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Vythilingam I, Jeyaprakasam NK. Deforestation and non-human primate malarias will be a threat to malaria elimination in the future: Insights from Southeast Asia. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107280. [PMID: 38908421 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a global public health problem although it has been eliminated from many countries. Sri Lanka and China are two countries that recently achieved malaria elimination status, and many countries in Southeast Asia are currently in the pipeline for achieving the same goal by 2030. However, Plasmodium knowlesi, a non-human primate malaria parasite continues to pose a threat to public health in this region, infecting many humans in all countries in Southeast Asia except for Timor-Leste. Besides, other non-human primate malaria parasite such as Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui are infecting humans in the region. The non-human primates, the long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques which harbour these parasites are now increasingly prevalent in farms and forest fringes close by to the villages. Additionally, the Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to the Lecuosphyrus Group are also present in these areas which makes them ideal for transmitting the non-human primate malaria parasites. With changing landscape and deforestation, non-human primate malaria parasites will affect more humans in the coming years with the elimination of human malaria. Perhaps due to loss of immunity, more humans will be infected as currently being demonstrated in Malaysia. Thus, control measures need to be instituted rapidly to achieve the malaria elimination status by 2030. However, the zoonotic origin of the parasite and the changes of the vectors behaviour to early biting seems to be the stumbling block to the malaria elimination efforts in this region. In this review, we discuss the challenges faced in malaria elimination due to deforestation and the serious threat posed by non-human primate malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Anderson DC, Peterson MS, Lapp SA, Galinski MR. Proteomes of plasmodium knowlesi early and late ring-stage parasites and infected host erythrocytes. J Proteomics 2024; 302:105197. [PMID: 38759952 PMCID: PMC11357705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The emerging malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi threatens the goal of worldwide malaria elimination due to its zoonotic spread in Southeast Asia. After brief ex-vivo culture we used 2D LC/MS/MS to examine the early and late ring stages of infected Macaca mulatta red blood cells harboring P. knowlesi. The M. mulatta clathrin heavy chain and T-cell and macrophage inhibitor ERMAP were overexpressed in the early ring stage; glutaredoxin 3 was overexpressed in the late ring stage; GO term differential enrichments included response to oxidative stress and the cortical cytoskeleton in the early ring stage. P. knowlesi clathrin heavy chain and 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 were overexpressed in the late ring stage; GO term differential enrichments included vacuoles in the early ring stage, ribosomes and translation in the late ring stage, and Golgi- and COPI-coated vesicles, proteasomes, nucleosomes, vacuoles, ion-, peptide-, protein-, nucleocytoplasmic- and RNA-transport, antioxidant activity and glycolysis in both stages. SIGNIFICANCE: Due to its zoonotic spread, cases of the emerging human pathogen Plasmodium knowlesi in southeast Asia, and particularly in Malaysia, threaten regional and worldwide goals for malaria elimination. Infection by this parasite can be fatal to humans, and can be associated with significant morbidity. Due to zoonotic transmission from large macaque reservoirs that are untreatable by drugs, and outdoor biting mosquito vectors that negate use of preventive measures such as bed nets, its containment remains a challenge. Its biology remains incompletely understood. Thus we examine the expressed proteome of the early and late ex-vivo cultured ring stages, the first intraerythrocyte developmental stages after infection of host rhesus macaque erythrocytes. We used GO term enrichment strategies and differential protein expression to compare early and late ring stages. The early ring stage is characterized by the enrichment of P. knowlesi vacuoles, and overexpression of the M. mulatta clathrin heavy chain, important for clathrin-coated pits and vesicles, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The M. mulatta protein ERMAP was also overexpressed in the early ring stage, suggesting a potential role in early ring stage inhibition of T-cells and macrophages responding to P. knowlesi infection of reticulocytes. This could allow expansion of the host P. knowlesi cellular niche, allowing parasite adaptation to invasion of a wider age range of RBCs than the preferred young RBCs or reticulocytes, resulting in proliferation and increased pathogenesis in infected humans. Other GO terms differentially enriched in the early ring stage include the M. mulatta cortical cytoskeleton and response to oxidative stress. The late ring stage is characterized by overexpression of the P. knowlesi clathrin heavy chain. Combined with late ring stage GO term enrichment of Golgi-associated and coated vesicles, and enrichment of COPI-coated vesicles in both stages, this suggests the importance to P. knowlesi biology of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. P. knowlesi ribosomes and translation were also differentially enriched in the late ring stage. With expression of a variety of heat shock proteins, these results suggest production of folded parasite proteins is increasing by the late ring stage. M. mulatta endocytosis was differentially enriched in the late ring stage, as were clathrin-coated vesicles and endocytic vesicles. This suggests that M. mulatta clathrin-based endocytosis, perhaps in infected reticulocytes rather than mature RBC, may be an important process in the late ring stage. Additional ring stage biology from enriched GO terms includes M. mulatta proteasomes, protein folding and the chaperonin-containing T complex, actin and cortical actin cytoskeletons. P knowlesi biology also includes proteasomes, as well as nucleosomes, antioxidant activity, a variety of transport processes, glycolysis, vacuoles and protein folding. Mature RBCs have lost internal organelles, suggesting infection here may involve immature reticulocytes still retaining organelles. P. knowlesi parasite proteasomes and translational machinery may be ring stage drug targets for known selective inhibitors of these processes in other Plasmodium species. To our knowledge this is the first examination of more than one timepoint within the ring stage. Our results expand knowledge of both host and parasite proteins, pathways and organelles underlying P. knowlesi ring stage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Anderson
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA.
| | - Mariko S Peterson
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Patouillat L, Hambuckers A, Adi Subrata S, Garigliany M, Brotcorne F. Zoonotic pathogens in wild Asian primates: a systematic review highlighting research gaps. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1386180. [PMID: 38993279 PMCID: PMC11238137 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1386180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ongoing global changes, including natural land conversion for agriculture and urbanization, modify the dynamics of human-primate contacts, resulting in increased zoonotic risks. Although Asia shelters high primate diversity and experiences rapid expansion of human-primate contact zones, there remains little documentation regarding zoonotic surveillance in the primates of this region. Methods Using the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review to compile an inventory of zoonotic pathogens detected in wild Asian primates, while highlighting the coverage of primate species, countries, and pathogen groups surveyed, as well as the diagnostic methods used across the studies. Moreover, we compared the species richness of pathogens harbored by primates across diverse types of habitats classified according to their degree of anthropization (i.e., urban vs. rural vs. forest habitats). Results and discussion Searches of Scopus, PubMed, and the Global Mammal Parasite Database yielded 152 articles on 39 primate species. We inventoried 183 pathogens, including 63 helminthic gastrointestinal parasites, two blood-borne parasites, 42 protozoa, 45 viruses, 30 bacteria, and one fungus. Considering each study as a sample, species accumulation curves revealed no significant differences in specific richness between habitat types for any of the pathogen groups analyzed. This is likely due to the insufficient sampling effort (i.e., a limited number of studies), which prevents drawing conclusive findings. This systematic review identified several publication biases, particularly the uneven representation of host species and pathogen groups studied, as well as a lack of use of generic diagnostic methods. Addressing these gaps necessitates a multidisciplinary strategy framed in a One Health approach, which may facilitate a broader inventory of pathogens and ultimately limit the risk of cross-species transmission at the human-primate interface. Strengthening the zoonotic surveillance in primates of this region could be realized notably through the application of more comprehensive diagnostic techniques such as broad-spectrum analyses without a priori selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Patouillat
- SPHERES, Primatology and Tropical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- FARAH, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Hambuckers
- SPHERES, Primatology and Tropical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sena Adi Subrata
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mutien Garigliany
- FARAH, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fany Brotcorne
- SPHERES, Primatology and Tropical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Johnson E, Sunil Kumar Sharma R, Ruiz Cuenca P, Byrne I, Salgado-Lynn M, Suraya Shahar Z, Col Lin L, Zulkifli N, Dilaila Mohd Saidi N, Drakeley C, Matthiopoulos J, Nelli L, Fornace K. Landscape drives zoonotic malaria prevalence in non-human primates. eLife 2024; 12:RP88616. [PMID: 38753426 PMCID: PMC11098556 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic disease dynamics in wildlife hosts are rarely quantified at macroecological scales due to the lack of systematic surveys. Non-human primates (NHPs) host Plasmodium knowlesi, a zoonotic malaria of public health concern and the main barrier to malaria elimination in Southeast Asia. Understanding of regional P. knowlesi infection dynamics in wildlife is limited. Here, we systematically assemble reports of NHP P. knowlesi and investigate geographic determinants of prevalence in reservoir species. Meta-analysis of 6322 NHPs from 148 sites reveals that prevalence is heterogeneous across Southeast Asia, with low overall prevalence and high estimates for Malaysian Borneo. We find that regions exhibiting higher prevalence in NHPs overlap with human infection hotspots. In wildlife and humans, parasite transmission is linked to land conversion and fragmentation. By assembling remote sensing data and fitting statistical models to prevalence at multiple spatial scales, we identify novel relationships between P. knowlesi in NHPs and forest fragmentation. This suggests that higher prevalence may be contingent on habitat complexity, which would begin to explain observed geographic variation in parasite burden. These findings address critical gaps in understanding regional P. knowlesi epidemiology and indicate that prevalence in simian reservoirs may be a key spatial driver of human spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Pablo Ruiz Cuenca
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Lancaster University, BailriggLancasterUnited Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabel Byrne
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Milena Salgado-Lynn
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma MuisKota KinabaluMalaysia
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife DepartmentKinabalu SabahMalaysia
| | | | - Lee Col Lin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangorMalaysia
| | - Norhadila Zulkifli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangorMalaysia
| | | | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Luca Nelli
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Sánchez KL, Baird JK, Nielsen A, Nurillah A, Agustina F, Komara, Fadilah F, Prameswari W, Nugraha RTP, Saputra S, Nurkanto A, Dharmayanthi AB, Pratama R, Exploitasia I, Greenwood AD. Naturally acquired immunity to Plasmodium pitheci in Bornean orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus). Parasitology 2024; 151:380-389. [PMID: 38361461 PMCID: PMC11044065 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to the different types of malaria in humans occurs in areas of endemic transmission and results in asymptomatic infection of peripheral blood. The current study examined the possibility of naturally acquired immunity in Bornean orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus, exposed to endemic Plasmodium pitheci malaria. A total of 2140 peripheral blood samples were collected between January 2017 and December 2022 from a cohort of 135 orangutans housed at a natural forested Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Each individual was observed for an average of 4.3 years during the study period. Blood samples were examined by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction for the presence of plasmodial parasites. Infection rates and parasitaemia levels were measured among age groups and all 20 documented clinical malaria cases were reviewed to estimate the incidence of illness and risk ratios among age groups. A case group of all 17 individuals that had experienced clinical malaria and a control group of 34 individuals having an event of >2000 parasites μL−1 blood but with no outward or clinical sign of illness were studied. Immature orangutans had higher-grade and more frequent parasitaemia events, but mature individuals were more likely to suffer from clinical malaria than juveniles. The case orangutans having patent clinical malaria were 256 times more likely to have had no parasitaemia event in the prior year relative to asymptomatic control orangutans. The findings are consistent with rapidly acquired immunity to P. pitheci illness among orangutans that wanes without re-exposure to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmele Llano Sánchez
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- International Animal Rescue, Uckfield, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Kevin Baird
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit-Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aileen Nielsen
- Center for Law and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andini Nurillah
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fitria Agustina
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Komara
