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Omari S, Ng'ong'a F, Kimotho J. In vitro assessment and comparison of quality of alcohol-based hand rubs, pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Kenya. F1000Res 2024; 12:1546. [PMID: 38778804 PMCID: PMC11109557 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.140226.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Health Organization recommended the use of alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) to curb transmission, leading to increased production and use. This has posed a danger of production and use of poor-quality ABHRs. Methods This study assessed and compared the quality of ABHRs in the Kenyan market that were produced before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Quality testing was carried out against European EN 1500:2013 and Kenyan EAS 789:2013 Standards and 20 samples analyzed for alcohol content by GC-FID. Results The study found that 27.8% of the peri-COVID-19 pandemic sanitizers had less than 90% bactericidal reduction activity as compared to 12.5% manufactured pre-COVID-19 pandemic. Only 25% peri-COVID-19 pandemic ABHRs met the EAS 789:2013 acceptable limit of over 60% alcohol content. Product adulteration with methanol was found in 20 % of the samples with only 5% complying with FDA approval limit of <0.063% v/v methanol. Study found no correlation between the total alcohol content and the efficacy of ABHRs. Conclusions The study found that more substandard products were produced during the pandemic. This raises a concern about possible emergence of alcohol resistant strains of microorganisms. The study therefore recommends an adequate quality monitoring system to curb against substandard products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Omari
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Innovation and Technology Transfer Division, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence Ng'ong'a
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Kimotho
- Innovation and Technology Transfer Division, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ma Y, Yi J, Ma J, Yu H, Luo L, Wu W, Jin L, Yang Q, Lou T, Sun D, Cao M. Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products. TOXICS 2023; 11:687. [PMID: 37624192 PMCID: PMC10459210 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hand hygiene is a crucial measure in the prevention and control of infections, and there is a growing awareness among individuals who are making a conscious effort to maintain hand cleanliness. With the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the demand for hand hygiene products has also gradually shifted towards those with antimicrobial properties. Among these products, hand sanitizer gels (HSGs) have gained considerable popularity as an efficient method of hand cleaning, due to their rapid drying and sustained antimicrobial efficacy. Concurrently, there has been a growing interest in novel HSGs that offer additional functions such as skin whitening, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory effects. These novel HSGs effectively address concerns associated with the ingestion of antimicrobial ingredients and demonstrate reduced skin irritation, thereby alleviating hand dermatological issues. This review provides an extensive overview of the application scenarios, classification, and challenges associated with HSGs while emphasizing the emergence of novel components with biological functions, aiming to contribute to the advancement of hand hygiene practices and offer novel insights for the development of novel HSGs with outstanding antimicrobial properties with other multiple biological functions and desirable biosafety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jia Yi
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Li Luo
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ting Lou
- Yiwu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiwu 322000, China;
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Min Cao
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China
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Egner P, Pavlačková J, Sedlaříková J, Pleva P, Mokrejš P, Janalíková M. Non-Alcohol Hand Sanitiser Gels with Mandelic Acid and Essential Oils. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043855. [PMID: 36835267 PMCID: PMC9961504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial hand gels have become extremely popular in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Frequent use of hand sanitising gel can lead to dryness and irritation of the skin. This work focuses on the preparation of antimicrobial acrylic acid (Carbomer)-based gels enhanced by non-traditional compounds-mandelic acid and essential oils-as a substitute for irritating ethanol. Physicochemical properties (pH and viscosity), stability and sensory attributes of the prepared gels were investigated. Antimicrobial activity against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts was determined. The prepared gels with mandelic acid and essential oil (cinnamon, clove, lemon, and thyme) proved to have antimicrobial activity and even better organoleptic properties than commercial ethanol-based antimicrobial gel. Further, results confirmed that the addition of mandelic acid had a desirable effect on gel properties (antimicrobial, consistency, stability). It has been shown that the essential oil/mandelic acid combination can be a dermatologically beneficial hand sanitiser compared to commercial products. Thus, the produced gels can be used as a natural alternative to alcohol-based daily hand hygiene sanitisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Egner
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (P.E.); (M.J.)
| | - Jana Pavlačková
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sedlaříková
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pleva
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mokrejš
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Janalíková
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (P.E.); (M.J.)
