MiR-455-3p downregulation facilitates cell proliferation and invasion and predicts poor prognosis of osteosarcoma

miR-455-3p regulates lymphangiogenesis in silicosis by regulating VEGF-C/VEGFR3

Silicosis is a disease characterized by lung inflammation and fibrosis caused by long-term inhalation of free silicon dioxide (SiO2). Recent studies have found that a large number of lymphatic hyperplasia occurs during the occurrence and development of silicosis. miRNAs play an important role in lymphangiogenesis. However, the regulation and mechanism of miRNAs on lymphangiogenesis in silicosis remain unclear. In this study, lymphangiogenesis was observed in silicosis rats, and VEGF-C-targeted miRNAs were screened, and the effect of miRNAs on the formation of human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) tubular structure was investigated in vitro. The results showed that SiO2 promoted the expressions of Collagen Ι and α-SMA, TNF-α, IL-6 and VEGF-C increased first and then decreased, and promoted the formation of lymphatic vessels. Bioinformatics methods screened miR-455-3p for targeted binding to VEGF-C, and dual luciferase reporter genes confirmed VEGF-C as the target gene of miR-455-3p, and miR-455-3p was down-regulated in the lung tissue of silicosis rats. Transfection of miR-455-3p Inhibitors down-regulated the expression level of miR-455-3p and up-regulated the expression levels of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in HLECs, enhanced migration ability and increased tube formation. Transfection of miR-455-3p Mimics showed an opposite trend. These results suggest that miR-455-3p further regulates the tubular structure formation of HLECs by regulating VEGF-C/VEGFR3. Therefore, targeting miR-455-3p may provide a new therapeutic strategy for SiO2-induced silicosis injury.

hsa‑miR‑455‑3P as a predictive biomarker of anemia in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer treated with carboplatin plus paclitaxel

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The initial treatment of lung cancer depends on the definition of the tumor type and its staging. The most common treatment is chemotherapy, and the first-line treatment is a combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Although this treatment has good efficacy, there is a high prevalence of adverse events, particularly hematological reactions. Studies on new biomarkers related to these adverse events, such as circulating microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs), are important for optimizing the quality of life of patients. miRNAs have high stability in several biological fluids and they have specific expressions in different tissues or pathologies. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the relationship between circulating miRNAs and adverse hematologic reactions caused by treatment with carboplatin + paclitaxel in patients with lung cancer. Blood was collected from patients before and 15 days after chemotherapy for hematological adverse reaction analysis, microarray and quantitative (q)PCR validation. Adverse reactions were classified according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0. Microarray analysis was performed using plasma from six patients without anemia and six patients with anemia, and nine miRNAs were differentially expressed. miR-1273g-3p, miR-3613-5p and miR-455-3p, identified using microarray, were assessed using qPCR in 20 patients without anemia and 26 patients with anemia. Bioinformatic analyses of miR-455-3p were performed using miRWalk, the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and GeneMania software. Microarray analysis of patients with and without anemia revealed nine significant differentially-expressed plasma miRNAs among these patients. Of these, miR-1273g-3p, miR-3613-5p and miR-455-3p were chosen for further assessment. Only miR-455-3p demonstrated a significant reduction in expression (P=0.04) between the groups before chemotherapy with carboplatin + paclitaxel. Bioinformatics analysis of miR-455-3p revealed a relationship between this miRNA and the hematopoietic pathway, particularly with respect to the RUNX family transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) and TAL bHLH transcription factor 1, erythroid differentiation factor (TAL1) genes. The most prevalent adverse reactions in patients with lung cancer treated with carboplatin + paclitaxel were hematological, particularly anemia. This adverse reaction, caused by dysfunction of the hematopoietic system, may be explained by a possible association between the important genes in this system, RUNX1 and TAL1, and hsa-miR-455-3p.

Early to sustained impacts of lethal radiation on circulating miRNAs in a minipig model

Early diagnosis of lethal radiation is imperative since its intervention time windows are considerably short. Hence, ideal diagnostic candidates of radiation should be easily accessible, enable to inform about the stress history and objectively triage subjects in a time-efficient manner. Therefore, the small molecules such as metabolites and microRNAs (miRNAs) from plasma are legitimate biomarker candidate for lethal radiation. Our objectives were to comprehend the radiation-driven molecular pathogenesis and thereby determine biomarkers of translational potential. We investigated an established minipig model of LD70/45 total body irradiation (TBI). In this pilot study, plasma was collected pre-TBI and at multiple time points post-TBI. The majority of differentially expressed miRNAs and metabolites were perturbed immediately after TBI that potentially underlined the severity of its acute impact. The integrative network analysis of miRNA and metabolites showed a cohesive response; the early and consistent perturbations of networks were linked to cancer and the shift in musculoskeletal atrophy synchronized with the comorbidity-networks associated with inflammation and bioenergy synthesis. Subsequent comparative pipeline delivered 92 miRNAs, which demonstrated sequential homology between human and minipig, and potentially similar responses to lethal radiation across these two species. This panel promised to retrospectively inform the time since the radiation occurred; thereby could facilitate knowledge-driven interventions.