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fina Fadilah
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wendi Prameswari
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Sugiyono Saputra
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arif Nurkanto
- Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anik Budhi Dharmayanthi
- Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rahadian Pratama
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indra Exploitasia
- Biodiversity Conservation Directorate of the General Director of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alex D. Greenwood
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
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Naserrudin NA, Adhikari B, Culleton R, Hod R, Jeffree MS, Ahmed K, Hassan MR. Knowledge, compliance, and challenges in anti-malarial products usage: a systematic review of at-risk communities for zoonotic malaria. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:317. [PMID: 38287308 PMCID: PMC10823597 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic malaria is a growing public health threat in the WHO Southeast Asia (SEA) and Western Pacific (WP) regions. Despite vector-control measures, the distribution of Macaque fascicularis and M. nemestrina, and Anopheles mosquitoes carrying non-human simian malaria parasites poses challenges to malaria elimination. The systematic review assesses the literature on knowledge and malaria-preventive practices in zoonotic malaria-affected areas across the WHO SEA and WP, aiming to identify challenges for malaria control. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles published in English, Malay and Indonesian between January 2010 and December 2022 were searched in OVID Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies of any design-excluding reviews, conference proceedings, and reports from all WHO SEA and WP countries vulnerable to zoonotic malaria-were included. Backwards-reference screening and thematic analysis were conducted. RESULTS Among 4,174 initially searched articles, 22 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. An additional seven articles were identified through backwards-reference screening, resulting in a total of 29 articles for this review. Half of these studies were conducted in Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Thailand, mainly in forests and remote communities. The review highlighted inconsistencies in the operationalization of knowledge, and five major themes were identified related to knowledge: causation and transmission, symptoms, treatment, severity and complications, and malaria prevention. While participants generally had some understanding of malaria causation/transmission, minority and indigenous ethnic groups demonstrated limited knowledge and held misconceptions, such as attributing malaria to drinking dirty water. Preventive practices included traditional and non-traditional or modern methods-with a preference for traditional approaches to avoid mosquito bites. Challenges to malaria control included feasibility, cost, and access to healthcare services. CONCLUSION This review provides insights into knowledge, local understandings, and preventive practices related to malaria in the WHO SEA and WP regions. The findings highlight the need for future research to explore the knowledge of at-risk communities regarding zoonotic malaria, their perceive threat of the disease and factors exposing them to zoonotic malaria. New strategies must be developed for zoonotic malaria programs tailored to local contexts, emphasizing the significance of community participation, health education, and socio-behavioural change initiatives. It is important to consider the interconnectedness of human health, environmental and non-human primates conservation. Socio-cultural nuances should also be carefully considered in the design and implementation of these programs to ensure their effect tailored to local contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Athirah Naserrudin
- Institute for Health Systems Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Setia Alam, Shah alam, 40170, Malaysia
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Bipin Adhikari
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia.
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
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Harrison LE, Flegg JA, Tobin R, Lubis IND, Noviyanti R, Grigg MJ, Shearer FM, Price DJ. A multi-criteria framework for disease surveillance site selection: case study for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Indonesia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:230641. [PMID: 38204787 PMCID: PMC10776229 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Disease surveillance aims to collect data at different times or locations, to assist public health authorities to respond appropriately. Surveillance of the simian malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, is sparse in some endemic areas and the spatial extent of transmission is uncertain. Zoonotic transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi has been demonstrated throughout Southeast Asia and represents a major hurdle to regional malaria elimination efforts. Given an arbitrary spatial prediction of relative disease risk, we develop a flexible framework for surveillance site selection, drawing on principles from multi-criteria decision-making. To demonstrate the utility of our framework, we apply it to the case study of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria surveillance site selection in western Indonesia. We demonstrate how statistical predictions of relative disease risk can be quantitatively incorporated into public health decision-making, with specific application to active human surveillance of zoonotic malaria. This approach can be used in other contexts to extend the utility of modelling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda E. Harrison
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ruarai Tobin
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Inke N. D. Lubis
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Rintis Noviyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Infection and Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Matthew J. Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Freya M. Shearer
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J. Price
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Melbourne, at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Tobin RJ, Harrison LE, Tully MK, Lubis IND, Noviyanti R, Anstey NM, Rajahram GS, Grigg MJ, Flegg JA, Price DJ, Shearer FM. Updating estimates of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria risk in response to changing land use patterns across Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011570. [PMID: 38252650 PMCID: PMC10833542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic parasite that causes malaria in humans. The pathogen has a natural host reservoir in certain macaque species and is transmitted to humans via mosquitoes of the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group. The risk of human P. knowlesi infection varies across Southeast Asia and is dependent upon environmental factors. Understanding this geographic variation in risk is important both for enabling appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the disease and for improving the planning and evaluation of malaria elimination. However, the data available on P. knowlesi occurrence are biased towards regions with greater surveillance and sampling effort. Predicting the spatial variation in risk of P. knowlesi malaria requires methods that can both incorporate environmental risk factors and account for spatial bias in detection. METHODS & RESULTS We extend and apply an environmental niche modelling framework as implemented by a previous mapping study of P. knowlesi transmission risk which included data up to 2015. We reviewed the literature from October 2015 through to March 2020 and identified 264 new records of P. knowlesi, with a total of 524 occurrences included in the current study following consolidation with the 2015 study. The modelling framework used in the 2015 study was extended, with changes including the addition of new covariates to capture the effect of deforestation and urbanisation on P. knowlesi transmission. DISCUSSION Our map of P. knowlesi relative transmission suitability estimates that the risk posed by the pathogen is highest in Malaysia and Indonesia, with localised areas of high risk also predicted in the Greater Mekong Subregion, The Philippines and Northeast India. These results highlight areas of priority for P. knowlesi surveillance and prospective sampling to address the challenge the disease poses to malaria elimination planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruarai J. Tobin
- Infectious Disease Dynamics Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucinda E. Harrison
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meg K. Tully
- Infectious Disease Dynamics Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Inke N. D. Lubis
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Rintis Noviyanti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Giri S. Rajahram
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Menzies School of Health Research, Clinical Research Unit, Hospital Queen Elizabeth II, and Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Matthew J. Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J. Price
- Infectious Disease Dynamics Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Freya M. Shearer
- Infectious Disease Dynamics Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Infectious Disease Ecology and Modelling Group, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
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Fornace KM, Zorello Laporta G, Vythilingham I, Chua TH, Ahmed K, Jeyaprakasam NK, de Castro Duarte AMR, Amir A, Phang WK, Drakeley C, Sallum MAM, Lau YL. Simian malaria: a narrative review on emergence, epidemiology and threat to global malaria elimination. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e520-e532. [PMID: 37454671 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Simian malaria from wild non-human primate populations is increasingly recognised as a public health threat and is now the main cause of human malaria in Malaysia and some regions of Brazil. In 2022, Malaysia became the first country not to achieve malaria elimination due to zoonotic simian malaria. We review the global distribution and drivers of simian malaria and identify priorities for diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, and control. Environmental change is driving closer interactions between humans and wildlife, with malaria parasites from non-human primates spilling over into human populations and human malaria parasites spilling back into wild non-human primate populations. These complex transmission cycles require new molecular and epidemiological approaches to track parasite spread. Current methods of malaria control are ineffective, with wildlife reservoirs and primarily outdoor-biting mosquito vectors urgently requiring the development of novel control strategies. Without these, simian malaria has the potential to undermine malaria elimination globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nantha K Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Programme, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro Duarte
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Pasteur, Secretaria de Estado da Saude de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amirah Amir
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Kit Phang
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maria Anice M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jajosky RP, Wu SC, Jajosky PG, Stowell SR. Plasmodium knowlesi ( Pk) Malaria: A Review & Proposal of Therapeutically Rational Exchange (T-REX) of Pk-Resistant Red Blood Cells. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:478. [PMID: 37888606 PMCID: PMC10610852 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) causes zoonotic malaria and is known as the "fifth human malaria parasite". Pk malaria is an emerging threat because infections are increasing and can be fatal. While most infections are in Southeast Asia (SEA), especially Malaysia, travelers frequently visit this region and can present with Pk malaria around the world. So, clinicians need to know (1) patients who present with fever after recent travel to SEA might be infected with Pk and (2) Pk is often misdiagnosed as P. malariae (which typically causes less severe malaria). Here we review the history, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Pk malaria. Severe disease is most common in adults. Signs and symptoms can include fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hyponatremia, hyperparasitemia, and thrombocytopenia. Dengue is one of the diseases to be considered in the differential. Regarding pathophysiologic mechanisms, when Pk parasites invade mature red blood cells (RBCs, i.e., normocytes) and reticulocytes, changes in the red blood cell (RBC) surface can result in life-threatening cytoadherence, sequestration, and reduced RBC deformability. Since molecular mechanisms involving the erythrocytic stage are responsible for onset of severe disease and lethal outcomes, it is biologically plausible that manual exchange transfusion (ET) or automated RBC exchange (RBCX) could be highly beneficial by replacing "sticky" parasitized RBCs with uninfected, deformable, healthy donor RBCs. Here we suggest use of special Pk-resistant donor RBCs to optimize adjunctive manual ET/RBCX for malaria. "Therapeutically-rational exchange transfusion" (T-REX) is proposed in which Pk-resistant RBCs are transfused (instead of disease-promoting RBCs). Because expression of the Duffy antigen on the surface of human RBCs is essential for parasite invasion, T-REX of Duffy-negative RBCs-also known as Fy(a-b-) RBCs-could replace the majority of the patient's circulating normocytes with Pk invasion-resistant RBCs (in a single procedure lasting about 2 h). When sequestered or non-sequestered iRBCs rupture-in a 24 h Pk asexual life cycle-the released merozoites cannot invade Fy(a-b-) RBCs. When Fy(a-b-) RBC units are scarce (e.g., in Malaysia), clinicians can consider the risks and benefits of transfusing plausibly Pk-resistant RBCs, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient (G6PDd) RBCs and Southeast Asian ovalocytes (SAO). Patients typically require a very short recovery time (<1 h) after the procedure. Fy(a-b-) RBCs should have a normal lifespan, while SAO and G6PDd RBCs may have mildly reduced half-lives. Because SAO and G6PDd RBCs come from screened blood donors who are healthy and not anemic, these RBCs have a low-risk for hemolysis and do not need to be removed after the patient recovers from malaria. T-REX could be especially useful if (1) antimalarial medications are not readily available, (2) patients are likely to progress to severe disease, or (3) drug-resistant strains emerge. In conclusion, T-REX is a proposed optimization of manual ET/RBCX that has not yet been utilized but can be considered by physicians to treat Pk malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.-C.W.)
