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Kacholi DS. A comprehensive review of antimalarial medicinal plants used by Tanzanians. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:133-152. [PMID: 38270178 PMCID: PMC10812860 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2305453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tanzania has rich medicinal plant (MP) resources, and most rural inhabitants rely on traditional healing practices for their primary healthcare needs. However, available research evidence on antimalarial MPs is highly fragmented in the country. OBJECTIVE This systematic review compiles ethnomedicinal research evidence on MPs used by Tanzanians as antimalarials. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic web search was conducted using various electronic databases and grey materials to gather relevant information on antimalarial MPs utilized by Tanzanians. The review was per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The data were collected from 25 articles, and MS Excel software was used to analyse relevant ethnobotanical information using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 227 MPs belonging to 67 botanical families and 180 genera were identified. Fabaceae (15.9%) is the most frequently utilized family. The ethnobotanical recipes analysis indicated leaves (40%) and trees (44%) are the preferred MPs part and life form, respectively. Decoctions (67%) are the dominant preparation method of remedies. Of the recorded MPs, 25.9% have been scientifically investigated for antimalarial activities with positive results. However, 74.1% of MPs have no scientific records on antimalarial activities, but they could be potential sources of remedies. CONCLUSIONS The study discloses a wealth of antimalarial MPs possessed by Tanzanians and suggests a need for research to authenticate the healing potential of antimalarial compounds from the unstudied MPs. Additionally, it indicates that some of the presented MPs are potential sources for developing safe, effective and affordable antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sylvester Kacholi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Kumah NE, Agbeno EK, Derkyi-Kwarteng L, Aniakwaa-Bonsu E, Djonor SK, Acquah S. Gestational glucose intolerance among pregnant women at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:356. [PMID: 38745311 PMCID: PMC11092027 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy can have adverse outcomes if untreated. Both malaria and pregnancy are associated with insulin resistance and diabetes. Although malaria is treated prophylactically with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screened for in pregnancy as part a routine antenatal care, their impacts have not been examined in terms of other forms of dysglycaemia. This cross-sectional study examined insulin resistance and its relationship with dysglycaemia and malaria among pregnant women in the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH). METHODS Using a structured questionnaire, demographic and clinical information were obtained from 252 pregnant women aged 18-42 years. Weight and height were measured for computation of body mass index (BMI). Measurement of insulin, lipid profile and glucose were taken under fasting conditions followed by oral glucose tolerant test. Insulin resistance and beta-cell function were assessed by the homeostatic model as malaria was diagnosed by microscopy. RESULTS The respective prevalence of GDM, gestational glucose intolerance (GGI) and insulin resistance were 0.8% (2/252), 19.44% (49/252) and 56.75% (143/252). No malaria parasite or dyslipidaemia was detected in any of the participants. Apart from BMI that increased across trimesters, no other measured parameter differed among the participants. Junior High School (JHS) education compared with no formal education increased the odds (AOR: 2.53; CI: 1.12-5.71; P = 0.03) but 2nd trimester of pregnancy compared to the 1st decreased the odds (AOR: 0.32; CI: 0.12-0.81; P = 0.02) of having insulin resistance in the entire sample. In a sub-group analysis across trimesters, pregnant women with JHS education in their 3rd trimester had increased odds (AOR: 4.41; CI: 1.25-15.62; P = 0.02) of having insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Prevalence of GDM and GGI were 0.8% and 19.44% respectively. The odds of insulin resistance increased in pregnant women with JHS education in the 3rd trimester. Appropriate measures are needed to assuage the diabetogenic risk posed by GGI in our setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Ekow Kumah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Evans Kofi Agbeno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Leonard Derkyi-Kwarteng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Aniakwaa-Bonsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sampson Kafui Djonor
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Acquah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Bayode T, Siegmund A. Identifying childhood malaria hotspots and risk factors in a Nigerian city using geostatistical modelling approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5445. [PMID: 38443428 PMCID: PMC10914794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria ranks high among prevalent and ravaging infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The negative impacts, disease burden, and risk are higher among children and pregnant women as part of the most vulnerable groups to malaria in Nigeria. However, the burden of malaria is not even in space and time. This study explores the spatial variability of malaria prevalence among children under five years (U5) in medium-sized rapidly growing city of Akure, Nigeria using model-based geostatistical modeling (MBG) technique to predict U5 malaria burden at a 100 × 100 m grid, while the parameter estimation was done using Monte Carlo maximum likelihood method. The non-spatial logistic regression model shows that U5 malaria prevalence is significantly influenced by the usage of insecticide-treated nets-ITNs, window protection, and water source. Furthermore, the MBG model shows predicted U5 malaria prevalence in Akure is greater than 35% at certain locations while we were able to ascertain places with U5 prevalence > 10% (i.e. hotspots) using exceedance probability modelling which is a vital tool for policy development. The map provides place-based evidence on the spatial variation of U5 malaria in Akure, and direction on where intensified interventions are crucial for the reduction of U5 malaria burden and improvement of urban health in Akure, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye Bayode