Hsa_circ_0000106 Acts as a Tumor Promoter in Pancreatic Cancer by Targeting the MiR-455-3p/HDAC4

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) frequently participate in pancreatic cancer (PC) progression. This study focuses on circ_0000106, a novel circRNA, and its potential function in PC development. Circ_00001106, miR-455-3p, and HDAC4 expression levels in PC were determined using qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. RNA immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to verify their binding interactions. Loss-of-function assays, including CCK-8, colony formation, and transwell assays, were used to estimate the proliferative and migratory properties of PC cells. A nude mouse model was constructed to assess the influence of circ_0000106 on tumor formation in vivo. A pronounced elevation of circ_0000106 and HDAC4 and a reduction of miR-455-3p in PC were observed. Circ_0000106 was prone to binding to miR-455-3p, and miR-455-3p further targeted HDAC4. Functionally, the proliferative and migratory properties of PC cells were dampened by the loss of circ_0000106 or HDAC4 and could be potentiated by miR-455-3p inhibition. Moreover, the knockdown of circ_0000106 delayed tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, the downregulation of miR-455-3p attenuated the repressive effects of circ_0000106 deficiency on PC cell migration and proliferation. Loss of HDAC4 exerted similar mitigative effects on miR-455-3p downregulation-stimulated PC cells. In conclusion, circ_0000106 promotes tumor migration and growth in PC by targeting the miR-455-3p/HDAC4 axis. These results suggest that the circ_0000106/miR-455-3p/HDAC4 network could be regarded as a latent target for PC treatment.

MicroRNA-455-3p inhibits osteosarcoma progression via HSF1 downregulation

OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted to dissect the role and potential mechanism of microRNA (miR)-455-3p on osteosarcoma (OS) development.

METHODS

miR-455-3p and HSF1 expression in OS tissues were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot. Later, gain- and loss-of-function assays were implemented in OS cells U-2OS and MNNG. The expression of apoptosis-related genes was measured by RT-qPCR and western blot. MTT, Transwell, scratch test, and flow cytometry were utilized to test OS cell viability, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. The targeting relationship between miR-455-3p and HSF1 was assessed with a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The transplantation tumor experiment in nude mice was utilized for in vivo confirmation.

RESULTS

Downregulated miR-455-3p and upregulated HSF1 were displayed in OS tissues and cells. Mechanistically, miR-455-3p negatively targeted HSF1. MiR-455-3p inhibition or HSF1 overexpression increased MNNG and U-2OS cell proliferative, invasive, and migrating capabilities, while diminishing U-2OS cell apoptosis. Moreover, HSF1 overexpression negated the impacts of miR-455-3p upregulation on OS cell proliferative, invasive, migrating, and apoptotic abilities. Likewise, overexpressing miR-455-3p curtailed the growth of transplanted OS tumors through HSF1 repression.

CONCLUSION

MiR-455-3p inhibits the development of OS cells by downregulating HSF1, highlighting the possibility of miR-455-3p as an innovative indicator of prognosis and a therapeutic target for OS.

MiR-455-3p inhibits gastric cancer progression by repressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling through binding to ARMC8

BACKGROUND

Globally, gastric cancer (GC) is one of the world's most widespread malignancies, with persistent high mortality and morbidity rates. Increasing evidence now suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in many biological processes, with miR-455-3p having key roles in the progression of diverse cancers. Nevertheless, miR-455-3p function and expression in GC remain unclear.

