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Tarka P, Chruściel A, Hreczuch W, Kanecki K, Nitsch-Osuch A. Virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide in combination with acetic acid or citric acid and a surfactant, in presence of interfering substances, against polio-, adeno- and murine norovirus in suspension-, carrier- and four-field tests. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2024; 19:Doc37. [PMID: 39224499 PMCID: PMC11367254 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to investigate whether the virucidal effectiveness of chlorine dioxid against adenovirus and murine norovirus can be improved by combining it with carboxylic acids and surfactants. Method The virucidal efficacy against polio-, adeno- and murine norovirus has been tested in presence of interfering substances in the quantitative suspension test according to EN 14476, the carrier test without mechanical action according to EN 16777, and in the four-field test according to EN 16615.Three chlorine-dioxide-based surface disinfectants were tested: a two-component cleaning disinfectant concentrate for large surfaces, a ready-to-use (RTU) foam, and an RTU gel. Results Cleaning and disinfecting preparations based on chlorine dioxide, applied at various concentrations, in combination with acetic acid or citric acid and surfactants, are virucidally active against polio-, adeno-, and norovirus after an exposure time of 5 minutes in presence of interfering substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Tarka
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Kanecki
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Nitsch-Osuch
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Peacock WF, Dhand A, Albert NM, Shahid Z, Luk A, Vollman K, Schoppelrey RB, Cadwell C, Dadwal S, Amin AN, Torriani FJ. Stethoscope barriers narrative review; It's time for a strategy unfriendly to multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs). J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:1001-1006. [PMID: 38636310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The current standard of stethoscope hygiene doesn't eliminate the transmission of harmful pathogens, including multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs). In the era of the increasing prevalence of MDRO infections, the use of new systems providing touch free barriers may improve patient safety versus traditional stethoscope cleaning practices with chemical agents. Our purpose was to provide a narrative literature review regarding barriers as an improvement over the current standard of care for stethoscope hygiene. Searching PubMed, articles were identified if they were in English and published after 1990, using the search term "stethoscope barrier", or if they were from a previously published stethoscope hygiene article using "author's name + stethoscope". Included articles evaluated or discussed stethoscope barriers. Of 28 manuscripts identified, 15 met the inclusion criteria. Barriers were considered superior to alternatives if they were single use, disposable, applied in a touch free fashion, were impervious to pathogens, provided an aseptic patient contact, and were acoustically invisible. Use of a practitioner's personal stethoscope with a disposable diaphragm barrier should be recommended as a new standard of care as this represents an improvement in patient safety and patient experience when compared to the disposable stethoscope or isopropyl alcohol stethoscope diaphragm cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zainab Shahid
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, United States
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Lundquist NA, Kifelew LG, Elmas S, Jia Z, Speck PG, Chalker JM. Inactivation of human coronaviruses using an automated room disinfection device. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20048. [PMID: 37973822 PMCID: PMC10654563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of more virulent and epidemic strains of viruses, especially in the context of COVID-19, makes it more important than ever to improve methods of decontamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of on-demand production of chlorine species to inactivate human coronaviruses. The commercial prototype disinfection unit was provided by Unipolar Water Technologies. The Unipolar device generates active chlorine species using an electrochemical reaction and dispenses the disinfectant vapour onto surfaces with an aspirator. The minimum effective concentration and exposure time of disinfectant were evaluated on human hepatoma (Huh7) cells using 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), a surrogate for pathogenic human coronaviruses. We showed that chlorine species generated in the Unipolar device inactivate HCoV-229E on glass surfaces at ≥ 400 parts per million active chlorine concentration with a 5 min exposure time. Here, inactivation refers to the inability of the virus to infect the Huh7 cells. Importantly, no toxic effect was observed on Huh7 cells for any of the active chlorine concentrations and contact times tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lundquist
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Legesse G Kifelew
- Molecular Biosciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Sait Elmas
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Peter G Speck
- Molecular Biosciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
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Akhter Y, Rastogi S, Kaithwas G. Frequent brushing of teeth inhibits the dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2: the biochemical mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2023; 6:1-4. [PMID: 37363087 PMCID: PMC10226441 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-023-00279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sputum with a high viral load suggested that maintaining good oral hygiene could be critical in limiting COVID-19 disease. Brushing the teeth frequently and regularly with widely available amphiphilic detergent, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-based toothpastes could help in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. We proposed a community survey-based methodology followed by an in vitro biochemical strategy to test the virucidal potentiality of SLS, an amphiphilic detergent found in these toothpastes. Through biomolecular structure and docking analysis using models of spike protein and SLS, we showed a possible molecular mechanism of action for SLS-enabled viral particle inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India
| | - Shubham Rastogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India
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Chadwick PR, Trainor E, Marsden GL, Mills S, Chadwick C, O'Brien SJ, Evans CM, Mullender C, Strazds P, Turner S, Weston V, Toleman MS, de Barros C, Kontkowski G, Bak A. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings. J Hosp Infect 2023:S0195-6701(23)00043-9. [PMID: 36796728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eamonn Trainor
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Gemma L Marsden
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | - Samuel Mills
- British Infection Association, Seafield, West Lothian, UK; Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Pixy Strazds
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; St Andrew's Healthcare, Northampton, UK
| | - Sarah Turner
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; Stockport Council, Stockport, UK
| | - Valya Weston
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; NHS England, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Toleman
