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Sugiura K, Terano T, Adachi H, Hagiwara J, Matsuda K, Nishida K, Hanson P, Kondo S, Gotoh H. Histological Observation of Helmet Development in the Treehopper Poppea capricornis (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae). Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:167-176. [PMID: 38587911 DOI: 10.2108/zs230039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The treehoppers (Hemiptera, Membracidae) are known for possessing a large three-dimensional structure called a helmet. Although some ecological functions of the helmet have already been elucidated, the developmental mechanisms underlying the complex and diverse morphology of the helmet are still largely unknown. The process of helmet formation was first described in Antianthe expansa, which possesses a simple roof-shaped helmet. However, the developmental process in species with more complex helmet morphologies remains largely unexplored. Hence, in this study, we used Poppea capricornis, which possesses a more complex helmet structure than A. expansa, to investigate the helmet development using paraffin sections, micro-CT, and scanning electronic microscopy. Our focus was on the overall helmet developmental process common to both species and formation of structures unique to Poppea and its comparison to Antianthe. As a result, we discovered that miniature structures were also formed in Poppea, similar to Antianthe, during the helmet formation. Common structures that were shared between the two species were discernible at this stage. Additionally, we observed that suprahumeral horns and posterior horns, two morphological traits specific to the Poppea helmet that are apparently similar anatomically, are formed through two distinctly different developmental mechanisms. The suprahumeral horns appeared to be formed by utilizing the nymphal suprahumeral bud as a mold, while we could not detect any nymphal structures potentially used for a mold in the posterior horns formation. Our findings suggest that the helmet formation mechanisms of Antianthe and Poppea employ a common mechanism but form species-specific structures by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Sugiura
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tensho Terano
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Adachi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jin Hagiwara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Nishida
- Associate Researcher Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica & Estación Biológica Monteverde, Apdo 22-5655, Monteverde, CostaRica
| | - Paul Hanson
- Escuela de Biología & Centro de Investigacion en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan,
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 432-8011, Japan
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Morikawa K, Morita S, Sakura K, Maeno A, Gotoh H, Niimi T, Inoue Y. Unveiling the role of differential growth in 3D morphogenesis: An inference method to analyze area expansion rate distribution in biological systems. J Theor Biol 2023; 575:111650. [PMID: 37884223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) morphologies of many organs in organisms, such as the curved shapes of leaves and flowers, the branching structure of lungs, and the exoskeletal shape of insects, are formed through surface growth. Although differential growth, a mode of surface growth, has been qualitatively identified as 3D morphogenesis, a quantitative understanding of the mechanical contribution of differential growth is lacking. To address this, we developed a quantitative inference method to analyze the distribution of the area expansion rate, which governs the growth of surfaces into 3D morphology. To validate the accuracy of our method, we tested it on a basic 3D morphology that allowed for the theoretical derivation of the area expansion rate distribution, and then assessed the difference between the predicted outcome and the theoretical solution. We also applied this method to complex 3D shapes and evaluated its accuracy through numerical experiments. The findings of the study revealed a linear decrease in error on a log-log scale with an increase in the number of meshes in both evaluations. This affirmed the reliability of the predictions for meshes that are sufficiently refined. Moreover, we employed our methodology to analyze the developmental process of the Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus, which is characterized by differential growth regulating 3D morphogenesis. The results indicated a notably high rate of area expansion on the left and right edges of the horn primordium, which is consistent with the experimental evidence of a higher rate of cell division in these regions. Hence, these findings confirm the efficacy of the proposed method in analyzing biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Morikawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Morita
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan; Basic Biology Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sakura
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan; Basic Biology Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Girón JC, Tarasov S, González Montaña LA, Matentzoglu N, Smith AD, Koch M, Boudinot BE, Bouchard P, Burks R, Vogt L, Yoder M, Osumi-Sutherland D, Friedrich F, Beutel RG, Mikó I. Formalizing Invertebrate Morphological Data: A Descriptive Model for Cuticle-Based Skeleto-Muscular Systems, an Ontology for Insect Anatomy, and their Potential Applications in Biodiversity Research and Informatics. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1084-1100. [PMID: 37094905 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectacular radiation of insects has produced a stunning diversity of phenotypes. During the past 250 years, research on insect systematics has generated hundreds of terms for naming and comparing them. In its current form, this terminological diversity is presented in natural language and lacks formalization, which prohibits computer-assisted comparison using semantic web technologies. Here we propose a Model for Describing Cuticular Anatomical Structures (MoDCAS) which incorporates structural properties and positional relationships for standardized, consistent, and reproducible descriptions of arthropod phenotypes. We applied the MoDCAS framework in creating the ontology for the Anatomy of the Insect Skeleto-Muscular system (AISM). The AISM is the first general insect ontology that aims to cover all taxa by providing generalized, fully logical, and queryable, definitions for each term. It was built using the Ontology Development Kit (ODK), which maximizes interoperability with Uberon (Uberon multispecies anatomy ontology) and other basic ontologies, enhancing the integration of insect anatomy into the broader biological sciences. A template system for adding new terms, extending, and linking the AISM to additional anatomical, phenotypic, genetic, and chemical ontologies is also introduced. The AISM is proposed as the backbone for taxon-specific insect ontologies and has potential applications spanning systematic biology and biodiversity informatics, allowing users to: 1) use controlled vocabularies and create semiautomated computer-parsable insect morphological descriptions; 2) integrate insect morphology into broader fields of research, including ontology-informed phylogenetic methods, logical homology hypothesis testing, evo-devo studies, and genotype to phenotype mapping; and 3) automate the extraction of morphological data from the literature, enabling the generation of large-scale phenomic data, by facilitating the production and testing of informatic tools able to extract, link, annotate, and process morphological data. This descriptive model and its ontological applications will allow for clear and semantically interoperable integration of arthropod phenotypes in biodiversity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Girón
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sergei Tarasov
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Aaron D Smith
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Markus Koch
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brendon E Boudinot
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, CA, USA
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
| | - Patrice Bouchard
- Biodiversity and Bioresources, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Roger Burks
- Entomology Department, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Lars Vogt
- TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology, Welfengarten 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthew Yoder
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Frank Friedrich
- Institut für Zell- und Systembiologie der Tiere, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Kudla AM, Miranda X, Frederik Nijhout H. Ontogenetic trajectories and early shape differentiation of treehopper pronota (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Evol Dev 2023; 25:240-252. [PMID: 37035938 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Membracids (family: Membracidae), commonly known as treehoppers, are recognizable by their enlarged and often elaborated pronota. Much of the research investigating the development and evolution of this structure has focused on the fifth instar to adult transition, in which the pronotum undergoes the largest transformation as it takes on adult identity. However, little is known about the earlier nymphal stages, the degree to which the pronotum develops at these timepoints, and how development has changed relative to the ancestral state. Here, we studied the nymphal stages and adults of five morphologically distinct membracid species and of Aetalion reticulatum (family: Aetalionidae), the outgroup which was used as an ancestral state proxy. We found that shape differentiation in the pronotum of membracids can start as early as the second instar stage. Most shape differentiation occurs within the nymphal stages and not in the embryo since the shape of the first-instar pronotum did not differ from the outgroup species in all but one species we investigated. We found the anterior-posterior axis of the pronotum elongated at a faster relative rate in membracid species than in A. reticulatum, which contributed to the development of exaggerated pronotal size. Finally, we found differences in the morphogenesis of shape across species. We suggest this is due to the developmental and evolutionary divergence of differential growth patterning of the dorsal surface of the pronotum, not only across species, but also between stages within the same species. This lability may contribute to the evolvability and diversification of the membracid pronotum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kudla
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ximena Miranda
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Impact of environmental asymmetry on epithelial morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11326. [PMID: 35790869 PMCID: PMC9256595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial folding is a universal biological phenomenon in morphogenesis, typical examples being brain gyri, villi of the intestinal tract, and imaginal discs in invertebrates. During epithelial morphogenesis, the physical constraints imposed by the surrounding microenvironment on epithelial tissue play critical roles in folding morphology. In this study, we focused on the asymmetry of the environmental constraints sandwiching the epithelial sheet and introduced the degree of asymmetry, which indicates whether the basal or apical side of the epithelium is closer to the constraint wall. Then, we investigated the relationship between the degree of asymmetry and epithelial folding morphology using three-dimensional vertex simulations. The results show that the folding patterns of the epithelial sheets change from spot patterns to labyrinth patterns and then to hole patterns as the degree of asymmetry changes. Furthermore, we examined the pattern formation in terms of the equation of out-of-plane displacement of the sheet derived from the mechanical energy functional.
