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Wang S, Song Y, Wang Z, Chang X, Wu H, Yan Z, Wu J, He Z, Kang L, Hu W, Xia T, Li Z, Ren X, Bai Y. Neutrophil-derived PAD4 induces citrullination of CKMT1 exacerbates mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:620-633. [PMID: 38720063 PMCID: PMC11143373 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) plays a pivotal role in infection and inflammatory diseases by facilitating the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, the substrates of PAD4 and its exact role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain unclear. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and substrate citrullination mapping to decipher the role of PAD4 in intestinal inflammation associated with IBD. Our results demonstrated that PAD4 deficiency alleviated colonic inflammation and restored intestinal barrier function in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. scRNA-seq analysis revealed significant alterations in intestinal cell populations, with reduced neutrophil numbers and changes in epithelial subsets upon PAD4 deletion. Gene expression analysis highlighted pathways related to inflammation and epithelial cell function. Furthermore, we found that neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying PAD4 were secreted into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Within IECs, PAD4 citrullinates mitochondrial creatine kinase 1 (CKMT1) at the R242 site, leading to reduced CKMT1 protein stability via the autophagy pathway. This action compromises mitochondrial homeostasis, impairs intestinal barrier integrity, and induces IECs apoptosis. IEC-specific depletion of CKMT1 exacerbated intestinal inflammation and apoptosis in mice with colitis. Clinical analysis of IBD patients revealed elevated levels of PAD4, increased CKMT1 citrullination, and decreased CKMT1 expression. In summary, our findings highlight the crucial role of PAD4 in IBD, where it modulates IECs plasticity via CKMT1 citrullination, suggesting that PAD4 may be a potential therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yihang Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Chang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haicong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ziwei Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zixuan He
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tian Xia
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xingxing Ren
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Yu Bai
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Liu Y, Ma YH, Yang JW, Man JW, Wang HB, Li Y, Liang C, Cao JL, Chen SY, Li KP, Yang L. Rethinking neutrophil extracellular traps. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110834. [PMID: 37625368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are a major subset of leukocytes in human circulating blood. In some circumstances, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). lnitially, NETs were considered to have a strong antibacterial capacity. However, currently, NETs have been shown to have a pivotal impact on various diseases. Different stimulators induce the production of different types of NETs, and their biological functions and modes of clearance do not appear to be the same. In this review, we will discuss several important issues related to NETs in order to better understand the relationship between NETs and diseases, as well as how to utilize the characteristics of NETs for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ma
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jian-Wei Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jiang-Wei Man
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Hua-Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jin-Long Cao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Kun-Peng Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China.
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Cl-amidine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in human gingival fibroblasts via the JNK/MAPK, NF-κB, and Nrf2 signalling pathways. Hum Cell 2023; 36:223-233. [PMID: 36352311 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cl-amidine has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties in a variety of diseases. However, the role of Cl-amidine in periodontal disease remains unclear. Here, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Cl-amidine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The cytotoxic effect of Cl-amidine was measured with the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The protein levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in culture supernatants were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, TLR4 and MyD88 were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The expression patterns of IL-6, TNF-ɑ, and IL-1β in HGFs were tested with western blot. The levels of NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to examine the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Moreover, a rat gingivitis model was established to further clarify the role of Cl-amidine. Our results showed that Cl-amidine suppressed LPS-induced gingival inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Cl-amidine inhibited LPS-induced MyD88 expression, NF-κB activation, and JNK phosphorylation. Additionally, Cl-amidine upregulated Nrf2 and Ho-1 expression both with and without LPS stimulation but did not alter ROS levels or Keap1 expression. Overall, our data suggest that Cl-amidine acts as an inhibitor of LPS-induced gingival inflammation via the JNK/MAPK, NF-κB, and Nrf2 signalling pathways.