- Biconcavity Inc., Lilburn, GA 30047, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.-C.W.)
| | | | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.-C.W.)
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11
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Lippi CA, Mundis SJ, Sippy R, Flenniken JM, Chaudhary A, Hecht G, Carlson CJ, Ryan SJ. Trends in mosquito species distribution modeling: insights for vector surveillance and disease control. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:302. [PMID: 37641089 PMCID: PMC10463544 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Species distribution modeling (SDM) has become an increasingly common approach to explore questions about ecology, geography, outbreak risk, and global change as they relate to infectious disease vectors. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature, screening 563 abstracts and identifying 204 studies that used SDMs to produce distribution estimates for mosquito species. While the number of studies employing SDM methods has increased markedly over the past decade, the overwhelming majority used a single method (maximum entropy modeling; MaxEnt) and focused on human infectious disease vectors or their close relatives. The majority of regional models were developed for areas in Africa and Asia, while more localized modeling efforts were most common for North America and Europe. Findings from this study highlight gaps in taxonomic, geographic, and methodological foci of current SDM literature for mosquitoes that can guide future efforts to study the geography of mosquito-borne disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Lippi
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA.
| | - Stephanie J Mundis
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Rachel Sippy
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - J Matthew Flenniken
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Anusha Chaudhary
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Gavriella Hecht
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Colin J Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sadie J Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA.
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12
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Naserrudin NA, Lin PYP, Monroe A, Culleton R, Baumann SE, Sato S, Adhikari B, Fornace KM, Hod R, Jeffree MS, Ahmed K, Hassan MR. Exploring barriers to and facilitators of malaria prevention practices: a photovoice study with rural communities at risk to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1316. [PMID: 37430300 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria remains challenging due to the presence of macaque monkeys and predominantly outdoor-biting Anopheles mosquitoes around human settlements. This study aims to explore the barriers and facilitators related to prevention of mosquito bites among rural communities living in Sabah, Malaysia using the participatory visual method, photovoice. METHODS From January through June 2022, 26 participants were recruited from four villages in Kudat, Sabah, using purposive sampling. Participants were male and female villagers, aged > 18 years old. After photovoice training in the villages, participants documented facilitators of and barriers related to avoiding mosquito bites using their own smartphone cameras, and provided narratives for their photos. Twelve Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) sessions in three rounds were held to share and discuss the photos, and to address challenges to the avoidance of mosquito bites. All discussions were conducted in the Sabah Malay dialect, and were video and audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The Ideation Model, a meta-theoretical model of behaviour change, underpinned this study. RESULTS The most common types of barriers identified by participants included (I) intrapersonal factors such as low perceived threat of malaria, (II) livelihood and lifestyle activities consisting of the local economy and socio-cultural activities, and (III) physical and social environment. The facilitators were categorized into (I) intrapersonal reasons, including having the opportunity to stay indoors, especially women who are housewives, (II) social support by the households, neaighbours and healthcare workers, and (III) support from healthcare services and malaria awareness program. Participants emphasized the importance of stakeholder's support in implementing feasible and affordable approaches to P. knowlesi malaria control. CONCLUSION Results provided insights regarding the challenges to preventing P. knowlesi malaria in rural Kudat, Sabah. The participation of communities in research was valuable in expanding knowledge of local challenges and highlighting possible ways to overcome barriers. These findings may be used to improve strategies for zoonotic malaria control, which is critical for advancing social change and minimizing health disparities in malaria prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Athirah Naserrudin
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia, 88400, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
- Sabah State Health Department, Ministry of Health, 88590, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Pauline Yong Pau Lin
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Sara Elizabeth Baumann
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Shigeharu Sato
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia, 88400, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Bipin Adhikari
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kimberly M Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia, 88400, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia, 88400, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia, 88400, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
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13
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Turkiewicz A, Manko E, Oresegun DR, Nolder D, Spadar A, Sutherland CJ, Cox-Singh J, Moon RW, Lau YL, Campino S, Clark TG. Population genetic analysis of Plasmodium knowlesi reveals differential selection and exchange events between Borneo and Peninsular sub-populations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2142. [PMID: 36750737 PMCID: PMC9905552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi parasite is a growing public health concern in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia, where elimination of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria has been the focus of control efforts. Understanding of the genetic diversity of P. knowlesi parasites can provide insights into its evolution, population structure, diagnostics, transmission dynamics, and the emergence of drug resistance. Previous work has revealed that P. knowlesi fall into three main sub-populations distinguished by a combination of geographical location and macaque host (Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina). It has been shown that Malaysian Borneo groups display profound heterogeneity with long regions of high or low divergence resulting in mosaic patterns between sub-populations, with some evidence of chromosomal-segment exchanges. However, the genetic structure of non-Borneo sub-populations is less clear. By gathering one of the largest collections of P. knowlesi whole-genome sequencing data, we studied structural genomic changes across sub-populations, with the analysis revealing differences in Borneo clusters linked to mosquito-related stages of the parasite cycle, in contrast to differences in host-related stages for the Peninsular group. Our work identifies new genetic exchange events, including introgressions between Malaysian Peninsular and M. nemestrina-associated clusters on various chromosomes, including in parasite invasion genes (DBP[Formula: see text], NBPX[Formula: see text] and NBPX[Formula: see text]), and important proteins expressed in the vertebrate parasite stages. Recombination events appear to have occurred between the Peninsular and M. fascicularis-associated groups, including in the DBP[Formula: see text] and DBP[Formula: see text] invasion associated genes. Overall, our work finds that genetic exchange events have occurred among the recognised contemporary groups of P. knowlesi parasites during their evolutionary history, leading to apparent mosaicism between these sub-populations. These findings generate new hypotheses relevant to parasite evolutionary biology and P. knowlesi epidemiology, which can inform malaria control approaches to containing the impact of zoonotic malaria on human communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Turkiewicz
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emilia Manko
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Damiola R Oresegun
- Division of Infection, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Debbie Nolder
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- UK Health Security Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- UK Health Security Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janet Cox-Singh
- Division of Infection, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Robert W Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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14
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Liu M, Liu Y, Po L, Xia S, Huy R, Zhou XN, Liu J. Assessing the spatiotemporal malaria transmission intensity with heterogeneous risk factors: A modeling study in Cambodia. Infect Dis Model 2023; 8:253-269. [PMID: 36844760 PMCID: PMC9944205 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria control can significantly benefit from a holistic and precise way of quantitatively measuring the transmission intensity, which needs to incorporate spatiotemporally varying risk factors. In this study, we conduct a systematic investigation to characterize malaria transmission intensity by taking a spatiotemporal network perspective, where nodes capture the local transmission intensities resulting from dominant vector species, the population density, and land cover, and edges describe the cross-region human mobility patterns. The inferred network enables us to accurately assess the transmission intensity over time and space from available empirical observations. Our study focuses on malaria-severe districts in Cambodia. The malaria transmission intensities determined using our transmission network reveal both qualitatively and quantitatively their seasonal and geographical characteristics: the risks increase in the rainy season and decrease in the dry season; remote and sparsely populated areas generally show higher transmission intensities than other areas. Our findings suggest that: the human mobility (e.g., in planting/harvest seasons), environment (e.g., temperature), and contact risk (coexistences of human and vector occurrence) contribute to malaria transmission in spatiotemporally varying degrees; quantitative relationships between these influential factors and the resulting malaria transmission risk can inform evidence-based tailor-made responses at the right locations and times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutong Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special administrative region of China
- HKBU-CSD & NIPD Joint Research Laboratory for Intelligent Disease Surveillance and Control, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special administrative region of China
- HKBU-CSD & NIPD Joint Research Laboratory for Intelligent Disease Surveillance and Control, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special administrative region of China.
| | - Ly Po
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology & Malaria Control (CNM), Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Shang Xia
- HKBU-CSD & NIPD Joint Research Laboratory for Intelligent Disease Surveillance and Control, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology & Malaria Control (CNM), Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- HKBU-CSD & NIPD Joint Research Laboratory for Intelligent Disease Surveillance and Control, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special administrative region of China
- HKBU-CSD & NIPD Joint Research Laboratory for Intelligent Disease Surveillance and Control, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special administrative region of China.
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15
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Potential Mammalian Vector-Borne Diseases in Live and Wet Markets in Indonesia and Myanmar. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases spread from wild animals and their associated ectoparasites to humans and domesticated animals. Wildlife markets are recognized as important areas where this transfer can take place. We assessed the potential for spreading vector-borne diseases in two live and wet markets in Myanmar (Mong La, on the Myanmar-China border) and Indonesia (Sukahaji in Bandung on the island of Java) by making an inventory of all live and freshly killed wild mammals for sale. For eight mammal families, we quantified the number of animals on offer, and we used a heatmap cluster analysis to map vector-borne diseases that these families may carry. In Myanmar, we observed large numbers of wild pigs and deer (potentially carrying West Nile and various encephalitis viruses) whereas in Indonesia we observed Old World fruit bats (potentially carrying Chikungunya and encephalitis viruses) and squirrels (potentially carrying West Nile and encephalitis viruses). The trade in Indonesia was dominated by live mammals offered for sale as pets, and only Old World fruit bats and squirrels traded for traditional Asian medicine were killed in the markets. The trade in Myanmar was more geared towards wild meat (e.g., wild pigs, deer, primates) and traditional Asian medicine (squirrels). The combined risks of vector-borne diseases spreading from traded animals to human health highlight the need for an integrated approach protecting public health, economic interests and biodiversity.
