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Sahoo M, Singh R, Kumar P, Kumar Mariappan A, Munnuswamy P, Singh K, Mani S, Dhama K, Kondabattula G, Das T, Thakor JC, Kashyap G, Sahoo NR. Novel pathologic findings and viral antigen distribution in cattle and buffalo calves naturally infected with Foot-and-Mouth disease virus. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-13. [PMID: 37733477 PMCID: PMC10548843 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2260435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Foot-and-Mouth disease is highly contagious acute viral disease of livestock inflicting huge economic loss to the farmers. The limited knowledge regarding the pathological lesions vis-a-vis distribution of the FMDV in lesser explored endocrine glands and important vital organs other than the target organs of infected calves prompted us to take the present investigation to have detailed insight into the pathogenesis. The systematic necropsy of 37 dead calves (cattle-28 and buffalo-9) was conducted, and thin representative tissue pieces from the affected organs were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for pathological and immunohistochemical investigations. The genomic detection and its serotyping were done by RT-PCR and multiplex-PCR, respectively. Necropsy examination in all cases showed myocardial lesions resembling 'tigroid heart appearance'. Other organ specific lesions include vesiculo-ulcerative stomatitis, edema of the lungs, petechial hemorrhages, edema of the endocrines, and gastroenteritis. Histopathological examination showed varying sizes of vesicles and ulcerations in stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue, acute necrotizing myocarditis, lymphoid depletion in lymphoid tissues, hepatitis, pancreatitis, thymic hyperplasia, thyroiditis, adrenitis, and enteritis. Positive immunolabeling for viral antigens was observed in endocrine glands, lymphoid organs, lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestine, in addition to other typical locations. The thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, in addition to the tongue and heart, are the tissue of choice for sampling in the field during epidemics. Further, the viral genome and serotype A was confirmed in the affected tissues. This study provides insights into novel tissue tropism and pathogenesis in young calves naturally infected with FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-Mouth Disease (NIFMD), Bhubaneswar, India
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Palanivelu Munnuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- CADRAD, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Saminathan Mani
- CADRAD, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ganesh Kondabattula
- Quality control & Quality Assurance unit, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Hebbal, India
| | - Tareni Das
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-Mouth Disease (NIFMD), Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Gayatri Kashyap
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-Mouth Disease (NIFMD), Bhubaneswar, India
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Priyanka M, Ranjitha HB, Karikalan M, Chandramohan S, Behera S, Gnanavel V, Ramasamy Periyasamy TS, Umapathi V, Dechamma HJ, Krishnaswamy N. Experimental infection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) upregulates the expression of Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in the myocardium of suckling mice. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106383. [PMID: 37806501 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The relative overexpression of Coxsackie and adenoviral receptor (CAR) predisposes children to viral myocarditis. As the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes fatal myocarditis in calves, lambs, and piglets and belongs to the same family as the Coxsackie virus, we investigated the role of CAR in FMDV induced myocarditis in the suckling mice model. Swiss albino suckling mice of 5 days (n = 24) were divided into two equal groups. One group was inoculated with suckling mice adapted FMDV serotype O at 10 LD50, while the other group served as uninfected control. In addition, adult mice (n = 12) served as the control for age related CAR expression and lack of pathogenicity to FMDV. The establishment of myocarditis was confirmed by histopathological changes typical of myocarditis along with immunolocalization of FMDV antigens in the heart of suckling mice. The FMDV inoculated suckling mice group showed a significant upregulation of CAR transcripts by 2.5 folds, overexpression of CAR protein by densitometric analysis of immunoblots, and intense immunolocalization of CAR in the sarcolemma and intercalated discs of cardiomyocytes as compared to the uninfected suckling mice group and adult mice. It was concluded that FMDV infection induced overexpression of CAR in the myocardium of suckling mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadappa Priyanka
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - H B Ranjitha
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Karikalan
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Deemed University, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - S Chandramohan
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhasmitha Behera
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Gnanavel
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - V Umapathi
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H J Dechamma
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narayanan Krishnaswamy
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
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3
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Sahoo M, Kondabattula G, Thakor JC, Dinesh M, Kumar P, Singh R, Singh K, Saminathan M, Sahoo NR. Novel pathological findings and immunohistochemical detection of FMDV antigens in the brain of calves naturally infected with foot-and-mouth disease. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105650. [PMID: 35764187 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and economically devastating viral disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wildlife animals. The disease is endemic in India and other developing countries of the world. The disease is mainly characterized by the presence of vesicular lesions and "tigroid heart" in calves. The current report describes the novel pathologic findings along with the distribution of FMDV antigens in brain of young calves naturally infected with FMDV. The carcasses of 37 calves suspected to have died from FMD were presented for postmortem investigation. Out of 37 dead calves, 10 calves showed the clinical signs of neurological abnormalities like opisthotonos, muscle twitching and tremor in hind limbs, stiffening of the neck followed by death. Microscopically, the meninges were congested, hemorrhagic, and infiltrated with mononuclear cells. The various sub anatomical sites of the brain showed the varying degrees of vascular changes, perivascular cuffing, focal to diffuse gliosis as well as degeneration and neuronal necrosis, indicating the nonsuppurative encephalitis. The immunolabeling of FMDV antigen was demonstrated in the neurons, inflammatory cells, and microglial cells besides its typical locations. The neurons of the brain also showed strong immunopositivity for caspase-3, caspase-9 and p53 and negative for Bcl-2 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) by both immunohistochemistry and western blotting indicating the role of caspase mediated intrinsic, and p53 dependent apoptotic pathway. Further, the TUNEL assay also confirmed the apoptosis in the neurons and glial cells of the brain of naturally infected calves. This study in calves establishes a basis for resemblance to other members of Picornaviruses, such as Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus of humans and seems to be the first report of its kind showing the neuropathological alterations along with the distribution of FMDV antigens associated with apoptosis in younger calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Ganesh Kondabattula
- Quality Control & Quality Assurance unit, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - M Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - M Saminathan
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Roh JH, Bui NA, Lee HS, Bui VN, Dao DT, Vu TT, Hoang TT, So KM, Yi SW, Kim E, Hur TY, Oh SI. Age-dependent immune response in pigs against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1376-1385. [PMID: 34957451 PMCID: PMC8672249 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease, one of the most contagious diseases in cloven-hoofed
animals, causes significant economic losses. The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth
disease virus (FMDV) infection is known to differ with age of the animals. In
this study, we aimed to reveal the difference in immunological response in the
initial stage of FMDV infection between piglets and adult pigs. Peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 3 piglets (8 weeks old) and 3 pigs
(35 weeks old) that were not vaccinated against FMDV. O-type FMDV (2 ×
102 median tissue culture infectious dose) was inoculated into
porcine PBMCs and the cells were incubated at 37.0°C under 5%
CO2 for various time periods (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). The
total RNA was obtained from the FMDV-inoculated PBMCs after each time point, and
the virus titer was investigated in these RNA samples. Furthermore, dynamics of
mRNA expression of the six tested cytokines (interferon [IFN]-α,
IFN-γ, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor
[TNF]-α) in FMDV-inoculated porcine PBMCs were evaluated by time-series
analysis to determine the differences, if any, based on the age of the pigs. The
PBMCs of piglets contained the highest quantity of FMDV mRNA at 6 hours
post-inoculation (hpi), and the PBMCs of pigs had the highest quantity of FMDV
mRNA at 3 hpi. The mean cycle threshold-value in the PBMCs steadily decreased
after the peak time point in the piglets and pigs (6 and 3 hpi, respectively).
The dynamics of mRNA expression of all cytokines except TNF-α showed
age-dependent differences in FMDV-inoculated PBMCs. The mRNA expression of most
cytokines was more pronounced in the piglets than in the pigs, implying that the
immune response against FMDV showed an age-dependent difference in pigs. In
conclusion, within 48 hpi, the 8-week-old piglets responded more rapidly and
were more sensitive to FMDV infection than the 35-week-old pigs, which could be
associated with the difference in the pathogenesis of FMDV infection among the
pigs. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the
age-dependent differences in immune response in pigs against FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hee Roh
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Department of Pet Health, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju 62396, Korea
| | - Ngoc Anh Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 111111, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tung Dao
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Thi Vu
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Hoang
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Kyoung-Min So
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Seung-Won Yi
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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Characterization of arrhythmias, evaluation of cardiac biomarkers and their association with survival in calves suffering from foot-and-mouth disease. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:64-76. [PMID: 34116498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes mortality in calves due to myocarditis; however, the effects of FMD virus on cardiac arrhythmogenesis and Purkinje cells are unknown. Identifying diagnostic and prognostic markers in FMD-affected calves may be useful in disease management in the endemic countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 81 FMD-affected calves were prospectively monitored till death or recovery. Foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed by serology and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Electrocardiography was recorded and serum cardiac biomarkers were measured. Histopathological examination of the ventricular myocardium was carried out in the calves that died of FMD (n = 33). Apparently healthy calves (n = 15) served as control. RESULTS Serology and RT-PCR consistently revealed that the FMD was caused by serotype O virus. Arrhythmias occurred in 62 of 81 (76.5%) FMD-affected calves, of which, ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) were the most common type (22%). The combined mortality rate due to ventricular tachycardia, polymorphic VPCs, and atrial fibrillation was 27.6%. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations of ≥1.3 ng/mL were diagnostic of myocarditis with a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 100%, respectively. Similarly, serum cTnI concentrations of <6.4 ng/mL were a good predictor of survival [odds ratio of 263; 95% confidence interval: 29-2371]. Histopathology of the myocardium revealed hyaline degeneration, necrosis, edema, mononuclear cell infiltration, and disruption by fibroblasts. Atrophy of the Purkinje cells was also present. CONCLUSIONS FMD induces cardiac arrhythmias and Purkinje cell pathology in the calf. Portable ECG coupled with assay of serum cTnI would help in predicting survival in FMD-affected calves.
