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Guo Y, Zhu L, Zhang L, Tang X, Li X, Ge Y, Li F, Yang J, Lu S, Chen J, Zhou X. Temporal Variation and Industry-Specific Differences of the Use of Volatile Organic Compounds from 2018 to 2023 and Their Health Risks in a Typical Industrially Concentrated Area in South China. TOXICS 2024; 12:634. [PMID: 39330562 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The risk of occupational exposure to organic solvents varies across industries due to factors such as processing materials, ventilation conditions, and exposure duration. Given the dynamic nature of organic solvent use and occupational exposures, continuous monitoring and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk hazards and developing targeted prevention strategies. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the use of organic solvents and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different industries in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, China, from 2018 to 2023, to understand their temporal variation and industry-specific differences and to identify high-risk occupational hazards. This study includes 1335 organic solvent samples, used by 414 different industry enterprises, and 1554 air samples. The result shows that the usage of organic solvents in various industries decreased with the outbreak of the pandemic and, conversely, increased as the situation improved. The most frequently detected volatile components in organic solvents were alkanes, followed by aromatic hydrocarbons. The ratios of the detection frequency of VOCs to the total number of detected categories increased year by year after 2020, indicating a tendency towards reduction and concentration of the types of organic solvents used in industrial production. Among the 8 high-risk VOCs, toluene (22.5%), n-hexane (22.0%), xylene (16.1%), and ethylbenzene (15.3%) have relatively high detection rates, suggesting that they need to be focused on in occupational health. Through air samples, the results show that trichloroethylene and xylene pose a high risk to human health (HQ > 1). We recommend that industry should strengthen monitoring of these two VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Guo
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen 518126, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen 518126, China
| | - Liyin Zhang
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen 518126, China
| | - Xinxin Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xinjie Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yiming Ge
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Feng Li
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen 518126, China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen 518126, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jinru Chen
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen 518126, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhou
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen 518126, China
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2
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Boyce JM. Current issues in hand hygiene. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A35-A43. [PMID: 37890952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple aspects of hand hygiene have changed in recent years. METHODS A PubMed search was conducted to identify recent articles about hand hygiene. RESULTS The COVID-19 pandemic caused temporary changes in hand hygiene compliance rates and shortages of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs), and in marketing of some products that were ineffective or unsafe. Fortunately, ABHSs are effective against SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging pathogens including Candida auris and mpox. Proper placement, maintenance, and design of ABHS dispensers have gained additional attention. Current evidence suggests that if an adequate volume of ABHS has been applied to hands, personnel must rub their hands together for at least 15 seconds before hands feel dry (dry time), which is the primary driver of antimicrobial efficacy. Accordingly, practical methods of monitoring hand hygiene technique are needed. Direct observation of hand hygiene compliance remains a challenge in many healthcare facilities, generating increased interest in automated hand hygiene monitoring systems (AHHMSs). However, several barriers have hindered widespread adoption of AHHMSs. AHHMSs must be implemented as part of a multimodal improvement program to successfully improve hand hygiene performance rates. CONCLUSIONS Remaining gaps in our understanding of hand hygiene warrant continued research into factors impacting hand hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Boyce
- J.M. Boyce Consulting, LLC, Middletown, CT, USA.