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Selam MN, Habte BM, Marew T, Bitew M, Getachew T, Getachew S, Abate A, Mitiku M, Matsabisa M, Birhanu G. Evaluation of quality and antimicrobial efficacy of locally manufactured alcohol-based hand sanitizers marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in the era of COVID-19. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:126. [PMID: 36209192 PMCID: PMC9547578 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been rapidly spreading across the globe since the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the disease outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Hand hygiene, via either regular handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitizers, is among the various measures that need to be followed to control the outbreak of the disease. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) are the "gold standard" for hand disinfection because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity, easy availability, better safety profile, and general acceptability to users. This study aimed at evaluating the physicochemical quality and antimicrobial efficacy of the locally manufactured ABHS marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was used to collect ABHS from Addis Ababa marketplaces. A total of 25 sample products were randomly selected from different categories of hand sanitizer manufacturers. The physicochemical evaluation of the products was carried out as per the United States Pharmacopoeia and WHO standards. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp clinical isolates were used for the antimicrobial efficacy test. RESULTS The Fourier Transform Infrared result confirmed that all the test products met the identification test for ethanol. The majority (68%) of ABHS complied with the test for ethanol content (75-85% v/v). However, only 3 products fulfilled the hydrogen peroxide content (0.112-0.137% v/v). LPC307 showed the maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm against Escherichia coli whereas MPC204 exhibited only 3 mm. LPC101 was found to be more sensitive to Shigella and Klebsiella Spp with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 20% and 10%, respectively. The sample product LPC101 showed a minimum bactericidal concentration of 20% against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. CONCLUSION One-third of the tested ABHS did not comply with the WHO ethanol content limit and the majority of the products failed to meet the label claim for hydrogen peroxide content. Besides, nearly all products proved that they have activity against all the tested pathogenic microorganisms at a minimum concentration from 10 to 80%; though, they did not show 99.9% bacteriostatic or bactericidal activities as claimed. The study findings suggested regular monitoring of the quality of marketed ABHS considering the current wide use of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Nigatu Selam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bruck Messele Habte
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Marew
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Molalegne Bitew
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Getachew
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Atlaw Abate
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mequanint Mitiku
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Motlalepula Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Gebremariam Birhanu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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Muleba L, Van Wyk R, Pienaar J, Ratshikhopha E, Singh T. Assessment of Anti-Bacterial Effectiveness of Hand Sanitizers Commonly Used in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159245. [PMID: 35954594 PMCID: PMC9367797 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hand sanitizers are used as an alternative to hand washing to reduce the number of viable microorganisms when soap and water are not readily available. This study aimed to investigate the anti-bacterial effectiveness of commercially available hand sanitizers and those commonly used in healthcare and community settings. A mapping exercise was done to select and procure different hand sanitizers (n = 18) from retailers. Five microorganisms implicated in hospital-acquired infections were selected and tested against each hand sanitizer: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-one volunteers were recruited to do a handprint before and after applying the hand sanitizer. Only four out of eighteen hand sanitizers (22%) were effective against all tested bacterial species, and an equal number (22%) were completely ineffective. Seven hand sanitizers with a label claim of 99.99% were only effective against E. coli. Only five hand sanitizers (27%) effectively reduced bacteria on participants’ hands. This study showed that only a fifth of hand sanitizers were effective against selected microorganisms. The findings raise a concern about the effectiveness of hand sanitizers and their role in infection, prevention, and control if not well regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno Muleba
- National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (L.M.); (E.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Renay Van Wyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Jennifer Pienaar
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
| | - Edith Ratshikhopha
- National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (L.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Tanusha Singh
- National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (L.M.); (E.R.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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Kaushik S, Selvanathan P, Soni GV. Customized low-cost high-throughput amplifier for electro-fluidic detection of cell volume changes in point-of-care applications. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267207. [PMID: 35442970 PMCID: PMC9020695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical parameters of the pathogenic cells, like its volume, shape, and stiffness, are important biomarkers for diseases, chemical changes within the cell, and overall cell health. The response of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to different chemical disinfectants is studied widely. Some of the routinely employed techniques to measure these changes require elaborate and expensive equipment which limits any study to a non-mobile research lab facility. Recently, we showed a micropore-based electro-fluidic technique to have great promise in measuring subtle changes in cell volumes at high throughput and resolution. This method, however, requires commercial amplifiers, which makes this technique expensive and incompatible for in-field use. In this paper, we develop a home-built amplifier to make this technique in-field compatible and apply it to measure changes in bacterial volumes upon exposure to alcohol. First, we introduce our low-cost and portable transimpedance amplifier and characterize the maximum range, absolute error percentage, and RMS noise of the amplifier in the measured current signal, along with the amplifier's bandwidth, and compared these characteristics with the commercial amplifiers. Using our home-built amplifier, we demonstrate a high throughput detection of ~1300 cells/second and resolve cell diameter changes down to 1 μm. Finally, we demonstrate measurement of cell volume changes in E. coli bacteria when exposed to ethanol (5% v/v), which is otherwise difficult to measure via imaging techniques. Our low-cost amplifier (~100-fold lower than commercial alternatives) is battery-run, completely portable for point-of-care applications, and the electro-fluidic devices are currently being tested for in-field applications.
