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Tappe J, Leung J, Mathis AD, Oliver SE, Masters NB. Characteristics of reported mumps cases in the United States: 2018-2023. Vaccine 2024; 42:126143. [PMID: 39019661 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper highlights recent clinical complications of mumps reported in the United States and summarizes appropriate confirmatory testing for mumps, encouraging vigilance for mumps disease, an endemic vaccine-preventable illness. METHODS Surveillance data from jurisdictions reporting confirmed and probable cases of mumps in the United States were descriptively analyzed to assess epidemiologic trends from January 1, 2018 - December 31, 2023. Data were reported to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Project O. Cases were classified according to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists 2011 mumps case definition. RESULTS From 2018-2023, United States health departments reported 8,006 confirmed and probable mumps cases to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, of which 85.4% occurred during January 1, 2018-April 4, 2020 and 14.6% during April 5, 2020-December 31, 2023. The incidence of mumps was highest among those aged 18-24 years during 2018-2020 (maximum of 4.54 cases per 100,000 persons in 2019), and highest among those aged 1-4 years during 2021-2023 (maximum 0.67 per 100,000 persons in 2023). Incidence among all age groups during 2021-2023 remained below levels during 2018-2020. Fewer than 12% of mumps cases were confirmed during 2021-2023, compared to >50% during 2018-2019. CONCLUSIONS Although incidence has declined since the COVID-19 pandemic, these surveillance data highlight that mumps remains endemic in the United States. Therefore, maintaining high MMR vaccination coverage is essential to prevent future vaccine-preventable outbreaks and minimize severe complications from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Tappe
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
| | - Jessica Leung
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Adria D Mathis
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Sara E Oliver
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Nina B Masters
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
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2
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Yang YF, Chen YM, Chen SY, Chiu PH, Chen SC. Burden changes in notifiable infectious diseases in Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic. PeerJ 2024; 12:e18048. [PMID: 39267943 PMCID: PMC11391939 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the disease burden of Taiwan's notifiable infectious diseases (NIDs). We compared disease burdens between the pandemic and pre-pandemic year of 2020 (with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)) and 2010 (without NPIs), respectively, to understand the overall pandemic impact on NIDs in Taiwan. Methods Forty-three national NIDs were analyzed using the Statistics of Communicable Diseases and Surveillance Report by estimating the premature death and disability via different transmission categories, sex, and age groups. The study evaluated the impact of diseases by assessing the years lost due to death (YLLs), the duration of living with disability (YLDs), and the overall disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by measuring both the severity of the illness and its duration. Results Taiwan recorded 1,577 (2010) and 1,260 (2020) DALYs per million population and lost 43 NIDs, decreasing 317 DALYs per million population. Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and acute hepatitis B/D were the leading causes of DALYs, accounting for 89% (2010) and 77% (2020). Conclusion Overall, this study provided the first insight of changes in disease burdens in NIDs between pre- and post-COVID-19 based on a nationwide viewpoint for further preventive measures and interventions to be focused on specific diseases by associated health administrations and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fei Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Miao Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Chiu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhao Y, Xu Y, Yao D, Wu Q, Chen H, Hu X, Huang Y, Zhang X. Changes in Infectious Disease-Specific Health Literacy in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Period: Two-Round Cross-Sectional Survey Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e52666. [PMID: 39213137 PMCID: PMC11378864 DOI: 10.2196/52666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious disease-specific health literacy (IDSHL) is a crucial factor in the development of infectious diseases. It plays a significant role not only in mitigating the resurgence of infectious diseases but also in effectively averting the emergence of novel infections such as COVID-19. During the 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, China primarily adopted nonpharmaceutical interventions, advocating for people to avoid crowded places and wear masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Consequently, there has been a dearth of research concerning IDSHL and its corresponding focal points for health education. Objective This study aimed to (1) evaluate the changes in IDSHL scores between 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and 2022 (the postepidemic period of COVID-19) and (2) explore the risk factors affecting IDSHL using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Methods This study used 2-round cross-sectional surveys, conducted in 2019 and 2022, respectively, in 30 counties in Zhejiang Province, China. Multiple-stage stratified random sampling was used to select households, and a Kish grid was used to identify participants. An identical standardized questionnaire consisting of 12 closed-ended questions was used to measure IDSHL scores before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2019 and 2022). Standard descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t tests, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Results The 2-round cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2019 and 2022 yielded, out of 19,366 and 19,221 total questionnaires, 19,257 (99.44% response rate) and 18,857 (98.11% response rate) valid questionnaires, respectively. The correct response rate for the respiratory infectious diseases question "When coughing or sneezing, which of the following is correct?" increased from 29.10% in 2019 to 37.92% in 2022 (χ²1=332.625; P<.001). The correct response rate for the nonrespiratory infectious diseases question "In which of the following ways can hepatitis B be transmitted to others?" decreased from 64.28% to 59.67% (χ²1=86.059; P<.001). In terms of IDSHL scores, a comparison between 2022 and 2019 revealed notable statistical differences in the overall scores (t1=10.829; P<.001) and across the 3 dimensions of knowledge (t1=8.840; P<.001), behavior (t1=16.170; P<.001), and skills (t1=9.115; P<.001). With regard to the questions, all but 4 exhibited statistical differences (P<.