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Gardner J, Abrams ST, Toh CH, Parker AL, Lovatt C, Nicolson PLR, Watson SP, Grice S, Hering L, Pirmohamed M, Naisbitt DJ. Identification of cross reactive T cell responses in adenovirus based COVID 19 vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:99. [PMID: 38839821 PMCID: PMC11153626 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has proven to be a valuable tool to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, reports of rare adverse reactions such as thrombosis/thrombocytopenia syndrome after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination have caused scientific, public and media concern. ChAdOx1 was vectorised from the Y25 chimpanzee adenovirus, which was selected due to low human seroprevalence to circumvent pre-existing immunity. In this study, we aimed to explore patterns of T-cell activation after SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine exposure in vitro using PBMCs collected from pre-pandemic ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 naïve healthy donors (HDs), and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Pfizer vaccinated controls. PBMCs were assessed for T-cell proliferation using the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) following exposure to SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccines. Cytokine analysis was performed via intracellular cytokine staining, ELISpot assay and LEGENDplex immunoassays. T-cell assays performed in pre-pandemic vaccine naïve HDs, revealed widespread lymphocyte stimulation after exposure to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (95%), ChAdOx-spike (90%) and the Ad26.COV2. S vaccine, but not on exposure to the BNT162b2 vaccine. ICS analysis demonstrated that CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T-cells are activated by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in vaccine naïve HDs. Cytometric immunoassays showed ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 exposure was associated with the release of proinflammatory and cytotoxic molecules, such as IFN-γ, IL-6, perforin, granzyme B and FasL. These studies demonstrate a ubiquitous T-cell response to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2. S in HDs recruited prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with T-cell stimulation also identified in vaccinated controls. This may be due to underlying T-cell cross-reactivity with prevalent human adenoviruses and further study will be needed to identify T-cell epitopes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Gardner
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Timothy Abrams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary Sciences and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary Sciences and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Lovatt
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip L R Nicolson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Grice
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Hering
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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2
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Darpel KE, Corla A, Stedman A, Bellamy F, Flannery J, Rajko-Nenow P, Powers C, Wilson S, Charleston B, Baron MD, Batten C. Long-term trial of protection provided by adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the PPRV H protein. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:98. [PMID: 38830899 PMCID: PMC11148195 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A recombinant, replication-defective, adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the H surface glycoprotein of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) has previously been shown to protect goats from challenge with wild-type PPRV at up to 4 months post vaccination. Here, we present the results of a longer-term trial of the protection provided by such a vaccine, challenging animals at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months post vaccination. Vaccinated animals developed high levels of anti-PPRV H protein antibodies, which were virus-neutralising, and the level of these antibodies was maintained for the duration of the trial. The vaccinated animals were largely protected against overt clinical disease from the challenge virus. Although viral genome was intermittently detected in blood samples, nasal and/or ocular swabs of vaccinated goats post challenge, viral RNA levels were significantly lower compared to unvaccinated control animals and vaccinated goats did not appear to excrete live virus. This protection, like the antibody response, was maintained at the same level for at least 15 months after vaccination. In addition, we showed that animals that have been vaccinated with the adenovirus-based vaccine can be revaccinated with the same vaccine after 12 months and showed an increased anti-PPRV antibody response after this boost vaccination. Such vaccines, which provide a DIVA capability, would therefore be suitable for use when the current live attenuated PPRV vaccines are withdrawn at the end of the ongoing global PPR eradication campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Anna Stedman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3LS, UK
| | | | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Claire Powers
- Viral Vector Core Facility, Pandemic Sciences Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Steve Wilson
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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3
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Göttig L, Schreiner S. E4orf1: The triple agent of adenovirus - Unraveling its roles in oncogenesis, infectious obesity and immune responses in virus replication and vector therapy. Tumour Virus Res 2024; 17:200277. [PMID: 38428735 PMCID: PMC10937242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2024.200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) are nearly ubiquitous pathogens comprising numerous sub-types that infect various tissues and organs. Among many encoded proteins that facilitate viral replication and subversion of host cellular processes, the viral E4orf1 protein has emerged as an intriguing yet under-investigated player in the complex interplay between the virus and its host. E4orf1 has gained attention as a metabolism activator and oncogenic agent, while recent research is showing that E4orf1 may play a more important role in modulating cellular pathways such as PI3K-Akt-mTOR, Ras, the immune response and further HAdV replication stages than previously anticipated. In this review, we aim to explore the structure, molecular mechanisms, and biological functions of E4orf1, shedding light on its potentially multifaceted roles during HAdV infection, including metabolic diseases and oncogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of functional E4orf1 in biotechnological applications such as Adenovirus (AdV) vaccine vectors and oncolytic AdV. By dissecting the intricate relationships between HAdV types and E4orf1 proteins, this review provides valuable insights into viral pathogenesis and points to promising areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Göttig
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Resolving Infection Susceptibility; EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Ofori SK, Schwind JS, Sullivan KL, Chowell G, Cowling BJ, Fung ICH. Modeling the health impact of increasing vaccine coverage and nonpharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 in Ghana. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:262-276. [PMID: 38318877 PMCID: PMC11221473 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2024.2313787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence studies assessing community exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Ghana concluded that population-level immunity remained low as of February 2021. Thus, it is important to demonstrate how increasing vaccine coverage reduces the economic and public health impacts associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission. To that end, this study used a Susceptible-Exposed-Presymptomatic-Symptomatic-Asymptomatic-Recovered-Dead-Vaccinated compartmental model to simulate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission and the role of public health interventions in Ghana. The impact of increasing vaccination rates and decline in transmission rates due to nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on cumulative infections and deaths averted was explored under different scenarios. Latin hypercube sampling-partial rank correlation coefficient (LHS-PRCC) was used to investigate the uncertainty and sensitivity of the outcomes to the parameters. Simulation results suggest that increasing the vaccination rate to achieve 50% coverage was associated with almost 60,000 deaths and 25 million infections averted. In comparison, a 50% decrease in the transmission coefficient was associated with the prevention of about 150,000 deaths and 50 million infections. The LHS-PRCC results indicated that in the context of vaccination rate, cumulative infections and deaths averted were most sensitive to vaccination rate, waning immunity rates from vaccination, and waning immunity from natural infection. This study's findings illustrate the impact of increasing vaccination coverage and/or reducing the transmission rate by NPI adherence in the prevention of COVID-19 infections and deaths in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia K. Ofori
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Jessica S. Schwind
- Institute for Health Logistics & Analytics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Kelly L. Sullivan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Gerardo Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
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5
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Dabbiru VAS, Müller L, Schönborn L, Greinacher A. Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (VITT)-Insights from Clinical Cases, In Vitro Studies and Murine Models. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6126. [PMID: 37834770 PMCID: PMC10573542 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective worldwide vaccination campaign started and is still being carried out in the face of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While vaccines are great tools to confront the pandemic, predominantly adenoviral vector-based vaccines can cause a rare severe adverse effect, termed vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT), in about 1 in 100,000 vaccinated individuals. VITT is diagnosed 5-30 days post-vaccination and clinically characterized by thrombocytopenia, strongly elevated D-dimer levels, platelet-activating anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies and thrombosis, especially at atypical sites such as the cerebral venous sinus and/or splanchnic veins. There are striking similarities between heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and VITT. Both are caused by anti-PF4 antibodies, causing platelet and leukocyte activation which results in massive thrombo-inflammation. However, it is still to be determined why PF4 becomes immunogenic in VITT and which constituent of the vaccine triggers the immune response. As VITT-like syndromes are increasingly reported in patients shortly after viral infections, direct virus-PF4 interactions might be most relevant. Here we summarize the current information and hypotheses on the pathogenesis of VITT and address in vivo models, especially murine models for further studies on VITT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (V.A.S.D.); (L.M.); (L.S.)