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Matatiele P, Southon B, Dabula B, Marageni T, Poongavanum P, Kgarebe B. Assessment of quality of alcohol-based hand sanitizers used in Johannesburg area during the CoViD-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4231. [PMID: 35273314 PMCID: PMC8908948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (CoViD-19), the World Health Organization has recommended that, in absence of soap and water, alcohol-based hand sanitizer can be used to prevent the transmission of coronaviruses. Unfortunately, many media and anecdotal reports indicate that many alcohol-based hand sanitizers sold in South Africa are substandard and some contain potentially toxic ingredients. The study aimed to identify hand sanitizers used in the Johannesburg area during the CoViD-19 pandemic that do not contain the recommended alcohol concentration of at least 70% propanol or 60% ethanol, and contain traces of toxic ingredients. Hand sanitizers randomly collected from various traders around Johannesburg were analyzed using Agilent auto sampler coupled to a gas chromatograph utilizing flame ionisation detection. Of the 94 hand sanitizer samples collected, three preparations contained no alcohol, whereas the rest contained either ethanol, 2-propanol or 1-propanol or a combination of two alcohols. Of the alcohol-containing hand sanitizers, 37 (41%) contained less than 60% alcohol. Ethyl acetate, isobutanol and other non-recommended alcohols (methanol and 3-methyl-butanol) were also identified. Consumers are therefore warned that among the many brands of hand sanitizers found around Johannesburg, there are some substandard preparations and some that contain traces of toxic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puleng Matatiele
- Analytical Services, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Bianca Southon
- Analytical Services, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Boitumelo Dabula
- Analytical Services, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Talulani Marageni
- Analytical Services, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Poobalan Poongavanum
- Analytical Services, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Boitumelo Kgarebe
- Analytical Services, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Nawa M, Nkhoma P, Samutela MT, Simulundu E, Munsaka S, Kwenda G, Kalonda A. Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs among health care workers and family caregivers at the children's university teaching hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lordello VB, Meneguin AB, de Annunzio SR, Taranto MP, Chorilli M, Fontana CR, Cavallini DCU. Orodispersible Film Loaded with Enterococcus faecium CRL183 Presents Anti- Candida albicans Biofilm Activity In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070998. [PMID: 34209453 PMCID: PMC8309053 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Probiotic bacteria have been emerging as a trustworthy choice for the prevention and treatment of Candida spp. infections. This study aimed to develop and characterize an orodispersible film (ODF) for delivering the potentially probiotic Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 into the oral cavity, evaluating its in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Methods and Results: The ODF was composed by carboxymethylcellulose, gelatin, and potato starch, and its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties were studied. The probiotic resistance and viability during processing and storage were evaluated as well as its in vitro antifungal activity against C. albicans. The ODFs were thin, resistant, and flexible, with neutral pH and microbiologically safe. The probiotic resisted the ODF obtaining process, demonstrating high viability (>9 log10 CFU·g−1), up to 90 days of storage at room temperature. The Probiotic Film promoted 68.9% of reduction in fungal early biofilm and 91.2% in its mature biofilm compared to the group stimulated with the control film. Those results were confirmed through SEM images. Conclusion: The probiotic ODF developed is a promising strategy to prevent oral candidiasis, since it permits the local probiotic delivery, which in turn was able to reduce C. albicans biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Barreto Lordello
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01-s/n, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (V.B.L.); (A.B.M.); (S.R.d.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01-s/n, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (V.B.L.); (A.B.M.); (S.R.d.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01-s/n, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (V.B.L.); (A.B.M.); (S.R.d.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Pía Taranto
- Reference Center for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Chacabuco 145, Tucumán T4000 ILC, Argentina;
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01-s/n, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (V.B.L.); (A.B.M.); (S.R.d.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01-s/n, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (V.B.L.); (A.B.M.); (S.R.d.A.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.F.); (D.C.U.C.)
| | - Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01-s/n, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (V.B.L.); (A.B.M.); (S.R.d.A.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.F.); (D.C.U.C.)
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Hune SR, DiGeorge Foushee AM, Ervin MC, Anderson SJ, Ervin MD, Mallory AM. An Analysis of the Effectiveness of High-level Disinfection for Surgical Instruments Used by Department of Defense Austere Surgical Teams. Mil Med 2021; 186:122-128. [PMID: 33499475 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of currently employed commercial disinfectants in a simulated austere surgical environment similarly faced by ground surgical teams in forward deployed positions. Severe contamination of traumatic combat wounds along with limitations of operations in austere environments may result in available disinfectants providing inadequate surgical instrument decontamination. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study consisted of nine experimental groups and two control groups evaluating hemostatic forceps found in kits of ground surgical teams. Hemostats were contaminated in a manner replicating the use in austere wartime surgery, cleaned by manual debridement and soaked in a disinfectant. Initially, instruments were debrided in one of three initial liquids (potable water, sterile water, or potable water with Envirocleanse A) and subsequently treated with one of three terminal disinfectants (Cidex OPA, CaviCide, or Neutral Disinfectant Cleaner). Treated hemostats were placed in sterile wire-closure bags for various storage times and tested for viable bacteria measured by colony-forming units. RESULTS Our findings indicated that mechanical debridement in water, independent of Envirocleanse A, followed by soaking in any of the three terminal disinfectants achieved a marked reduction in recovered bacteria from hemostats regardless of storage length. Of the three disinfectants tested, Cidex OPA appeared to be the most robust in terms of decontamination, followed by CaviCide and Neutral Disinfectant Cleaner. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the conclusion that all evaluated disinfectants are capable of rapidly producing instruments with minimal bacterial contaminants when standard sterilization is unavailable. Therefore, when lifesaving surgical intervention must be performed in a deployed environment, austere surgical teams can confidently utilize either product with minimal risk of infection. However, of the disinfectants, Cidex OPA appears to be most effective in reducing bacterial contamination for both rapid and slow turnover of instrument usage, and thus, the disinfectants are recommended for application when sterilization is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Hune
- Wing, Operational Medicine Division, 59th Medical Wing Center for Advanced Molecular Detection, San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236
| | - Ann-Marie DiGeorge Foushee
- Wing, Operational Medicine Division, 59th Medical Wing Center for Advanced Molecular Detection, San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236
| | - Meredith C Ervin
- Wing, Operational Medicine Division, 59th Medical Wing Science and Technology, San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236
| | - Stephen J Anderson
- Wing, Operational Medicine Division, 59th Medical Wing Science and Technology, San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236
| | - Mark D Ervin
- Wing, Operational Medicine Division, 59th Medical Wing Operational Medicine, San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236
| | - Amber M Mallory
- Wing, Operational Medicine Division, 59th Medical Wing Science and Technology, San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236
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11
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Abuga K, Nyamweya N. Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective. PHARMACY 2021; 9:64. [PMID: 33808754 PMCID: PMC8006002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) as an important means of controlling the transmission of infectious disease has increased significantly as governments and public health agencies across the world advocated hand hygiene as a preventative measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the performance of these products is most commonly defined as a function of their alcohol concentration, they are multifaceted products in which an interplay of several factors is important in determining efficacy. This paper discusses the interplay between ABHS input (formulation) factors and output (product performance) factors in the context of a multidimensional perspective using a novel representative paradigm. In the model, represented in the form of a three-dimensional tetrahedron, each of the faces represents inputs in the manufacturing of the ABHS product, which are the type and amount of alcohol, the inactive ingredients, the formulation and the manufacturing practices. The four corners of the tetrahedron represent the product performance factors which include product efficacy, sensory characteristics, usage and compliance and product safety. The multidimensional approach to the formulation and evaluation of ABHS shows that several factors contribute to the effectiveness and utility of these products. The paradigm provides a useful framework for manufacturers of ABHS and related healthcare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Abuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676-00202, Kenya