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that the 2022 year group had a higher likelihood of possessing acquired IDSHL than the 2019 group (odds ratio 1.323, 95% CI 1.264-1.385; P<.001). Conclusions When conducting health education, it is imperative to enhance efforts in nonrespiratory infectious disease health education, as well as respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Health education interventions should prioritize ethnic minority populations with a poor self-health status and low education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusui Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingming Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heni Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujing Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Alsallakh M, Adeloye D, Vasileiou E, Sivakumaran S, Akbari A, Lyons RA, Robertson C, Rudan I, Davies GA, Sheikh A. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Influenza Hospital Admissions and Deaths in Wales: Descriptive National Time Series Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e43173. [PMID: 39171430 PMCID: PMC11358661 DOI: 10.2196/43173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing implementation of control measures caused widespread societal disruption. These disruptions may also have affected community transmission and seasonal circulation patterns of endemic respiratory viruses. Objective We aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19-related disruption on influenza-related emergency hospital admissions and deaths in Wales in the first 2 years of the pandemic. Methods A descriptive analysis of influenza activity was conducted using anonymized pathology, hospitalization, and mortality data from the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank in Wales. The annual incidence of emergency hospitalizations and deaths with influenza-specific diagnosis codes between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2021, was estimated. Case definitions of emergency hospitalization and death required laboratory confirmation with a polymerase chain reaction test. Trends of admissions and deaths were analyzed monthly and yearly. We conducted 2 sensitivity analyses by extending case definitions to include acute respiratory illnesses with a positive influenza test and by limiting admissions to those with influenza as the primary diagnosis. We also examined yearly influenza testing trends to understand changes in testing behavior during the pandemic. Results We studied a population of 3,235,883 Welsh residents in 2020 with a median age of 42.5 (IQR 22.9-61.0) years. Influenza testing in Wales increased notably in the last 2 months of 2020, and particularly in 2021 to 39,720 per 100,000 people, compared to the prepandemic levels (1343 in 2019). The percentage of influenza admissions matched to an influenza polymerase chain reaction test increased from 74.8% (1890/2526) in 2019 to 85.2% (98/115) in 2021. However, admissions with a positive test per 100,000 population decreased from 17.0 in 2019 to 2.7 and 0.6 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Similarly, deaths due to influenza with a positive influenza test per 100,000 population decreased from 0.4 in 2019 to 0.0 in 2020 and 2021. Sensitivity analyses showed similar patterns of decreasing influenza admissions and deaths in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Nonpharmaceutical interventions to control COVID-19 were associated with a substantial reduction in the transmission of the influenza virus, with associated substantial reductions in hospital cases and deaths observed. Beyond the pandemic context, consideration should be given to the role of nonpharmaceutical community-driven interventions to reduce the burden of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alsallakh
- Population Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Davies Adeloye
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shanya Sivakumaran
- Population Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Akbari
- Population Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan A Lyons
- Population Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Robertson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Health Protection, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyneth A Davies
- Population Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Reddy B, Simane A, Mthiyane H, Mashishi B, Mbenenge N, Treurnicht FK. Prevalence and Seasonal Patterns of 16 Common Viral Respiratory Pathogens during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Gauteng Province, South Africa, 2020-2021. Viruses 2024; 16:1325. [PMID: 39205299 PMCID: PMC11358924 DOI: 10.3390/v16081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread morbidity and mortality, but generally, the diagnosis of other respiratory viruses was limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of other respiratory viruses during the 2020/2021 pandemic among patients of all ages who accessed care at public healthcare facilities in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Laboratory diagnosis for respiratory viruses, with or without SARS-CoV-2, was conducted via multiplex real-time polymerase chain reactions using respiratory specimens. A total of 1776 patients were included from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021, of which 766 (43.1%) were positive for respiratory viruses other than SARS-CoV-2. RV (368/1776; 20.7%) was the most prevalent, followed by RSV (304/1776; 17.1%), AdV (112/1776; 6.3%) and EV (105/1776; 5.9%). hCoV-OC43 (39/1776; 2.2%) was the most prevalent common coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 co-infections were detected in 4.8% (24/500) of patients. Only 27.1% (482/1776) of patients were admitted to high-care or intensive care units. A decrease in respiratory virus detections was observed, except for RSV, EV and hCoV-OC43. RSV prevalence increased in 2021, while influenza A/B viruses remained undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaveshan Reddy
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Andiswa Simane
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Hloniphile Mthiyane