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6
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Wang Y, Fu Q, Lee YS, Sha S, Yoon S. Transcriptomic features reveal molecular signatures associated with recombinant adeno-associated virus production in HEK293 cells. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3346. [PMID: 37130170 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of gene therapies based on recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) has grown exponentially, so the current rAAV manufacturing platform needs to be more efficient to satisfy rising demands. Viral production exerts great demand on cellular substrates, energy, and machinery; therefore, viral production relies heavily on the physiology of the host cell. Transcriptomics, as a mechanism-driven tool, was applied to identify significantly regulated pathways and to study cellular features of the host cell for supporting rAAV production. This study investigated the transcriptomic features of two cell lines cultured in their respective media by comparing viral-producing cultures with non-producing cultures over time in parental human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). The results demonstrate that the innate immune response signaling pathways of host cells (e.g., RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway) were significantly enriched and upregulated. This was accompanied by the host cellular stress responses, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in viral production. In contrast, fatty acid metabolism and neutral amino acid transport were downregulated in the late phase of viral production. Our transcriptomics analysis reveals the cell-line independent signatures for rAAV production and serves as a significant reference for further studies targeting the productivity improvement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Matthews DA, Milligan R, Wee EG, Hanke T. Adenovirus Transcriptome in Human Cells Infected with ChAdOx1-Vectored Candidate HIV-1 Vaccine Is Dominated by High Levels of Correctly Spliced HIVconsv1&62 Transgene RNA. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1187. [PMID: 37515003 PMCID: PMC10384973 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop candidate HIV-1 vaccines, of which two components, ChAdOx1.tHIVconsv1 (C1) and ChAdOx1.HIVconsv62 (C62), are delivered by the simian adenovirus-derived vaccine vector ChAdOx1. Aberrant adenovirus RNA splicing involving transgene(s) coding for the SARS-CoV-2 spike was suggested as an aetiology of rare adverse events temporarily associated with the initial deployment of adenovirus-vectored vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, to eliminate this theoretically plausible splicing phenomenon from the list of possible pathomechanisms for our HIV-1 vaccine candidates, we directly sequenced mRNAs in C1- and C62-infected nonpermissive MRC-5 and A549 and permissive HEK293 human cell lines. Our two main observations in nonpermissive human cells, which are most similar to those which become infected after the intramuscular administration of vaccines into human volunteers, were that (i) the dominant adenovirus vector-derived mRNAs were the expected transcripts coding for the HIVconsvX immunogens and (ii) atypical splicing events within the synthetic open reading frame of the two transgenes are rare. We conclude that inadvertent RNA splicing is not a safety concern for the two tested candidate HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rachel Milligan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Edmund G Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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8
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Roytenberg R, García-Sastre A, Li W. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: what do we know hitherto? Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155727. [PMID: 37261122 PMCID: PMC10227460 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), also known as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome, is a catastrophic and life-threatening reaction to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, which occurs disproportionately in response to vaccination with non-replicating adenovirus vector (AV) vaccines. The mechanism of VITT is not well defined and it has not been resolved why cases of VITT are predominated by vaccination with AV vaccines. However, virtually all VITT patients have positive platelet-activating anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibody titers. Subsequently, platelets are activated and depleted in an Fcγ-receptor IIa (FcγRIIa or CD32a)-dependent manner, but it is not clear why or how the anti-PF4 response is mounted. This review describes the pathogenesis of VITT and provides insight into possible mechanisms that prompt the formation of a PF4/polyanion complex, which drives VITT pathology, as an amalgam of current experimental data or hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat Roytenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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9
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Malekpour M, Khanmohammadi S, Meybodi MJE, Shekouh D, Rahmanian MR, Kardeh S, Azarpira N. COVID-19 as a trigger of Guillain-Barré syndrome: A review of the molecular mechanism. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e875. [PMID: 37249286 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic with serious complications. After coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), several post-acute COVID-19 syndromes (PACSs) and long-COVID sequels were reported. PACSs involve many organs, including the nervous, gustatory, and immune systems. One of the PACSs after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination is Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The incidence rate of GBS after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination is low. However, the high prevalence of COVID-19 and severe complications of GBS, for example, autonomic dysfunction and respiratory failure, highlight the importance of post-COVID-19 GBS. It is while patients with simultaneous COVID-19 and GBS seem to have higher admission rates to the intensive care unit, and demyelination is more aggressive in post-COVID-19 GBS patients. SARS-CoV-2 can trigger GBS via several pathways like direct neurotropism and neurovirulence, microvascular dysfunction and oxidative stress, immune system disruption, molecular mimicry, and autoantibody production. Although there are few molecular studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of GBS occurrence after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, we aimed to discuss the possible pathomechanism of post-COVID-19 GBS by gathering the most recent molecular evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Entezari Meybodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Dorsa Shekouh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahmanian
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Kardeh