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Ren T, Chen H, Liu X, Wang Y, Fan A, Qi L, Pan L, Bai W, Zhang Y, Sun Y. ID1 inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus replication via targeting of interferon pathways. FEBS J 2021; 288:4364-4381. [PMID: 33492759 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA-binding 1 (ID1) protein has been studied intensively for its functions in tumorigenesis and maintenance of stem cell-like properties, but its roles in virus infection are less understood. In the present study, we have clearly shown that the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) promotes ID1 degradation via Cdh1-mediated ubiquitination to facilitate its replication. Mechanistic investigations reveal Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) as an ID1 partner, which suppresses interferon regulatory factors 3 expression and interferon (IFN) production. Further investigation identified that ID1 suppresses FOXO1 transcription activity through HDAC4-mediated deacetylation, promoting IFN production and antiviral immune response. These studies establish a prominent role for ID1 in suppressing FDMV replication, which may be extended to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Haotai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Yanxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Aixia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Linlin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Wenlong Bai
- The Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,Programs of Cancer Biology & Evolution, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
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Zhang Z, Waters R, Li Y. Pathogenesis of non-epithelial foot-and-mouth disease in neonatal animals. Vet Microbiol 2020; 254:108961. [PMID: 33545638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which causes a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is notable for epithelial cell tropism, resulting in the appearance of vesicles on the feet and in and around the mouth in infected animals, while FMDV infection in neonatal animals is also associated with not only epithelial lesions, but also muscle-associated lesions, which leads to myocarditis, resulting in high-mortality. However, critical knowledge about the non-epithelial tropism of FMDV is still lacking. In this paper, the current progress of the FMDV non-epithelial tropisms is summarized and the possible role of the key viral and cellular components involved is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ryan Waters
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Yang B, Zhang X, Zhang D, Hou J, Xu G, Sheng C, Choudhury SM, Zhu Z, Li D, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu X. Molecular Mechanisms of Immune Escape for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090729. [PMID: 32899635 PMCID: PMC7558374 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock that results in severe consequences for international trade, posing a great economic threat to agriculture. The FMDV infection antagonizes the host immune responses via different signaling pathways to achieve immune escape. Strategies to escape the cell immune system are key to effective infection and pathogenesis. This review is focused on summarizing the recent advances to understand how the proteins encoded by FMDV antagonize the host innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keshan Zhang
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
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Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E167. [PMID: 32121072 PMCID: PMC7157498 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a prolonged, subclinical phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle was first recognized in the 1950s. Since then, the FMDV carrier state has been a subject of controversy amongst scientists and policymakers. A fundamental conundrum remains in the discordance between the detection of infectious FMDV in carriers and the apparent lack of contagiousness to in-contact animals. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the causal mechanisms of persistent FMDV infection, there are still critical knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to elucidate, predict, prevent, and model the risks associated with the carrier state. This is further complicated by the occurrence of a distinct form of neoteric subclinical infection, which is indistinguishable from the carrier state in field scenarios, but may have substantially different epidemiological properties. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and identifies specific areas of research in need of further attention. Findings from experimental investigations of FMDV pathogenesis are discussed in relation to experience gained from field studies of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
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11
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Brown VR, Bevins SN. Potential role of wildlife in the USA in the event of a foot-and-mouth disease virus incursion. Vet Rec 2019; 184:741. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R Brown
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), National Wildlife Research Center; Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC); Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Fort Collins Washington District of Columbia USA
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12