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Aggie Bak
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK
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Frank Peacock W, Torriani FJ, Shahid Z, Dhand A, Luk A, Dadwal S. Our Third Hand: Stethoscope Hygiene in the Era of Alcohol-Resistant Organisms. Am J Med 2023; 136:551-554. [PMID: 36740208 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Frank Peacock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Francesca J Torriani
- UC San Diego Health's Infection Prevention and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Zainab Shahid
- Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Abhay Dhand
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Alfred Luk
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
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Faircloth J, Goulter RM, Manuel CS, Arbogast JW, Escudero-Abarca B, Jaykus LA. The Efficacy of Commercial Surface Sanitizers against Norovirus on Formica Surfaces with and without Inclusion of a Wiping Step. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0080722. [PMID: 36005755 PMCID: PMC9469706 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00807-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly used surface sanitizers often lack activity against human noroviruses (hNoVs). The impact of inactivation versus removal when these products are applied via wiping is poorly characterized. The purpose of this work was to assess the anti-hNoV efficacy of various surface sanitizer chemistries, as applied to a laminate material commonly used for restaurant tabletops, using standard surface assays (ASTM E1053-11) and a newly developed wiping protocol. Four commercially available products with different active ingredient(s) (i.e., ethanol [EtOH], acid + anionic surfactant [AAS], quaternary ammonium compound [QAC], and sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl]) and a water control were evaluated against hNoV GII.4 Sydney, hNoV GI.6, and the cultivable surrogate Tulane virus (TuV). Virus concentration was evaluated using RNase-reverse transcriptase (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) (hNoV) and infectivity assay (TuV). Only the EtOH-based product significantly reduced virus concentration (>3.5 log10 reduction [LR]) by surface assay, with all other products producing ≤0.5 LR. The inclusion of a wiping step enhanced the efficacy of all products, producing complete virus elimination for the EtOH-based product and 1.6 to 3.8 LR for the other chemistries. For hNoVs, no detectable residual virus could be recovered from paper towels used to wipe the EtOH-based product, while high concentrations of virus could be recovered from the used paper towel and the wiped coupon (1.5 to 2.5 log10 lower genome equivalent copies [GEC] compared to control) for the QAC- and AAS-based products and for water. These results illustrate the variability in anti-hNoV activity of representative surface sanitizers and highlights the value of wiping, the efficacy of which appears to be driven by a combination of virus inactivation and removal. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses (hNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and food-borne disease worldwide. Noroviruses are difficult to inactivate, being recalcitrant to sanitizers and disinfectants commonly used by the retail food sector. This comparative study demonstrates the variability in anti-hNoV activity of representative surface sanitizers, even those allowed to make label claims based on the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV). It also highlights the importance of wiping in the process of sanitization, which significantly improves product efficacy through the action of physical removal of surface microbes. There is a need for more and better product formulations with demonstrated efficacy against hNoVs, which will likely necessitate the use of alternative cultivable surrogates, such as Tulane virus (TuV). These findings help food safety professionals make informed decisions on sanitizing product selection and application methods in order to reduce the risk of hNoV contamination and transmission in their facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Faircloth
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Goulter
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Blanca Escudero-Abarca
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Izzotti A, Grasselli E, Barbaresi M, Bixio M, Colombo M, Pfeffer U, Pulliero A, Sossai D, Borneto A, Boccaccio A, Manfredi V, Bassetti M, Nicosia E, Tiso M. Development of an integrated environmental monitoring protocol for SARS-CoV-2 contamination. Applications at the IRCSS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital in Genoa, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112790. [PMID: 35104484 PMCID: PMC8800503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND Environmental sampling of SARS-CoV-2 is a fundamental tool for evaluating the effectiveness of non-specific prophylaxis measures in counteracting virus spread. The purpose of our work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the different sampling methods in the hospital setting to assess their correlation with the structural, functional, and operational situation of the monitored departments and to define the dynamics of the spread of the virus in indoor environments. METHODS The monitoring (air bubbling sampling, surface wipe test) was carried out at the San Martino Polyclinic Hospital (Genoa, Italy) in the period since April 2020 to June 2021. The presence of viral RNA in the collected samples was evaluated by qPCR. The infection capacity of the samples collected was also evaluated by an in vitro challenge test on cells sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS The percentage of positivity with respect to the number of tests performed (sensitivity) were air bubbler 50%, wipe test 17%, and challenge test 11%. Only 20% of the samples tested positive in the wipe test and 43% of the samples tested positive in the bubbler sampling were also positive in the challenge test. All the positivity obtained was detected at a distance of less than 2 m and height of less than 1.5 from COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS Environmental contamination from SARS-CoV-2 detected at the San Martino Polyclinic Hospital is found lower than similar assessments performed in other hospitals both in Italy and abroad. Our study predicted that environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 must be carried out in an integrated way by not using a single sampling method, as each individual test has a different biological significance and performance. However, the virus detected by wipe test only is often a degraded viral fragment and not an intact infecting virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Izzotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - E Grasselli
- Life Sciences Department, University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Barbaresi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Bixio
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Colombo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - U Pfeffer
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - A Pulliero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - D Sossai
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - A Borneto
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | - M Bassetti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - E Nicosia
- Environmental Department, Ligurian Region, Italy.