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Bonolo Mashishi
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla Mbenenge
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Florette K. Treurnicht
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
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6
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Cao J, Pan J, Yang X, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao Z, Chen L, Chen T, Ye H. Trends in Respiratory Infectious Pathogens in Children Under the Age of 14 - Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China, 2017-2023. China CDC Wkly 2024; 6:143-147. [PMID: 38476820 PMCID: PMC10926045 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2024.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? Respiratory infections pose a significant burden on public health. Despite recent outbreaks occurring in various locations, there is limited information available on the prevalence trends of multiple common respiratory pathogens in China beyond 2022. What is added by this report? A retrospective analysis was conducted on respiratory pathogen infections in a Xiamen hospital over a seven-year period. The analysis revealed fluctuating trends, with the number of infections for certain viruses initially decreasing after 2019, only to rebound to previous or higher levels. Recently, there has been an observed collective increase in positive cases for certain pathogens. What are the implications for public health practice? The study improves understanding of respiratory pathogens, primarily in Xiamen, with potential implications for the improvement of strategies for the prevention and management of respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jumei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huiming Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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7
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Cao J, Shen C, He W. Editorial: Molecular pathogenesis and control of viral infectious diseases in children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1368324. [PMID: 38371302 PMCID: PMC10869591 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1368324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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8
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Leung C, Konya L, Su L. Postpandemic immunity debt of influenza in the USA and England: an interrupted time series study. Public Health 2024; 227:239-242. [PMID: 38246119 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The concept of "immunity debt" has gained attention in the public sphere, and some have argued that the recent out-of-season resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates the presence of immunity debt. This study investigates the existence of immunity debt in the context of influenza. STUDY DESIGN Interrupted time series analysis. METHODS The positivity rate of influenza in the USA and England was gathered from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the UK Health Security Agency. A time series model with an autoregressive approach was used to model the dynamics of positivity rate. Binary indicator variables were included in the model to account for the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and immunity debt. RESULTS The impact of NPIs and immunity debt on the positivity rate of influenza was found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This present work provides evidence supporting the existence of immunity debt in influenza in both the USA and England in the immediate month following the removal of NPIs such as lockdowns and facemask mandates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leung
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - L Konya
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L Su
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Kungu JM, Namyalo E, Musewa A, Nitumusiima S, Keije P, Nakakooza C, Oyirwoth O. Assessment of Factories on Adherence to COVID-19 Standard Operating Procedures: A Case Study of Wakiso, Mukono, Buikwe, and Jinja Districts, Uganda. J Trop Med 2024; 2024:6670510. [PMID: 38264545 PMCID: PMC10805546 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6670510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Uganda confirmed the first case of COVID-19 on 21st March, 2020, which led to the first total lockdown in the country. During the lockdown, some factories remained operational; hence, there is a need for a study aimed at assessing the level of adherence to COVID-19 standard operating procedures (SOPs) in factories as a mitigator for the pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study to assess compliance of factories to COVID-19 SOPs was conducted in Wakiso, Mukono, Buikwe, and Jinja districts during the month of September, 2021. This involved visitation of factories and collection of data using the KoboCollect tool by interviewing general managers as well as human resource managers of the factories. A total of 39 factories were included in the study and were categorized into four major groups; food and beverages (15), plastics (5), construction (8), and others (11). Data analysis was done using STATA version 14.2. Results Overall adherence to COVID-19 SOPs by the factories was 64.1% (95% CI = 49.1-79.1). Communication and training of employees (79.5%; 95% CI = 66.8-92.2), wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), and respiratory protection (79.5%; 95% CI = 66.8-92.2) as well as enhanced cleaning and disinfection of surfaces (74.4%; 95% CI = 60.6-88.1) were the most implemented SOPs in the factories. Implementation of the SOPs was the highest in Mukono district (88.9%; 95% CI = 68.4-100) and the least in Wakiso district (40.0%; 95% CI = 9.6-70.4). The COVID-19 SOPs were followed mostly in construction material factories (87.5%; 95% CI = 64.6-100) and least in food and beverage factories (40%; 95% CI = 15.2-64.8). There was no significant difference in the adherence of COVID-19 SOPs among the districts (X2 = 5.02 and P=0.17) and factories (X2 = 7.04 and P=0.07). Although good overall adherence to SOPs noted was not dependent on location and type of factory, adherence to some SOPs such as exposure control plan, presence of signages on COVID-19, maintenance of social distance, and implementation of a health control plan varied with location of the district. Likewise, exposure control plan, signages on COVID-19, and maintenance of social distance varied significantly with the type of factory. Conclusion This study revealed moderately good overall adherence to COVID-19 SOPs by factories, with variations in the level of implementation of individual SOPs being observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Kungu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edity Namyalo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Phiona Keije
