based Differences and Elevated Cardiovascular Risks in Metabolic Syndrome. J Vasc Res 2021; 59:1-15. [PMID: 34535606 DOI: 10.1159/000518787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex pathological state consisting of metabolic risk factors such as hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity. The interconnectivity of cellular pathways within various biological systems suggests that each individual component of MetS may share common pathological sources. Additionally, MetS is closely associated with vasculopathy, including a reduction in microvessel density (MVD) (rarefaction) and elevated risk for various cardiovascular diseases. Microvascular impairments may contribute to perfusion-demand mismatch, where local metabolic needs are insufficiently met due to the lack of nutrient and oxygen supply, thus creating pathological positive-feedback loops and furthering the progression of disease. Sexual dimorphism is evident in these underlying cellular mechanisms, which places males and females at different levels of risk for cardiovascular disease and acute ischemic events. Estrogen exhibits protective effects on the endothelium of pre-menopausal women, while androgens may be antagonistic to cardiovascular health. This review examines MetS and its influences on MVD, as well as sex differences relating to the components of MetS and cardiovascular risk profiles. Finally, translational relevance and interventions are discussed in the context of these sex-based differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shu Qing Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brayden D Halvorson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jefferson C Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Capsiate Intake with Exercise Training Additively Reduces Fat Deposition in Mice on a High-Fat Diet, but Not without Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020769. [PMID: 33466647 PMCID: PMC7828664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While exercise training (ET) is an efficient strategy to manage obesity, it is recommended with a dietary plan to maximize the antiobesity functions owing to a compensational increase in energy intake. Capsiate is a notable bioactive compound for managing obesity owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure. We aimed to examine whether the antiobesity effects of ET can be further enhanced by capsiate intake (CI) and determine its effects on resting energy expenditure and metabolic molecules. Mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) and fed high-fat diet. Mild-intensity treadmill ET was conducted five times/week; capsiate (10 mg/kg) was orally administered daily. After 8 weeks, resting metabolic rate and metabolic molecules were analyzed. ET with CI additively reduced the abdominal fat rate by 18% and solely upregulated beta-3-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue (p = 0.013) but did not affect the metabolic molecules in skeletal muscles. Surprisingly, CI without ET significantly increased the abdominal fat rate (p = 0.001) and reduced energy expenditure by 9%. Therefore, capsiate could be a candidate compound for maximizing the antiobesity effects of ET by upregulating beta-3-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue, but CI without ET may not be beneficial in managing obesity.
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Kyun S, Yoo C, Hashimoto T, Tomi H, Teramoto N, Kim J, Lim K. Effects of exogenous lactate administration on fat metabolism and glycogen synthesis factors in rats. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:1-5. [PMID: 32698255 PMCID: PMC7451839 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lactate has several beneficial roles as an energy resource and in metabolism. However, studies on the effects of oral administration of lactate on fat metabolism and glycogen synthesis are limited. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate how oral administration of lactate affects fat metabolism and glycogen synthesis factors at specific times (0, 30, 60, 120 min) after intake. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups as follows: the control group (0 min) was sacrificed immediately after oral lactate administration; the test groups were administered lactate (2 g/kg) and sacrificed after 30, 60, and 120 min. Skeletal muscle and liver mRNA expression of GLUT4, FAT/CD36, PDH, CS, PC and GYS2 was assessed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS GLUT4 and FAT/CD36 expression was significantly increased in skeletal muscle 120 min after lactate administration. PDH expression in skeletal muscle was altered at 30 and 120 min after lactate consumption, but was not significantly different compared to the control. CS, PC and GYS2 expression in liver was increased 60 min after lactate administration. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that exogenous lactate administration increases GLUT4 and FAT/CD36 expression in the muscle as well as glycogen synthase factors (PC, GYS2) in the liver after 60 min. Therefore, lactate supplementation may increase fat utilization as well as induce positive effects on glycogen synthesis in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kyun
- Department of physical education, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Choongsung Yoo
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TexasUSA
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, ShigaJapan
| | - Hironori Tomi
- Center for Regional Sustainability and Innovation, Kochi University, KochiJapan
| | | | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of physical education, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
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