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Vincow ES, Thomas RE, Milstein G, Pareek G, Bammler T, MacDonald J, Pallanck L. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency leads to neuropathology via cellular immune activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571406. [PMID: 38168223 PMCID: PMC10760128 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA (glucosylceramidase beta), which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the strongest genetic risk factor for the neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia. Recent work has suggested that neuroinflammation may be an important factor in the risk conferred by GBA mutations. We therefore systematically tested the contributions of immune-related genes to neuropathology in a Drosophila model of GCase deficiency. We identified target immune factors via RNA-Seq and proteomics on heads from GCase-deficient flies, which revealed both increased abundance of humoral factors and increased macrophage activation. We then manipulated the identified immune factors and measured their effect on head protein aggregates, a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease. Genetic ablation of humoral (secreted) immune factors did not suppress the development of protein aggregation. By contrast, re-expressing Gba1b in activated macrophages suppressed head protein aggregation in Gba1b mutants and rescued their lifespan and behavioral deficits. Moreover, reducing the GCase substrate glucosylceramide in activated macrophages also ameliorated Gba1b mutant phenotypes. Taken together, our findings show that glucosylceramide accumulation due to GCase deficiency leads to macrophage activation, which in turn promotes the development of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn S. Vincow
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Thomas
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gillian Milstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gautam Pareek
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leo Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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García-Hernández JL, Corchete LA, Marcos-Alcalde Í, Gómez-Puertas P, Fons C, Lazo PA. Pathogenic convergence of CNVs in genes functionally associated to a severe neuromotor developmental delay syndrome. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:11. [PMID: 33557955 PMCID: PMC7871650 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex developmental encephalopathy syndromes might be the consequence of unknown genetic alterations that are likely to contribute to the full neurological phenotype as a consequence of pathogenic gene combinations. METHODS To identify the additional genetic contribution to the neurological phenotype, we studied as a test case a boy, with a KCNQ2 exon-7 partial duplication, by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray to detect copy-number variations (CNVs). RESULTS The proband presented a cerebral palsy like syndrome with a severe motor and developmental encephalopathy. The SNP array analysis detected in the proband several de novo CNVs, nine partial gene losses (LRRC55, PCDH9, NALCN, RYR3, ELAVL2, CDH13, ATP1A2, SLC17A5, ANO3), and two partial gene duplications (PCDH19, EFNA5). The biological functions of these genes are associated with ion channels such as calcium, chloride, sodium, and potassium with several membrane proteins implicated in neural cell-cell interactions, synaptic transmission, and axon guidance. Pathogenically, these functions can be associated to cerebral palsy, seizures, dystonia, epileptic crisis, and motor neuron dysfunction, all present in the patient. CONCLUSIONS Severe motor and developmental encephalopathy syndromes of unknown origin can be the result of a phenotypic convergence by combination of several genetic alterations in genes whose physiological function contributes to the neurological pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L García-Hernández
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis A Corchete
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Cancer (CIBERONC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Íñigo Marcos-Alcalde
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Biosciences Research Institute, School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulino Gómez-Puertas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Fons
- Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pedro A Lazo
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Prange L, Pratt M, Herman K, Schiffmann R, Mueller DM, McLean M, Mendez MM, Walley N, Heinzen EL, Goldstein D, Shashi V, Hunanyan A, Pagadala V, Mikati MA. D-DEMØ, a distinct phenotype caused by ATP1A3 mutations. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e466. [PMID: 32802951 PMCID: PMC7413631 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe a phenotype caused by ATP1A3 mutations, which manifests as dystonia, dysmorphism of the face, encephalopathy with developmental delay, brain MRI abnormalities always including cerebellar hypoplasia, no hemiplegia (Ø) (D-DEMØ), and neonatal onset. Methods Review and analysis of clinical and genetic data. Results Patients shared the above traits and had whole-exome sequencing that showed de novo variants of the ATP1A3 gene, predicted to be disease causing and occurring in regions of the protein critical for pump function. Patient 1 (c.1079C>G, p.Thr360Arg), an 8-year-old girl, presented on day 1 of life with episodic dystonia, complex partial seizures, and facial dysmorphism. MRI of the brain revealed cerebellar hypoplasia. Patient 2 (c.420G>T, p.Gln140His), an 18-year-old man, presented on day 1 of life with hypotonia, tremor, and facial dysmorphism. He later developed dystonia. MRI of the brain revealed cerebellar hypoplasia and, later, further cerebellar volume loss (atrophy). Patient 3 (c.974G>A, Gly325Asp), a 13-year-old girl, presented on day 1 of life with tremor, episodic dystonia, and facial dysmorphism. MRI of the brain showed severe cerebellar hypoplasia. Patient 4 (c.971A>G, p.Glu324Gly), a 14-year-old boy, presented on day 1 of life with tremor, hypotonia, dystonia, nystagmus, facial dysmorphism, and later seizures. MRI of the brain revealed moderate cerebellar hypoplasia. Conclusions D-DEMØ represents an ATP1A3-related phenotype, the observation of which should trigger investigation for ATP1A3 mutations. Our findings, and the presence of multiple distinct ATP1A3-related phenotypes, support the possibility that there are differences in the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey Prange