- Institute of Geography & Heidelberg Centre for Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Geography-Research Group for Earth Observation (rgeo), UNESCO Chair on World Heritage and Biosphere Reserve Observation and Education, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Siegmund
- Institute of Geography & Heidelberg Centre for Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Geography-Research Group for Earth Observation (rgeo), UNESCO Chair on World Heritage and Biosphere Reserve Observation and Education, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
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Dembélé P, Cissoko M, Diarra AZ, Doumbia L, Koné A, Magassa MH, Mehadji M, Thera MA, Ranque S. Evaluation of the Performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria Diagnosis and Mapping of Different Plasmodium Species in Mali. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:228. [PMID: 38397717 PMCID: PMC10888130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first-line diagnosis of malaria in Mali is based on the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) that detect the Histidin Rich Protein 2 (HRP2) antigen specific to Plasmodium falciparum. Our study, based on a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) gold standard, aimed to describe the distribution of the Plasmodium species in each administrative region of Mali and to assess the performance of RDTs. METHODS We randomly selected 150 malaria-negative and up to 30 malaria-positive RDTs in 41 sites distributed in 9 regions of Mali. DNA extracted from the RDT nitrocellulose strip was assayed with a pan-Plasmodium qPCR. Positive samples were then analyzed with P. falciparum-, P. malariae-, P. vivax-, or P. ovale-specific qPCRs. RESULTS Of the 1496 RDTs, 258 (18.6%) were positive for Plasmodium spp., of which 96.9% were P. falciparum. The P. vivax prevalence reached 21.1% in the north. RDT displayed acceptable diagnostic indices; the lower CI95% bounds of Youden indices were all ≥0.50, except in the north (Youden index 0.66 (95% CI [0.44-0.82]) and 0.63 (95% CI [0.33-0.83]. CONCLUSIONS Overall, RDT diagnostic indices are adequate for the biological diagnosis of malaria in Mali. We recommend the use of RDTs detecting P. vivax-specific antigens in the north.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Dembélé
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Mady Cissoko
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali;
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lassana Doumbia
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée (LBMA), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Badalabougou, Bamako BP 423, Mali;
| | - Aïssata Koné
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée (LBMA), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Badalabougou, Bamako BP 423, Mali;
| | - Mahamadou H. Magassa
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Maissane Mehadji
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mahamadou A. Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali;
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
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Kotepui M, Mahittikorn A, Wilairatana P, Masangkay FR, Wangdi K, Kotepui KU. Methemoglobin levels in malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its association with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections and disease severity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3276. [PMID: 38332023 PMCID: PMC10853561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Reports indicate that Plasmodium infections influence methemoglobin levels. However, findings have been inconclusive or have varied across different geographic and demographic contexts. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to consolidate existing data regarding the association between Plasmodium infections and alterations in methemoglobin levels related to the severity of the infection. A comprehensive literature search of several databases, including Ovid, ProQuest, Embase, Scopus, MEDLINE, and PubMed, was conducted to identify relevant studies that examined methemoglobin levels in patients with malaria. Qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis of the pooled standardized mean difference were conducted to synthesize the differences in methemoglobin levels between: (1) patients with malaria and those without malaria and (2) patients with severe malaria and those with uncomplicated malaria based on various themes including publication year, study design, study area, Plasmodium species, age group, symptomatic status, severity status, and method of malaria detection. Of the 1846 studies that were initially identified from the main databases and additional searches on Google Scholar, 10 studies met the eligibility criteria and were selected for this review. The systematic review distinctly highlighted an association between malaria