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Mohammadzadeh Hosseini Moghri SAH, Ranjbar M, Hassannia H, Khakdan F. Comparison and monitoring of antibody response in convalescent and healthy vaccinated individuals against RBD and PCS of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14224-14231. [PMID: 36961201 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2193981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 as a global health threat has called for population-wide vaccination to curb COVID-19. Hence, the World Health Organization (WHO) has approved several platforms of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for emergency use. Therefore, a more comprehensive study on the immune response induced by vaccines in diverse individuals is still required. Here, we expressed a local variant of SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and protease cleavage site (PCS), playing a vital role in binding and fusion in Rosetta (DE3). We then characterized it through SDS-PAGE analysis and western blotting. Moreover, we compared and monitored ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination-induced antibody response in convalescent and healthy vaccinated individuals after the first and second vaccine doses through serologic assay against RBD and PCS, which have not yet been compared. We investigated a cohort of 100 sera samples; based on our parameters, 25 serum samples were selected as convalescent samples and 25 serum samples as healthy samples for comparison. These findings demonstrate that most of the convalescent sera show more reactivity with PCS (80%) than with RBD (56%). Interestingly, IgG antibody response against PCS was more significant in both pre- and post-vaccination in convalescent individuals than in healthy individuals. Indeed, anti-RBD antibody titers were most significant in pre-vaccination and post-first vaccination in convalescent individuals than in healthy individuals and not in pre-vaccination and post-second vaccination. Besides monitoring IgG antibody response against COVID-19, these findings could shed light on the progress, assessment, and efficacy evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mojtaba Ranjbar
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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11
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Wahba MA, Mofed D, Ghareeb DA, Omran JI, Salem TZ. Baculovirus displaying SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD promotes neutralizing antibody production in a mouse model. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:16. [PMID: 36759349 PMCID: PMC9910779 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is always a need for a safe and efficient vaccine platform, especially when facing a pandemic such as COVID-19. Most of the SARS-CoV-2-based vaccines are based on the full spike protein, which is presented as a trimerized protein, and many viral vector vaccines express the spike protein into the host cells and do not display it on virus surfaces. However, the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based vaccines are efficient and are currently under investigation and clinical trials. METHODOLOGY In this study, we are testing the efficacy of the RBD displayed on a baculovirus as a mean to formulate a safe and stable carrier to induce the immune system against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, two pseudotyped baculoviruses were constructed to display the RBD, AcRBD-sfGFP-64, and AcRBD-sfGFP-V, using two different displaying strategies based on gp64 and VSV-G envelope glycoproteins, from Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), respectively. BALB/C mice were immunized with the pseudotyped baculoviruses in a dose-optimized manner. Dot blot and Western blot were used to screen and validate the polyclonal antibodies' specificity to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was used to measure the sera neutralization capacity against a SARS-CoV-2 wild-type isolate from Egypt. ELISA was used to quantify certain cytokines for the assessment of the immune response. RESULT The outcome of our investigation showed that the monomeric RBD proteins were properly displayed on baculovirus and efficiently triggered the mouse immune system. The produced sera efficiently neutralized about 50% of SARS-CoV-2 in more than 100-fold serum dilution. The immunized mice showed a significant increase (p<0.01) in the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ and a significant decrease (p<0.01) and (p<0.001) in the levels of IL-4 and IL-10, respectively, which suggest that AcRBD-sfGFP-64 and AcRBD-sfGFP-V induce Th1 cellular immune response. CONCLUSION The produced recombinant viruses can induce the immune response without adjuvant, which needs dose optimization and further stability tests. Neutralizing antibodies were induced without affecting the health of immunized mice. Th1 response can be attainable through the system, which is of great benefit in SARS CoV-2 infection and the system can be tested for future applications including vaccine development and polyclonal antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Wahba
- grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Molecular Biology and Virology lab, Biomedical Sciences program, UST, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578 Egypt
| | - Dina Mofed
- grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Molecular Biology and Virology lab, Biomedical Sciences program, UST, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578 Egypt
| | - Doaa A. Ghareeb
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Bio-screening and preclinical trial lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21511, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jihad I. Omran
- grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Molecular Biology and Virology lab, Biomedical Sciences program, UST, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578 Egypt
| | - Tamer Z. Salem
- grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Molecular Biology and Virology lab, Biomedical Sciences program, UST, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578 Egypt ,grid.482515.f0000 0004 7553 2175Department of Microbial Genetics, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERl), ARC, Giza, 12619 Egypt ,National Biotechnology Network of Expertise (NBNE), Academy of Science Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, 11334 Egypt
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12
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Chua JX, Durrant LG, Chok YL, Lai OM. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 omicron following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 versus CoronaVac vaccination. iScience 2022; 25:105379. [PMID: 36277260 PMCID: PMC9575314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants raises concerns of reduced COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. We investigated the humoral immunity in uninfected and previously infected ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccinees, who have received complete regimes of vaccines by means of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus blocking test. The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (p = 0.0013) and BNT162b2 (p = 0.0005) vaccines induced significant higher blocking activity with longer durability against the Spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) of wild type SARS-CoV-2 than the CoronaVac vaccine in uninfected vaccinees. Prior infection improved protection in the CoronaVac vaccinees. Subsequent investigation on the breadth of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibody blocking responses, revealed that all vaccine platforms cross-protected uninfected vaccinees against all variant of concerns, except Omicron. Prior infection protected the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 vaccinees against Omicron but not CoronaVac vaccinees. Our study suggests that vaccines that induce broader sterilizing immunity are essential to fight against fast-emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin Chua
- MymAb Biologics Pvt. Ltd., Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lindy Gillian Durrant
- MymAb Biologics Pvt. Ltd., Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Yin Ling Chok
- MymAb Biologics Pvt. Ltd., Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Oi Ming Lai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia
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13
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Donovan-Banfield I, Milligan R, Hall S, Gao T, Murphy E, Li J, Shawli GT, Hiscox J, Zhuang X, McKeating JA, Fearns R, Matthews DA. Direct RNA sequencing of respiratory syncytial virus infected human cells generates a detailed overview of RSV polycistronic mRNA and transcript abundance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276697. [PMID: 36355791 PMCID: PMC9648745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize species of viral mRNA transcripts generated during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, human fibroblast-like MRC-5 lung cells were infected with subgroup A RSV for 6, 16 and 24 hours. In addition, we characterised the viral transcriptome in infected Calu-3 lung epithelial cells at 48 hours post infection. Total RNA was harvested and polyadenylated mRNA was enriched and sequenced by direct RNA sequencing using an Oxford nanopore device. This platform yielded over 450,000 direct mRNA transcript reads which were mapped to the viral genome and analysed to determine the relative mRNA levels of viral genes using our in-house ORF-centric pipeline. We examined the frequency of polycistronic readthrough mRNAs were generated and assessed the length of the polyadenylated tails for each group of transcripts. We show a general but non-linear decline in gene transcript abundance across the viral genome, as predicted by the model of RSV gene transcription. However, the decline in transcript abundance is not uniform. The polyadenylate tails generated by the viral polymerase are similar in length to those generated by the host polyadenylation machinery and broadly declined in length for most transcripts as the infection progressed. Finally, we observed that the steady state abundance of transcripts with very short polyadenylate tails less than 20 nucleotides is less for N, SH and G transcripts in both cell lines compared to NS1, NS2, P, M, F and M2 which may reflect differences in mRNA stability and/or translation rates within and between the cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I’ah Donovan-Banfield
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Milligan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hall
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tianyi Gao
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Murphy
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Li
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ghada T. Shawli
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DAM); (RF)
| | - David A. Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DAM); (RF)
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14
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New vector and vaccine platforms: mRNA, DNA, viral vectors. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:338-344. [DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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SARS-CoV-2 Non Responders - An Analysis of Non Responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines among Healthcare Workers in 2021. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) possess high mortality and morbidity across the globe. In India, BBV-152 (CovaxinTM) and ChAdOx1-nCOV (CovishieldTM) vaccines are now being used to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. A Cross sectional observational study was designed to analyze the Antibody immune response to SARS CoV-2 vaccine quantitatively among Health Care Workers and it was correlated with age, sex, other comorbidities and blood group. A total of 160 fully vaccinated HCWs, the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 level was estimated by using Chemiluminescence Immuno Assay. A protective immune response following the complete course of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine should be ≥ 1.00 S/C. A total of 160 HCWs (82 Male, 78 Female) who had completed both the doses of Covishield (n=128) and Covaxin (n=32). Both the vaccine recipient had mild to moderate symptoms and none of the HCWs had severe adverse events after administration of vaccine. Out of which, 143 (89.3%) HCWs showed seropositive and 17 (10.7%) HCWs showed seronegative. There was no notable variation in sex and other co-morbidities. Significantly, reduced antibody titers towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was noted among individuals aged ≤ 60 years and O+ve Blood group. Both the vaccines obtained successful immune response after their complete course, even though there was a significantly higher seropositivity rate in Covishield in spite of Covaxin recipients. Further, genomic correlative advanced studies can conclude the significance of non-responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among the HCWs.
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16
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Faria de Carvalho R, de Siqueira Penna Quintaes L, de Cássia de Souza Su T, Mitiko Kobayashi L, Martins de Almeida Nogueira AC. Short communication: Feasibility of dengue vaccine to infect different human cell lines: An alternative potency test using HEK293T cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267653. [PMID: 35522661 PMCID: PMC9075668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is caused by an arbovirus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family and there are four distinct, but close related, circulating serotypes. Dengue disease is of great importance for global public health, with vaccination being its main prophylactic measure. However, there is a paucity of biological models for evaluating tetravalent dengue vaccines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of human cell lines HEK293T and THP-1 to a commercial dengue vaccine and test the feasibility of this approach in the development of a potency assay with human cell lines, as a methodological alternative to the golden standard potency assay with VERO cells. In this context, we used a batch of the commercial vaccine Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) for the infection tests. We evaluated the presence of the vaccine virus in THP-1 cells, differentiated into macrophages (dTHP-1), and in HEK293T by confocal microscopy, using 4G2 pan-flavivirus antibody. Vaccine infectivity and potency were determined by immunocolorimetric assay using monoclonal antibodies specific for each serotype. The results indicated that the human strain HEK293T was responsive to the tetravalent vaccine, as shown by the presence of virus particles in the cell cytoplasm in a pattern similar to the one observed with VERO cells. Moreover, it was possible to determine the infectivity and potency values of each vaccine virus serotype in the HEK293T, with serotype 4 prevailing over the others. Thus, the human cell line HEK293T provides a potential candidate to be used in assays to determine potency and identity of tetravalent dengue vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Faria de Carvalho
- Viral Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Sanitary Surveillance, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leticia Mitiko Kobayashi
- Viral Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Martins de Almeida Nogueira