METHODS

We explored miR-455-3p expression in GC using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). To further examine the effect of miR-455-3p in GC, after transfecting miR-455-3p mimics or inhibitors into GC cells, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and colony formation assays were performed to examine cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis, and expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Snail, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and Caspase-3 were assessed by western blotting (WB). Using online databases and luciferase assays, we identified armadillo repeat-containing protein 8 (ARMC8) as a promising target of miR-455-3p. A mouse tumor model was established to investigate actions of miR-455-3p in vivo. Expression levels of C-myc, cyclinD1, and β-catenin were examined using WB and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

MiR-455-3p expression was attenuated in GC tissue and cell lines. MiR-455-3p overexpression inhibited GC cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as facilitated apoptosis, while suppression of miR-455-3p had the opposite effects. From luciferase assays, we confirmed that ARMC8 was a novel and direct downstream target gene of miR-455-3p, and that the tumor suppressive role of miR-455-3p was in part reversed due to ARMC8 overexpression. Moreover, miR-455-3p inhibited GC growth in vivo via ARMC8. We also observed that miR-455-3p repressed canonical Wnt pathway activation by binding to ARMC8.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-455-3p exerted tumor inhibitory effects in GC by targeting ARMC8. Therefore, intervening in the miR-455-3p/ARMC8/Wnt/βcatenin axis could be a promising novel treatment strategy for GC.

The promising roles of exosomal microRNAs in osteosarcoma: A new insight into the clinical therapy

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone sarcoma in children. Chemotherapy drugs resistance significantly hinders the overall survival of patients. Due to high biocompatibility and immunocompatibility, exosomes have been explored extensively. Multiple parent cells can actively secrete numerous exosomes, and the membrane structure of exosomes can protect miRNAs from degradation. Based on these characteristics, exosomal miRNAs play an important role in the occurrence, development, drug resistance. Therefore, in-depth exploration of exosome biogenesis and role of exosomal miRNAs will provide new strategies and targets for understanding the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma and overcoming chemotherapy drug resistance. Moreover, advancing evidences have showed that engineering modification could attribute stronger targeting to exosomes to deliver cargos to recipient cells more effectively. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs on the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma and the potential to function as tumor biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis prediction. In addition, we also summarize recent advances in the clinical application values of engineering exosomes to provide novel ideas and directions for overcoming the chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma.

MicroRNA-455-3p accelerate malignant progression of tumor by targeting H2AFZ in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) becomes the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in 2020. Emerging studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in tumorigenesis and progression. The dysfunctions of miR-455-3p are observed in many cancers. However, its biological function in CRC remains to be confirmed. By sequencing serum sample, miR-455-3p was found to be up-regulated in CRC patients. RT-qPCR demonstrated that the miR-455-3p expression was both higher in the serum and tumor tissues of CRC patients. Furthermore, it indicated that miR-455-3p had the ability in promoting cell proliferation, suppressing cell apoptosis, and stimulating cell migration. In vivo experiments also showed that miR-455-3p promoted tumor growth. Additionally, H2AFZ was proved as the direct gene target of miR-455-3p by dual-luciferase assay. Taken together, miR-455-3p functioned as a tumor promoter in CRC development by regulating H2AFZ directly. Thus, it has enormous potential as a biomarker in the diagnosis of CRC.

LncRNA KIAA0087 suppresses the progression of osteosarcoma by mediating the SOCS1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), widely expressed in mammalian cells, play pivotal roles in osteosarcoma (OS) progression. Nevertheless, the detailed molecular mechanisms of lncRNA KIAA0087 in OS remain obscure. Here, the roles of KIAA0087 in OS tumorigenesis were investigated. KIAA0087 and miR-411-3p levels were detected by RT-qPCR. Malignant properties were assessed by CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays. SOCS1, EMT, and JAK2/STAT3 pathway-related protein levels were measured by western blotting. Direct binding between miR-411-3p and KIAA0087/SOCS1 was validated by a dual-luciferase reporter, RIP, and FISH assays. In vivo growth and lung metastasis were evaluated in nude mice. The expression levels of SOCS1, Ki-67, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin in tumor tissues were measured by immunohistochemical staining. Downregulation of KIAA0087 and SOCS1 and upregulation of miR-411-3p were found in OS tissues and cells. Low expression of KIAA0087 was associated with a poor survival rate. Forced expression of KIAA0087 or miR-411-3p inhibition repressed the growth, migration, invasion, EMT, and activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and triggered apoptosis of OS cells. However, the opposite results were found with KIAA0087 knockdown or miR-411-3p overexpression. Mechanistic experiments indicated that KIAA0087 enhanced SOCS1 expression to inactivate the JAK2/STAT3 pathway by sponging miR-411-3p. Rescue experiments revealed that the antitumor effects of KIAA0087 overexpression or miR-411-3p suppression were counteracted by miR-411-3p mimics or SOCS1 inhibition, respectively. Finally, in vivo tumor growth and lung metastasis were inhibited in KIAA0087-overexpressing or miR-411-3p-inhibited OS cells. In summary, the downregulation of KIAA0087 promotes the growth, metastasis, and EMT of OS by targeting the miR-411-3p-mediated SOCS1/JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Meta-hallmarks of aging and cancer