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3
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Ma Y, Yi J, Ma J, Yu H, Luo L, Wu W, Jin L, Yang Q, Lou T, Sun D, Cao M. Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products. TOXICS 2023; 11:687. [PMID: 37624192 PMCID: PMC10459210 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hand hygiene is a crucial measure in the prevention and control of infections, and there is a growing awareness among individuals who are making a conscious effort to maintain hand cleanliness. With the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the demand for hand hygiene products has also gradually shifted towards those with antimicrobial properties. Among these products, hand sanitizer gels (HSGs) have gained considerable popularity as an efficient method of hand cleaning, due to their rapid drying and sustained antimicrobial efficacy. Concurrently, there has been a growing interest in novel HSGs that offer additional functions such as skin whitening, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory effects. These novel HSGs effectively address concerns associated with the ingestion of antimicrobial ingredients and demonstrate reduced skin irritation, thereby alleviating hand dermatological issues. This review provides an extensive overview of the application scenarios, classification, and challenges associated with HSGs while emphasizing the emergence of novel components with biological functions, aiming to contribute to the advancement of hand hygiene practices and offer novel insights for the development of novel HSGs with outstanding antimicrobial properties with other multiple biological functions and desirable biosafety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jia Yi
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Li Luo
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ting Lou
- Yiwu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiwu 322000, China;
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Min Cao
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China
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Jangjou A, Moqadas M, Mohsenian L, Kamyab H, Chelliapan S, Alshehery S, Ali MA, Dehbozorgi F, Yadav KK, Khorami M, Zarei Jelyani N. Awareness raising and dealing with methanol poisoning based on effective strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115886. [PMID: 37072082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Intoxication with methanol most commonly occurs as a consequence of ingesting, inhaling, or coming into contact with formulations that include methanol as a base. Clinical manifestations of methanol poisoning include suppression of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal symptoms, and decompensated metabolic acidosis, which is associated with impaired vision and either early or late blindness within 0.5-4 h after ingestion. After ingestion, methanol concentrations in the blood that are greater than 50 mg/dl should raise some concern. Ingested methanol is typically digested by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and it is subsequently redistributed to the body's water to attain a volume distribution that is about equivalent to 0.77 L/kg. Moreover, it is removed from the body as its natural, unchanged parent molecules. Due to the fact that methanol poisoning is relatively uncommon but frequently involves a large number of victims at the same time, this type of incident occupies a special position in the field of clinical toxicology. The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an increase in erroneous assumptions regarding the preventative capability of methanol in comparison to viral infection. More than 1000 Iranians fell ill, and more than 300 of them passed away in March of this year after they consumed methanol in the expectation that it would protect them from a new coronavirus. The Atlanta epidemic, which involved 323 individuals and resulted in the deaths of 41, is one example of mass poisoning. Another example is the Kristiansand outbreak, which involved 70 people and resulted in the deaths of three. In 2003, the AAPCC received reports of more than one thousand pediatric exposures. Since methanol poisoning is associated with high mortality rates, it is vital that the condition be addressed seriously and managed as quickly as feasible. The objective of this review was to raise awareness about the mechanism and metabolism of methanol toxicity, the introduction of therapeutic interventions such as gastrointestinal decontamination and methanol metabolism inhibition, the correction of metabolic disturbances, and the establishment of novel diagnostic/screening nanoparticle-based strategies for methanol poisoning such as the discovery of ADH inhibitors as well as the detection of the adulteration of alcoholic drinks by nanoparticles in order to prevent methanol poisoning. In conclusion, increasing warnings and knowledge about clinical manifestations, medical interventions, and novel strategies for methanol poisoning probably results in a decrease in the death load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jangjou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Moqadas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Mohsenian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India; Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan
- Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jln Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sultan Alshehery
- Department of Mechanical Engineering King Khalid University, zip code - 62217, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Azam Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering King Khalid University, zip code - 62217, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farbod Dehbozorgi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| | - Masoud Khorami
- Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Zarei Jelyani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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5