- Post-Graduation Program in Sanitary Surveillance, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Stebbings R, Jones C, Cotton P, Armour G, Maguire S, Skellett V, Tang CM, Goodman J, Brady T, Takahashi V, Daunt A, Lapointe JM, Cohen TS. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expression In Vitro and Hematologic Effects in Mice Vaccinated With AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19). Front Immunol 2022; 13:836492. [PMID: 35493482 PMCID: PMC9039667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 can be associated with a prothrombotic state, increasing risk of morbidity and mortality. The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein is purported to directly promote platelet activation via the S1 subunit and is cleaved from host cells during infection. High plasma concentrations of S1 subunit are associated with disease progression and respiratory failure during severe COVID-19. There is limited evidence on whether COVID-19 vaccine-induced spike protein is similarly cleaved and on the immediate effects of vaccination on host immune responses or hematology parameters. We investigated vaccine-induced S1 subunit cleavage and effects on hematology parameters using AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), a simian, replication-deficient adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine. We observed S1 subunit cleavage in vitro following AZD1222 transduction of HEK293x cells. S1 subunit cleavage also occurred in vivo and was detectable in sera 12 hours post intramuscular immunization (1x1010 viral particles) in CD-1 mice. Soluble S1 protein levels decreased within 3 days and were no longer detectable 7–14 days post immunization. Intravenous immunization (1x109 viral particles) produced higher soluble S1 protein levels with similar expression kinetics. Spike protein was undetectable by immunohistochemistry 14 days post intramuscular immunization. Intramuscular immunization resulted in transiently lower platelet (12 hours) and white blood cell (12–24 hours) counts relative to vehicle. Similarly, intravenous immunization resulted in lower platelet (24–72 hours) and white blood cell (12–24 hours) counts, and increased neutrophil (2 hours) counts. The responses observed with either route of immunization represent transient hematologic changes and correspond to expected innate immune responses to adenoviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stebbings
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Jones
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cotton
- Research and Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Armour
- Regulatory Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Maguire
- Regulatory Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Skellett
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chi-Man Tang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Goodman
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tyler Brady
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Virginia Takahashi
- Microbiome Discovery, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Daunt
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Martin Lapointe
- Oncology Safety Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Taylor S Cohen
- Microbiome Discovery, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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18
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Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: Effect of E3 gene elimination from ds-DNA adenovirus vector? Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Park H, Park MS, Seok JH, You J, Kim J, Kim J, Park MS. Insights into the immune responses of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to COVID-19 vaccines. J Microbiol 2022; 60:308-320. [PMID: 35235179 PMCID: PMC8890016 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The three types of approved coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines that have been emergency-use listed (EUL) by the World Health Organization are mRNA vaccines, adenovirus-vectored vaccines, and inactivated vaccines. Canonical vaccine developments usually take years or decades to be completed to commercialization; however, the EUL vaccines being used in the current situation comprise several COVID-19 vaccine candidates applied in studies and clinical settings across the world. The extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated the emergency authorization of these EUL vaccines, which have been rapidly developed. Although the benefits of the EUL vaccines outweigh their adverse effects, there have been reports of rare but fatal cases directly associated with COVID-19 vaccinations. Thus, a reassessment of the immunological rationale underlying EUL vaccines in relation to COVID-19 caused by SARSCOV-2 virus infection is now required. In this review, we discuss the manifestations of COVID-19, immunologically projected effects of EUL vaccines, reported immune responses, informed issues related to COVID-19 vaccination, and the potential strategies for future vaccine use against antigenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heedo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Chung Mong-Koo Vaccine Innovation Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Chung Mong-Koo Vaccine Innovation Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Seok
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Chung Mong-Koo Vaccine Innovation Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan You
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Chung Mong-Koo Vaccine Innovation Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jineui Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Chung Mong-Koo Vaccine Innovation Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Chung Mong-Koo Vaccine Innovation Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Chung Mong-Koo Vaccine Innovation Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Sangare K, Helmold Hait S, Moore M, Hogge C, Hoang T, Rahman MA, Venzon DJ, LaBranche C, Montefiori D, Robert-Guroff M, Thomas MA. E4orf1 Suppresses E1B-Deleted Adenovirus Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020295. [PMID: 35214753 PMCID: PMC8875587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As demonstrated by the recent COVID pandemic, vaccines can reduce the burden arising from infectious agents. Adenoviruses (Ads) with deletion of the early region 1B55K (ΔE1B Ad) are currently being explored for use in vaccine delivery. ΔE1B Ads are different from Ads with deletions in early region 1 and early region 3 (ΔE1/E3) used in most Ad vaccine vectors in that they contain the Ad early region 1A (E1A), and therefore the ability to replicate. Common to almost all Ads that are being explored for clinical use is the Ad early region 4 (E4). Among the E4 genes is open reading frame 1 (E4orf1), which mediates signals through the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway that is known to modulate immune responses. This suggests that E4orf1 might also modulate immune responses, although it has remained unexplored in ΔE1B Ad. Here, we show that cells infected with an E1B55K and E4orf1-deleted (ΔE41) Ad exhibited reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt (Ser473 and Thr308)) and expressed different intrinsic innate immune cytokines from those induced in cells infected with an E4orf1-containing, ΔE1B parental Ad that exhibited elevated levels of phosphorylated Akt. Rhesus macaques immunized with a ΔE41 Ad that expressed rhFLSC (HIV-1BaL gp120 linked to rhesus CD4 D1 and D2), exhibited higher levels of rhFLSC-specific interferon γ-producing memory T-cells, higher titers of rhFLSC-specific IgG1 binding antibody in serum, and antibodies able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with greater killing capacity than the ΔE1B Ad. Therefore, E4orf1, perhaps by acting through the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway, limits intrinsic innate and system-wide adaptive immune responses that are important for improved ΔE1B Ad-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotou Sangare
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Madison Moore
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Christopher Hogge
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.)