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Adhikari G, Acharya KP, Upadhyay M, Raut R, Kaphle K, Khanal T, Bertram MR, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:304-314. [PMID: 30198633 PMCID: PMC6236139 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is endemic in Nepal and causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. The goal of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of FMD outbreaks reported to the Veterinary Epidemiology Center, Tripureshwor, Nepal during 2010-2015, in order to strengthen the National FMD Control Program. These current data were considered in the context of historical data on FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes detected in the country between 1965 and 2015. During 2010-2015, a total of 1333 livestock holdings reported FMD outbreaks in Nepal. On average, 71.2 animals were affected in each outbreak, with a case fatality rate of 3.6%. FMD was reported throughout the country, and the proportion of affected holdings was not significantly among eco-zones, regions, or species. The Hill eco-zone had the highest number of holdings affected (782), followed by Mountain (304), and Terai (247). When analysed by the developmental region, the Western (381) and Central (368) Developmental Regions had the highest numbers of holdings affected. Cattle were the most frequently affected species (39%), followed by buffalo (33%), and goats (19%). FMD occurred throughout the year, with peaks in winter (December/January) and in the pre-monsoon period (April/May). Between 1965 and 2015 FMDV serotype O had the highest prevalence (81%), followed by Asia-1 (11%), A (6%), and C (2%). Serotype C was not detected after 1996, and only serotype O was reported after 2011. These descriptive analyses provide critical landmarks to establish baselines, and document early progress of the ongoing Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP-FMD) which could be useful in Nepal and other South Asian nations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna P Acharya
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Chitwan, Nepal.,Regional Veterinary Laboratory (RVL), Pokhara, Nepal
| | | | - Rabin Raut
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Krishna Kaphle
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Tanka Khanal
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, New York, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, New York, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, New York, USA
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13
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Yamada M, Fukai K, Morioka K, Nishi T, Yamazoe R, Kitano R, Shimada N, Yoshida K, Kanno T, Sakamoto K, Yamakawa M. Early pathogenesis of the foot-and-mouth disease virus O/JPN/2010 in experimentally infected pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29515043 PMCID: PMC5938202 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the histological distribution of the lesions and the viral antigen associated
with the virus and virus RNA in multisystemic organs in the early stages of foot-and-mouth
disease virus (FMDV) O/JPN/2010 infection in pigs. Characteristic lesions commonly
observed in pigs with FMD arise following inoculation with 106 tissue culture
infectious dose (TCID)50/ml of FMDV O/JPN/2010 in pigs at 3
days post inoculation (dpi) by a natural infectious route. However, none of the six pigs
inoculated with 103 TCID50/ml of FMDV O/JPN/2010
showed any evidence of infection up to 6 dpi. Immunohistochemical detection for the FMDV
antigen and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling (TUNEL)
showed that FMDV predominantly infected prickle cells in the stratum spinosum in the
tongue, coronet and bulb of the heel, and caused these infected cells to undergo cell
death by apoptosis. However, there was no evidence that FMDV O/JPN/2010 infected
epithelial/epidermal basal cells in the basal layer. Epithelial lesions with viral antigen
in the tongue were distributed in the dorsal surface but not in the papillae, corpus
linguae or inferior surface of the tongue. Non-suppurative myocarditis and epithelial
lesions in the esophagus with FMDV antigen were observed in all three pigs examined at 3
dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamazoe
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Rie Kitano
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamakawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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14
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Robinson L, Knight-Jones TJD, Charleston B, Rodriguez LL, Gay CG, Sumption KJ, Vosloo W. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 7 - Pathogenesis and Molecular Biology. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 63 Suppl 1:63-71. [PMID: 27320168 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We assessed research knowledge gaps in the fields of FMDV (foot-and-mouth disease virus) pathogenesis and molecular biology by performing a literature review (2011-15) and collecting research updates (2014) from 33 institutes from across the world. Findings were used to identify priority areas for future research. There have been important advances in FMDV pathogenesis; FMDV remains in lymph nodes of many recovered animals that otherwise do not appear persistently infected, even in species previously not associated with the carrier state. Whether virus retention helps maintain host immunity and/or virus survival is not known. Studies of FMDV pathogenesis in wildlife have provided insights into disease epidemiology, in endemic and epidemic settings. Many aspects of FMDV infection and virus entry remain unknown; however, at the cellular level, we know that expression level and availability of integrins (that permit viral entry), rate of clearance of infected cells and strength of anti-viral type I IFN (interferon) response are key determinants of tissue tropism. Extending findings to improved understanding of transmission requires a standardized approach and adoption of natural routes of infection during experimental study. There has been recognition of the importance of autophagosomes for FMDV entry into the cytoplasm following cell surface receptor binding, and that distinct internal cellular membranes are exploited for viral replication and immune evasion. New roles for viral proteins in blocking type I IFN production and downstream signalling have been identified facilitating research in anti-viral therapeutics. We know more about how infection affects cell protein expression, and research into molecular determinants of capsid stability has aided the development of stable vaccines. We have an expanding knowledge of viral and host molecular determinates of virulence and infectiousness, and of how phylogenetics may be used to estimate vaccine match and strain distribution. With ongoing advances, these areas could translate into significantly improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - C G Gay