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Nisbar ND, Jamal Khair SK, Bujang NB, Mohd Yusop AY. Determination of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and methanol in alcohol-based hand sanitiser to ensure product quality, safety and efficacy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9478. [PMID: 37301842 PMCID: PMC10257369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is an unprecedented global pandemic, sparking grave public health emergencies. One of the measures to reduce COVID-19 transmissions recommended by the World Health Organization is hand hygiene, i.e., washing hands with soap and water or disinfecting them using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser (ABHS). Unfortunately, competing ABHSs with unknown quality, safety, and efficacy thrived, posing yet another risk to consumers. This study aims to develop, optimise, and validate a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based analytical method to simultaneously identify and quantify ethanol or isopropyl alcohol as the active ingredient in ABHS, with simultaneous determination of methanol as an impurity. The GC-MS was operated in Electron Ionisation mode, and Selected Ion Monitoring was chosen as the data acquisition method for quantitation. The analytical method was validated for liquid and gel ABHSs, covering the specificity, linearity and range, accuracy, and precisions, including the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation. The specificity of each target analyte was established using the optimised chromatographic separation with unique quantifier and qualifier ions. The linearity was ascertained with a coefficient of determination (r2) of > 0.9994 over the corresponding specification range. Respectively, the accuracy and precisions were satisfactory within 98.99 to 101.09% and < 3.04% of the relative standard deviation. The method was successfully applied to 69 ABHS samples, where 14 contained insufficient amounts of the active ingredient. Alarmingly, four samples comprised a high amount of methanol ranging from 5.3 to 19.4% with respect to the active alcohol percentage, which may pose significant short- and long-term health issues, leading to life-threatening crises for consumers. The method established would benefit in protecting the public against the potential harm due to substandard or unsafe ABHS products, primarily due to the presence of hazardous impurities such as methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Dayana Nisbar
- Centre of Compliance and Quality Control, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sara Khalida Jamal Khair
- Centre of Compliance and Quality Control, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Baizura Bujang
- Centre of Compliance and Quality Control, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Yusri Mohd Yusop
- Centre of Compliance and Quality Control, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
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6
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Rafizadeh A, Kolahi AA, Shariati S, Zamani N, Roberts DM, Hassanian-Moghaddam H. The danger of the toxicity and inefficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs in Iran during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:42. [PMID: 37098641 PMCID: PMC10127170 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of disinfectants and alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) to prevent COVID-19 transmission increased in the first wave of the infection. To meet the increased demand, the Iranian Ministry of Health issued an emergency use authorization allowing new manufacturers to enter the market, despite the limited capacity for surveillance of these products during COVID-19. Methanol poisoning outbreaks spread rapidly, and more people died from methanol poisoning than COVID-19 in some cities. The aim of this study was to analyze some ABHRs in the Iranian market to see if (a) ABHRs are standard and suitable for hand antisepsis and (b) contained potentially dangerous toxic alcohols. METHOD Between February and March 2020, 64 brands of ABHR were conveniently collected from pharmacies, supermarkets, and shops selling hygienic products and analyzed using Gas Chromatography. World Health Organization and Food and Drug Administration guidelines were used to define minimum requirements for ABHR. For estimating the risk for acute methanol poisoning, we assumed a serum methanol concentration of 200 mg/L following ABHR ingestion was sufficient to cause intoxication. This threshold concentration would be achieved in an average 75-kg adult after consuming 8000 mg (or eight grams) methanol in 1-2 h. RESULTS The median [IQR] (range) concentration of ethanol, isopropanol, and methanol were 59% v/v [32.2, 68] (0, 99), 0 mg/L [0, 0] (0, 197,961), and 0 mg/L [0, 0] (0, 680,100), respectively. There was a strong negative correlation between methanol and ethanol contents of hand rubbers (r= -0.617, p < 0.001). Almost 47% of ABHRs complied with minimum standards. In 12.5% of ABHRs, high concentrations of methanol were observed, which have no antiseptic properties but could cause acute methanol poisoning if ingested. CONCLUSION COVID-19 initiated a policy for distribution and use of ABHR with little control. As ABHR and masks are still accepted preventive measures of the disease, non-standard ABHR compositions may increase the population's risk to both COVID-19 infection and methanol poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rafizadeh
- Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Shariati
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nasim Zamani
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Agnes Medical Center, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Darren M Roberts
- Edith Collins Centre, Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Islam M, Shahin Ahmed K, Karim R, Nath BD, Prosad Moulick S, Islam R, Mahmudul Hassan SM, Hossain H, Moniruzzaman M, Jahan MS, Ali Shaikh A, Georghiou PE. Alcohol-based Hand Sanitizers amid COVID-19: Chemical Formulation, Analysis, Safety. ChemistrySelect 2022; 7:e202203290. [PMID: 36718183 PMCID: PMC9877727 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs) containing ethanol (EtOH) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to inactivate microorganisms help prevent the spread of respiratory diseases. These products have become very popular during the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from vaccines or other preventative antiseptic measures, the majority of consumers have relied on different types of ABHSs to disinfect their hands. As a result, there has been a global rush in the demand for these ABHSs and other antiseptic hygiene products. This has resulted in the formation of many new commercial sanitizer producers. There are around fifty companies of varying sizes that have been marketing their ABHSs in Bangladesh, most of which have only been manufacturing their products for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic. To monitor the quality and components of these products, the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) analyzed approximately 200 different hand sanitizer samples using GC-FID method. All samples were alcohol-based except for 3 which were alcohol-free aqueous hand sanitizers. Of the supplied formulated ABHSs, 80 samples were found to contain only IPA and 54 contained only EtOH. However, 28 samples were found to be contaminated with methanol (MeOH), 7 samples contained only MeOH and 18 samples contained both EtOH and IPA. This is the first study to explore the analysis of alcohol content in formulated ABHSs and their marketing status in Bangladesh, but the findings could be of use in other jurisdictions as similar issues have been raised in many parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monarul Islam
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
- Central Analytical & Research Facilities (CARF)Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh.