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Paunel-Görgülü A, Conforti A, Mierau N, Zierden M, Xiong X, Wahlers T. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 deficiency in bone marrow cells prevents plaque progression without decreasing atherogenic inflammation in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1046273. [PMID: 36465436 PMCID: PMC9709396 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1046273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite multiple studies in the past, the role of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in atherosclerosis is currently insufficiently understood. In this regard, PAD4 deletion or inhibition of enzymatic activity was previously reported to ameliorate disease progression and inflammation. Besides, strong influence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) on atherosclerosis burden has been proposed. Here, we studied the role of PAD4 for atherogenesis and plaque progression in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Lethally irradiated ApoE -/- mice were reconstituted with ApoE -/-/Pad4 -/- bone marrow cells and fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 and 10 weeks, respectively. PAD4 deficiency did not prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions after 4 weeks of HFD. However, after 10 weeks of HFD, mice with bone marrow cells-restricted PAD4 deficiency displayed significantly reduced lesion size, impaired lipid incorporation, decreased necrotic core area and less collagen when compared to ApoE -/- bone marrow-transplanted mice as demonstrated by histological staining. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis and quantitative real-time PCR revealed different macrophage subsets in atherosclerotic lesions and higher inflammatory response in these mice, as reflected by increased content of M1-like macrophages and upregulated aortic expression of the pro-inflammatory genes CCL2 and iNOS. Notably, diminished oxLDL uptake by in vitro-polarized M1-like macrophages was evidenced when compared to M2-like cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of PAD4 may impede lipid accumulation and lesion progression despite no beneficial effects on vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Conforti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia Mierau
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Zierden
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Xiong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Gómez-Bañuelos E, Konig MF, Andrade F. Microbial pathways to subvert host immunity generate citrullinated neoantigens targeted in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102423. [PMID: 35834948 PMCID: PMC9668488 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The specific association between antibodies to citrullinated proteins and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has centered interest on understanding why citrullinated proteins become immunogenic in this disease, which is believed to inform the origins of autoimmunity in RA. Since citrullination is a physiologic post-translational modification (PTM), one theory is that conditions promoting abnormal citrullination are initiators of self-reactive immune responses to citrullinated proteins in RA. Foremost candidates that dysregulate the normal balance of citrullination are microbial agents, which can exploit citrullination as an effector mechanism to subvert host antimicrobial activities and maximize their progeny. Here, we will use the host-pathogen interface as a unifying model to link microbe-induced citrullination and the loss of immunological tolerance to citrullinated antigens in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gómez-Bañuelos
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. https://twitter.com/@Eduardo95668787
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. https://twitter.com/@MaxKonigMD
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Elliott W, Guda MR, Asuthkar S, Teluguakula N, Prasad DVR, Tsung AJ, Velpula KK. PAD Inhibitors as a Potential Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Immunothrombosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121867. [PMID: 34944683 PMCID: PMC8698348 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019, the virus's dynamicity has resulted in the evolution of various variants, including the delta variant and the more novel mu variant. With a multitude of mutant strains posing as challenges to vaccine efficacy, it is critical that researchers embrace the development of pharmacotherapeutics specific to SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology. Neutrophil extracellular traps and their constituents, including citrullinated histones, display a linear connection with thrombotic manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of enzymes involved in the modification of histone arginine residues by citrullination, allowing for the formation of NETs. PAD inhibitors, specifically PAD-4 inhibitors, offer extensive pharmacotherapeutic potential across a broad range of inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19, through mediating NETs formation. Although numerous PAD-4 inhibitors exist, current literature has not explored the depth of utilizing these inhibitors clinically to treat thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients. This review article offers the clinical significance of PAD-4 inhibitors in reducing thrombotic complications across various inflammatory disorders like COVID-19 and suggests that these inhibitors may be valuable in treating the origin of SARS-CoV-2 immunothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Elliott