| | - Nasser Nyamweya
- Pharma Manufacturing Solutions, Nairobi P.O. Box 21297-00505, Kenya;
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Kumar V, Singh SB, Singh S. COVID-19: Environment concern and impact of Indian medicinal system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 8:104144. [PMID: 33520648 PMCID: PMC7836929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has came in existence in late December 2019 at Wuhan, China. It is declared as an epidemic by WHO. The rationale of this study is to provide the details regarding prevention, environment concern, social economic consequences, and medicines for COVID-19. Social distancing, screening, lockdown, use of mask and application of sanitizer or soap at regular time interval is the best prevention against COVID-19. The "oral-feces" transmission of COVID-19 is threat to environment. Improper disposal of medical/biomedical and human waste may harm the total environment. Nitrifying-enriched activated sludge i.e. NAS approach can play important role to clean the environment compartments like sludge and waste. COVID-19 has shown impact on social and economic life, but there is no alternate until the drug discovery. In medicine or treatment of COVID-19 point of views, an integrated approach between modern and traditional medicine system may ensure an early prevention of further viral spread. Based on the symptoms of COVID-19, list of herbs and drugs of Indian Medicine System has been searched and reported. To develop the potential drug against COVID-19, the detailed experimentation and clinical trials to be performed for future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Madhya Pradesh, 474009, India
| | - Shyam Babu Singh
- Department of Ayurveda, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Madhya Pradesh, 474009, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144002, India
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubators, Mohali, Punjab, 160059, India
- Regional Advanced Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, Punjab, 160059, India
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Singh P, Potlia I, Malhotra S, Dubey H, Chauhan H. Hand Sanitizer an Alternative to Hand Washing—A Review of Literature. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2320206820939403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim: COVID-19 is a new illness and a big threat to global health. No specific antiviral agents are available for its treatment. The finest approach to manage this threat is to clean our hands properly. Washing hands under running water is a better way to stop the spread of infections than using a hand sanitizer. The aim of the study is to show that washing hands is efficacious than using a dab of alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Materials and Methods: A search was performed using three databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar published from 2010 to 2019. The keywords for the survey were “hand-washing,” “hand sanitizer,” and “effective.” After the relevant articles were found, the critical appraisal was made to select those that were suitable for the systematic review. The inclusion criteria of the study were surveys, clinical studies, no sample size restrictions, and only English papers. Any conference abstracts, case reports, and unpublished data were excluded from this study. Results: On the basis of the keywords, 22 relevant articles were found, and of those, 17 articles were selected for the systematic review. Conclusion: This study evaluated that washing hands with soap and water are more practical and efficacious than using the sanitizer on greasy and soiled hands. An alcohol-based sanitizer, if used correctly and in appropriate volume, can disseminate certain type of micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singh
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College & Hospital, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Ipshita Potlia
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College & Hospital, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Shitanshu Malhotra
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Career Dental College, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Himangi Dubey
- Department of Periodontics, Saraswati Dental College & Hospital, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Himanshu Chauhan
- Department of Oral Surgery, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, UP, India
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LL-37: Review of antimicrobial profile against sensitive and antibiotic-resistant human bacterial pathogens. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gupta B, Kotia P, Gupta R, Sharma A, Raina K, Nissar I. Comparing the antimicrobial efficacy of different hand sanitizers: An In vitro Study. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_97_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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