and elevated methemoglobin levels, an observation consistent across diverse geographical regions and various Plasmodium species. Furthermore, the meta-analysis confirmed this by demonstrating increased methemoglobin levels in patients with malaria compared to those without malaria (P < 0.001, Hedges' g 2.32, 95% CI 1.36-3.29, I2 97.27, 8 studies). Moreover, the meta-analysis found elevated methemoglobin levels in patients with severe malaria compared to those with uncomplicated malaria (P < 0.001, Hedges' g 2.20, 95% CI 0.82-3.58, I2 96.20, 5 studies). This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed increased methemoglobin levels in patients with P. falciparum and P. vivax infections, with a notable association between elevated methemoglobin levels and severe malaria. Future research should focus on elucidating the specific mechanisms by which changes in methemoglobin levels are related to infections by P. falciparum and P. vivax, particularly in terms of severity, and how these alterations could potentially impact patient management and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Kinley Wangdi
- QIMR Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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Saaka SA, Mohammed K, K. A. Pienaah C, Luginaah I. Child malaria vaccine uptake in Ghana: Factors influencing parents' willingness to allow vaccination of their children under five (5) years. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296934. [PMID: 38241404 PMCID: PMC10798622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a substantial health burden in Ghana, particularly among children. Despite the availability of malaria vaccines, uptake remains low. Notwithstanding, there is a paucity of nationally representative studies on the factors driving hesitance towards the new malaria vaccine. In response, this study, guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB), seeks to understand the determinants of child malaria vaccine uptake in Ghana to inform strategies for improving coverage. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed multiple regression model to examine the association between maternal awareness, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, geographical location, and vaccine uptake using data from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS). RESULTS Maternal awareness of vaccine (OR = 2.200; P<0.01) significantly predicted higher likelihood of vaccine uptake. Household wealth was associated with child vaccination as parents in middle-income households (OR = 9.342; P<0.01), and those in poorest households (OR = 9.409; P<0.05) recorded higher likelihood of allowing their children to be vaccinated. With regards to ethnicity, parents from the Mande ethnic group (OR = 0.106; P<0.05) were less likely to allow their children to be vaccinated when compared to parents from the Akan ethnic group. Knowing that malaria is covered by National Health Insurance (OR = 2.407; P<0.05) was associated with higher likelihood of allowing child vaccination compared to not knowing. More so, geographical variations were observed as parents who lived in rural areas (OR = 0.254; P<0.05) were significantly less likely to allow vaccination of their children compared to those in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS Enhancing awareness through education campaigns can improve child malaria vaccine coverage. Observing socioeconomic disparities in uptake and ensuring equitable access to vaccines are vital. Tailored strategies considering ethnic background and geographical location, can as well enhance acceptance of the vaccine. This study provides valuable insights for developing effective strategies to reduce the burden of malaria in children and improve coverage of uptake. This study underscores the need to improve parental awareness and the relevance of the vaccine in preventing child mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulemana Ansumah Saaka
- Department of Geography and Environment, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamaldeen Mohammed
- Department of Geography and Environment, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelius K. A. Pienaah
- Department of Geography and Environment, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isaac Luginaah
- Department of Geography and Environment, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western, London, Ontario, Canada
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Paintsil EK, Boadi E, Dwamena A, Addo BH, Kumi A, Obiri-Danso K, Ofori LA. Demographic and socio-economic factors affecting bed net ownership, usage, and malaria transmission among adult patients seeking healthcare in two Ghanaian urban cities. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:106. [PMID: 38184552 PMCID: PMC10770894 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most cost-effective malaria prevention and control strategy is the use of a bed net. However, several factors affect the ownership and usage of bed nets among the adult population. Hence, this study aimed to examine socio-demographic factors affecting bed net ownership, usage and malaria transmission among adult patients seeking healthcare in two Ghanaian urban cities. METHODS This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted, between January and September 2021, at Bremang Seventh-Day Adventist Hospital, Suame Municipal, Ashanti Region and Sunyani Municipal Hospital, Sunyani, Bono Region, Ghana. Structured questionnaires were administered to a total of 550 participants to ascertain their ownership and usage of the bed nets. Afterwards, finger prick blood samples were collected for malaria microscopy. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% CIs were calculated, using Poisson regression with robust standard errors, to show associated variables in bivariate and multivariate analyses respectively. R software (version 4.1.1) was used to perform all statistical analyses. RESULTS About 53.3% (n = 293) of participants owned at least one-bed net but only 21.5% (n = 118) slept under it the previous night. Those married were 2.0 (95% CI: 1.6 - 2.5) and 2.4 (95% CI: 1.6 - 3.5) times more likely to own and use a bed net respectively than those who never married. Also, pregnant women were 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1 - 1.6) and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.3 - 2.5) times more likely to own and use a bed net respectively than non-pregnant. Even though income levels were not associated with bed net ownership and usage, students were 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2 - 0.6) and 0.2 (95% CI: 0.1 - 0.5) times less likely to own and use bed net respectively compared to formally employed persons. The overall malaria prevalence rate was 7.8%. Malaria-negative patients were 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2 - 2.0) and 2.4 (95% CI: 1.4 - 4.1) times more likely to own and use bed nets respectively than malaria positive. Patients with tertiary education recorded the lowest malaria prevalence (3.5%, n = 4). None of those with a monthly income > $300 recorded a case of malaria. On the contrary, majority 83%, n/N = 25/30) of the malaria-positive patients earned ≤ $150. CONCLUSION The National Malaria Control Program should conduct comprehensive mapping of all urban population segments before launching mass bed net distribution campaigns, taking into account demographic and socioeconomic factors to enhance bed net utilization and reduce malaria prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Kobina Paintsil
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Enoch Boadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Bremang Seventh-Day Adventist Hospital, Suame Municipal, Ghana
| | - Anthony Dwamena
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Sunyani Municipal Hospital, Sunyani Municipal, Ghana
| | | | - Agyei Kumi
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Obiri-Danso
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Aurelia Ofori
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Akafity G, Kumi N, Ashong J. Diagnosis and management of malaria in the intensive care unit. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2024; 4:3-15. [PMID: 38263976 PMCID: PMC10800773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is responsible for approximately three-quarters of a million deaths in humans globally each year. Most of the morbidity and mortality reported are from Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where the disease is endemic. In non-endemic areas, malaria is the most common cause of imported infection and is associated with significant mortality despite recent advancements and investments in elimination programs. Severe malaria often requires intensive care unit admission and can be complicated by cerebral malaria, respiratory distress, acute kidney injury, bleeding complications, and co-infection. Intensive care management includes prompt diagnosis and early initiation of effective antimalarial therapy, recognition of complications, and appropriate supportive care. However, the lack of diagnostic capacities due to limited advances in equipment, personnel, and infrastructure presents a challenge to the effective diagnosis and management of malaria. This article reviews the clinical classification, diagnosis, and management of malaria as relevant to critical care clinicians, highlighting the role of diagnostic capacity, treatment options, and supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Akafity
- Department of Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Nicholas Kumi
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care and Anesthesia, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joyce Ashong
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Duguma T, Wudineh D, Assefa A, Fisseha N, Muleta D. Malaria prevalence and associated factors among symptomatic children aged under five years attending Sheko District Health Center, Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295237. [PMID: 38039289 PMCID: PMC10691728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five worldwide. Although various malaria elimination measures have been implemented over the past decades, malaria remains a serious threat to public health, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Ethiopia has set targets for eliminating malaria by 2030. No research has been conducted in the study area concerning malaria among children, who are the most malaria-prone segment of a community. The purpose of this study was to assess malaria prevalence and the factors associated with it among children under five years of age who attended the Sheko Health Center, Southwest Ethiopia, from June 1 to October 30, 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS An institutional-based cross-sectional study was employed from June 1 to October 30, 2022, at the Sheko Health Center. Capillary blood samples were collected from 286 randomly selected symptomatic children. Data on socio-demographics and associated factors were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire, and data on parents' and guardians' knowledge about malaria was recorded on Excel 2016 Spreadsheets after interviewing them, and their responses were presented by a frequency table. Data were entered into Epi Data Manager (v4.0.2.101) and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Associated factors of malaria were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULT Overall, 23.4% (95% CI = 18.6-28.8%) malaria infection was recorded among the children whose blood samples were examined, with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections (both species) representing 52.2%, 34.3%, and 13.4% of the cases, respectively. The majority of the parents or guardians believed that malaria is transmissible but could be prevented, and 80% of them considered mosquito bites to be the main mode of malaria transmission. Insecticide-treated net (ITN) was mentioned as a malaria prevention strategy by more than half of the respondents, while indoor residual spraying (IRS) was considered only by 19.6%. Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis, a significant association was found in children between the ages of 12 and 36 months (adjusted odds ratio = 5.050; 95% CI: 1.964-12.982), children who lived in rural areas (adjusted odds ratio = 2.901; 95% CI: 1.439-5.845), and children who did not use ITN the past two weeks before sample collection (adjusted odds ratio = 3.341; 95% CI: 1.646-6.781). CONCLUSION This study revealed a high malaria prevalence among children aged under five years. Attention must be paid to improving the coverage of the ITN and its use in the study area, which could help reduce the risk of mosquito bites. Health education for the guardians of the children could also help to raise awareness about the prevention and control strategies for malaria transmission and further reduce the impact of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Duguma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Medicine, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Dessalew Wudineh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Medicine, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Aberash Assefa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Medicine, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Nebeyi Fisseha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Dassalegn Muleta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Medicine, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
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Dao F, Dembele L, Diarra B, Sogore F, Marin-Menendez A, Goita S, Haidara AS, Barre YN, Sangare CPO, Kone A, Ouologuem DT, Dara A, Tekete MM, Talman AM, Djimde AA. The Prevalence of Human Plasmodium Species during Peak Transmission Seasons from 2016 to 2021 in the Rural Commune of Ntjiba, Mali. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:438. [PMID: 37755899 PMCID: PMC10535850 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-to-date knowledge of key epidemiological aspects of each Plasmodium species is necessary for making informed decisions on targeted interventions and control strategies to eliminate each of them. This study aims to describe the epidemiology of plasmodial species in Mali, where malaria is hyperendemic and seasonal. Data reports collected during high-transmission season over six consecutive years were analyzed to summarize malaria epidemiology. Malaria species and density were from blood smear microscopy. Data from 6870 symptomatic and 1740 asymptomatic participants were analyzed. The median age of participants was 12 years, and the sex ratio (male/female) was 0.81. Malaria prevalence from all Plasmodium species was 65.20% (95% CI: 60.10-69.89%) and 22.41% (CI: 16.60-28.79%) for passive and active screening, respectively. P. falciparum was the most prevalent species encountered in active and passive screening (59.33%, 19.31%). This prevalence was followed by P. malariae (1.50%, 1.15%) and P. ovale (0.32%, 0.06%). Regarding frequency, P. falciparum was more frequent in symptomatic individuals (96.77% vs. 93.24%, p = 0.014). In contrast, P. malariae was more frequent in asymptomatic individuals (5.64% vs. 2.45%, p < 0.001). P. ovale remained the least frequent species (less than 1%), and no P. vivax was detected. The most frequent coinfections were P. falciparum and P. malariae (0.56%). Children aged 5-9 presented the highest frequency of P. falciparum infections (41.91%). Non-falciparum species were primarily detected in adolescents (10-14 years) with frequencies above 50%. Only P. falciparum infections had parasitemias greater than 100,000 parasites per µL of blood. P. falciparum gametocytes were found with variable prevalence across age groups. Our data highlight that P. falciparum represented the first burden, but other non-falciparum species were also important. Increasing attention to P. malariae and P. ovale is essential if malaria elimination is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Dao
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.M.-M.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Laurent Dembele
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Bakoroba Diarra
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Fanta Sogore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | | | - Siaka Goita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Aboubacrin S. Haidara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Yacouba N. Barre
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Cheick P. O. Sangare
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Aminatou Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Dinkorma T. Ouologuem
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Antoine Dara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Mamadou M. Tekete
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Arthur M. Talman
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.M.-M.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Abdoulaye A. Djimde
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