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Michael A. Thomas
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-202-806-6941
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21
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Pang X, Liu H, He X, Ji T, Zhu Y, Cui Y. Potential Anionic Substances Binding to Platelet Factor 4 in Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia of ChAdOx1-S Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 12:782335. [PMID: 35095856 PMCID: PMC8790015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports of rare ChAdOx1-S vaccine-related venous thrombosis led to the suspension of its usage in several countries. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is characterized by thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in association with anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies. Herein, we propose five potential anionic substances of the ChAdOx1-S vaccine that can combine with PF4 and trigger VITT, including (1) the proteins on the surface of adenovirus, e.g., negative charged glycoprotein, (2) the adjuvant components of the vaccine, e.g., Tween 80, (3) the DNA of adenovirus, (4) the S protein antigen expressed by the vaccine, and (5) the negatively charged impurity proteins expressed by the vaccine, e.g., adenovirus skeleton proteins. After analysis of each case, we consider the most possible trigger to be the negatively charged impurity proteins expressed by the vaccine. Then, we display the possible extravascular route and intravascular route of the formation of PF4 autoantibodies triggered by the negatively charged impurity proteins, which is accordant with the clinical situation. Accordingly, the susceptible individuals of VITT after ChAdOx1-S vaccination may be people who express negatively charged impurity proteins and reach a certain high titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Investment Department, Tigermed Consulting Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu He
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianrong Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory for the Quality Research of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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22
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Kowarz E, Krutzke L, Külp M, Streb P, Larghero P, Reis J, Bracharz S, Engler T, Kochanek S, Marschalek R. Vaccine-induced COVID-19 mimicry syndrome. eLife 2022; 11:e74974. [PMID: 35084333 PMCID: PMC8846585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To fight the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the RNA virus SARS-CoV-2, a global vaccination campaign is in progress to achieve the immunization of billions of people mainly with adenoviral vector- or mRNA-based vaccines, all of which encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. In some rare cases, cerebral venous sinus thromboses (CVST) have been reported as a severe side effect occurring 4-14 days after the first vaccination and were often accompanied by thrombocytopenia. Besides CVST, splanchnic vein thromboses (SVT) and other thromboembolic events have been observed. These events only occurred following vaccination with adenoviral vector-based vaccines but not following vaccination with mRNA-based vaccines. Meanwhile, scientists have proposed an immune-based pathomechanism and the condition has been coined vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). Here, we describe an unexpected mechanism that could explain thromboembolic events occurring with DNA-based but not with RNA-based vaccines. We show that DNA-encoded mRNA coding for Spike protein can be spliced in a way that the transmembrane anchor of Spike is lost, so that nearly full-length Spike is secreted from cells. Secreted Spike variants could potentially initiate severe side effects when binding to cells via the ACE2 receptor. Avoiding such splicing events should become part of a rational vaccine design to increase safety of prospective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kowarz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Lea Krutzke
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Marius Külp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Patrick Streb
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Patrizia Larghero
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jennifer Reis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Silvia Bracharz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | | | | | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
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Abstract
The arrival of the most recent coronavirus in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, caught the entire world by surprise, and as a result has caused more anguish due to its rapid spread and serious health consequences for the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, and its ability to generate variants of ever increasing contagiousness. But this was not the first coronavirus to infect humans. This chapter explores the history of this virus family, the emergence of the first serious infection in 2003–04 (SARS-CoV), and the related virus MERS in 2012, and the possible origins of SARS-CoV-2. The lessons of those two outbreaks that never developed into pandemics may not all have been learnt by the world health leaders of today. Nevertheless, the rapidity of vaccine development and the conventional health measure introduced during 2020, not always in good time, has almost certainly led to lower morbidities and mortalities that would otherwise have been the case. This chapter will inevitably be out of date by time this book goes to press. Nevertheless, it is to be hoped that the origin of SARS-CoV-2 will eventually be established, but sadly not without the cooperation of the major countries having the resources to carry out such complex investigations. If such a cooperation did happen, maybe future pandemics of this will be more controllable, and even never progress beyond local outbreaks.
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Lazebnik Y. Cell fusion as a link between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, COVID-19 complications, and vaccine side effects. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2476-2488. [PMID: 34917266 PMCID: PMC8664391 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinctive feature of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is its ability to efficiently fuse cells, thus producing syncytia found in COVID-19 patients. This commentary proposes how this ability enables spike to cause COVID-19 complications as well as side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, and suggests how these effects can be prevented.
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25
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Othman M, Baker AT, Gupalo E, Elsebaie A, Bliss CM, Rondina MT, Lillicrap D, Parker AL. To clot or not to clot? Ad is the question-Insights on mechanisms related to vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2845-2856. [PMID: 34351057 PMCID: PMC8420166 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) has caused global concern. VITT is characterized by thrombosis and thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 vaccinations with the AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. Patients present with thrombosis, severe thrombocytopenia developing 5-24 days following first dose of vaccine, with elevated D-dimer, and PF4 antibodies, signifying platelet activation. As of June 1, 2021, more than 1.93 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered worldwide. Currently, 467 VITT cases (0.000024%) have been reported across the UK, Europe, Canada, and Australia. Guidance on diagnosis and management of VITT has been reported but the pathogenic mechanism is yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we propose and discuss potential mechanisms in relation to adenovirus induction of VITT. We provide insights and clues into areas warranting investigation into the mechanistic basis of VITT, highlighting the unanswered questions. Further research is required to help solidify a pathogenic model for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Othman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesSchool of MedicineQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
- School of Baccalaureate NursingSt. Lawrence CollegeKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicScottsdaleArizonaUSA
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
| | - Elena Gupalo
- National Medical Research Center for CardiologyMoscowRussia
| | - Abdelrahman Elsebaie
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesSchool of MedicineQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
| | - Matthew T. Rondina
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, and the Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of Utah HealthSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Internal Medicine and GRECCGeorge E. Wahlen VAMCSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
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26
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Min YG, Ju W, Ha YE, Ban JJ, Lee SA, Sung JJ, Shin JY. Sensory Guillain-Barre syndrome following the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: Report of two cases and review of literature. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 359:577691. [PMID: 34416410 PMCID: PMC8349403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Massive vaccination against COVID-19 has become a global priority. Simultaneously, concerns regarding the safety of vaccines are growing. We describe two patients who developed sensory Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) shortly after the first dose of the ChAdOx1 vaccine. We also summarize 12 published cases of GBS after ChAdOx1 vaccination, highlighting their unique clinical and paraclinical features. We propose a possible association between the risk of GBS and the ChAdOx1 vaccine and recommend surveillance for GBS following vaccination. Population-based studies are needed to determine causality and whether specific subpopulations are susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gi Min
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohee Ju
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Ha
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Ban
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Ah Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Sung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Young Shin
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Kircheis R. Coagulopathies after Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 May Be Derived from a Combined Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Adenovirus Vector-Triggered Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10791. [PMID: 34639132 PMCID: PMC8509779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a global pandemic with worldwide 6-digit infection rates and thousands of death tolls daily. Enormous efforts are undertaken to achieve high coverage of immunization to reach herd immunity in order to stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on mRNA, viral vectors, or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus have been approved and are being applied worldwide. However, the recent increased numbers of normally very rare types of thromboses associated with thrombocytopenia have been reported, particularly in the context of the adenoviral vector vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 from Astra Zeneca. The statistical prevalence of these side effects seems to correlate with this particular vaccine type, i.e., adenoviral vector-based vaccines, but the exact molecular mechanisms are still not clear. The present review summarizes current data and hypotheses for molecular and cellular mechanisms into one integrated hypothesis indicating that coagulopathies, including thromboses, thrombocytopenia, and other related side effects, are correlated to an interplay of the two components in the vaccine, i.e., the spike antigen and the adenoviral vector, with the innate and immune systems, which under certain circumstances can imitate the picture of a limited COVID-19 pathological picture.
