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Alenou LD, Nwane P, Mbakop LR, Piameu M, Ekoko W, Mandeng S, Bikoy EN, Toto JC, Onguina H, Etang J. Burden of mosquito-borne diseases across rural versus urban areas in Cameroon between 2002 and 2021: prospective for community-oriented vector management approaches. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:136. [PMID: 37076896 PMCID: PMC10114431 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, Cameroon has recorded one of the highest rates of urban population growth in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that more than 67% of Cameroon's urban population lives in slums, and the situation is far from improving as these neighbourhoods are growing at an annual rate of 5.5%. However, it is not known how this rapid and uncontrolled urbanization affects vector populations and disease transmission in urban versus rural areas. In this study, we analyse data from studies conducted on mosquito-borne diseases in Cameroon between 2002 and 2021 to determine the distribution of mosquito species and the prevalence of diseases they transmit with regards to urban areas versus rural areas. METHODS A search of various online databases, such as PubMed, Hinari, Google and Google Scholar, was conducted for relevant articles. A total of 85 publications/reports were identified and reviewed for entomological and epidemiological data from the ten regions of Cameroon. RESULTS Analysis of the findings from the reviewed articles revealed 10 diseases transmitted by mosquitoes to humans across the study regions. Most of these diseases were recorded in the Northwest Region, followed by the North, Far North and Eastern Regions. Data were collected from 37 urban and 28 rural sites. In the urban areas, dengue prevalence increased from 14.55% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.2-23.9%) in 2002-2011 to 29.84% (95% CI 21-38.7%) in 2012-2021. In rural areas, diseases such as Lymphatic filariasis and Rift valley fever, which were not present in 2002-2011, appeared in 2012-2021, with a prevalence of 0.4% (95% CI 0.0- 2.4%) and 10% (95% CI 0.6-19.4%), respectively. Malaria prevalence remained the same in urban areas (67%; 95% CI 55.6-78.4%) between the two periods, while it significantly decreased in rural areas from 45.87% (95% CI 31.1-60.6%) in 2002-2011 to 39% (95% CI 23.7-54.3%) in the 2012-2021 period (*P = 0.04). Seventeen species of mosquitoes were identified as involved in the transmission of these diseases, of which 11 were involved in the transmission of malaria, five in the transmission of arboviruses and one in the transmission of malaria and lymphatic filariasis. The diversity of mosquito species was greater in rural areas than in urban areas during both periods. Of the articles reviewed for the 2012-2021 period, 56% reported the presence of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in urban areas compared to 42% reported in 2002-2011. The presence of Aedes aegypti increased in urban areas in 2012-2021 but this species was absent in rural areas. Ownership of long-lasting insecticidal nets varied greatly from one setting to another. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that, in addition to malaria control strategies, vector-borne disease control approaches in Cameroon should include strategies against lymphatic filariasis and Rift Valley fever in rural areas, and against dengue and Zika viruses in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Dilane Alenou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Philippe Nwane
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lili Ranaise Mbakop
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael Piameu
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, P.O. Box 1110, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Ekoko
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Bamenda, Bambili, P.O. Box 39, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Stanislas Mandeng
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bikoy
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Toto
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hugues Onguina
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Josiane Etang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Faculty 09-Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Winchester Str. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Chouakeu NAK, Tchuinkam T, Bamou R, Bindamu MM, Talipouo A, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Malaria transmission pattern across the Sahelian, humid savanna, highland and forest eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. Malar J 2023; 22:116. [PMID: 37029411 PMCID: PMC10080520 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health concern in Cameroon. Understanding vector distribution and malaria transmission dynamics is of paramount importance for evaluating the performance of control strategies. This study assesses patterns of malaria transmission in four eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. METHODS Adult mosquitoes were collected using Human Landing Catches (HLC) once every 4 months from August 2019 to November 2021 in Kaélé, Tibati, Santchou and Bertoua. Mosquitoes were sorted by genus and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex were identified using PCR. The presence of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was measured by ELISA; the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) was estimated in each locality. RESULTS A total of 23,536 mosquitoes were collected. Anopheles gambiae and/or Anopheles coluzzii were the main malaria vectors in all sites. Anopheles arabiensis was recorded in low frequency in Kaélé and Tibati. Other species collected included Anopheles funestus, Anopheles pharoensis and Anopheles ziemmani. High anopheline biting rates were recorded outdoor in all sites except in Kaélé. Important differences in species biting dynamics were observed between sites. The sporozoite infection rate varied from 0.36 to 4%. The daily EIR was found to vary from 0.07 in Santchou to 0.26 infected bites/man/night (ib/m/n) in Kaélé). CONCLUSION The study suggests heterogeneous patterns of malaria transmission in different ecoepidemiological settings across the country. The findings stress the need to improve malaria vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Armanda Kala Chouakeu
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mabu Maxim Bindamu
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Kala Chouakeu NA, Ngingahi LG, Bamou R, Talipouo A, Ngadjeu CS, Mayi MPA, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, Antonio Nkondjio C. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Human Populations towards Malaria Control in Four Ecoepidemiological Settings in Cameroon. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:9925135. [PMID: 34221028 PMCID: PMC8213476 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9925135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem in Cameroon. Critical steps to improve disease control include assessing human population adherence to vector control interventions, especially in areas with different cultural backgrounds. The present study seeks to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of populations towards malaria prevention in four ecoepidemiological settings in Cameroon. A cross-sectional malaria KAP survey was conducted from August to September 2019 in households of the localities of Kaélé, Tibati, Bertoua, and Santchou. A semistructured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in the localities. Data recorded were analysed using SPSS v. 20 and MedCalc v14.8.1. A total of 739 households were surveyed. The majority of participants had a secondary level of education (48.71%). A substantial number of participants (over 90%) in all the localities were able to make an accurate association between malaria and mosquito bites. The main sources of information for community members were television sets in Santchou and Tibati and interpersonal conversations in Bertoua and Kaélé. Mosquito nets were the most commonly used protective measure against malaria, and the majority of nets in households came from the free-of-charge mass distribution campaigns organized by the government. Participants with secondary and higher levels of education were more aware of good practices towards malaria control compared to those with a primary level of education. The study revealed that populations' KAP differed according to localities and culture. More sensitization and education need to be done to improve adherence to prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Armanda Kala Chouakeu
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Laura Gilberine Ngingahi
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carmen Sandra Ngadjeu
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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