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Hasyim H, Dewi WC, Lestari RAF, Flora R, Novrikasari N, Liberty IA, Marini H, Elagali A, Herlinda S, Maharani FE. Risk factors of malaria transmission in mining workers in Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14755. [PMID: 37679466 PMCID: PMC10484942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliminating malaria by 2030 is stated as goal three in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, malaria still remains a significant public health problem. This study aims to identify the factors determining malaria transmission in artisanal or small-scale miner (ASM) communities in three villages: Tanjung Agung, Tanjung Lalang, and Penyandingan, located in the Tanjung Enim District, Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study involving 92 participants from the study area. They used a logistic regression model to investigate the risk factors related to malaria occurrence. The multivariable analysis revealed that age (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR) = 7.989 with 95% CI 1.724-37.002) and mosquito breeding (APR = 7.685 with 95% CI 1.502-39.309) were risk factors for malaria. On the other hand, higher education (APR = 0.104 with 95% CI 0.027-0.403), the use of mosquito repellent (APR = 0.138 with 95% CI 0.035-0.549), and the condition of house walls (APR = 0.145 with 95% CI 0.0414-0.511) were identified as protective factors. The current study highlights age and mosquito breeding sites as risk factors for malaria. Additionally, higher education, insect repellent use, and the condition of house walls are protective factors against malaria. Therefore, reducing risk factors and increasing protective measures through effective communication, information, and education are highly recommended to eliminate malaria in mining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Hasyim
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - Wita Citra Dewi
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | | | - Rostika Flora
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | | | - Iche Andriyani Liberty
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Heni Marini
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Ahmed Elagali
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Minderoo Foundation, Perth, Australia
| | - Siti Herlinda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
- Research Center for Sub-Optimal Lands (PUR-PLSO), Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Fadhilah Eka Maharani
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Biology Department, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
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Kotepui M, Mala W, Kwankaew P, Mahittikorn A, Ramirez Masangkay F, Uthaisar Kotepui K. A systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in interleukin-8 levels in malaria infection. Cytokine 2023; 169:156262. [PMID: 37327530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The roles of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in malaria are inconsistent and unclear. This study synthesised evidence for differences in IL-8 levels in patients with malaria of various levels of severity. Relevant studies were searched in Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and PubMed from inception to 22 April 2022. Pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the random effects model. Of 1083 articles retrieved from the databases, 34 were included for syntheses. The meta-analysis revealed increased IL-8 levels in individuals with uncomplicated malaria compared with those without malaria (P = 0.04; MD, 25.57 pg/mL; 95% CI, 1.70 to 49.43 pg/mL; I2, 99.53, 4 studies; 400 uncomplicated malaria, 204 uninfected controls). The meta-analysis revealed comparable levels of IL-8 between the two groups (P = 0.10; MD, 74.46 pg/mL; 95% CI, -15.08 to 164.0 pg/mL; I2, 9.03; 4 studies; 133 severe malaria cases, 568 uncomplicated malaria cases). The study found evidence of increased IL-8 levels in individuals with malaria compared with those without malaria. However, no differences were found in IL-8 levels between patients with severe and non-severe malaria. Further research is needed to investigate the IL-8 cytokine levels in patients with malaria of different levels of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Wanida Mala
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Pattamaporn Kwankaew
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
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Onohuean H, Onohuean FE, Ayogu EE. Association between hemoglobin variants and laboratory outcomes in patients infected with P. falciparum from South West Uganda. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO888. [PMID: 37485444 PMCID: PMC10357393 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2022-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims We assess the relationship between various hemoglobin variants and some hematological parameters packed cell volume, white blood cells (PCV, WBC) and parasitemia level of patients with malaria in the southwestern, Uganda. Methods Patient were enrolled by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), confirmed by microscopy, and laboratory outcomes were determined. Results Patients positive for malaria RDTs were 155, microscopic-confirmed P. falciparum parasites were 95 (61.29%) having hemoglobin variants HbAA and HbAS; 75 (78.95%) and 13 (13.68%), respectively. The laboratory outcomes showed mean, PCV (32.19 ± 4.83), WBC (5831.66 ± 2888.29) and P. falciparum parasitaemia density (32,605.45 ± 14031), while the hemoglobin variants mean values AA (39,008.85 ± 31,261.56), AC (15908 ± 10173.48), AS (16,561.46 ± 15,380.93), SC (30,524 ± 0.000) and SS(1652 ± 0.000) were significantly different from the total population (34,321.5 ± 21,924.26) parasite-density. Conclusion Patients with hemoglobin variants HbAA had a significantly higher parasite-carrying capacity and PCV levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Onohuean