| | - M Tiso
- Life Sciences Department, University of Genoa, Italy; MICAMO Environmental and Molecular Microbiology - Spin-Off University of Genoa, Italy.
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Tyski S, Bocian E, Laudy AE. The application of normative documents for determination of biocidal activity of disinfectants and antiseptics dedicated for medical area: a narrative review. J Hosp Infect 2022; 125:75-91. [PMID: 35460800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disinfectants and antiseptics are important weapons to reduce the number of microorganisms and thus to limit the number of infections. Different methods of antimicrobial activity testing, often not standardised, without appropriate controls and not validated are applied. To address these issues, several European Standards (EN) have been developed, describing the test methods to determine whether chemical disinfectants or antiseptic products have appropriate bactericidal, sporicidal, mycobactericidal or tuberculocidal activity; fungicidal or yeasticidal activity; or virucidal activity. In this narrative review, the 17 EN concerning evaluation of the above-mentioned antimicrobial activity of preparations dedicated to the medical area are briefly reviewed, together with recent publications on this topic. Suspension and carrier tests have been performed in clean and dirty conditions simulating the medical area. In addition, a wide range of applications of these standards has been presented in the research of biocides for hand antisepsis, surfaces disinfection, including airborne disinfection as well as medical device and medical textile disinfection. The role of normative documents in the investigation of antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics to limit infections has been underestimated. This narrative review aims to persuade researchers to conduct antimicrobial activity testing in line with validated EN and highlights an existing gap in ongoing research. It also aims to raise awareness of the wide range of biocidal activity tests with standardised methods in medical area. We also pay attention to the recently developed European Pharmacopoeia monography concerning the testing of bactericidal and fungicidal activity of antiseptics classified as medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tyski
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, Chełmska str. 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Oczki str. 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bocian
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, Chełmska str. 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka E Laudy
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Oczki str. 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
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Almeida CF, Purcell DFJ, Godfrey DI, McAuley JL. The Efficacy of Common Household Cleaning Agents for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Control. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040715. [PMID: 35458445 PMCID: PMC9026400 DOI: 10.3390/v14040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is having devastating effects on a global scale. Since common household disinfectants are often used to minimise the risk of infection in the home and work environment, we investigated the ability of some of these products to inactivate the virus. We tested generic brands of vinegar, bleach, and dishwashing detergent, as well as laboratory-grade acetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and ethanol. Assays were conducted at room temperature (18–20 °C, 40% relative humidity), and two time points were used to reflect a quick wipe (30 s) and a brief soak (5 min). Vinegar, and its active ingredient, acetic acid, were completely ineffective at virus inactivation even when exposed to the virus at 90% v/v (a final concentration equivalent to 3.6% v/v acetic acid). In contrast, ethanol was capable of inactivating the virus at dilutions as low as 40% v/v. Dishwashing detergent effectively rendered SARS-CoV-2 inactive when diluted 100-fold (1% v/v). Bleach was found to be fully effective against SARS-CoV-2 at 0.21 g/L sodium hypochlorite after a 30 s exposure (1/200 dilution of commercial product). Given reports of infectious virus recovered from the surface of frozen packaging, we tested the persistence of infectiousness after multiple freeze-thaw cycles and found no change in infectious SARS-CoV-2 titre after seven freeze-thaw cycles. These results should help inform readers of how to effectively disinfect surfaces and objects that have potentially been contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 using common household chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina F. Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (C.F.A.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.I.G.)
| | - Damian F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (C.F.A.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.I.G.)
- Global Virus Network Center of Excellence at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (C.F.A.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.I.G.)
| | - Julie L. McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (C.F.A.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.I.G.)