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16
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Phang WK, Hamid MHBA, Jelip J, Mudin RNB, Chuang TW, Lau YL, Fong MY. Predicting Plasmodium knowlesi transmission risk across Peninsular Malaysia using machine learning-based ecological niche modeling approaches. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1126418. [PMID: 36876062 PMCID: PMC9977793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of potentially life-threatening zoonotic malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi nearly two decades ago has continued to challenge Malaysia healthcare. With a total of 376 P. knowlesi infections notified in 2008, the number increased to 2,609 cases in 2020 nationwide. Numerous studies have been conducted in Malaysian Borneo to determine the association between environmental factors and knowlesi malaria transmission. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the environmental influence on knowlesi malaria transmission in Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the ecological distribution of human P. knowlesi malaria in relation to environmental factors in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 2,873 records of human P. knowlesi infections in Peninsular Malaysia from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2019 were collated from the Ministry of Health Malaysia and geolocated. Three machine learning-based models, maximum entropy (MaxEnt), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and ensemble modeling approach, were applied to predict the spatial variation of P. knowlesi disease risk. Multiple environmental parameters including climate factors, landscape characteristics, and anthropogenic factors were included as predictors in both predictive models. Subsequently, an ensemble model was developed based on the output of both MaxEnt and XGBoost. Comparison between models indicated that the XGBoost has higher performance as compared to MaxEnt and ensemble model, with AUCROC values of 0.933 ± 0.002 and 0.854 ± 0.007 for train and test datasets, respectively. Key environmental covariates affecting human P. knowlesi occurrence were distance to the coastline, elevation, tree cover, annual precipitation, tree loss, and distance to the forest. Our models indicated that the disease risk areas were mainly distributed in low elevation (75-345 m above mean sea level) areas along the Titiwangsa mountain range and inland central-northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. The high-resolution risk map of human knowlesi malaria constructed in this study can be further utilized for multi-pronged interventions targeting community at-risk, macaque populations, and mosquito vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kit Phang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Jenarun Jelip
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Rose Nani Binti Mudin
- Sabah State Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ting-Wu Chuang
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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17
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Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and kdr Mutation of Malaria Anopheles Vectors in the Most Plasmodium knowlesi-Endemic Area of Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120412. [PMID: 36548667 PMCID: PMC9786164 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi, a malaria parasite that occurs naturally in long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques, and banded leaf monkeys, is currently regarded as the fifth of the human malaria parasites. We aimed to investigate genetic diversity based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, detect Plasmodium parasites, and screen for the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)-mutation-mediated knockdown resistance (kdr) of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ranong province, which is the most P. knowlesi-endemic area in Thailand. One hundred and fourteen Anopheles females belonging to eight species, including An. baimaii (21.05%), An. minimus s.s. (20.17%), An. epiroticus (19.30%), An. jamesii (19.30%), An. maculatus s.s. (13.16%), An. barbirostris A3 (5.26%), An. sawadwongporni (0.88%), and An. aconitus (0.88%), were caught in three geographical regions of Ranong province. None of the Anopheles mosquitoes sampled in this study were infected with Plasmodium parasites. Based on the sequence analysis of COI sequences, An. epiroticus had the highest level of nucleotide diversity (0.012), followed by An. minimus (0.011). In contrast, An. maculatus (0.002) had the lowest level of nucleotide diversity. The Fu's Fs and Tajima's D values of the Anopheles species in Ranong were all negative, except the Tajima's D values of An. minimus (0.077). Screening of VGSC sequences showed no presence of the kdr mutation of Anopheles mosquitoes. Our results could be used to further select effective techniques for controlling Anopheles populations in Thailand's most P. knowlesi-endemic area.
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Sugiarto SR, Baird JK, Singh B, Elyazar I, Davis TME. The history and current epidemiology of malaria in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Malar J 2022; 21:327. [DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractKalimantan is a part of Indonesia, which occupies the southern three-quarters of the island of Borneo, sharing a border with the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. Although most areas of Kalimantan have low and stable transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, there are relatively high case numbers in the province of East Kalimantan. Two aspects of malaria endemicity in Kalimantan differentiate it from the rest of Indonesia, namely recent deforestation and potential exposure to the zoonotic malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi that occurs in relatively large numbers in adjacent Malaysian Borneo. In the present review, the history of malaria and its current epidemiology in Kalimantan are examined, including control and eradication efforts over the past two centuries, mosquito vector prevalence, anti-malarial use and parasite resistance, and the available data from case reports of knowlesi malaria and the presence of conditions which would support transmission of this zoonotic infection.
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A survey of simian Plasmodium infections in humans in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18546. [PMID: 36329096 PMCID: PMC9633791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is the predominant species causing human malaria infection, including hospitalisations for severe disease and death, in Malaysian Borneo. By contrast, there have been only a few case reports of knowlesi malaria from Indonesian Borneo. This situation seems paradoxical since both regions share the same natural macaque hosts and Anopheles mosquito vectors, and therefore have a similar epidemiologically estimated risk of infection. To determine whether there is a true cross-border disparity in P. knowlesi prevalence, we conducted a community-based malaria screening study using PCR in Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan. Blood samples were taken between April and September 2019 from 1000 people aged 6 months to 85 years attending health care facilities at 27 study sites within or close to jungle areas. There were 16 Plasmodium positive samples by PCR, five human malarias (two Plasmodium vivax, two Plasmodium ovale and one Plasmodium malariae) and 11 in which no species could be definitively identified. These data suggest that, if present, simian malarias including P. knowlesi are rare in the Kapuas Hulu District of West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo compared to geographically adjacent areas of Malaysian Borneo. The reason for this discrepancy, if confirmed in other epidemiologically similar regions of Indonesian Borneo, warrants further studies targeting possible cross-border differences in human activities in forested areas, together with more detailed surveys to complement the limited data relating to monkey hosts and Anopheles mosquito vectors in Indonesian Borneo.
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Spatio-temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17284. [PMID: 36241678 PMCID: PMC9568661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Malaysia are a new threat to public health and to the national efforts on malaria elimination. In the Kapit division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, two divergent P. knowlesi subpopulations (termed Cluster 1 and Cluster 2) infect humans and are associated with long-tailed macaque and pig-tailed macaque hosts, respectively. It has been suggested that forest-associated activities and environmental modifications trigger the increasing number of knowlesi malaria cases. Since there is a steady increase of P. knowlesi infections over the past decades in Sarawak, particularly in the Kapit division, we aimed to identify hotspots of knowlesi malaria cases and their association with forest activities at a geographical scale using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. A total of 1064 P. knowlesi infections from 2014 to 2019 in the Kapit and Song districts of the Kapit division were studied. Overall demographic data showed that males and those aged between 18 and 64 years old were the most frequently infected (64%), and 35% of infections involved farming activities. Thirty-nine percent of Cluster 1 infections were mainly related to farming surrounding residential areas while 40% of Cluster 2 infections were associated with activities in the deep forest. Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) analysis showed that humans infected with both P. knowlesi subpopulations exhibited a clustering distribution pattern of infection. The Kernel Density Analysis (KDA) indicated that the hotspot of infections surrounding Kapit and Song towns were classified as high-risk areas for zoonotic malaria transmission. This study provides useful information for staff of the Sarawak State Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme in their efforts to control and prevent zoonotic malaria.