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA, National Program 103-Animal Health, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - K J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of FMD (EuFMD), FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - W Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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15
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Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Singh KP, Stenfeldt C, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, Arzt J. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Associated Abortion and Vertical Transmission following Acute Infection in Cattle under Natural Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167163. [PMID: 27977708 PMCID: PMC5157973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild host species. During recent FMD outbreaks in India, spontaneous abortions were reported amongst FMD-affected and asymptomatic cows. The current study was an opportunistic investigation of these naturally occurring bovine abortions to assess causality of abortion and vertical transmission of FMDV from infected cows to fetuses. For this purpose, fetal tissue samples of eight abortuses (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, palatine tonsil, umbilical cord, soft palate, tongue, lungs, and submandibular lymph node) were collected and screened by various detection methods, including viral genome detection, virus isolation, and immunomicroscopy. Amongst these cases, gross pathological changes were observed in 3 abortuses. Gross pathological findings included blood-tinged peritoneal and pleural effusions and myocarditis. Hearts of infected calves had mild to moderate degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium with moderate infiltration by mixed inflammatory cells. Localization of FMDV antigen was demonstrated in lungs and soft palate by immunomicroscopy. FMDV serotype O viral genome was recovered from 7 of 8 cases. Infectious FMDV serotype O was rescued by chemical transfection of the total RNA extracted from three soft palate samples and was sequenced to confirm 100% identity of the VP1 (capsid) coding region with isolates collected from infected cattle during the acute phase of infection. Based upon these findings, it may be concluded that FMDV-associated abortion occurred among the infected pregnant cows included within this study and FMDV was subsequently transmitted vertically to fetuses. This is the first documentation of FMDV-associated abortions in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
- * E-mail: (JA); (RR)
| | - Jitendra K. Biswal
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (RR)
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16
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Stenfeldt C, Diaz-San Segundo F, de Los Santos T, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:41. [PMID: 27243028 PMCID: PMC4876306 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest proportion of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) clinical research has been dedicated to elucidating pathogenesis and enhancing vaccine protection in cattle with less efforts invested in studies specific to pigs. However, accumulated evidence from FMD outbreaks and experimental investigations suggest that critical components of FMD pathogenesis, immunology, and vaccinology cannot be extrapolated from investigations performed in cattle to explain or to predict outcomes of infection or vaccination in pigs. Furthermore, it has been shown that failure to account for these differences may have substantial consequences when FMD outbreaks occur in areas with dense pig populations. Recent experimental studies have confirmed some aspects of conventional wisdom by demonstrating that pigs are more susceptible to FMD virus (FMDV) infection via exposure of the upper gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx) than through inhalation of virus. The infection spreads rapidly within groups of pigs that are housed together, although efficiency of transmission may vary depending on virus strain and exposure intensity. Multiple investigations have demonstrated that physical separation of pigs is sufficient to prevent virus transmission under experimental conditions. Detailed pathogenesis studies have recently demonstrated that specialized epithelium within porcine oropharyngeal tonsils constitute the primary infection sites following simulated natural virus exposure. Furthermore, epithelium of the tonsil of the soft palate supports substantial virus replication during the clinical phase of infection, thus providing large amounts of virus that can be shed into the environment. Due to massive amplification and shedding of virus, acutely infected pigs constitute a considerable source of contagion. FMDV infection results in modulation of several components of the host immune response. The infection is ultimately cleared in association with a strong humoral response and, in contrast to ruminants, there is no subclinical persistence of FMDV in pigs. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of knowledge gained from experimental investigations of FMD pathogenesis, transmission, and host response in pigs. Details of the temporo-anatomic progression of infection are discussed in relation to specific pathogenesis events and the likelihood of transmission. Additionally, relevant aspects of the host immune response are discussed within contexts of conventional and novel intervention strategies of vaccination and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, NY, USA; PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, NY, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, CANR, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
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