- Global Virus Network Center of Excellence at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Sloan A, Kasloff SB, Cutts T. Mechanical Wiping Increases the Efficacy of Liquid Disinfectants on SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:847313. [PMID: 35391722 PMCID: PMC8981239 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.847313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-touch environmental surfaces are acknowledged as potential sources of pathogen transmission, particularly in health care settings where infectious agents may be readily abundant. Methods of disinfecting these surfaces often include direct application of a chemical disinfectant or simply wiping the surface with a disinfectant pre-soaked wipe (DPW). In this study, we examine the ability of four disinfectants, ethanol (EtOH), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and potassium monopersulfate (KMPS), to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on a hard, non-porous surface, assessing the effects of concentration and contact time. The efficacy of DPWs to decontaminate carriers spiked with SARS-CoV-2, as well as the transferability of the virus from used DPWs to clean surfaces, is also assessed. Stainless steel carriers inoculated with approximately 6 logs of SARS-CoV-2 prepared in a soil load were disinfected within 5 min through exposure to 66.5% EtOH, 0.5% NaOCl, and 1% KMPS. The addition of mechanical wiping using DPWs impregnated with these biocides rendered the virus inactive almost immediately, with no viral transfer from the used DPW to adjacent surfaces. Carriers treated with 100 ppm of ClO2 showed a significant amount of viable virus remaining after 10 min of biocide exposure, while the virus was only completely inactivated after 10 min of treatment with 500 ppm of ClO2. Wiping SARS-CoV-2-spiked carriers with DPWs containing either concentration of ClO2 for 5 s left significant amounts of viable virus on the carriers. Furthermore, higher titers of infectious virus retained on the ClO2-infused DPWs were transferred to uninoculated carriers immediately after wiping. Overall, 66.5% EtOH, 0.5% NaOCl, and 1% KMPS appear to be highly effective biocidal agents against SARS-CoV-2, while ClO2 formulations are much less efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd Cutts
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Applied Biosafety Research Program, Safety and Environmental Services, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Hypochlorous acid and white vinegar: artifact-free COVID-19 disinfection options for photostimulable storage phosphor plates. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 134:367-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Molan K, Rahmani R, Krklec D, Brojan M, Stopar D. Phi 6 Bacteriophage Inactivation by Metal Salts, Metal Powders, and Metal Surfaces. Viruses 2022; 14:204. [PMID: 35215798 PMCID: PMC8877498 DOI: 10.3390/v14020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of phages with abiotic environmental surfaces is usually an understudied field of phage ecology. In this study, we investigated the virucidal potential of different metal salts, metal and ceramic powders doped with Ag and Cu ions, and newly fabricated ceramic and metal surfaces against Phi6 bacteriophage. The new materials were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and/or selective laser melting (SLM) techniques and had different surface free energies and infiltration features. We show that inactivation of Phi6 in solutions with Ag and Cu ions can be as effective as inactivation by pH, temperature, or UV. Adding powder to Ag and Cu ion solutions decreased their virucidal effect. The newly fabricated ceramic and metal surfaces showed very good virucidal activity. In particular, 45%TiO2 + 5%Ag + 45%ZrO2 + 5%Cu, in addition to virus adhesion, showed virucidal and infiltration properties. The results indicate that more than 99.99% of viruses deposited on the new ceramic surface were inactivated or irreversibly attached to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Molan
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Ramin Rahmani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Daniel Krklec
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Miha Brojan
- Laboratory for Nonlinear Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - David Stopar
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (D.K.)
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14
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Hufbauer M, Wieland U, Gebel J, Steinmann J, Akgül B, Eggers M. Inactivation of Polyomavirus SV40 as Surrogate for Human Papillomaviruses by Chemical Disinfectants. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112207. [PMID: 34835013 PMCID: PMC8619696 DOI: 10.3390/v13112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting cutaneous and mucosal squamous epithelia. Sexually transmitted HPV-types that are carcinogenic to humans such as HPV16 can induce cervical and other anogenital cancers. Virus transmission through fomites such as inadequately disinfected gynecological equipment is a further potential transmission route. Since HPV cannot be easily grown in cell culture, polyomavirus SV40 has been used as a surrogate virus when testing the virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants. So far, studies that have compared the virucidal activity of different disinfectants against HPV and SV40 are lacking. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility of HPV16 pseudovirus and SV40 to seven active biocidal substances using quantitative suspension tests. Ethanol, glutaraldehyde (GTA), dodecyldipropylentriamin (DPTA), and ortho-phthalaldehydes (OPA) were able to reduce the infectivity of HPV16 pseudovirus >99.99% after 5 min. In contrast, isopropanol, peracetic acid (PAA), and quaternary ammonium compounds with alkylamines (QAC) only led to a slight or no reduction in infectivity. Concerning SV40, only GTA (60 min contact time), PAA, and OPA had virus-inactivating effects. In conclusion, the virucidal activity of three out of seven disinfectants tested was different for HPV16 pseudovirus and SV40. In this study, SV40 was shown to be a reliable surrogate virus for HPV when testing isopropanol-, GTA-, QAC-, and OPA-based disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hufbauer
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (U.W.); (B.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (U.W.); (B.A.)
| | - Jürgen Gebel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Jochen Steinmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, 28259 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (U.W.); (B.A.)