| | - Khondoker Shahin Ahmed
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Rezaul Karim
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Bikash Dev Nath
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
- Department of ChemistryDhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET)Gazipur1707Bangladesh
| | - Shyama Prosad Moulick
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Islam
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Sharkar Md. Mahmudul Hassan
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Hemayet Hossain
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
- Central Analytical & Research Facilities (CARF)Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
- Central Analytical & Research Facilities (CARF)Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh.
| | - M. Sarwar Jahan
- BCSIR Dhaka LaboratoriesBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh
| | - Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) DhanmondiDhaka1205Bangladesh.
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DhakaDhaka1000Bangladesh.
| | - Paris E. Georghiou
- Department of ChemistryMemorial University of Newfoundland, St. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorA1B 3X7Canada
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Selam MN, Habte BM, Marew T, Bitew M, Getachew T, Getachew S, Abate A, Mitiku M, Matsabisa M, Birhanu G. Evaluation of quality and antimicrobial efficacy of locally manufactured alcohol-based hand sanitizers marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in the era of COVID-19. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:126. [PMID: 36209192 PMCID: PMC9547578 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been rapidly spreading across the globe since the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the disease outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Hand hygiene, via either regular handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitizers, is among the various measures that need to be followed to control the outbreak of the disease. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) are the "gold standard" for hand disinfection because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity, easy availability, better safety profile, and general acceptability to users. This study aimed at evaluating the physicochemical quality and antimicrobial efficacy of the locally manufactured ABHS marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was used to collect ABHS from Addis Ababa marketplaces. A total of 25 sample products were randomly selected from different categories of hand sanitizer manufacturers. The physicochemical evaluation of the products was carried out as per the United States Pharmacopoeia and WHO standards. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp clinical isolates were used for the antimicrobial efficacy test. RESULTS The Fourier Transform Infrared result confirmed that all the test products met the identification test for ethanol. The majority (68%) of ABHS complied with the test for ethanol content (75-85% v/v). However, only 3 products fulfilled the hydrogen peroxide content (0.112-0.137% v/v). LPC307 showed the maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm against Escherichia coli whereas MPC204 exhibited only 3 mm. LPC101 was found to be more sensitive to Shigella and Klebsiella Spp with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 20% and 10%, respectively. The sample product LPC101 showed a minimum bactericidal concentration of 20% against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. CONCLUSION One-third of the tested ABHS did not comply with the WHO ethanol content limit and the majority of the products failed to meet the label claim for hydrogen peroxide content. Besides, nearly all products proved that they have activity against all the tested pathogenic microorganisms at a minimum concentration from 10 to 80%; though, they did not show 99.9% bacteriostatic or bactericidal activities as claimed. The study findings suggested regular monitoring of the quality of marketed ABHS considering the current wide use of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Nigatu Selam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bruck Messele Habte
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Marew
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Molalegne Bitew
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Getachew
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Atlaw Abate
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mequanint Mitiku
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Motlalepula Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Gebremariam Birhanu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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9
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Mahdavi SA, Zamani N, McDonald R, Akhgari M, Kolahi AA, Gheshlaghi F, Ostadi A, Dehghan A, Moshiri M, Rahbar-Taramsari M, Delirrad M, Mohtasham N, Afzali S, Ebrahimi S, Ziaeefar P, Khosravi N, Kazemifar AM, Ghadirzadeh M, Farajidana H, Barghemadi T, Sadeghi F, Hadeiy SK, Hadipourzadeh M, Mesbahi J, Malekpour MR, Arabi M, Jamshidi F, Dadpour B, Hovda KE, Hassanian-Moghaddam H. A cross-sectional multicenter linkage study of hospital admissions and mortality due to methanol poisoning in Iranian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9741. [PMID: 35697919 PMCID: PMC9189800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A methanol poisoning outbreak occurred in Iran during the initial months of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of the outbreak in terms of hospitalizations and deaths. A cross-sectional linkage study was conducted based on the hospitalization data collected