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Maheedhara R. Guda
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Swapna Asuthkar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Tsung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Illinois Neurological Institute, Peoria, IL 61603, USA
| | - Kiran K. Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516003, India;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Correspondence:
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Conforti A, Wahlers T, Paunel-Görgülü A. Neutrophil extracellular traps modulate inflammatory markers and uptake of oxidized LDL by human and murine macrophages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259894. [PMID: 34797846 PMCID: PMC8604363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures, which are released upon neutrophil activation. It has previously been demonstrated that NETs are present in atherosclerotic lesions of both humans and animal models thus playing a decisive role in atherosclerosis. Besides, macrophages have a crucial role in disease progression, whereby classically activated M1 macrophages sustain inflammation and alternatively activated M2 macrophages display anti-inflammatory effects. Although NETs and macrophages were found to colocalize in atherosclerotic lesions, the impact of NETs on macrophage function is not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of NETs on human and murine macrophages in respect to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in vitro. Human THP-1 and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages were cultured under M1 (LPS + IFN-γ)- and M2a (IL-4)-polarizing culture conditions and treated with NETs. To mimic intraplaque regions, cells were additionally cultured under hypoxic conditions. NETs significantly increased the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in THP-M1 macrophages under normoxia but suppressed their expression in murine M1 macrophages under hypoxic conditions. Notably, NETs increased the number of oxLDL-positive M1 and M2 human and murine macrophages under normoxia, but did not influence formation of murine foam cells under hypoxia. However, oxLDL uptake did not strongly correlate with the expression of the LDL receptor CD36. Besides, upregulated MMP-9 expression and secretion by macrophages was detected in the presence of NETs. Again, hypoxic culture conditions dampened NETs effects. These results suggest that NETs may favor foam cell formation and plaque vulnerability, but exert opposite effects in respect to the inflammatory response of human and murine M1 macrophages. Moreover, effects of NETs on macrophages’ phenotype are altered under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Conforti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Exacerbate Ischemic Brain Damage. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:643-656. [PMID: 34748205 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most acute strokes are ischemic, and subsequent neuroinflammation promotes further damage leading to cell death but also plays a beneficial role by promoting cellular repair. Neutrophils are forerunners to brain lesions after ischemic stroke and exert elaborate functions. While neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) possess a fundamental antimicrobial function within the innate immune system under physiological circumstances, increasing evidence indicates that NETosis, the release process of NETs, occurs in the pathogenic process of stroke. In this review, we focus on the processes of NET formation and clearance, the temporal and spatial alterations of neutrophils and NETs after ischemic damage, and how NETs are involved in several stroke-related phenomena. Generally, NET formation and release processes depend on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of nuclear peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD4). The acid-base environment, oxygen concentration, and iron ions around the infarct may also impact NET formation. DNase 1 has been identified as the primary degrader of NETs in serum, while reactive microglia are expected to inhibit the formation of NETs around ischemic lesions by phagocytosis of neutrophils. The neutrophils and NETs are present in the perivascular space ipsilateral to the infarct arising after ischemic damage, peaking between 1 and 3 days postischemia, but their location in the brain parenchyma remains controversial. After the ischemic injury, NETs are involved in the destruction of neurological function primarily by disrupting the blood-brain barrier and promoting thrombosis. The potential effects of NETs on various ischemic nerve cells need to be further investigated, especially in the chronic ischemic phase.