| | - Maren Eggers
- Labor Prof. Dr. G. Enders MVZ GbR, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany;
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15
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Cutts TA, Kasloff SB, Krishnan J, Nims RW, Theriault SS, Rubino JR, Ijaz MK. Comparison of the Efficacy of Disinfectant Pre-impregnated Wipes for Decontaminating Stainless Steel Carriers Experimentally Inoculated With Ebola Virus and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. Front Public Health 2021; 9:657443. [PMID: 34447735 PMCID: PMC8383043 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.657443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors evaluated four disinfectant pre-impregnated wipes (DPW) for efficacy against Ebola virus Makona variant (EBOV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Indiana serotype. Steel carriers were inoculated with the infectious virus and then were wiped with DPW in the Wiperator instrument per ASTM E2967-15. Following the use of J-Cloth impregnated with medium (negative control wipes) or the use of activated hydrogen peroxide (AHP)-, ethanol-, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)-, or single or dual quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-based DPW, virus recovery from the carriers was assayed by titration assay and by two passages on Vero E6 cells in 6-well plates. The Wiperator also enabled the measurement of potential transfer of the virus from the inoculated carrier to a secondary carrier by the DPW or control wipes. The J-Cloth wipes wetted with medium alone (no microbicidal active) removed 1.9–3.5 log10 of virus from inoculated carriers but transferred ~4 log10 of the wiped virus to secondary carriers. DPW containing AHP, ethanol, NaOCl, or single or dual QAC as active microbicidal ingredients removed/inactivated ~6 log10 of the virus, with minimal EBOV or no VSV virus transfer to a secondary surface observed. In Ebola virus outbreaks, a DPW with demonstrated virucidal efficacy, used as directed, may help to mitigate the unintended spread of the infectious virus while performing surface cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Cutts
- Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Samantha B Kasloff
- Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jay Krishnan
- Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Raymond W Nims
- RMC Pharmaceutical Solutions, Inc., Longmont, CO, United States
| | - Steven S Theriault
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joseph R Rubino
- Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Montvale, NJ, United States
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Montvale, NJ, United States.,Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY, United States
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16
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Rodionova K, Paliy A, Кhimych M. Veterinary and sanitary assessment and disinfection of refrigerator chambers of meat processing enterprises. POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of microbiological studies of air samples of refrigerating chambers of meat processing enterprises are presented. The quantitative composition of the air microbiota of the chambers of the refrigerating shop was studied. It has been established that the technological regimes for cooling meat in cooled chambers (t = +4 °C) and deep freezing chambers (t = -18 °C and -22 °C) have no bacteriostatic effect on the life activity of mold fungi. The developed disinfecting preparation (hydrogen peroxide (8.0 - 10%), acetic acid (10%), peracetic acid (5.0 - 7.0%), stabilizing additives, water) ensures the destruction of sanitary-indicative microorganisms in cold rooms meat processing plants when applied at a concentration of 0.05% - 60 minutes, 0.1% - 30 minutes, 0.15% - 10 minutes and does not have a toxic effect on meat raw materials that are stored in chambers of the refrigeration shop after disinfection.
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17
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Application of EN 16615 (4-Field Test) for the Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of the Selected Commercial and Self-Made Disinfectant Wipes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115932. [PMID: 34073065 PMCID: PMC8198427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of disinfectants is to reduce microorganisms on a contaminated surface and to prevent the spread of microorganisms. The relatively new EN 16615 simulates disinfection by wiping and allows for assessing the recovery of microorganisms from the surface and, importantly, the degree of spread of microorganisms when the surface is disinfected by wiping. For the first time, using this standard, the tested products in the form of commercial disinfectant wipes were compared with self-made wipes soaked in respective disinfectant liquids. The disinfected surfaces were simulated by homogeneous polyvinyl chloride plates. The studies were carried out not only with the standard, but also with clinical multidrug-resistant microbial strains. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the most effective products in the disinfection process (log10 reduction of ≥5) with the shortest contact time (1 min) were products containing ethanol, propanol, and quaternary ammonium compounds (self-made wipes) and propanol (commercial wipes). The least effective products (log10 reduction of <5) in terms of the contact time declared by the manufacturer were products containing ethanol and sodium hypochlorite (commercial wipes). Much better antimicrobial activity of self-made wipes was observed in comparison to the activity of the commercial wipes.