Both aging and cancer are characterized by a series of partially overlapping "hallmarks" that we subject here to a meta-analysis. Several hallmarks of aging (i.e., genomic instability, epigenetic alterations, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis) are very similar to specific cancer hallmarks and hence constitute common "meta-hallmarks," while other features of aging (i.e., telomere attrition and stem cell exhaustion) act likely to suppress oncogenesis and hence can be viewed as preponderantly "antagonistic hallmarks." Disabled macroautophagy and cellular senescence are two hallmarks of aging that exert context-dependent oncosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic effects. Similarly, the equivalence or antagonism between aging-associated deregulated nutrient-sensing and cancer-relevant alterations of cellular metabolism is complex. The agonistic and antagonistic relationship between the processes that drive aging and cancer has bearings for the age-related increase and oldest age-related decrease of cancer morbidity and mortality, as well as for the therapeutic management of malignant disease in the elderly.

The development of a novel signature based on the m6A RNA methylation regulator-related ceRNA network to predict prognosis and therapy response in sarcomas

Background: N⁶ methyladenosine (m⁶A)-related noncoding RNAs (including lncRNAs and miRNAs) are closely related to the development of cancer. However, the gene signature and prognostic value of m⁶A regulators and m⁶A-associated RNAs in regulating sarcoma (SARC) development and progression remain largely unexplored. Therefore, further research is required.

Methods: We obtained expression data for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and miRNAs of SARC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. Correlation analysis and two target gene prediction databases (miRTarBase and LncBase v.2) were used to deduce m⁶A-related miRNAs and lncRNAs, and Cytoscape software was used to construct ceRNA-regulating networks. Based on univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analyses, an m⁶A-associated RNA risk signature (m6Ascore) model was established. Prognostic differences between subgroups were explored using Kaplan–Meier (KM) analysis. Risk score-related biological phenotypes were analyzed in terms of functional enrichment, tumor immune signature, and tumor mutation signature. Finally, potential immunotherapy features and drug sensitivity predictions for this model were also discussed.

Results: A total of 16 miRNAs, 104 lncRNAs, and 11 mRNAs were incorporated into the ceRNA network. The risk score was obtained based on RP11-283I3.6, hsa-miR-455-3p, and CBLL1. Patients were divided into two risk groups using the risk score, with patients in the low-risk group having longer overall survival (OS) than those in the high-risk group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that risk characteristic performed well in predicting the prognosis of patients with SARC. In addition, lower m6Ascore was also positively correlated with the abundance of immune cells such as monocytes and mast cells activated, and several immune checkpoint genes were highly expressed in the low-m6Ascore group. According to our analysis, lower m6Ascore may lead to better immunotherapy response and OS outcomes. The risk signature was significantly associated with the chemosensitivity of SARC. Finally, a nomogram was constructed to predict the OS in patients with SARC. The concordance index (C-index) for the nomogram was 0.744 (95% CI: 0.707–0.784). The decision curve analysis (DCA), calibration plot, and ROC curve all showed that this nomogram had good predictive performance.

Conclusion: This m6Ascore risk model based on m⁶A RNA methylation regulator-related RNAs may be promising for clinical prediction of prognosis and might contain potential biomarkers for treatment response prediction for SARC patients.

Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs as potential biomarkers for carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is a rare malignancy that transforms from PA. Early detection of the carcinoma by biopsy is difficult due to similar histopathology of the malignant and benign components. To address this, we investigated and compared the characteristic miRNA expression patterns across samples of the PA, carcinomatous portions (CA) of CXPA, as well as conventional PA. We selected 13 CXPA and 16 conventional PA FFPE samples, separated the PA and CA portions of CXPA samples and conducted miRNA profiling for each group. Among 13 transcripts that were differentially expressed between PA and CA of CXPA, eight miRNAs were up-regulated and five down-regulated in CA. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the up-regulated miRNAs were related to cancer progression and down-regulated ones to tumor suppression. Additionally, seven miRNAs were significantly up-regulated in PA of CXPA compared to conventional PA, although they are histopathologically similar. Almost all of these transcripts interacted with TP53, a well-known tumor suppressor. In conclusion, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in PA and CA of CXPA, which were closely associated with TP53 and various cancer-related pathways. We also identified differentially expressed miRNAs in the PA of CXPA and conventional PA which may serve as potential biomarkers.

MicroRNA-455-3p regulates proliferation and osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells by targeting PTEN

Background

Macrophages are one of the important cells in immune system. In this article, we aim to explore the regulatory role of miR-455-3p on proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells.