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Sanchez KL, Greenwood AD, Nielsen A, Nugraha RTP, Prameswari W, Nurillah A, Agustina F, Campbell-Smith G, Dharmayanthi AB, Pratama R, Exploitasia I, Baird JK. Plasmodium pitheci malaria in Bornean orang-utans at a rehabilitation centre in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Malar J 2022; 21:280. [PMID: 36184593 PMCID: PMC9528059 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodial species naturally infecting orang-utans, Plasmodium pitheci and Plasmodium silvaticum, have been rarely described and reportedly cause relatively benign infections. Orang-utans at Rescue Rehabilitation Centres (RRC) across the orang-utan natural range suffer from malaria illness. However, the species involved and clinical pathology of this illness have not been described in a systematic manner. The objective of the present study was to identify the Plasmodium species infecting orang-utans under our care, define the frequency and character of malaria illness among the infected, and establish criteria for successful diagnosis and treatment. METHODS During the period 2017-2021, prospective active surveillance of malaria among 131 orang-utans resident in a forested RRC in West Kalimantan (Indonesia) was conducted. A total of 1783 blood samples were analysed by microscopy and 219 by nucleic acid based (PCR) diagnostic testing. Medical records of inpatient orang-utans at the centre from 2010 to 2016 were also retrospectively analysed for instances of symptomatic malaria. RESULTS Active surveillance revealed 89 of 131 orang-utans were positive for malaria at least once between 2017 and 2021 (period prevalence = 68%). During that period, 14 cases (affecting 13 orang-utans) developed clinical malaria (0.027 attacks/orang-utan-year). Three other cases were found to have occurred from 2010-2016. Sick individuals presented predominantly with fever, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. All had parasitaemias in excess of 4000/μL and as high as 105,000/μL, with severity of illness correlating with parasitaemia. Illness and parasitaemia quickly resolved following administration of artemisinin-combined therapies. High levels of parasitaemia also sometimes occurred in asymptomatic cases, in which case, parasitaemia cleared spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that P. pitheci very often infected orang-utans at this RRC. In about 14% of infected orang-utans, malaria illness occurred and ranged from moderate to severe in nature. The successful clinical management of acute pitheci malaria is described. Concerns are raised about this infection potentially posing a threat to this endangered species in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmele Llano Sanchez
- IAR Indonesia Foundation - Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Ketapang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
- International Animal Rescue, Uckfield, UK.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Frei Universität, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Frei Universität, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aileen Nielsen
- Center for Law and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Taufiq P Nugraha
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Wendi Prameswari
- IAR Indonesia Foundation - Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Ketapang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Andini Nurillah
- IAR Indonesia Foundation - Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Ketapang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Fitria Agustina
- IAR Indonesia Foundation - Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Ketapang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Gail Campbell-Smith
- IAR Indonesia Foundation - Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Ketapang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
- International Animal Rescue, Uckfield, UK
| | - Anik Budhi Dharmayanthi
- Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rahadian Pratama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Indra Exploitasia
- Biodiversity Conservation Directorate of the General Director of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - J Kevin Baird
- Clinical Research Unit-Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Oxford University, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Choisy M, McBride A, Chambers M, Ho Quang C, Nguyen Quang H, Xuan Chau NT, Thi GN, Bonell A, Evans M, Ming D, Ngo-Duc T, Quang Thai P, Dang Giang DH, Dan Thanh HN, Ngoc Nhung H, Lowe R, Maude R, Elyazar I, Surendra H, Ashley EA, Thwaites L, van Doorn HR, Kestelyn E, Dondorp AM, Thwaites G, Vinh Chau NV, Yacoub S. Climate change and health in Southeast Asia - defining research priorities and the role of the Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programmes. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:278. [PMID: 36176331 PMCID: PMC9493397 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17263.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarises a recent virtual meeting organised by the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam on the topic of climate change and health, bringing local partners, faculty and external collaborators together from across the Wellcome and Oxford networks. Attendees included invited local and global climate scientists, clinicians, modelers, epidemiologists and community engagement practitioners, with a view to setting priorities, identifying synergies and fostering collaborations to help define the regional climate and health research agenda. In this summary paper, we outline the major themes and topics that were identified and what will be needed to take forward this research for the next decade. We aim to take a broad, collaborative approach to including climate science in our current portfolio where it touches on infectious diseases now, and more broadly in our future research directions. We will focus on strengthening our research portfolio on climate-sensitive diseases, and supplement this with high quality data obtained from internal studies and external collaborations, obtained by multiple methods, ranging from traditional epidemiology to innovative technology and artificial intelligence and community-led research. Through timely agenda setting and involvement of local stakeholders, we aim to help support and shape research into global heating and health in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela McBride
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Mary Chambers
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chanh Ho Quang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy Nguyen Quang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Giang Nguyen Thi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ana Bonell
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Megan Evans
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Damien Ming
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thanh Ngo-Duc
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Quang Thai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- School of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Ho Ngoc Dan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ngoc Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Maude
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Iqbal Elyazar
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Henry Surendra
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elizabeth A. Ashley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Louise Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelyne Kestelyn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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23
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Choisy M, McBride A, Chambers M, Ho Quang C, Nguyen Quang H, Xuan Chau NT, Thi GN, Bonell A, Evans M, Ming D, Ngo-Duc T, Quang Thai P, Dang Giang DH, Dan Thanh HN, Ngoc Nhung H, Lowe R, Maude R, Elyazar I, Surendra H, Ashley EA, Thwaites L, van Doorn HR, Kestelyn E, Dondorp AM, Thwaites G, Vinh Chau NV, Yacoub S. Climate change and health in Southeast Asia - defining research priorities and the role of the Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programmes. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:278. [PMID: 36176331 PMCID: PMC9493397 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17263.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This article summarises a recent virtual meeting organised by the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam on the topic of climate change and health, bringing local partners, faculty and external collaborators together from across the Wellcome and Oxford networks. Attendees included invited local and global climate scientists, clinicians, modelers, epidemiologists and community engagement practitioners, with a view to setting priorities, identifying synergies and fostering collaborations to help define the regional climate and health research agenda. In this summary paper, we outline the major themes and topics that were identified and what will be needed to take forward this research for the next decade. We aim to take a broad, collaborative approach to including climate science in our current portfolio where it touches on infectious diseases now, and more broadly in our future research directions. We will focus on strengthening our research portfolio on climate-sensitive diseases, and supplement this with high quality data obtained from internal studies and external collaborations, obtained by multiple methods, ranging from traditional epidemiology to innovative technology and artificial intelligence and community-led research. Through timely agenda setting and involvement of local stakeholders, we aim to help support and shape research into global heating and health in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela McBride
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Mary Chambers
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chanh Ho Quang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy Nguyen Quang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Giang Nguyen Thi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ana Bonell
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Megan Evans
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Damien Ming
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thanh Ngo-Duc
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Quang Thai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- School of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Ho Ngoc Dan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ngoc Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Maude
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Iqbal Elyazar
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Henry Surendra
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elizabeth A. Ashley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Louise Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelyne Kestelyn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Barboza MFX, Monteiro KHDC, Rodrigues IR, Santos GL, Monteiro WM, Figueira EAG, Sampaio VDS, Lynn T, Endo PT. Prediction of malaria using deep learning models: A case study on city clusters in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2003 to 2018. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0420. [PMID: 35946631 PMCID: PMC9344950 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0420-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria is curable. Nonetheless, over 229 million cases of malaria were recorded in 2019, along with 409,000 deaths. Although over 42 million Brazilians are at risk of contracting malaria, 99% percent of all malaria cases in Brazil are located in or around the Amazon rainforest. Despite declining cases and deaths, malaria remains a major public health issue in Brazil. Accurate spatiotemporal prediction of malaria propagation may enable improved resource allocation to support efforts to eradicate the disease. Methods: In response to calls for novel research on malaria elimination strategies that suit local conditions, in this study, we propose machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models to predict the probability of malaria cases in the state of Amazonas. Using a dataset of approximately 6 million records (January 2003 to December 2018), we applied k-means clustering to group cities based on their similarity of malaria incidence. We evaluated random forest, long-short term memory (LSTM) and dated recurrent unit (GRU) models and compared their performance. Results: The LSTM architecture achieved better performance in clusters with less variability in the number of cases, whereas the GRU presents better results in clusters with high variability. Although Diebold-Mariano testing suggested that both the LSTM and GRU performed comparably, GRU can be trained significantly faster, which could prove advantageous in practice. Conclusions: All models showed satisfactory accuracy and strong performance in predicting new cases of malaria, and each could serve as a supplemental tool to support regional policies and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guto Leoni Santos
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Informática, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Elder Augusto Guimaraes Figueira
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina Tropical, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Instituto Todos pela Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Theo Lynn
- Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Takako Endo
- Universidade de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia da Computação, Recife, PE, Brasil
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25
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Bin Said I, Kouakou YI, Omorou R, Bienvenu AL, Ahmed K, Culleton R, Picot S. Systematic review of Plasmodium knowlesi in Indonesia: a risk of emergence in the context of capital relocation to Borneo? Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:258. [PMID: 35850777 PMCID: PMC9290274 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Indonesian Republic plans to relocate its capital from Jakarta to East Kalimantan, Borneo Island, in the next few years. This relocation may be associated with deforestation, decreased biodiversity, and an increased risk of emerging zoonotic infections, including Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. The Malaysian part of Borneo Island is one of the main hotspots of P. knowlesi malaria. METHODS Considering this risk, we evaluated the transmission dynamics of P. knowlesi in the Indonesian Archipelago based on a literature search and extensive review of data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health. RESULTS We report that 545 P. knowlesi cases were documented in Indonesia, mainly in the Aceh and North Sumatra provinces, with 95% of these occurring in the last 4 years. CONCLUSIONS The main P. knowlesi vectors are present in the area of the future capital, requiring strengthened surveillance to reduce the risk of emerging cases in a rapidly growing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Bin Said
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kediri, Jawa Timur, 64127 Kota Kediri, Indonesia
| | - Yobouet Ines Kouakou
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Roukayatou Omorou
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de La Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
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Non-Human Primate Malaria Infections: A Review on the Epidemiology in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137888. [PMID: 35805545 PMCID: PMC9265734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a public health problem in many parts of the world, including Malaysia. Although Malaysia has been recognized as one of the countries free from indigenous human malaria since 2018, the rising trend of zoonotic malaria, particularly Plasmodium knowlesi cases, poses a threat to public health and is of great concern to the country’s healthcare system. We reviewed previously scattered information on zoonotic malaria infections in both Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo to determine the epidemiology and distribution of emerging zoonotic malaria infections. Given the high prevalence of zoonotic malaria in Malaysia, efforts should be made to detect zoonotic malaria in humans, mosquito vectors, and natural hosts to ensure the success of the National Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan.