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Kudla AM, Miranda X, Nijhout HF. The roles of growth regulation and appendage patterning genes in the morphogenesis of treehopper pronota. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212682. [PMID: 35673859 PMCID: PMC9174728 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treehoppers of the insect family Membracidae have evolved enlarged and elaborate pronotal structures, which is hypothesized to involve co-opted expression of genes that are shared with the wings. Here, we investigate the similarity between the pronotum and wings in relation to growth. Our study reveals that the ontogenetic allometry of the pronotum is similar to that of wings in Membracidae, but not the outgroup. Using transcriptomics, we identify genes related to translation and protein synthesis, which are mutually upregulated. These genes are implicated in the eIF2, eIF4/p70S6K and mTOR pathways, and have known roles in regulating cell growth and proliferation. We find that species-specific differential growth patterning of the pronotum begins as early as the third instar, which suggests that expression of appendage patterning genes occurs long before the metamorphic molt. We propose that a network related to growth and size determination is the more likely mechanism shared with wings. However, regulators upstream of the shared genes in pronotum and wings need to be elucidated to substantiate whether co-option has occurred. Finally, we believe it will be helpful to distinguish the mechanisms leading to pronotal size from those regulating pronotal shape as we make sense of this spectacular evolutionary innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Kudla
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ximena Miranda
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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7
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Morita S, Sakura K, Gotoh H, Emlen DJ, Niimi T. Recent advances in understanding horn formation in the Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus using next-generation sequencing technology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100901. [PMID: 35301164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exaggerated horns of beetles are attractive models for studying the origin of novel traits and morphological evolution. Closely related species often differ profoundly in the size, number, and shape of their horns, and in the body region from which they extend. In addition, beetle horns exhibit exquisite nutrition-dependent phenotypic plasticity, leading to disproportionate growth of the horns in the largest, best-condition individuals and much smaller - even stunted - horn sizes in poor-condition individuals. These exciting phenomena in beetle horns have recently been revealed at the molecular level with the advent of next-generation sequencing. This section reviews the latest research on a horned beetle, the Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus, whose genome was recently sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Morita
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sakura
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Douglas J Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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Gotoh H, Adachi H, Matsuda K, Lavine LC. Epithelial folding determines the final shape of beetle horns. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:122-128. [PMID: 33848957 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The elaborate ornaments and weapons of sexual selection, such as the vast array of horns observed in scarab beetles, are some of the most striking outcomes of evolution. How these novel traits have arisen, develop, and respond to condition is governed by a complex suite of interactions that require coordination between the environment, whole-animal signals, cell-cell signals, and within-cell signals. Endocrine factors, developmental patterning genes, and sex-specific gene expression have been shown to regulate beetle horn size, shape, and location, yet no overarching mechanism of horn shape has been described. Recent advances in microscopy and computational analyses combined with a functional genetic approach have revealed that patterning genes combined with intricate epithelial folding and movement are responsible for the final shape of a beetle head horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Gotoh
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 401-8540, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Adachi
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Laura C Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163 USA.
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