- Biopharmaceutics unit, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western-Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine & Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Fanny Eseohe Onohuean
- Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine & Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ebere Emilia Ayogu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Kampala International University, Ishaka Uganda
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Darko BA, Owusu-Asenso CM, Addo-Osafo K, Appiah-Lawson E, Afrane YA, Tette EMA. Malaria, gastrointestinal parasite infection and nutritional status among febrile children In Accra, Ghana. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2891006. [PMID: 37214835 PMCID: PMC10197738 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2891006/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Malaria and intestinal parasite infection are common in developing countries. These Parasites causes anaemia and malnutrition mostly in children. For this reason, it is important to study these infections and their effects in order to monitor interventions to control them. This study aims to determine prevalence of malaria and intestinal parasite infections and their association with nutritional status among febrile children in Accra, Ghana. Methods The study was conducted among febrile children aged 6 months to 5 years attending three health facilities in Accra from May to October, 2022. A total of 315 children were selected for the study. Anthropometric measurement was done for each participant. Blood and stool samples were collected for investigation. Thick and thin blood smears stained with 10% Giemsa were prepared and examined for Plasmodium parasite using microscopy. Stool samples were processed using direct wet mount and formalin-ether concentration method and examined for intestinal parasites using microscopy. Haemoglobin concentration was measured using automatic haematology analyzer. Results A total of 24% (76/315) were positive for malaria. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 77.6% (59/76) of parasitaemia, whereas Plasmodium malariae was 22.4% (17/76). Prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 10.7% (34/315). Giardia lamblia accounted for 17/315 (5.3%) of the entire children, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 8/315 (2.5%), Hookworm 6/315 (1.9%) and Trichuris trichiura 3/315 (0.9%). A total of 15/315 (5%) of the participants had co-infection of malaria and intestinal parasite infection. Prevalence of anaemia, malnutrition, stunting, wasting and underweight were (72%), (30.7%), (16.2%), (24.4%) and (57.1%) respectively. Malaria was significantly associated with anaemia (p = 0.000) and underweight (p = 0.013). Ascaris lumbricoides was significantly associated with wasting (p = 0.010). Giardia lamblia was significantly association with malnutrition (p = 0.000) and Stunting (p = 0.000), whereas Hookworm was found to be significantly associated with anaemia (p = 0.021). Conclusion Prevalence of IPI in this study was less than previously reported, most likely due to regular deworming of most of the children. However, Malaria and intestinal parasitic infection were significantly associated with anaemia and malnutrition including wasting, stunting, and underweight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School
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Sarfo JO, Amoadu M, Kordorwu PY, Adams AK, Gyan TB, Osman AG, Asiedu I, Ansah EW. Malaria amongst children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors and preventive interventions. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:80. [PMID: 36800986 PMCID: PMC9936673 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Africa has a higher burden of malaria-related cases and deaths globally. Children under five accounted for over two-thirds of all malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This scoping review aims to map evidence of the prevalence, contextual factors and health education interventions of malaria amongst children under 5 years (UN5) in SSA. METHOD Four main databases (PubMed, Central, Dimensions and JSTOR) produced 27,841 records of literature. Additional searches in Google, Google Scholar and institutional repositories produced 37 records. Finally, 255 full-text records were further screened, and 100 records were used for this review. RESULTS Low or no formal education, poverty or low income and rural areas are risk factors for malaria amongst UN5. Evidence on age and malnutrition as risk factors for malaria in UN5 is inconsistent and inconclusive. Furthermore, the poor housing system in SSA and the unavailability of electricity in rural areas and unclean water make UN5 more susceptible to malaria. Health education and promotion interventions have significantly reduced the malaria burden on UN5 in SSA. CONCLUSION Well-planned and resourced health education and promotion interventions that focus on prevention, testing and treatment of malaria could reduce malaria burden amongst UN5 in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Owusu Sarfo
- grid.413081.f0000 0001 2322 8567University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Peace Yaa Kordorwu
- grid.413081.f0000 0001 2322 8567University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abdul Karim Adams
- grid.413081.f0000 0001 2322 8567University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Abdul-Ganiyu Osman
- grid.413081.f0000 0001 2322 8567University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Immanuel Asiedu