from thirteen referral toxicology centers throughout Iran as well as mortality data obtained from the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization (LMO). Patient data were extracted for all cases aged > 19 years with toxic alcohol poisoning during the study period from February until June 2020. A total of 795 patients were hospitalized due to methanol poisoning, of whom 84 died. Median [interquartile ratio; IQR] age was 32 [26, 40] years (range 19–91 years). Patients had generally ingested alcohol for recreational motives (653, 82.1%) while 3.1% (n = 25) had consumed alcohol-based hand sanitizers to prevent or cure COVID-19 infection. Age was significantly lower in survivors than in non-survivors (P < 0.001) and in patients without sequelae vs. with sequelae (P = 0.026). Twenty non-survivors presented with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score > 8, six of whom were completely alert on presentation to the emergency departments. The time from alcohol ingestion to hospital admission was not significantly different between provinces. In East Azerbaijan province, where hemodialysis was started within on average 60 min of admission, the rate of sequelae was 11.4% (compared to 19.6% average of other provinces)—equivalent to a reduction of the odds of sequelae by 2.1 times [95% CI 1.2, 3.7; p = 0.009]. Older patients were more prone to fatal outcome and sequelae, including visual disturbances. Early arrival at the hospital can facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment and may reduce long-term morbidity from methanol poisoning. Our data thus suggest the importance of raising public awareness of the risks and early symptoms of methanol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasim Zamani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rebecca McDonald
- SERAF, Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maryam Akhgari
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Gheshlaghi
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Ostadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sina Medical Research & Training Hospital, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Dehghan
- Accident Prevention and Crisis Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morteza Rahbar-Taramsari
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Delirrad
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Neda Mohtasham
- Department of Pediatric Clinical Toxicology, Abuzar's Children Medical Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Afzali
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Ziaeefar
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Khosravi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | - Hoorvash Farajidana
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Tahereh Barghemadi
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farangis Sadeghi
- Clinical Development Research Unit, Seyad Shirazi Hospital, Golestan University of Medial Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Kaveh Hadeiy
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hadipourzadeh
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arabi
- Department of Family Medicine, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Jamshidi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bita Dadpour
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Knut Erik Hovda
- The Norwegian CBRNE Centre of Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Loghman-Hakim Hospital Poison Center, South Karegar Street, Kamali St, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Monitoring of alcohol-based hand rubs in SARS-CoV-2 prevention by HS-GC/MS and electrochemical biosensor: A survey of commercial samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114694. [PMID: 35290924 PMCID: PMC8882042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) have found large diffusion during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, thus becoming the most widespread means for hand hygiene. Whereby, it is fundamental to assess the alignment of commercial ABHRs to the indications provided by the principal health agencies regarding alcohol content and possible impurities. In this work, a novel improvement of previous existent methods for the determination of alcohol content in such products was reported. In particular, two alternative sensitive and reproducible methods, such as an electrochemical screen-printed based enzymatic (alcohol oxidase) biosensor and a Headspace Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) were proposed. The electrochemical device represents a rapid, low-cost and accurate fraud screening method for alcohol-based hand rubs. The second technique confirms, identifies and simultaneously determines ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, improving their extraction through acidification in the sample pre-treatment step. The developed specific HS-GC/MS method was in-house validated according to ISO/IEC 17025 requirements. Analytical parameters such as limit of detection (LoD 0.13%v/v - 0.17%v/v), limit of quantification (LoQ 0.44% v/v - 0.57% v/v), inter-day repeatability (RSDR 2.1–10.7%) and recovery (80–110%) were assessed. The relative expanded uncertainties range (between 0.1%v/v and 3.4%v/v) for all the analytes were evaluated. Results obtained using the different analytical approaches were compared and indicated that the two data sets were comparable (median; HS-GC/MS, 56%v/v; electrochemical biosensor, 62%v/v) and were not statistically different (one-way ANOVA test; p = 0.062). In addition, a good correlation (95%) was found. This study noticed that only 39% of the tested hand sanitiser products had the recommended average alcohol content, thus highlighting the need for analytical controls on this type of products.