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9
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Wu Z, Li P, Tian Y, Ouyang W, Ho JWY, Alam HB, Li Y. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Host Immunity: Current Insights and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761946. [PMID: 34804050 PMCID: PMC8599989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze post-translational modifications of proteins by converting arginine residues into citrullines. Among the five members of the PAD family, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most frequently studied because of their abundant expression in immune cells. An increasing number of studies have identified PAD2 as an essential factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The successes of preclinical research targeting PAD2 highlights the therapeutic potential of PAD2 inhibition, particularly in sepsis and autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms by which PAD2 mediates host immunity remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the role of PAD2 in different types of cell death signaling pathways and the related immune disorders contrasted with functions of PAD4, providing novel therapeutic strategies for PAD2-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Patrick Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuzi Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenlu Ouyang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jessie Wai-Yan Ho
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hasan B. Alam
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Yongqing Li,
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10
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Bruggeman Y, Sodré FMC, Buitinga M, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Kracht MJL. Targeting citrullination in autoimmunity: insights learned from preclinical mouse models. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:269-281. [PMID: 33896351 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1918104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant citrullination and excessive peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activity are detected in numerous challenging autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Because excessive PAD activity is a common denominator in these diseases, PADs are interesting potential therapeutic targets for future therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the advances made in the design of PAD inhibitors, their utilization and therapeutic potential in preclinical mouse models of autoimmunity. Relevant literature encompasses studies from 1994 to 2021 that are available on PubMed.gov. EXPERT OPINION Pan-PAD inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Drugs achieving pan-PAD inhibition were capable of ameliorating, reversing, and preventing clinical symptoms in preclinical mouse models. However, the implications for PADs in key biological processes potentially present a high risk for clinical complications and could hamper the translation of PAD inhibitors to the clinic. We envisage that PAD isozyme-specific inhibitors will improve the understanding the role of PAD isozymes in disease pathology, reduce the risk of side-effects and enhance prospects for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylke Bruggeman
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernanda M C Sodré
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria J L Kracht
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Silva JDC, Thompson-Souza GDA, Barroso MV, Neves JS, Figueiredo RT. Neutrophil and Eosinophil DNA Extracellular Trap Formation: Lessons From Pathogenic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634043. [PMID: 33679665 PMCID: PMC7929991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a worldwide health problem. Fungal pathogens are responsible for a variety of conditions, including superficial diseases, allergic pathologies and potentially lethal invasive infections. Neutrophils and eosinophils have been implicated as effector cells in several pathologies. Neutrophils are major effector cells involved in the control of fungal infections and exhibit a plethora of antifungal mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, degranulation, extracellular vesicle formation, and DNA extracellular trap (ET) release. Eosinophils are polymorphonuclear cells classically implicated as effector cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and helminthic infections, although their roles as immunomodulatory players in both innate and adaptive immunity are currently recognized. Eosinophils are also endowed with antifungal activities and are abundantly found in allergic conditions associated with fungal colonization and sensitization. Neutrophils and eosinophils have been demonstrated to release their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in response to many pathogens and pro-inflammatory stimuli. ETs have been implicated in the killing and control of many pathogens, as well as in promoting inflammation and tissue damage. The formation of ETs by neutrophils and eosinophils has been described in response to pathogenic fungi. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in the release of neutrophil and eosinophil ETs in response to fungal pathogens. General implications for understanding the formation of ETs and the roles of ETs in fungal infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Costa Silva
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Valente Barroso
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane Sabbadini Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Döring Y, Libby P, Soehnlein O. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Participate in Cardiovascular Diseases: Recent Experimental and Clinical Insights. Circ Res 2020; 126:1228-1241. [PMID: 32324499 PMCID: PMC7185047 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.315931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have recently emerged as a newly recognized contributor to venous and arterial thrombosis. These strands of DNA extruded by activated or dying neutrophils, decorated with various protein mediators, become solid-state reactors that can localize at the critical interface of blood with the intimal surface of diseased arteries and propagate and amplify the regional injury. NETs thus furnish a previously unsuspected link between inflammation, innate immunity, thrombosis, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular diseases. In response to disease-relevant stimuli, neutrophils undergo a specialized series of reactions that culminate in NET formation. DNA derived from either nuclei or mitochondria can contribute to NET formation. The DNA liberated from neutrophils forms a reticular mesh that resembles morphologically a net, rendering the acronym NETs particularly appropriate. The DNA backbone of NETs not only presents intrinsic neutrophil proteins (eg, MPO [myeloperoxidase] and various proteinases) but can gather other proteins found in blood (eg, tissue factor procoagulant). This review presents current concepts of neutrophil biology, the triggers to and mechanisms of NET formation, and the contribution of NETs to atherosclerosis and to thrombosis. We consider the use of markers of NETs in clinical studies. We aim here to integrate critically the experimental literature with the growing body of clinical information regarding NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFA), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Eghbalzadeh K, Georgi L, Louis T, Zhao H, Keser U, Weber C, Mollenhauer M, Conforti A, Wahlers T, Paunel-Görgülü A. Compromised Anti-inflammatory Action of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in PAD4-Deficient Mice Contributes to Aggravated Acute Inflammation After Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2313. [PMID: 31632398 PMCID: PMC6779806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses and rapid recruitment of leukocytes, which regulate inflammation and subsequent healing, play a key role in acute myocardial infarction (MI). Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is critically involved in chromatin decondensation during the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) by activated neutrophils. Alternatively, activated macrophages (M2) and accurate collagen deposition determine the repair of the infarcted heart. In this study, we investigated the impact of NETs on macrophage polarization and their role for acute cardiac inflammation and subsequent cardiac healing in a mouse model of acute MI. NETs were found to promote in vitro macrophage polarization toward a reparative phenotype. NETs suppressed pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) under hypoxia and diminished IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Further on, NETs strongly supported M2b polarization and IL-10 expression. In cardiac fibroblasts, NETs increased TGF-ß expression under hypoxic culture conditions. PAD4-/- mice subjected to permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery suffered from overwhelming inflammation in the acute phase of MI. Noteworthy, PAD4-/- neutrophils were unable to release NETs upon ex vivo stimulation with ionomycin or PMA, but produced significantly higher amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased levels of circulating cell-free DNA, mitochondrial DNA and cardiac troponin were found in PAD4-/- mice in the acute phase of MI when compared to WT mice. Reduced cardiac expression of IL-6, IL-10, and M2 marker genes, as well as increased TNF-α expression, suggested a pro-inflammatory state. PAD4-/- mice displayed significantly increased cardiac MMP-2 expression under baseline conditions. At day 1, post-MI, PAD4-/- mice showed increased end-diastolic volume and increased thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, improved cardiac function, as demonstrated by significantly increased ejection fraction, was found at day 21. Altogether, our results indicate that NETs support macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, thus displaying anti-inflammatory properties. PAD4 deficiency aggravates acute inflammation and increases tissue damage post-MI, partially due to the lack of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Eghbalzadeh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leena Georgi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theresa Louis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Haizhi Zhao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ugur Keser
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolyn Weber
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Conforti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Silva JC, Rodrigues NC, Thompson‐Souza GA, Muniz VDS, Neves JS, Figueiredo RT. Mac‐1 triggers neutrophil DNA extracellular trap formation to
Aspergillus fumigatus
independently of PAD4 histone citrullination. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:69-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0119-009rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C. Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de GóesUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Najara C. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de GóesUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Valdirene de S. Muniz
- Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Josiane S. Neves
- Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T. Figueiredo
- Campus de Duque de CaxiasUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Duque de Caxias Brazil
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15
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Cecchi I, Arias de la Rosa I, Menegatti E, Roccatello D, Collantes-Estevez E, Lopez-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N. Neutrophils: Novel key players in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Current and future therapeutic targets. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1138-1149. [PMID: 30217550 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease in which various cell types are involved. Among them, neutrophils have been recognized as important players in the onset and the progression of RA. The pathogenic role of neutrophils in RA lies in the alteration of several processes, including increased cell survival and migratory capacity, abnormal inflammatory activity, elevated oxidative stress and an exacerbated release of neutrophil extracellular traps. Through these mechanisms, neutrophils can activate other immune cells, thus perpetuating inflammation and leading to the destruction of the cartilage and bone of the affected joint. Given the considerable contribution of neutrophils to the pathophysiology of RA, several studies have attempted to clarify the effects of various therapeutic agents on this subtype of leukocyte. To date, recent studies have envisaged the role of new molecules on the pathogenic profile of neutrophils in RA, which could represent novel targets in future therapies. In this review, we aim to review the pathogenic role of neutrophils in RA, the effect of conventional treatments and biologic therapies, and the new, potential targets of neutrophil-derived molecules for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cecchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases - Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, Turin, Italy