- grid.413081.f0000 0001 2322 8567University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Debash H, Bisetegn H, Ebrahim H, Feleke DG, Gedefie A, Tilahun M, Shibabaw A, Ebrahim E, Fiseha M, Abeje G. Prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria among febrile under-five children visiting health facilities in Ziquala district, Northeast Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276899. [PMID: 36301956 PMCID: PMC9612493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among under five children in developing countries. Ethiopia has set targets for controlling and eliminating malaria through at-risk group interventions. However, the disease remains a serious public health concern in endemic areas like in Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine malaria prevalence, risk factors and parasite density among under five children in Ziquala district. METHOD A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ziquala hospital, and Tsitsika, Mishra and Hamusit health centers in Ziquala district, Northeast Ethiopia, from January 2022 to April 2022. The study enrolled a total of 633 under five children using a systematic sampling technique. A capillary blood sample was collected from each child to prepared thin and thick blood smears. Smears were then stained with 10% Giemsa and examined under light microscope. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect on socio-demographic data, parental/caregiver knowledge, and malaria determining factors. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with malaria. RESULT The overall prevalence of malaria among children visiting Ziquala district health institutions was 24.6% (156/633). Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infection (both species) accounted for 57.1%, 38.5%, and 4.5% of the cases, respectively. Regarding to parasite load, moderate parasitemia was the most common, followed by low and high parasitemia with the proportion of 53.8%, 31.4% and 14.7% parasite density, respectively. Malaria infection was linked to irregular utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets (AOR = 5.042; 95% CI: 2.321-10.949), staying outside at night (AOR = 2.109; 95% CI: 1.066-4.173), and parents not receiving malaria health education in the past six months (AOR = 4.858; 95% CI: 2.371-9.956). CONCLUSION Malaria was prevalent among children under the age of five enrolled in the study. The local government should focus on regular insecticide treated net utilization, reducing the risk of mosquito bites while sleeping outdoors at night and increasing public understanding of malaria prevention and control through health education would also help to minimize the burden of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtu Debash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Habtye Bisetegn
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Hussen Ebrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Getacher Feleke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Gedefie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Tilahun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Agumas Shibabaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Endris Ebrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Fiseha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Abeje
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
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Iddrisu D, Moyer CA. Using the Ghana malaria indicator survey to understand the difference between female and male-headed households and their prevention and testing for malaria among children under 5. Malar J 2022; 21:112. [PMID: 35366878 PMCID: PMC8977017 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, 94% of malaria deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa, and children under age 5 account for 70% of malaria-related mortality in the region. This study sought to examine differences between female-headed households (FHHs) and male-headed households (MHHs) with regard to malaria prevention and testing among children under age 5 (U5) in Ghana. Methods This cross-sectional study used publicly available data from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (GMIS). Frequencies and descriptive statistics were calculated for all key variables. Bivariate analyses comparing FHHs and MHHs were conducted using t tests and Chi-square analysis. A P value of 0.05 was taken for statistical significance. Results Five thousand one hundred and eighty one household were identified, of which 1938 (37.4%) were female-headed and 3243 (62.6%) were male-headed. 51.7% of FHHs included a child U5, whereas 67.8% of MHHs included a child U5. MHHs were significantly more likely to own an ITN than FHHs (83.1% vs. 78.3%, P < 0.001), whereas FHHs were more likely to report taking malaria prevention steps such as spraying the house with insecticide, filling in stagnant puddles, and keeping surroundings clear (all significant at P < 0.001). U5 children in MHHs were more likely to sleep under a bed net the night preceding the survey (51.0%) than U5 children in FHHs (44.8%), although the finding was not statistically significant. The rates of fevers in the previous two weeks among children U5 were similar across MHH and FHH (24.2% vs. 22.3%), and the rates of testing for malaria among those who experienced a febrile episode were also similar across MHHs and FHHs (39.0% vs. 41.3%). Of those tested, the percentage of U5 children who tested positive for malaria was also similar across MHHs and FHHs (63.9% vs. 63.0%). Conclusions Both FHHs and MHHs in Ghana make a concerted effort to prevent and test for malaria among children U5 in their households. Despite differences in malaria prevention strategies, there were no significant difference in febrile episodes, malaria testing, and rates of positivity, suggesting that malaria prevention is challenging for all households in Ghana. In the face of a newly-developed malaria vaccine, future research is warranted to ensure adequate uptake across all households.
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