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11
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Eggers M, Baumann A, Lilienthal N, Steinmann E, Steinmann J, Hübner NO, Rabenau HF, Weinheimer V, Schwebke I. [Disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic: a challenge]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2022; 65:86-95. [PMID: 34878564 PMCID: PMC8652094 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disinfection measures have become more important as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. The increased need for disinfectants at the beginning of the pandemic required temporary legal regulations in order to provide a sufficient quantity of products for the necessary disinfection in the medical sector on the one hand and for the additional demand in the population on the other. For this purpose, the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) and the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) issued a general ruling, which is explained in more detail in this article. The focus was on measures for hygienic hand disinfection. However, other applications such as surface disinfection in relation to pandemic respiratory diseases are also addressed. The experience gained in ensuring the supply of disinfectants that are effective and safe to use should be used to prepare for further pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Eggers
- Kommission für Virusdesinfektion, Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) e. V., Geschäftsstelle Kiel, Kiel, Deutschland.
- Gesellschaft für Virologie (GfV) e. V., Geschäftsstelle Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
- Labor Prof. G. Enders MVZ GbR, Rosenbergstraße 85, 70193, Stuttgart, Deutschland.
| | - Anna Baumann
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Nils Lilienthal
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Abteilung für Molekulare & Medizinische Virologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Jochen Steinmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Nils-Olaf Hübner
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Deutschland
| | - Holger F Rabenau
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Viola Weinheimer
- Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Ingeborg Schwebke
- Kommission für Virusdesinfektion, Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) e. V., Geschäftsstelle Kiel, Kiel, Deutschland
- Gesellschaft für Virologie (GfV) e. V., Geschäftsstelle Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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12
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Methanol poisoning during COVID-19 pandemic; A systematic scoping review. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 52:69-84. [PMID: 34883289 PMCID: PMC8611855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In this systematic scoping review, it was aimed to assess the epidemiology of methanol poisoning, clinical findings and patients' management, causes, and recommendations regarding prevention or reduction of methanol poisoning during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Three Electronic databases [Medline (accessed from PubMed), Scopus, and Science Direct] were searched systematically from December 01, 2019 to September 10, 2020, using MESH terms and the related keywords in English language. Considering the titles and abstracts, unrelated studies were excluded. The full texts of the remained studies were evaluated by authors, independently. Then, the studies' findings were assessed and reported. Results Total of 86 articles were obtained within the first step of searching, and 64 ones remained after removing the duplications. Through the title and abstract screening, 35 were removed. Finally, after reading the full text of the remained articles, 15 ones included in data extraction. Most of the previous reported evidence (13/15) were letter to editor, commentary and short reports. None of them were interventional, and none of them followed the patients. Findings were summarized in four categories: 1) epidemiology; 2) clinical findings and patients' management; 3) causes; and 4) recommendation regarding prevention or reduction of methanol poisoning during COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion The recent outbreak is the largest methanol mass poisoning outbreak throughout Iran and the world in recent decades. The causes of methanol poisoning during the COVID-19 pandemic are intertwined, and most of them are modifiable by health policy makers. Building trust, educating and warning, as well as controlling and monitoring are three main recommendation for prevention or reduction of methanol poisoning.