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28
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Mehraeen E, SeyedAlinaghi S, Karimi A. Can children of the Sputnik V vaccine recipients become symptomatic? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3500-3501. [PMID: 34241575 PMCID: PMC8290368 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1933689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sputnik V is one of the most promising vaccines, utilizing an Adenovirus vector to cause immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Concerns existed against Adenovirus infection with this vaccine, although seemed to be a rare event. In this study, we observed that 15/18 (83%) of the children of the Sputnik V recipients became symptomatic and developed transient fever and chills for 1-2 days starting after 2-5 days following the vaccination of their parents that can be related to an Adenovirus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting such symptoms in the children of Sputnik V recipients, and the results should be validated by larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Karimi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Heinz FX, Stiasny K. Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:104. [PMID: 34400651 PMCID: PMC8368295 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Cari L, Fiore P, Naghavi Alhosseini M, Sava G, Nocentini G. Blood clots and bleeding events following BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: An analysis of European data. J Autoimmun 2021; 122:102685. [PMID: 34174723 PMCID: PMC8220408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in autoimmune diseases is well known. The recent demonstration that ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 (AstraZeneca) vaccine (ChA) favors the production of anti-platelet factor 4 (anti-PF4) antibodies, blood clots, and thrombocytopenia raises the question of whether other anti-CoViD-19 vaccines favor the same patterns of events. We assessed the frequency of severe adverse events (SAEs) documented in the EudraVigilance European database up to April 16, 2021 related to thrombocytopenia, bleeding, and blood clots in recipients of ChA compared to that of recipients of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine (BNT). ChA administration was associated with a much higher frequency of SAEs in each AE Reaction Group as compared with that elicited by BNT. When considering AEs caused by thrombocytopenia, bleeding and blood clots, we observed 33 and 151 SAEs/1 million doses in BNT and ChA recipients, respectively. When considering patients with AEs related to cerebral/splanchnic venous thrombosis, and/or thrombocytopenia, we documented 4 and 30 SAEs and 0.4 and 4.8 deaths/1 million doses for BNT and ChA recipients, respectively. The highest risk following ChA vaccination is in young people and, likely, women of reproductive age, as suggested by hypothesized scenarios. In conclusion, the immune reaction promoted by ChA vaccine may lead to not only thrombocytopenia and cerebral/splanchnic venous thrombosis but also other thrombotic and thromboembolic SAEs. These events are not favored by BNT vaccine. Our study may help in the evaluation of the benefit/risk profile of the ChA vaccine considering the epidemic curve present in a country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cari
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiore
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mahdieh Naghavi Alhosseini
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianni Sava
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nocentini
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
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31
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Cimolai N. Untangling the Intricacies of Infection, Thrombosis, Vaccination, and Antiphospholipid Antibodies for COVID-19. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 3:2093-2108. [PMID: 34179695 PMCID: PMC8218573 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-00992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced SARS-CoV-2 infections not uncommonly associate with the occurrence of silent or manifest thrombotic events which may be found as focal or systemic disease. Given the potential complexity of COVID-19 illnesses, a multifactorial causation is likely, but several studies have focused on infection-induced coagulopathy. Procoagulant states are commonly found in association with the finding of antiphospholipid antibodies. The correlation of the latter with thrombosis and/or clinical severity remains controversial. Although measures of antiphospholipid antibodies most commonly include assessments for lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-ß2-glycoprotein-I antibodies, lesser common antibodies have been detected, and there remains speculation that other yet undiscovered autoimmune thrombotic events may yet be found. The recent discovery of post-vaccination thromboses associated with platelet factor 4 antibody has created another level of concern. The pathogenesis of antiphospholipid antibodies and their role in COVID-19-related thrombosis deserves further attention. The multifactorial nature of thrombosis associated with both infection and vaccination should continue to be studied as new events unfold. Even if a cause-and-effect relationship is variable at best, such dedicated research is likely to generate other valuable insights that are applicable to medicine generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H3V4 Canada
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32
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Adenoviral Vector DNA- and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccines: Possible Integration into the Human Genome - Are Adenoviral Genes Expressed in Vector-based Vaccines? Virus Res 2021; 302:198466. [PMID: 34087261 PMCID: PMC8168329 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vigorous vaccination programs against SARS-CoV-2-causing Covid-19 are the major chance to fight this dreadful pandemic. The currently administered vaccines depend on adenovirus DNA vectors or on SARS-CoV-2 mRNA that might become reverse transcribed into DNA, however infrequently. In some societies, people have become sensitized against the potential short- or long-term side effects of foreign DNA being injected into humans. In my laboratory, the fate of foreign DNA in mammalian (human) cells and organisms has been investigated for many years. In this review, a summary of the results obtained will be presented. This synopsis has been put in the evolutionary context of retrotransposon insertions into pre-human genomes millions of years ago. In addition, studies on adenovirus vector-based DNA, on the fate of food-ingested DNA as well as the long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA/DNA will be described. Actual integration of viral DNA molecules and of adenovirus vector DNA will likely be chance events whose frequency and epigenetic consequences cannot with certainty be assessed. The review also addresses problems of remaining adenoviral gene expression in adenoviral-based vectors and their role in side effects of vaccines. Eventually, it will come down to weighing the possible risks of genomic insertions of vaccine-associated foreign DNA and unknown levels of vector-carried adenoviral gene expression versus protection against the dangers of Covid-19. A decision in favor of vaccination against life-threatening disease appears prudent. Informing the public about the complexities of biology will be a reliable guide when having to reach personal decisions about vaccinations.