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18
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Hamouda T, Ibrahim HM, Kafafy HH, Mashaly HM, Mohamed NH, Aly NM. Preparation of cellulose-based wipes treated with antimicrobial and antiviral silver nanoparticles as novel effective high-performance coronavirus fighter. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:990-1002. [PMID: 33864870 PMCID: PMC8056979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). We succeeded in preparing disinfectant cellulose-based wipes treated with antimicrobial and antiviral silver nanoparticles to be used for prevention of contamination and transmission of several pathogenic viruses and microbes to human in critical areas such as hospitals and healthcare centers especially coronavirus. In this work, the antimicrobial and antiviral activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared with four different techniques were investigated for the utilization as a disinfectant for cellulose-based wipes. These four methods are namely; 1) trisodium citrate with cotton yarn as a reducing agent, 2) preparing AgNP's using aqueous solution of PVA in the presence of glucose, 3) trisodium citrate with cotton fabric as a reducing agent, and 4) photochemical reaction of polyacrylic acid and silver nitrate solution. Polyester/viscose blended spunlace nonwoven fabrics as cellulose based fabrics were treated with the prepared silver nanoparticles to be used as surfaces disinfection wipes. The properties of the nonwoven fabrics were examined including thickness, tensile strength in dry and wet conditions in both machine direction (MD) and cross-machine direction (CMD), bursting strength, air permeability, water permeability and surface wettability. Characterization of the AgNPs was carried out in terms of UV-VIS spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, and Zeta potential analysis. The assessment of AgNPs active solutions for antimicrobial and antiviral activities was evaluated. The results obtained from the analyses of the AgNPs samples prepared with different techniques showed good uniformity and stability of the particles, as well uniform coating of the AgNPs on the fibers. Additionally, there is a significant effect of the AgNPs preparation method on their disinfectant performance that proved its effectiveness against coronavirus (MERS-CoV), S. aureus and B. subtilis as Gram-positive bacteria, E. coli and P. mirabilis as Gram-negative bacteria, A. niger and C. albicans fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Hamouda
- Spinning and Weaving Engineering Department, Textile Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Ibrahim
- Pretreatment and Finishing of Cellulosic Fibers Department, Textile Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Behouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - H H Kafafy
- Dyeing, Printing and Auxiliaries Department, Textile Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H M Mashaly
- Dyeing, Printing and Auxiliaries Department, Textile Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasser H Mohamed
- Proteinic and Man-Made Fibers Department, Textile Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermin M Aly
- Spinning and Weaving Engineering Department, Textile Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Tarka P, Nitsch-Osuch A. Evaluating the Virucidal Activity of Disinfectants According to European Union Standards. Viruses 2021; 13:534. [PMID: 33804814 PMCID: PMC8063834 DOI: 10.3390/v13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The disinfection of surfaces in medical facilities is an important element of infection control, including the control of viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Preparations used for surface disinfection are typically characterized via their activity against test organisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria and fungi) in the laboratory. Typically, these methods use a suspension of the test organism to assess the bactericidal, fungicidal or virucidal activity of a given preparation. However, such suspension methods do not fully imitate real-life conditions. To address this issue, carrier methods have been developed, in which microorganisms are applied to the surface of a carrier (e.g., stainless steel, glass and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) and then dried. Such methods more accurately reflect the applications in real-life clinical practice. This article summarizes the available methods for assessing the virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants for use in medical facilities based on the current European standards, including the activity against coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Tarka
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki Street 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland;
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20
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Miyaoka Y, Kabir MH, Hasan MA, Yamaguchi M, Shoham D, Murakami H, Takehara K. Virucidal activity of slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water toward influenza virus and coronavirus with tests simulating practical usage. Virus Res 2021; 297:198383. [PMID: 33705798 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Slightly acidic hypochlorous acid waters (SAHWs) with pH of 5.2-5.8 containing different concentrations of free available chlorine - 62, 119, 220, 300, and 540 ppm (SAHW-62, -119, -220, -300, and -540, respectively) - were evaluated for their virucidal activity toward a low pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) and an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in suspension, abiotic carrier, and direct spray tests, with the presence of organic materials. In the carrier test, the dropping and wiping techniques were performed toward viruses on carriers. In the suspension test, SAHW-62 could decrease the viral titer of both AIV and IBV by more than 1000 times within 30 s. With the dropping technique, IBV on carriers showed high resistance to SAHW, while AIV on plastic carrier was inactivated to an effective level (≧3 log virus reduction) within 1 min. With the wiping technique, SAHW-62 could inactivate both AIV and IBV on wiped plastic carriers to an effective level within 30 s. However, SAHW-220 could not inactivate IBV in the wiping rayon sheet to an effective level. In the direct spray test, sprayed SAHW-300 within 10 min, and SAHW-540 within 20 min, inactivated AIV and IBV on the rayon sheets to undetectable level, respectively. Our study indicates that the usage of wipes with SAHW could remove viruses from plastic carriers, while viruses remained in the wipes. Besides, a small volume of sprayed SAHW was effective against the viruses on the rayon sheets for daily cleaning in the application area. The findings we obtained concerning IBV might basically be applicable in relation to SARS-CoV-2, given the resemblance between the two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyaoka
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Md Humayun Kabir
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Md Amirul Hasan
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Dany Shoham
- Bar-Ilan University, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Harumi Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takehara
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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21