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Abstract
"The Primate Malarias" book has been a uniquely important resource for multiple generations of scientists, since its debut in 1971, and remains pertinent to the present day. Indeed, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been instrumental for major breakthroughs in basic and pre-clinical research on malaria for over 50 years. Research involving NHPs have provided critical insights and data that have been essential for malaria research on many parasite species, drugs, vaccines, pathogenesis, and transmission, leading to improved clinical care and advancing research goals for malaria control, elimination, and eradication. Whilst most malaria scientists over the decades have been studying Plasmodium falciparum, with NHP infections, in clinical studies with humans, or using in vitro culture or rodent model systems, others have been dedicated to advancing research on Plasmodium vivax, as well as on phylogenetically related simian species, including Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, and Plasmodium knowlesi. In-depth study of these four phylogenetically related species over the years has spawned the design of NHP longitudinal infection strategies for gathering information about ongoing infections, which can be related to human infections. These Plasmodium-NHP infection model systems are reviewed here, with emphasis on modern systems biological approaches to studying longitudinal infections, pathogenesis, immunity, and vaccines. Recent discoveries capitalizing on NHP longitudinal infections include an advanced understanding of chronic infections, relapses, anaemia, and immune memory. With quickly emerging new technological advances, more in-depth research and mechanistic discoveries can be anticipated on these and additional critical topics, including hypnozoite biology, antigenic variation, gametocyte transmission, bone marrow dysfunction, and loss of uninfected RBCs. New strategies and insights published by the Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center (MaHPIC) are recapped here along with a vision that stresses the importance of educating future experts well trained in utilizing NHP infection model systems for the pursuit of innovative, effective interventions against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Galinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory National Primate Research Center (Yerkes National Primate Research Center), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Naserrudin NA, Monroe A, Culleton R, Hod R, Jeffree MS, Ahmed K, Hassan MR. Reimagining zoonotic malaria control in communities exposed to Plasmodium knowlesi infection. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:14. [PMID: 35413881 PMCID: PMC9004057 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infection in humans has been reported throughout southeast Asia. The communities at risk are those living in areas where Macaque monkeys and Anopheles mosquito are present. Zoonotic malaria control is challenging due to the presence of the reservoir host and the possibility of human-vector-human transmission. Current control measures, including insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), are insufficient to address this threat due to gaps in protection associated with outdoor and early evening vector biting and social and economic activities, such as agricultural and forest work. Understanding the challenges faced by affected communities in preventing mosquito bites is important for reducing disease transmission. This opinion paper discusses opportunities to improve P. knowlesi malaria control through understanding the challenges faced by communities at risk and increasing community engagement and ownership of control measures. The paper highlights this issue by describing how the concept of reimagining malaria can be adapted to zoonotic malaria control measures including identifying current gaps in vector control, understanding interactions between environmental, economic, and human behavioral factors, and increasing community participation in and ownership of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Athirah Naserrudin
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah State Health Department, Ministry of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Richard Culleton
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Centre, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Saffree Jeffree
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Department of Public Health, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Department of Public Health, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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29
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Lempang MEP, Dewayanti FK, Syahrani L, Permana DH, Malaka R, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D. Primate malaria: An emerging challenge of zoonotic malaria in Indonesia. One Health 2022; 14:100389. [PMID: 35686151 PMCID: PMC9171520 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic malaria in different parts of the world, including Indonesia poses a challenge to the current malaria control and elimination program that target global malaria elimination at 2030. The reported cases in human include Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and P. inui, in South and Southeast Asian region and P. brazilianum and P. simium in Latin America. All are naturally found in the Old and New-world monkeys, macaques spp. This review focuses on the currently available data that may represent primate malaria as an emerging challenge of zoonotic malaria in Indonesia, the distribution of non-human primates and the malaria parasites it carries, changes in land use and deforestation that impact the habitat and intensifies interaction between the non-human primate and the human which facilitate spill-over of the pathogens. Although available data in Indonesia is very limited, a growing body of evidence indicate that the challenge of zoonotic malaria is immense and alerts to the need to conduct mitigation efforts through multidisciplinary approach involving environmental management, non-human primates conservation, disease management and vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farahana Kresno Dewayanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dendi Hadi Permana
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratmawati Malaka
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Puji Budi Setia Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Corresponding author at: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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van de Straat B, Sebayang B, Grigg MJ, Staunton K, Garjito TA, Vythilingam I, Russell TL, Burkot TR. Zoonotic malaria transmission and land use change in Southeast Asia: what is known about the vectors. Malar J 2022; 21:109. [PMID: 35361218 PMCID: PMC8974233 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic Plasmodium infections in humans in many Southeast Asian countries have been increasing, including in countries approaching elimination of human-only malaria transmission. Most simian malarias in humans are caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, but recent research shows that humans are at risk of many different simian Plasmodium species. In Southeast Asia, simian Plasmodium species are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes in the Anopheles leucosphyrus and Anopheles dirus complexes. Although there is some evidence of species outside the Leucosphyrus Group transmitting simian Plasmodium species, these await confirmation of transmission to humans. The vectors of monkey malarias are mostly found in forests and forest fringes, where they readily bite long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques (the natural reservoir hosts) and humans. How changing land-uses influence zoonotic malaria vectors is still poorly understood. Fragmentation of forests from logging, agriculture and other human activities is associated with increased zoonotic Plasmodium vector exposure. This is thought to occur through altered macaque and mosquito distributions and behaviours, and importantly, increased proximity of humans, macaques, and mosquito vectors. Underlying the increase in vector densities is the issue that the land-use change and human activities create more oviposition sites and, in correlation, increases availably of human blood hosts. The current understanding of zoonotic malaria vector species is largely based on a small number of studies in geographically restricted areas. What is known about the vectors is limited: the data is strongest for distribution and density with only weak evidence for a limited number of species in the Leucosphyrus Group for resting habits, insecticide resistance, blood feeding habits and larval habitats. More data are needed on vector diversity and bionomics in additional geographic areas to understand both the impacts on transmission of anthropogenic land-use change and how this significant disease in humans might be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram van de Straat
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
| | - Boni Sebayang
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research & Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
| | - Kyran Staunton
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Triwibowo Ambar Garjito
- Institute for Vector and Reservoir Control Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), The Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tanya L Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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Ruiz Cuenca P, Key S, Lindblade KA, Vythilingam I, Drakeley C, Fornace K. Is there evidence of sustained human-mosquito-human transmission of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi? A systematic literature review. Malar J 2022; 21:89. [PMID: 35300703 PMCID: PMC8929260 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi has emerged across Southeast Asia and is now the main cause of malaria in humans in Malaysia. A critical priority for P. knowlesi surveillance and control is understanding whether transmission is entirely zoonotic or is also occurring through human-mosquito-human transmission. Methods A systematic literature review was performed to evaluate existing evidence which refutes or supports the occurrence of sustained human-mosquito-human transmission of P. knowlesi. Possible evidence categories and study types which would support or refute non-zoonotic transmission were identified and ranked. A literature search was conducted on Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science using a broad search strategy to identify any possible published literature. Results were synthesized using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) framework, using vote counting to combine the evidence within specific categories. Results Of an initial 7,299 studies screened, 131 studies were included within this review: 87 studies of P. knowlesi prevalence in humans, 14 studies in non-human primates, 13 studies in mosquitoes, and 29 studies with direct evidence refuting or supporting non-zoonotic transmission. Overall, the evidence showed that human-mosquito-human transmission is biologically possible, but there is limited evidence of widespread occurrence in endemic areas. Specific areas of research were identified that require further attention, notably quantitative analyses of potential transmission dynamics, epidemiological and entomological surveys, and ecological studies into the sylvatic cycle of the disease. Conclusion There are key questions about P. knowlesi that remain within the areas of research that require more attention. These questions have significant implications for malaria elimination and eradication programs. This paper considers limited but varied research and provides a methodological framework for assessing the likelihood of different transmission patterns for emerging zoonotic diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04110-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ruiz Cuenca
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics (CHICAS), Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster, UK. .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Stephanie Key
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kim A Lindblade
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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32
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Voinson M, Nunn CL, Goldberg A. Primate malarias as a model for cross-species parasite transmission. eLife 2022; 11:e69628. [PMID: 35086643 PMCID: PMC8798051 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites regularly switch into new host species, representing a disease burden and conservation risk to the hosts. The distribution of these parasites also gives insight into characteristics of ecological networks and genetic mechanisms of host-parasite interactions. Some parasites are shared across many species, whereas others tend to be restricted to hosts from a single species. Understanding the mechanisms producing this distribution of host specificity can enable more effective interventions and potentially identify genetic targets for vaccines or therapies. As ecological connections between human and local animal populations increase, the risk to human and wildlife health from novel parasites also increases. Which of these parasites will fizzle out and which have the potential to become widespread in humans? We consider the case of primate malarias, caused by Plasmodium parasites, to investigate the interacting ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that put human and nonhuman primates at risk for infection. Plasmodium host switching from nonhuman primates to humans led to ancient introductions of the most common malaria-causing agents in humans today, and new parasite switching is a growing threat, especially in Asia and South America. Based on a wild host-Plasmodium occurrence database, we highlight geographic areas of concern and potential areas to target further sampling. We also discuss methodological developments that will facilitate clinical and field-based interventions to improve human and wildlife health based on this eco-evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Voinson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Duke Global Health, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Amy Goldberg
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
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33
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Mfueni Bikundi E, Coppieters Y. Prediction ability of vector species, environmental characteristics and socio-economic factors for malaria risk in Sub-Saharan African Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:191-206. [PMID: 32279543 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1745763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem, causing 435,000 deaths in 2017. The objective of this study was to estimate the prediction ability of vector species associated with the prediction power of environmental and socio-economic factors for malaria risk. Logistic regression was used for malaria risk estimation. A Radial Basis Function model was applied for estimating the predictive ability of Anopheles species, environmental and socio-economic factors. The lowest fever prevalence was found where Anopheles melas was dominant. Anopheles coluzzi and Anopheles gambiae were the dominant species where prevalence of malaria was high. Altitude, country and vector species were the best predictive factors. Anopheles arabiensis, An. coluzzi and An. gambiae were most common in urban areas. This study will improve the prediction of malaria risk in targeted areas. We have observed how important it is to adapt health policies according to the dominant malaria vector in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvire Mfueni Bikundi
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research Center, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Coppieters
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research Center, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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34
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Marques R, Krüger RF, Cunha SK, Silveira AS, Alves DM, Rodrigues GD, Peterson AT, Jiménez-García D. Climate change impacts on Anopheles (K.) cruzii in urban areas of Atlantic Forest of Brazil: Challenges for malaria diseases. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106123. [PMID: 34480869 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Around 27% of South Americans live in central and southern Brazil. Of 19,400 human malaria cases in Brazil in 2018, some were from the southern and southeastern states. High abundance of malaria vectors is generally positively associated with malaria incidence. Expanding geographic distributions of Anopheles vector mosquito species (e.g. A. cruzii) in the face of climate change processes would increase risk of such malaria transmission; such risk is of particular concern in regions that hold human population concentrations near present limits of vector species' geographic distributions. We modeled effects of likely climate changes on the distribution of A. cruzii, evaluating two scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions for 2050, as simulated in 21 general circulation models and two greenhouse gas scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for 2050. We tested 1305 candidate models, and chose among them based on statistical significance, predictive performance, and complexity. The models closely approximated the known geographic distribution of the species under current conditions. Under scenarios of future climate change, we noted increases in suitable area for the mosquito vector species in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states, including areas close to 30 densely populated cities. Under RCP 8.5, our models anticipate areal increases of >75% for this important malaria vector in the vicinity of 20 large Brazilian cities. We developed models that anticipate increased suitability for the mosquito species; around 50% of Brazilians reside in these areas, and ∼89% of foreign tourists visit coastal areas in this region. Under climate change thereefore, the risk and vulnerability of human populations to malaria transmission appears bound to increase.