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Catherine Nakakooza
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Osborn Oyirwoth
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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10
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Pedroza-Uribe IM, Vega Magaña N, Muñoz-Valle JF, Peña-Rodriguez M, Carranza-Aranda AS, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Venancio-Landeros AA, García-González OP, Zavala-Mejía JJ, Ramos-Solano M, Viera-Segura O, García-Chagollán M. Beyond SARS-CoV-2: epidemiological surveillance of respiratory viruses in Jalisco, Mexico. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1292614. [PMID: 38274524 PMCID: PMC10808461 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1292614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory viral infections represent a significant global health burden. Historically, influenza, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus have been the prevalent viruses; however, the landscape shifted with the widespread emergence of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of viral respiratory infections in Jalisco, Mexico. Methods Data encompassing individuals with flu-like symptoms from July 2021 to February 2023 was scrutinized for viral diagnosis through PCR multiplex. The effect of social mobility on the increase in respiratory viral diagnosis infection was considered to estimate its impact. Additionally, sequences of respiratory viruses stored in public databases were retrieved to ascertain the phylogenetic classification of previously reported viruses in Mexico. Results SARS-CoV-2 was the most detected virus (n = 5,703; 92.2%), followed by influenza (n = 479; 7.78%). These viruses were also found as the most common co-infection (n = 11; 50%), and for those with influenza, a higher incidence of severe disease was reported (n = 122; 90.4%; p < 0.001). Regarding comorbidities and unhealthy habits, smoking was found to be a risk factor for influenza infection but a protective factor for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 2.62; IC 95%: 1.66-4.13; OR = 0.65; IC 95%: 0.45-0.94), respectively. Furthermore, our findings revealed a direct correlation between mobility and the prevalence of influenza infection (0.214; p < 0.001). Discussion The study presents evidence of respiratory virus reemergence and prevalence during the social reactivation, facilitating future preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Murisi Pedroza-Uribe
- Doctorado en Microbiología Médica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Natali Vega Magaña
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Marcela Peña-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ahtziri Socorro Carranza-Aranda
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Jecsan Zavala-Mejía
- Licenciatura en Médico Cirujano y Partero, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Moisés Ramos-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Cáncer en la Infancia y Adolescencia (INICIA), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Oliver Viera-Segura
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mariel García-Chagollán
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Lambisia AW, Murunga N, Mutunga M, Cheruiyot R, Maina G, Makori TO, Nokes DJ, Agoti CN. Temporal changes in the positivity rate of common enteric viruses among paediatric admissions in coastal Kenya, during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2022. Gut Pathog 2024; 16:2. [PMID: 38178245 PMCID: PMC10765698 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to curb the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, substantially disrupted the activity of other respiratory viruses. However, there is limited data from low-and-middle income countries (LMICs) to determine whether these NPIs also impacted the transmission of common enteric viruses. Here, we investigated the changes in the positivity rate of five enteric viruses among hospitalised children who presented with diarrhoea to a referral hospital in coastal Kenya, during COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS A total of 870 stool samples from children under 13 years of age admitted to Kilifi County Hospital between January 2019, and December 2022 were screened for rotavirus group A (RVA), norovirus genogroup II (GII), astrovirus, sapovirus, and adenovirus type F40/41 using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The proportions positive across the four years were compared using the chi-squared test statistic. RESULTS One or more of the five virus targets were detected in 282 (32.4%) cases. A reduction in the positivity rate of RVA cases was observed from 2019 (12.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.7-16.2%) to 2020 (1.7%, 95% CI 0.2-6.0%; p < 0.001). However, in the 2022, RVA positivity rate rebounded to 23.5% (95% CI 18.2%-29.4%). For norovirus GII, the positivity rate fluctuated over the four years with its highest positivity rate observed in 2020 (16.2%; 95% C.I, 10.0-24.1%). No astrovirus cases were detected in 2020 and 2021, but the positivity rate in 2022 was similar to that in 2019 (3.1% (95% CI 1.5%-5.7%) vs. 3.3% (95% CI 1.4-6.5%)). A higher case fatality rate was observed in 2021 (9.0%) compared to the 2019 (3.2%), 2020 (6.8%) and 2022 (2.1%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study finds that in 2020 the transmission of common enteric viruses, especially RVA and astrovirus, in Kilifi Kenya may have been disrupted due to the COVID-19 NPIs. After 2020, local enteric virus transmission patterns appeared to return to pre-pandemic levels coinciding with the removal of most of the government COVID-19 NPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold W Lambisia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.
| | - Nickson Murunga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Martin Mutunga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Robinson Cheruiyot
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Grace Maina
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Timothy O Makori
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - D James Nokes
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
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