Methods

Expression levels of genes and proteins in cells were tested via qRT-PCR and western blot. The targeted correlation between miR-455-3p and PTEN was identified by luciferase analysis. MTT assay and flow cytometry were applied to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of cells. Osteoclastogenesis was completed by stimulating RAW 264.7 cells with RANKL. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in different groups of cells were assessed.

Results

Firstly, we determined that up-regulation of miR-455-3p promoted the proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells. MiR-455-3p deficiency played opposite effect in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, osteoclastogenesis-related factors (TRAP, CTSK and NFATc1) expression levels were remarkably up-regulated in miR-455-3p-mimic group of RAW264.7 cells treated with RANKL, but decreased in inhibitor group. Luciferase assay proved that miR-455-3p targeted PTEN. We took a further step and found overexpression of PTEN significantly inhibited the increased proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells induced by miR-455-3p.

Conclusions

Our findings supported basic to explore the molecular mechanism of proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-022-05266-0.

LINC00472 suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma growth by targeting miR-455-3p/ELF3 axis

LINC00472 is reported to play a role in suppressing tumors in cancers such as lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, among others. We made investigations into the effects of LINC00472 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. By qRT-PCR, we assessed the LINC00472 expression in OSCC tissues and cells and performed functional analysis to investigate how LINC00472/miR-455-3p/ELF3 impacts OSCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. The role that LINC00472 plays in OSCC tumor growth was examined by establishing a xenograft model. Down-regulation of LINC00472 occurred in tissues and cells of an OSCC tumor. LINC00472 overexpression caused OSCC cell proliferation to be inhibited, cell apoptosis to be promoted, and cell cycle arrest to be induced. As a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), LINC00472 can block miR-455-3p function and further promote ELF3 expression. The overexpression of miR-455-3p or ELF3 knockdown was shown to be capable of reversing the anti-tumor effects of LINC00472 in OSCC. In vivo experiments confirmed the tumor-suppressing role of LINC00472 in the progression of OSCC. In short, we found that the novel LINC00472 inhibits OSCC growth via the miR-455-3p/ELF3 axis. LINC00472 and its targeted miR-455-3p/ELF3 axis may represent valuable targets for treating OSCC.

The biological function and clinical significance of STIL in osteosarcoma

Background

SCL/TAL1 interrupting locus (STIL) is associated with the progression of several tumors; however, the biological role of STIL in osteosarcoma remains poorly understood.

Methods

In this study, the clinical significance of STIL in osteosarcoma was analyzed by gene chip data recorded in public databases. STIL expression was silenced in osteosarcoma cell lines to observe the effects on proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the osteosarcoma chip were analyzed using The Limma package, and STIL co-expressed genes were obtained via the Pearson correlation coefficient. The potential molecular mechanism of STIL in osteosarcoma was further explored by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways.

Results

Osteosarcoma was associated with higher STIL expression compared to the control samples, and the standardized mean difference (SMD) was 1.52. STIL also had a good ability to distinguish osteosarcoma from non-osteosarcoma samples [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96]. After silencing STIL, osteosarcoma cell proliferation decreased, apoptosis increased, and the migratory and invasion ability decreased. A total of 294 STIL differentially co-expressed genes were screened, and a bioinformatics analysis found that differentially co-expressed genes were primarily enriched in the cell signaling pathways. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network indicated that the hub differentially co-expressed genes of STIL were CDK1, CCNB2, CDC20, CCNA2, BUB1, and AURKB.

Conclusions

STIL is associated with osteosarcoma proliferation and invasion, and may be promote the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating the expression of CDK1, CCNB2, CDC20, CCNA2, BUB1 and AURKB.

Anesthetics may modulate cancer surgical outcome: a possible role of miRNAs regulation

Background

microRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded and noncoding RNA molecules that control post-transcriptional gene regulation. miRNAs can be tumor suppressors or oncogenes through various mechanism including cancer cell biology, cell-to-cell communication, and anti-cancer immunity.

Main Body

Anesthetics can affect cell biology through miRNA-mediated regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA). Indeed, sevoflurane was reported to upregulate miR-203 and suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation. Propofol reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression through its impact on miRNAs, leading to anti-cancer microenvironmental changes. Propofol also modifies miRNA expression profile in circulating extracellular vesicles with their subsequent anti-cancer effects via modulating cell-to-cell communication.

Conclusion

Inhalational and intravenous anesthetics can alter cancer cell biology through various cellular signaling pathways induced by miRNAs’ modification. However, this area of research is insufficient and further study is needed to figure out optimal anesthesia regimens for cancer patients.