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Pramasivan S, Ngui R, Jeyaprakasam NK, Liew JWK, Low VL, Mohamed Hassan N, Wan Sulaiman WY, Jaraee R, Abdul Rahman R, Jelip J, Vythilingam I. Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination. Malar J 2021; 20:426. [PMID: 34715864 PMCID: PMC8555301 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite infection, increases as Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections decrease in Johor, Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the distribution of vectors involved in knowlesi malaria transmission in Johor. This finding is vital in estimating hotspot areas for targeted control strategies. Methods Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the location where P. knowlesi cases were reported. Cases of knowlesi malaria from 2011 to 2019 in Johor were analyzed. Internal transcribed spacers 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were used to identify the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes. In addition, spatial analysis was carried out on the knowlesi cases and vectors in Johor. Results One hundred and eighty-nine cases of P. knowlesi were reported in Johor over 10 years. Young adults between the ages of 20–39 years comprised 65% of the cases. Most infected individuals were involved in agriculture and army-related occupations (22% and 32%, respectively). Four hundred and eighteen Leucosphyrus Group Anopheles mosquitoes were captured during the study. Anopheles introlatus was the predominant species, followed by Anopheles latens. Spatial analysis by Kriging interpolation found that hotspot regions of P. knowlesi overlapped or were close to the areas where An. introlatus and An. latens were found. A significantly high number of vectors and P. knowlesi cases were found near the road within 0–5 km. Conclusions This study describes the distribution of P. knowlesi cases and Anopheles species in malaria-endemic transmission areas in Johor. Geospatial analysis is a valuable tool for studying the relationship between vectors and P. knowlesi cases. This study further supports that the Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes might be involved in transmitting knowlesi malaria cases in Johor. These findings may provide initial evidence to prioritize diseases and vector surveillance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03963-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norzihan Mohamed Hassan
- Entomology & Pest Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Ropiah Jaraee
- Entomology & Pest Unit, Johor State Health District Department, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Jenarun Jelip
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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36
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Choisy M, McBride A, Chambers M, Ho Quang C, Nguyen Quang H, Xuan Chau NT, Thi GN, Bonell A, Evans M, Ming D, Ngo-Duc T, Quang Thai P, Dang Giang DH, Dan Thanh HN, Ngoc Nhung H, Lowe R, Maude R, Elyazar I, Surendra H, Ashley EA, Thwaites L, van Doorn HR, Kestelyn E, Dondorp AM, Thwaites G, Vinh Chau NV, Yacoub S. Climate change and health in Southeast Asia - defining research priorities and the role of the Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programmes. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:278. [PMID: 36176331 PMCID: PMC9493397 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17263.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This article summarises a recent virtual meeting organised by the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam on the topic of climate change and health, bringing local partners, faculty and external collaborators together from across the Wellcome and Oxford networks. Attendees included invited local and global climate scientists, clinicians, modelers, epidemiologists and community engagement practitioners, with a view to setting priorities, identifying synergies and fostering collaborations to help define the regional climate and health research agenda. In this summary paper, we outline the major themes and topics that were identified and what will be needed to take forward this research for the next decade. We aim to take a broad, collaborative approach to including climate science in our current portfolio where it touches on infectious diseases now, and more broadly in our future research directions. We will focus on strengthening our research portfolio on climate-sensitive diseases, and supplement this with high quality data obtained from internal studies and external collaborations, obtained by multiple methods, ranging from traditional epidemiology to innovative technology and artificial intelligence and community-led research. Through timely agenda setting and involvement of local stakeholders, we aim to help support and shape research into global heating and health in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela McBride
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Mary Chambers
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chanh Ho Quang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy Nguyen Quang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Giang Nguyen Thi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ana Bonell
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Megan Evans
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Damien Ming
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thanh Ngo-Duc
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Quang Thai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- School of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Ho Ngoc Dan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ngoc Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Maude
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Iqbal Elyazar
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Henry Surendra
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elizabeth A. Ashley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Louise Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelyne Kestelyn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Cuenca PR, Key S, Jumail A, Surendra H, Ferguson HM, Drakeley CJ, Fornace K. Epidemiology of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi in changing landscapes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 113:225-286. [PMID: 34620384 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the past two decades, incidence of human cases of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi has increased markedly. P. knowlesi is now the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia and threatens to undermine malaria control programmes across Southeast Asia. The emergence of zoonotic malaria corresponds to a period of rapid deforestation within this region. These environmental changes impact the distribution and behaviour of the simian hosts, mosquito vector species and human populations, creating new opportunities for P. knowlesi transmission. Here, we review how landscape changes can drive zoonotic disease emergence, examine the extent and causes of these changes across Southeast and identify how these mechanisms may be impacting P. knowlesi dynamics. We review the current spatial epidemiology of reported P. knowlesi infections in people and assess how these demographic and environmental changes may lead to changes in transmission patterns. Finally, we identify opportunities to improve P. knowlesi surveillance and develop targeted ecological interventions within these landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ruiz Cuenca
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Key
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Henry Surendra
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Molecular epidemiology and population genomics of Plasmodium knowlesi. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 113:191-223. [PMID: 34620383 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology has been central to uncovering P. knowlesi as an important cause of human malaria in Southeast Asia, and to understanding the complex nature of this zoonosis. Species-specific parasite detection and characterization of sequences were vital to show that P. knowlesi was distinct from the human parasite species that had been presumed to cause all malaria. With established sensitive and specific molecular detection tools, surveys subsequently indicated the distribution of P. knowlesi infections in humans, wild primate reservoir host species, and mosquito vector species. The importance of studying P. knowlesi genetic polymorphism was indicated initially by analysing a few nuclear gene loci as well as the mitochondrial genome, and subsequently by multi-locus microsatellite analyses and whole-genome sequencing. Different human infections generally have unrelated P. knowlesi genotypes, acquired from the diverse local parasite reservoirs in macaques. However, individual human infections are usually less genetically complex than those of wild macaques which experience more frequent superinfection with different P. knowlesi genotypes. Multi-locus analyses have revealed deep population subdivisions within P. knowlesi, which are structured both geographically and in relation to different macaque reservoir host species. Simplified genotypic discrimination assays now enable efficient large-scale surveillance of the sympatric P. knowlesi subpopulations within Malaysian Borneo. The whole-genome sequence analyses have also identified loci under recent positive natural selection in the P. knowlesi genome, with evidence that different loci are affected in different populations. These provide a foundation to understand recent adaptation of the zoonotic parasite populations, and to track and interpret future changes as they emerge.
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Hod R, Mokhtar SA, Muharam FM, Shamsudin UK, Hisham Hashim J. Developing a Predictive Model for Plasmodium knowlesi-Susceptible Areas in Malaysia Using Geospatial Data and Artificial Neural Networks. Asia Pac J Public Health 2021; 34:182-190. [PMID: 34569889 DOI: 10.1177/10105395211048620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is an emerging species for malaria in Malaysia, particularly in East Malaysia. This infection contributes to almost half of all malaria cases and deaths in Malaysia and poses a challenge in eradicating malaria. The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model for P. knowlesi susceptibility areas in Sabah, Malaysia, using geospatial data and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Weekly malaria cases from 2013 to 2014 were used to identify the malaria hotspot areas. The association of malaria cases with environmental factors (elevation, water bodies, and population density, and satellite images providing rainfall, land surface temperature, and normalized difference vegetation indices) were statistically determined. The significant environmental factors were used as input for the ANN analysis to predict malaria cases. Finally, the malaria susceptibility index and zones were mapped out. The results suggested integrating geospatial data and ANNs to predict malaria cases, with overall correlation coefficient of 0.70 and overall accuracy of 91.04%. From the malaria susceptibility index and zoning analyses, it was found that areas located along the Crocker Range of Sabah and the East part of Sabah were highly susceptible to P. knowlesi infections. Following this analysis, targetted entomological mapping and malaria control programs can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Hod
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chin AZ, Avoi R, Atil A, Awang Lukman K, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Ibrahim MY, Ahmed K, Jeffree MS. Risk factor of plasmodium knowlesi infection in Sabah Borneo Malaysia, 2020: A population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257104. [PMID: 34506556 PMCID: PMC8432820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Malaysian state of Sabah, P. knowlesi notifications increased from 2% (59/2,741) of total malaria notifications in 2004 to 98% (2030/2,078) in 2017. There was a gap regarding P. knowlesi acquisition risk factors related to practice specifically in working age group. The main objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for acquiring P. knowlesi infection in Sabah among the working age group. METHODS AND METHODS This retrospective population-based case-control study was conducted in Ranau district to assess sociodemographic, behavioural and medical history risk factors using a pretested questionnaire. The data were entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Bivariate analysis was conducted using binary logistic regression whereas multivariate analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression. We set a statistical significance at p-value less than or equal to 0.05. RESULTS A total of 266 cases and 532 controls were included in the study. Male gender (AOR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.63-4.50), spending overnight in forest (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.20-3.06), not using mosquito repellent (AOR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.36-4.56) and history of previous malaria infection (AOR = 49.34; 95% CI: 39.09-78.32) were found to be independent predictors of P. knowlesi infection. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the need to strengthen the strategies in preventing and controlling P. knowlesi infection specifically in changing the practice of spending overnight in forest and increasing the usage of personal mosquito repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Zefong Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Richard Avoi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Azman Atil
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khamisah Awang Lukman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Schowe D, Svensson MS, Siriwat P, José-Domínguez JM, Fourage A, Malaivijitnond S, Nijman V. Assessing the welfare of coconut-harvesting macaques in Thailand. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Malijan RPB, Mechan F, Braganza JC, Valle KMR, Salazar FV, Torno MM, Aure WE, Bacay BA, Espino FE, Torr SJ, Fornace KM, Drakeley C, Ferguson HM. The seasonal dynamics and biting behavior of potential Anopheles vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi in Palawan, Philippines. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:357. [PMID: 34233742 PMCID: PMC8261946 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small number of human cases of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi have been reported in Palawan Island, the Philippines. Identification of potential vector species and their bionomics is crucial for understanding human exposure risk in this setting. Here, we combined longitudinal surveillance with a trap-evaluation study to address knowledge gaps about the ecology and potential for zoonotic spillover of this macaque malaria in Palawan Island. METHODS The abundance, diversity and biting behavior of human-biting Anopheles mosquitoes were assessed through monthly outdoor human landing catches (HLC) in three ecotypes representing different land use (forest edge, forest and agricultural area) across 8 months. Additionally, the host preference and biting activity of potential Anopheles vectors were assessed through comparison of their abundance and capture time in traps baited with humans (HLC, human-baited electrocuting net-HEN) or macaques (monkey-baited trap-MBT, monkey-baited electrocuting net-MEN). All female Anopheles mosquitoes were tested for the presence of Plasmodium parasites by PCR. RESULTS Previously incriminated vectors Anopheles balabacensis and An. flavirostris accounted for > 95% of anophelines caught in longitudinal surveillance. However, human biting densities were relatively low (An. balabacensis: 0.34-1.20 per night, An. flavirostris: 0-2 bites per night). Biting densities of An. balabacensis were highest in the forest edge, while An. flavirostris was most abundant in the agricultural area. The abundance of An. balabacensis and An. flavirostris was significantly higher in HLC than in MBT. None of the 357 female Anopheles mosquitoes tested for Plasmodium infection were positive. CONCLUSIONS The relatively low density and lack of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes sampled here indicates that exposure to P. knowlesi in this setting is considerably lower than in neighboring countries (i.e. Malaysia), where it is now the primary cause of malaria in humans. Although anophelines had lower abundance in MBTs than in HLCs, An. balabacensis and An. flavirostris were caught by both methods, suggesting they could act as bridge vectors between humans and macaques. These species bite primarily outdoors during the early evening, confirming that insecticide-treated nets are unlikely to provide protection against P. knowlesi vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Paul B Malijan
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Frank Mechan
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5Q4, UK
| | - Jessie C Braganza
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Kristelle Mae R Valle
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Ferdinand V Salazar
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Majhalia M Torno
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.,Taxonomy & Pesticide Efficacy Branch, Vector Biology & Control Division, Environment Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Wilfredo E Aure
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Brian A Bacay
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fe Esperanza Espino
- Department of Parasitology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Ma, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5Q4, UK
| | - Kimberly M Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Divis PCS, Hu TH, Kadir KA, Mohammad DSA, Hii KC, Daneshvar C, Conway DJ, Singh B. Efficient Surveillance of Plasmodium knowlesi Genetic Subpopulations, Malaysian Borneo, 2000-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1392-1398. [PMID: 32568035 PMCID: PMC7323547 DOI: 10.3201/eid2607.190924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic analysis revealed that Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Malaysian Borneo are caused by 2 divergent parasites associated with long-tailed (cluster 1) and pig-tailed (cluster 2) macaques. Because the transmission ecology is likely to differ for each macaque species, we developed a simple genotyping PCR to efficiently distinguish between and survey the 2 parasite subpopulations. This assay confirmed differences in the relative proportions in areas of Kapit division of Sarawak state, consistent with multilocus microsatellite analyses. Analyses of 1,204 human infections at Kapit Hospital showed that cluster 1 caused approximately two thirds of cases with no significant temporal changes from 2000 to 2018. We observed an apparent increase in overall numbers in the most recent 2 years studied, driven mainly by increased cluster 1 parasite infections. Continued monitoring of the frequency of different parasite subpopulations and correlation with environmental alterations are necessary to determine whether the epidemiology will change substantially.