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MIYAOKA Y, KABIR MH, HASAN MA, YAMAGUCHI M, SHOHAM D, MURAKAMI H, TAKEHARA K. Establishment and utilization of an evaluation system for virucidal activity of disinfectants against a coronavirus with apparent applicability to SARS-CoV-2. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:48-52. [PMID: 33229794 PMCID: PMC7870412 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decontamination of pathogens on surfaces of substances is very important for controlling infectious diseases. In the present experiments, we tested various disinfectants in aqueous phase as well as on plastic surface carrying a viral inoculum, through dropping and wiping decontamination techniques, comparatively, so as to evaluate virucidal efficacies of those disinfectants toward an avian coronavirus (infectious bronchitis virus: IBV). We regard this evaluation system applicable to SARS-CoV-2. The disinfectants evaluated were 0.17% food additive glade calcium hydroxide (FdCa(OH)2) solution, sodium hypochlorite at 500 or 1,000 ppm of total chlorine (NaClO-500 or NaClO-1,000, respectively), NaClO at 500 ppm of total chlorine in 0.17% FdCa(OH)2 (Mix-500) and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) diluted 500-fold in water (QAC-500). In the suspension test, all solutions inactivated IBV inoculum that contained 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) under detectable level within 30 sec. In the carrier test, all solutions, except NaClO-500, could inactivate IBV with 0.5% FBS on a carrier to undetectable level in the wiping-sheets and wiped-carriers. We thus conclude that suspension and carrier tests should be introduced to evaluate disinfectants for the field usage, and that this evaluation system is important and workable for resultful selection of the tested disinfectants against avian coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, particularly on plastic fomite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu MIYAOKA
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Md. Humayun KABIR
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Md. Amirul HASAN
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makiko YAMAGUCHI
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Dany SHOHAM
- Bar-Ilan University, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Harumi MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuaki TAKEHARA
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Boyce JM. A review of wipes used to disinfect hard surfaces in health care facilities. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:104-114. [PMID: 32569612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a plethora of wipes available for use in health care facilities, there is a paucity of articles describing wipe composition, potential interactions between wipes and disinfectants, the manner in which wipes are used, and their relative efficacy. The purpose of this article is to provide an in-depth review of wipes used for disinfection of hard surfaces in health care settings. METHODS Comprehensive searches of the Pubmed database and Internet were conducted, and articles published from 1953 through September 2019 and pertinent on-line documents were reviewed. Bibliographies of relevant articles were reviewed. RESULTS Wipes vary considerably in their composition, and the disinfectants with which they are used. With reusable dry wipes, the ratio of wipe material to disinfectant and the amount of disinfectant absorbed by the wipe and delivered to surfaces is difficult to standardize, which may affect their efficacy. The manner in which wipes are used by health care personnel is highly variable, due in part to insufficient instructions for use and inadequate education of relevant personnel. CONCLUSIONS Additional research is needed regarding the best practices for using different types of wipes, improved methods for educating staff, and establishing the relative efficacy of wipes in reducing environmental contamination and health care-associated infections.
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Nkemngong CA, Chaggar GK, Li X, Teska PJ, Oliver HF. Disinfectant wipes transfer Clostridioides difficile spores from contaminated surfaces to uncontaminated surfaces during the disinfection process. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:176. [PMID: 33148316 PMCID: PMC7641809 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-wetted disinfectant wipes are increasingly being used in healthcare facilities to help address the risk of healthcare associated infections (HAIs). However, HAIs are still a major problem in the US with Clostridioides difficile being the most common cause, leading to approximately 12,800 deaths annually in the US. An underexplored risk when using disinfectant wipes is that they may cross-contaminate uncontaminated surfaces during the wiping process. The objective of this study was to determine the cross-contamination risk that pre-wetted disinfectant towelettes may pose when challenged with C. difficile spores. We hypothesized that although the tested disinfectant wipes had no sporicidal claims, they will reduce spore loads. We also hypothesized that hydrogen peroxide disinfectant towelettes would present a lower cross-contamination risk than quaternary ammonium products. METHODS We evaluated the risk of cross-contamination when disinfectant wipes are challenged with C. difficile ATCC 43598 spores on Formica surfaces. A disinfectant wipe was used to wipe a Formica sheet inoculated with C. difficile. After the wiping process, we determined log10 CFU on previously uncontaminated pre-determined distances from the inoculation point and on the used wipes. RESULTS We found that the disinfectant wipes transferred C. difficile spores from inoculated surfaces to previously uncontaminated surfaces. We also found that wipes physically removed C. difficile spores and that hydrogen peroxide disinfectants were more sporicidal than the quaternary ammonium disinfectants. CONCLUSION Regardless of the product type, all disinfectant wipes had some sporicidal effect but transferred C. difficile spores from contaminated to otherwise previously uncontaminated surfaces. Disinfectant wipes retain C. difficile spores during and after the wiping process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine A. Nkemngong
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Gurpreet K. Chaggar
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | | | | | - Haley F. Oliver
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Effectiveness of Chemical Compounds Used against African Swine Fever Virus in Commercial Available Disinfectants. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110878. [PMID: 33114391 PMCID: PMC7693804 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes huge economic losses and is one of most dangerous diseases of pigs. The disease is known for almost 100 years, an effective vaccine or treatment is still unavailable, only proper biosecurity measures, including disinfection, are being applied, in order to prevent disease outbreaks. Eight active substances, i.e., formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, caustic soda, glutaraldehyde, phenol, benzalkonium chloride, potassium peroxymonosulfate and acetic acid, were tested, in order to confirm their effectiveness against African swine fever virus (ASFV). This specific selection was done based on the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)’s recommendation and previous disinfectant studies on surfaces. The result of our study shows that most of them inactivate the virus, in recommended concentrations. In order to reduce the cytotoxicity of the four substances, Microspin S-400 HR columns were applied, therefore making it possible to demonstrate four logarithms virus titer reduction. Sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, caustic soda and potassium peroxymonosulfate showed the best ASFV inactivation rates, achieving titer reductions over 5 logs. Despite microfiltration, the virucidal activity of formaldehyde was not assessable, due to its high cytotoxicity. Our results showed that cleaning is particularly important, because removal of the soiling provides improved effectiveness of the tested chemical compounds.