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13
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Ng JK, Tay FH, Wray PS, Mohd Saberi SS, Ken Ting KK, Khor SM, Chan KLA. Inexpensive Portable Infrared Device to Detect and Quantify Alcohols in Hand Sanitizers for Public Health and Safety. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15015-15023. [PMID: 34730329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The onset of Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the exponential growth of alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR)/hand sanitizer use. Reports have emerged of ABHR products containing methanol, a highly toxic compound to humans, exposing users to acute and chronic medical illnesses. While gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains the gold-standard method for the detection and identification of impurities in ABHRs, there exist limitations at widespread volume testing. This paper demonstrates the capability of an inexpensive portable pyroelectric linear array infrared spectrometer to rapidly test ABHR and compare the performance with a benchtop Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and HS-GC-MS. Multicomponent partial least square quantification models were built with performance found to be comparable between the two spectrometers and with the HS-GC-MS. Furthermore, the portable spectrometer was field-tested with real-world samples in Malaysia on both retail products (Group A) and freely deployed public dispensers (Group B) between May and November 2020. A total of 386 samples were tested. Only 75.2% of Group A met the criteria of safe and effective ABHR [no detectable methanol and alcohol concentration above 60% (v/v)], while <50% of Group B did. In addition, 7.4 and 18.8% of Group A and Group B, respectively, were found to contain methanol above permissible limits. The high percentage of sub-standard and methanol-containing samples combined with the frequent use of ABHR by the public highlights the need for and importance of a portable and rapid testing device for widespread screening of ABHR against falsified products and protects the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Kwan Ng
- JPS Partners, Kota Kemuning, 40460 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia.,IDIR Solutions, Jalan Kpk 1/2, Kawasan Perindustrian Kundang, 48020 Rawang, Selangor
| | - Feng Huai Tay
- IDIR Solutions, Jalan Kpk 1/2, Kawasan Perindustrian Kundang, 48020 Rawang, Selangor
| | - Patrick Steven Wray
- IDIR Solutions, Jalan Kpk 1/2, Kawasan Perindustrian Kundang, 48020 Rawang, Selangor
| | | | - Kenny Kai Ken Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sook Mei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ka Lung Andrew Chan
- IDIR Solutions, Jalan Kpk 1/2, Kawasan Perindustrian Kundang, 48020 Rawang, Selangor.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, SE1 9NH London, U.K
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14
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Koksoy Vayisoglu S, Oncu E. The use of cleaning products and its relationship with the increasing health risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14534. [PMID: 34129746 PMCID: PMC8420600 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine the factors affecting the use of cleaning products at the home environment and the frequency of problems during the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional research was performed online between 30 August 2020 and 15 September 2020. The population of the study consisted of adults aged between 18 and 80 years, affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection forms (introductory information and risk perception form and cleaning products usage characteristics form) were shared through Web2 tools. The questionnaire study was completed with 674 participants between the ages of 18 and 80 years in Turkey. Descriptive statistics and classification tree were used in the analysis of the data. Statistical significance was accepted as P ≤ .01 in all analyses. RESULTS During the pandemic period compared with the pre-pandemic period, it was observed that the frequency of cleaning (69.3%) and the amount of cleaning product usage (74.2%) increased significantly and the frequency of problems related to the use of cleaning products was found as 46.9%. The most commonly reported problems were skin disturbances (68%) and shortness of breath (23%). It was determined that the history of contact with the COVID-19 patient, the perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and risky cleaning behaviour were predictive in determining the risk of experiencing problems related to cleaning products. The amount of bleach consumed per month among who did experience problems was higher than those who did not experience problems and was associated with the perceived risk of COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSION In the COVID-19 pandemic, human beings have been found to increase the frequency of cleaning and using cleaning products. In order to reduce the negative effects of chemicals used for cleaning on human and environmental health, the trainings to be given by the teams providing primary healthcare services can be effective as well as general education activities for community groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emine Oncu
- Department of Public Health NursingNursing FacultyMersin UniversityMersinTurkey
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15
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Abstract
Hand hygiene by health care personnel is an important measure for preventing health care-associated infections, but adherence rates and technique remain suboptimal. Alcohol-based hand rubs are the preferred method of hand hygiene in most clinical scenarios, are more effective and better tolerated than handwashing, and their use has facilitated improved adherence rates. Obtaining accurate estimates of hand hygiene adherence rates using direct observations of personnel is challenging. Combining automated hand hygiene monitoring systems with direct observations is a promising strategy, and is likely to yield the best estimates of adherence. Greater attention to hand hygiene technique is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Boyce
- J.M. Boyce Consulting, LLC, 62 Sonoma Lane, Middletown, CT 06457, USA.