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33
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Klimek L, Chaker AM, Cuevas M, Becker S. COVID-19-Impfungen: Replizierend oder Nichtreplizierend? Laryngorhinootologie 2021; 100:603-607. [PMID: 34044465 DOI: 10.1055/a-1509-8916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innovative and effective vaccination strategies are the most important lever to address the global SARS-COV2 pandemic. Within months scientists all over the world have developed promising new vaccines, many of which use adenoviral vectors to incorporate immunogenic molecules of SARS-coronavirus in order to elicit effective immune responses. The Gamaleya institute developed the COVID-19 vaccine named Sputnik (Gam-COVID-Vac) using adenoviral vectors ad 26 and ad5 to incorporate a full SARS-Spike Protein for vaccination. Two differing vectors enable so called prime-boost, thus avoiding neutralizing effects against the vector itself, ensuring proper immunogenicity against the vaccine. Current available published evidence has raised controversy among small sample sizes in phase II and early endpoints in phase III studies with Sputnik and scientific community took notice that full study protocols and clinical data haven't been made available yet. Patient subgroups and vaccination efficacy in healthy vaccinated may be at risk in case of partial viral replication of Ad5 vectors or when batch to batch reproducibility is not warranted, as concerns from authorities in Brazil and Slovakia have recently been raised. Final approval by governing health authorities (e. g. EMA) should therefore be awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klimek
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie, Wiesbaden
| | - A M Chaker
- HNO-Klinik und Zentrum für Allergie und Umwelt, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - M Cuevas
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universität Tübingen
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34
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Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Vaccination: In Search of the Underlying Mechanism. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060559. [PMID: 34071883 PMCID: PMC8227748 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines brings hope for successful pandemic mitigation and getting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 under control. The vaccines authorized in Europe displayed a good safety profile in the clinical trials. However, during their post-authorization use, unusual thrombotic events associated with thrombocytopenia have rarely been reported for vector vaccines. This led to the temporary suspension of the AZD1222 vaccine (Oxford/AstraZeneca) in various European countries and the Ad26.COV2 vaccine (Janssen/Johnson&Johnson) in the United States, with regulatory bodies launching investigations into potential causal associations. The thromboembolic reactions were also rarely reported after mRNA vaccines. The exact cause of these adverse effects remains to be elucidated. The present paper outlines the hypotheses on the mechanisms behind the very rare thrombotic thrombocytopenia reported after the COVID-19 vaccination, along with currently existing evidence and future research prospects. The following are discussed: (i) the role of antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), (ii) the direct interaction between adenoviral vector and platelets, (iii) the cross-reactivity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with PF4, (iv) cross-reactivity of anti-adenovirus antibodies and PF4, (v) interaction between spike protein and platelets, (vi) the platelet expression of spike protein and subsequent immune response, and (vii) the platelet expression of other adenoviral proteins and subsequent reactions. It is also plausible that thrombotic thrombocytopenia after the COVID-19 vaccine is multifactorial. The elucidation of the causes of these adverse events is pivotal in taking precautionary measures and managing vaccine hesitancy. It needs to be stressed, however, that the reported cases are currently sporadic and that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines vastly outweigh their potential risks.
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35
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Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT): Targeting Pathomechanisms with Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1395-1399. [PMID: 33851389 DOI: 10.1055/a-1481-3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of cases with rare thromboembolic incidents including cerebral sinus vein thrombosis (some of them fatal) and concomitant thrombocytopenia occurring shortly after vaccination with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine AZD1222 (Vaxzevria) have caused significant concern and led to its temporary suspension in many countries. Immediate laboratory efforts in four of these patients have identified a tentative pathomechanism underlying this syndrome termed initially vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VIPIT) and renamed recently vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). It encompasses the presence of platelet-activating antibodies to platelet factor-4/heparin complexes, possibly emulated by polyanionic constituents of AZD1222, and thus resembles heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Because these immune complexes bind and activate platelets via Fcγ receptor IIA (FcγRIIA), high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin G has been suggested for treatment of VITT in addition to non-heparin anticoagulants. Here we propose inhibitors of Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) approved for B cell malignancies (e.g., ibrutinib) as another therapeutic option in VITT, as they are expected to pleiotropically target multiple pathways downstream of FcγRIIA-mediated Btk activation, for example, as demonstrated for the effective inhibition of platelet aggregation, dense granule secretion, P-selectin expression and platelet-neutrophil aggregate formation stimulated by FcγRIIA cross-linking. Moreover, C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-2- and GPIb-mediated platelet activation, the interactions and activation of monocytes and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, as encountered in HIT, could be attenuated by Btk inhibitors. As a paradigm for emergency repurposing of approved drugs in COVID-19, off-label use of Btk inhibitors in a low-dose range not affecting haemostatic functions could thus be considered a sufficiently safe option to treat VITT.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK.
| | - Polly Roy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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37
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Gaunt ER, Mabbott NA. The clinical correlates of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia after immunisation with adenovirus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab019. [PMID: 34557868 PMCID: PMC8385946 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We are at a critical stage in the COVID-19 pandemic where vaccinations are being rolled out globally, in a race against time to get ahead of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the emergence of more highly transmissible variants. A range of vaccines have been created and received either emergency approval or full licensure. To attain the upper hand, maximum vaccine synthesis, deployment, and uptake as rapidly as possible is essential. However, vaccine uptake, particularly in younger adults is dropping, at least in part fuelled by reports of rare complications associated with specific vaccines. This review considers how vaccination with adenovirus vector-based vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus might cause rare cases of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in some recipients. A thorough understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate this syndrome may help to identify methods to prevent these very rare, but serious side effects. This will also help facilitate the identification of those at highest risk from these outcomes, so that we can work towards a stratified approach to vaccine deployment to mitigate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R Gaunt
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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