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Jahromi R, Mogharab V, Jahromi H, Avazpour A. Synergistic effects of anionic surfactants on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virucidal efficiency of sanitizing fluids to fight COVID-19. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111702. [PMID: 32860861 PMCID: PMC7448729 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our surrounding environment, especially often-touched contaminated surfaces, plays an important role in the transmission of pathogens in society. The shortage of effective sanitizing fluids, however, became a global challenge quickly after the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak in December 2019. In this study, we present the effect of surfactants on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virucidal efficiency in sanitizing fluids. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLS), and two commercial dish soap and liquid hand soap were studied with the goal of evaporation rate reduction in sanitizing liquids to maximize surface contact time. Twelve fluids with different recipes composed of ethanol, isopropanol, SDBS, SLS, glycerin, and water of standardized hardness (WSH) were tested for their evaporation time and virucidal efficiency. Evaporation time increased by 17-63% when surfactant agents were added to the liquid. In addition, surfactant incorporation enhanced the virucidal efficiency between 15 and 27% according to the 4-field test in the EN 16615:2015 European Standard method. Most importantly, however, we found that surfactant addition provides a synergistic effect with alcohols to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study provides a simple, yet effective solution to improve the virucidal efficiency of commonly used sanitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jahromi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Vahid Mogharab
- Department of Pediatrics, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Hossein Jahromi
- Biosystems Engineering Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Arezoo Avazpour
- School of Medicine, Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Cutts TA, Robertson C, Theriault SS, Nims RW, Kasloff SB, Rubino JR, Ijaz MK. Assessing the Contributions of Inactivation, Removal, and Transfer of Ebola Virus and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Disinfectant Pre-soaked Wipes. Front Public Health 2020; 8:183. [PMID: 32582604 PMCID: PMC7280553 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinfectant pre-soaked wipes (DPW) containing activated hydrogen peroxide (AHP) or quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) were tested using ASTM E2967-15 to determine removal, transfer, and inactivation of Ebola virus Makona variant (EBOV/Mak) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from contaminated stainless steel prototypic environmental surfaces. The infectious virus-contaminated carriers were subjected to wiping in the Wiperator per the standard. Following the use of negative control (J-Cloth)-, AHP-, or QAC-based wipes, recovery of residual infectious virus was assayed. In the case of the J-Cloth wipes (negative control), although removal of virus from inoculated carriers was extensive i.e., ~99% (1.9–3.5 log10) transfer of virus by these wipes to a secondary surface amounted to ≤ 2% (~3.8 log10) of the initial virus load. In the case of each DPW, >6 log10 removal/inactivation of virus was observed, with limited (EBOV/Mak) or no (VSV) virus transfer observed. The efficacy of wipes for decontaminating high-touch environmental surfaces spiked with EBOV/Mak or VSV is discussed. In summary, removal of EBOV/Mak and VSV using wipes was extensive in this study. In the absence of a sufficient concentration and contact time of an appropriate microbicidal active in DPW (such as the AHP- and QAC-based DPW tested), transfer of a low, albeit significant (from an infectious unit/infectious dose perspective), quantity of infectious virus from the inoculated surface to a secondary surface was observed. In the case of Ebola virus, it is essential that a DPW with an appropriate microbicidal active, following the appropriate contact time, be used to prevent unintended transfer of infectious virus to a clean secondary surface (as observed in negative control /J-Cloth). Otherwise, there exists the possibility of dissemination of Ebola virus and the associated risk of transmission of Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Cutts
- Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Catherine Robertson
- Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Steven S Theriault
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Raymond W Nims
- RMC Pharmaceutical Solutions, Inc., Longmont, CO, United States
| | - Samantha B Kasloff
- Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joseph R Rubino
- Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Montvale, NJ, United States
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Montvale, NJ, United States.,Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY, United States
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