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Milton Pratt
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kristin Herman
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David M Mueller
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Melissa McLean
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mary Moya Mendez
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Nicole Walley
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Erin L Heinzen
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David Goldstein
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Arsen Hunanyan
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Vijay Pagadala
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- Duke University (L.P., M.P., M.M.M., N.W., V.S., A.H., M.A.M.), Durham, NC; UC Davis Health (K.H.), Sacramento; Baylor Scott & White Health (R.S.), Dallas, TX; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (D.M.M.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (E.L.H.); Columbia University (D.G.), New York City, NY; and Glycan Therapeutics, LLC (V.P.), Chapel Hill, NC
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Ulian-Benitez S, Bishop S, Foldi I, Wentzell J, Okenwa C, Forero MG, Zhu B, Moreira M, Phizacklea M, McIlroy G, Li G, Gay NJ, Hidalgo A. Kek-6: A truncated-Trk-like receptor for Drosophila neurotrophin 2 regulates structural synaptic plasticity. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006968. [PMID: 28846707 PMCID: PMC5591008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophism, structural plasticity, learning and long-term memory in mammals critically depend on neurotrophins binding Trk receptors to activate tyrosine kinase (TyrK) signaling, but Drosophila lacks full-length Trks, raising the question of how these processes occur in the fly. Paradoxically, truncated Trk isoforms lacking the TyrK predominate in the adult human brain, but whether they have neuronal functions independently of full-length Trks is unknown. Drosophila has TyrK-less Trk-family receptors, encoded by the kekkon (kek) genes, suggesting that evolutionarily conserved functions for this receptor class may exist. Here, we asked whether Keks function together with Drosophila neurotrophins (DNTs) at the larval glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We tested the eleven LRR and Ig-containing (LIG) proteins encoded in the Drosophila genome for expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and potential interaction with DNTs. Kek-6 is expressed in the CNS, interacts genetically with DNTs and can bind DNT2 in signaling assays and co-immunoprecipitations. Ligand binding is promiscuous, as Kek-6 can also bind DNT1, and Kek-2 and Kek-5 can also bind DNT2. In vivo, Kek-6 is found presynaptically in motoneurons, and DNT2 is produced by the muscle to function as a retrograde factor at the NMJ. Kek-6 and DNT2 regulate NMJ growth and synaptic structure. Evidence indicates that Kek-6 does not antagonise the alternative DNT2 receptor Toll-6. Instead, Kek-6 and Toll-6 interact physically, and together regulate structural synaptic plasticity and homeostasis. Using pull-down assays, we identified and validated CaMKII and VAP33A as intracellular partners of Kek-6, and show that they regulate NMJ growth and active zone formation downstream of DNT2 and Kek-6. The synaptic functions of Kek-6 could be evolutionarily conserved. This raises the intriguing possibility that a novel mechanism of structural synaptic plasticity involving truncated Trk-family receptors independently of TyrK signaling may also operate in the human brain. A long-standing paradox had been to explain how brain structural plasticity, learning and long-term memory might occur in Drosophila in the absence of canonical Trk receptors for neurotrophin (NT) ligands. NTs link structure and function in the brain enabling adjustments in cell number, dendritic, axonal and synaptic patterns, in response to neuronal activity. These events are essential for brain development, learning and long-term memory, and are thought to depend on the tyrosine-kinase function of the NT Trk receptors. However, paradoxically, the most abundant Trk isoforms in the adult human brain lack the tyrosine kinase, and their neuronal function is unknown. Remarkably, Drosophila has kinase-less receptors of the Trk family encoded by the kekkon (kek) genes, suggesting that deep evolutionary functional conservation for this receptor class could be unveiled. Here, we show that Kek-6 is a receptor for Drosophila neurotrophin 2 (DNT2) that regulates structural synaptic plasticity via CaMKII and VAP33A. The latter are well-known factors regulating synaptic structure and plasticity and vesicle release. Furthemore, Kek-6 cooperates with the alternative DNT2 receptor Toll-6, and their concerted functions are required to regulate structural homeostasis at the NMJ. Our findings suggest that in mammals truncated Trk-family receptors could also have synaptic functions in neurons independently of Tyrosine kinase signaling. This might reveal a novel mechanism of brain plasticity, with important implications for understanding also the human brain, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Ulian-Benitez
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bishop
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Istvan Foldi
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Wentzell
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chinenye Okenwa
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bangfu Zhu
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Moreira
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Phizacklea
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham McIlroy
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Guiyi Li
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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