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16
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Anderson ER, Hughes GL, Patterson EI. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and in solution with Virusend (TX-10), a novel disinfectant. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000228. [PMID: 34151178 PMCID: PMC8208756 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Until an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is available on a widespread scale, the control of the COVID-19 pandemic is reliant upon effective pandemic control measures. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to remain viable on surfaces and in aerosols, means indirect contact transmission can occur and there is an opportunity to reduce transmission using effective disinfectants in public and communal spaces. Virusend (TX-10), a novel disinfectant, has been developed as a highly effective disinfectant against a range of microbial agents. Here we investigate the ability of Virusend to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Using surface and solution inactivation assays, we show that Virusend is able to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral titre by 4 log10 p.f.u. ml-1 within 1 min of contact. Ensuring disinfectants are highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 is important in eliminating environmental sources of the virus to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyia R. Anderson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Edward I. Patterson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, ON, Canada
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17
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Abuga K, Nyamweya N. Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective. PHARMACY 2021; 9:64. [PMID: 33808754 PMCID: PMC8006002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) as an important means of controlling the transmission of infectious disease has increased significantly as governments and public health agencies across the world advocated hand hygiene as a preventative measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the performance of these products is most commonly defined as a function of their alcohol concentration, they are multifaceted products in which an interplay of several factors is important in determining efficacy. This paper discusses the interplay between ABHS input (formulation) factors and output (product performance) factors in the context of a multidimensional perspective using a novel representative paradigm. In the model, represented in the form of a three-dimensional tetrahedron, each of the faces represents inputs in the manufacturing of the ABHS product, which are the type and amount of alcohol, the inactive ingredients, the formulation and the manufacturing practices. The four corners of the tetrahedron represent the product performance factors which include product efficacy, sensory characteristics, usage and compliance and product safety. The multidimensional approach to the formulation and evaluation of ABHS shows that several factors contribute to the effectiveness and utility of these products. The paradigm provides a useful framework for manufacturers of ABHS and related healthcare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Abuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676-00202, Kenya
| | - Nasser Nyamweya
- Pharma Manufacturing Solutions, Nairobi P.O. Box 21297-00505, Kenya;
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18
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Phillips T, Schulte JM, Smith EA, Roth B, Kleinschmidt KC. COVID-19 and contamination: impact on exposures to alcohol-based hand sanitizers reported to Texas Poison Control Centers, 2020. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:926-931. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1887491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Phillips
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Toxicology Division, Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joann M. Schulte
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Dallas County Health & Human Services, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eric Anthony Smith
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Toxicology Division, Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brett Roth
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Toxicology Division, Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kurt C. Kleinschmidt
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Toxicology Division, Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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19
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Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and in solution with Virusend (TX-10), a novel disinfectant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33269346 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.25.394288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Until an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is available on a widespread scale, the control of the COVID-19 pandemic is reliant upon effective pandemic control measures. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to remain viable on surfaces and in aerosols, means indirect contact transmission can occur and so there is an opportunity to reduce transmission using effective disinfectants in public and communal spaces. Virusend (TX-10), a novel disinfectant, has been developed as a highly effective disinfectant against a range of microbial agents. Here we investigate the ability of Virusend (TX-10) to inactivation SARS-CoV-2. Using surface and solution inactivation assays, we show that Virusend (TX-10) is able to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral titre by 4log 10 PFU/mL within 1 minute of contact. Ensuring disinfectants are highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 is important in eliminating environmental sources of the virus to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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20
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Selam MN. Hand Sanitizers Marketed in the Streets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in the Era of COVID-19: A Quality Concern. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:2483-2487. [PMID: 33177903 PMCID: PMC7652216 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s284007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand hygiene is one of the least expensive measures proven to be effective in preventing the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). When access to handwashing facilities is limited, hand sanitizers offer a viable alternative for hand hygiene. Since the appearance of the first case of COVID-19 in Ethiopia, the demand for hand sanitizers, especially alcohol-based handrubs (ABHRs), was found to be increased. In the country, more than 100 manufacturers are engaged in the production of ABHRs. Besides, there are similar products without labels available for sale in the streets of Addis Ababa for which their nature and source are not clearly known. Generally, hand sanitizers marketed in the streets of the city are against the country’s regulatory requirement. The Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority should inspect manufacturers regularly and evaluate the quality of hand sanitizers in the market, especially those obtained from the streets of the city, and take appropriate measures on those products and manufacturers which fail to meet the regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Nigatu Selam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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