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Hocking SE, Divis PCS, Kadir KA, Singh B, Conway DJ. Population Genomic Structure and Recent Evolution of Plasmodium knowlesi, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1749-1758. [PMID: 32687018 PMCID: PMC7392424 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.190864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most malaria in Malaysia is caused by Plasmodium knowlesi parasites through zoonotic infection from macaque reservoir hosts. We obtained genome sequences from 28 clinical infections in Peninsular Malaysia to clarify the emerging parasite population structure and test for evidence of recent adaptation. The parasites all belonged to a major genetic population of P. knowlesi (cluster 3) with high genomewide divergence from populations occurring in Borneo (clusters 1 and 2). We also observed unexpected local genetic subdivision; most parasites belonged to 2 subpopulations sharing a high level of diversity except at particular genomic regions, the largest being a region of chromosome 12, which showed evidence of recent directional selection. Surprisingly, we observed a third subpopulation comprising P. knowlesi infections that were almost identical to each other throughout much of the genome, indicating separately maintained transmission and recent genetic isolation. Each subpopulation could evolve and present a broader health challenge in Asia.
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Hii J, Hustedt J, Bangs MJ. Residual Malaria Transmission in Select Countries of Asia-Pacific Region: Old Wine in a New Barrel. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:S111-S142. [PMID: 33906222 PMCID: PMC8079134 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite substantial reductions in malaria burden and improvement in case management, malaria remains a major public health challenge in the Asia-Pacific region. Residual malaria transmission (RMT) is the fraction of total transmission that persists after achievement of full operational coverage with effective insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs)/long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or indoor residual spray interventions. There is a critical need to standardize and share best practices for entomological, anthropological, and product development investigative protocols to meet the challenges of RMT and elimination goals. Methods A systematic review was conducted to describe when and where RMT is occurring, while specifically targeting ownership and usage of ITN/LLINs, indoor residual spray application, insecticide susceptibility of vectors, and human and vector biting behavior, with a focus on nighttime activities. Results Sixty-six publications from 1995 to present met the inclusion criteria for closer review. Associations between local vector control coverage and use with behaviors of human and mosquito vectors varied by locality and circumstance. Consequently, the magnitude of RMT is insufficiently studied and analyzed with sparse estimates of individual exposure in communities, insufficient or incomplete observations of ITN/LLIN use, and the local human population movement into and from high-risk areas. Conclusions This review identified significant gaps or deficiencies that require urgent attention, namely, developing standardized procedures and methods to estimate risk exposure beyond the peridomestic setting, analytical approaches to measure key human-vector interactions, and seasonal location-specific agricultural or forest use calendars, and establishing the collection of longitudinal human and vector data close in time and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Hii
- Malaria Consortium Asia, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Jl. Kertajasa, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasertart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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46
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Joshi A, Miller C. Review of machine learning techniques for mosquito control in urban environments. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fornace KM, Diaz AV, Lines J, Drakeley CJ. Achieving global malaria eradication in changing landscapes. Malar J 2021; 20:69. [PMID: 33530995 PMCID: PMC7856737 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Land use and land cover changes, such as deforestation, agricultural expansion and urbanization, are one of the largest anthropogenic environmental changes globally. Recent initiatives to evaluate the feasibility of malaria eradication have highlighted impacts of landscape changes on malaria transmission and the potential of these changes to undermine malaria control and elimination efforts. Multisectoral approaches are needed to detect and minimize negative impacts of land use and land cover changes on malaria transmission while supporting development aiding malaria control, elimination and ultimately eradication. Pathways through which land use and land cover changes disrupt social and ecological systems to increase or decrease malaria risks are outlined, identifying priorities and opportunities for a global malaria eradication campaign. The impacts of land use and land cover changes on malaria transmission are complex and highly context-specific, with effects changing over time and space. Landscape changes are only one element of a complex development process with wider economic and social dimensions affecting human health and wellbeing. While deforestation and other landscape changes threaten to undermine malaria control efforts and have driven the emergence of zoonotic malaria, most of the malaria elimination successes have been underpinned by agricultural development and land management. Malaria eradication is not feasible without addressing these changing risks while, conversely, consideration of malaria impacts in land management decisions has the potential to significantly accelerate progress towards eradication. Multisectoral cooperation and approaches to linking malaria control and environmental science, such as conducting locally relevant ecological monitoring, integrating landscape data into malaria surveillance systems and designing environmental management strategies to reduce malaria burdens, are essential to achieve malaria eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Centre for Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Adriana V Diaz
- Pathology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Jo Lines
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Centre for Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris J Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Centre for Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Chin AZ, Maluda MCM, Jelip J, Jeffree MSB, Culleton R, Ahmed K. Malaria elimination in Malaysia and the rising threat of Plasmodium knowlesi. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:36. [PMID: 33228775 PMCID: PMC7686722 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major public-health problem, with over 40% of the world’s population (more than 3.3 billion people) at risk from the disease. Malaysia has committed to eliminate indigenous human malaria transmission by 2020. The objective of this descriptive study is to understand the epidemiology of malaria in Malaysia from 2000 through 2018 and to highlight the threat posed by zoonotic malaria to the National Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan. Methods Malaria is a notifiable infection in Malaysia. The data used in this study were extracted from the Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, contributed by the hospitals and health clinics throughout Malaysia. The population data used in this study was extracted from the Department of Statistics Malaysia. Data analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel. Data used for mapping are available at EPSG:4326 WGS84 CRS (Coordinate Reference System). Shapefile was obtained from igismap. Mapping and plotting of the map were performed using QGIS. Results Between 2000 and 2007, human malaria contributed 100% of reported malaria and 18–46 deaths per year in Malaysia. Between 2008 and 2017, indigenous malaria cases decreased from 6071 to 85 (98.6% reduction), while during the same period, zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi cases increased from 376 to 3614 cases (an 861% increase). The year 2018 marked the first year that Malaysia did not report any indigenous cases of malaria caused by human malaria parasites. However, there was an increasing trend of P. knowlesi cases, with a total of 4131 cases reported in that year. Although the increased incidence of P. knowlesi cases can be attributed to various factors including improved diagnostic capacity, reduction in human malaria cases, and increase in awareness of P. knowlesi, more than 50% of P. knowlesi cases were associated with agriculture and plantation activities, with a large remainder proportion linked to forest-related activities. Conclusions Malaysia has entered the elimination phase of malaria control. Zoonotic malaria, however, is increasing exponentially and becoming a significant public health problem. Improved inter-sectoral collaboration is required in order to develop a more integrated effort to control zoonotic malaria. Local political commitment and the provision of technical support from the World Health Organization will help to create focused and concerted efforts towards ensuring the success of the National Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Zefong Chin
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Marilyn Charlene Montini Maluda
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jenarun Jelip
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, 62590, Putrajaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Saffree Bin Jeffree
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. .,Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Scott J. Proposed Integrated Control of Zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi in Southeast Asia Using Themes of One Health. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E175. [PMID: 33233871 PMCID: PMC7709578 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, threatens the global progression of malaria elimination. Southeast Asian regions are fronting increased zoonotic malaria rates despite the control measures currently implemented-conventional measures to control human-malaria neglect P. knowlesi's residual transmission between the natural macaque host and vector. Initiatives to control P. knowlesi should adopt themes of the One Health approach, which details that the management of an infectious disease agent should be scrutinized at the human-animal-ecosystem interface. This review describes factors that have conceivably permitted the emergence and increased transmission rates of P. knowlesi to humans, from the understanding of genetic exchange events between subpopulations of P. knowlesi to the downstream effects of environmental disruption and simian and vector behavioral adaptations. These factors are considered to advise an integrative control strategy that aligns with the One Health approach. It is proposed that surveillance systems address the geographical distribution and transmission clusters of P. knowlesi and enforce ecological regulations that limit forest conversion and promote ecosystem regeneration. Furthermore, combining individual protective measures, mosquito-based feeding trapping tools and biocontrol strategies in synergy with current control methods may reduce mosquito population density or transmission capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Scott
- College of Public Health and Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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