| | - Ivan Arias de la Rosa
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMBIC), University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elisa Menegatti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases - Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Roccatello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases - Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, Turin, Italy
| | - Eduardo Collantes-Estevez
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMBIC), University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Chary Lopez-Pedrera
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMBIC), University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Nuria Barbarroja
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMBIC), University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
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16
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Liu Y, Carmona-Rivera C, Moore E, Seto NL, Knight JS, Pryor M, Yang ZH, Hemmers S, Remaley AT, Mowen KA, Kaplan MJ. Myeloid-Specific Deletion of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 Mitigates Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1680. [PMID: 30140264 PMCID: PMC6094966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) may play a role in promoting atherosclerotic plaque lesions in humans and in murine models. The exact pathways involved in NET-driven atherogenesis remain to be systematically characterized. To assess the extent to which myeloid-specific peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and PAD4-dependent NET formation contribute to atherosclerosis, mice with myeloid-specific deletion of PAD4 were generated and backcrossed to Apoe-/- mice. The kinetics of atherosclerosis development were determined. NETs, but not macrophage extracellular traps, were present in atherosclerotic lesions as early as 3 weeks after initiating high-fat chow. The presence of NETs was associated with the development of atherosclerosis and with inflammatory responses in the aorta. Specific deletion of PAD4 in the myeloid lineage significantly reduced atherosclerosis burden in association with diminished NET formation and reduced inflammatory responses in the aorta. NETs stimulated macrophages to synthesize inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL2. Our data support the notion that NETs promote atherosclerosis and that the use of specific PAD4 inhibitors may have therapeutic benefits in this potentially devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carmelo Carmona-Rivera
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erica Moore
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nickie L Seto
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason S Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Milton Pryor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Saskia Hemmers
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kerri A Mowen
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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Claushuis TAM, van der Donk LEH, Luitse AL, van Veen HA, van der Wel NN, van Vught LA, Roelofs JJTH, de Boer OJ, Lankelma JM, Boon L, de Vos AF, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Role of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 in Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Host Defense during Klebsiella pneumoniae-Induced Pneumonia-Derived Sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1241-1252. [PMID: 29987161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) catalyzes citrullination of histones, an important step for neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We aimed to determine the role of PAD4 during pneumonia. Markers of NET formation were measured in lavage fluid from airways of critically ill patients. NET formation and host defense were studied during pneumonia-derived sepsis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in PAD4+/+ and PAD4-/- mice. Patients with pneumosepsis, compared with those with nonpulmonary disease, showed increased citrullinated histone 3 (CitH3) levels in their airways and a trend toward elevated levels of NET markers cell-free DNA and nucleosomes. During murine pneumosepsis, CitH3 levels were increased in the lungs of PAD4+/+ but not of PAD4-/- mice. Combined light and electron microscopy showed NET-like structures surrounding Klebsiella in areas of CitH3 staining in the lung; however, these were also seen in PAD4-/- mice with absent CitH3 lung staining. Moreover, cell-free DNA and nucleosome levels were mostly similar in both groups. Moreover, Klebsiella and LPS could still induce NETosis in PAD4-/- neutrophils. Both groups showed largely similar bacterial growth, lung inflammation, and organ injury. In conclusion, these data argue against a major role for PAD4 in NET formation, host defense, or organ injury during pneumonia-derived sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora A M Claushuis
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Lieve E H van der Donk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna L Luitse
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A van Veen
- Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Lankelma
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Guiducci E, Lemberg C, Küng N, Schraner E, Theocharides APA, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Candida albicans-Induced NETosis Is Independent of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1573. [PMID: 30038623 PMCID: PMC6046457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant innate immune cells and the first line of defense against many pathogenic microbes, including the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Among the neutrophils' arsenal of effector functions, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are thought to be of particular importance for trapping and killing the large fungal filaments by means of their web-like structures that consist of chromatin fibers decorated with proteolytic enzymes and host defense proteins. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4)-mediated citrullination of histones in activated neutrophils correlates with chromatin decondensation and extrusion and is widely accepted to act as an integral process of NET induction (NETosis). However, the requirement of PAD4-mediated histone citrullination for NET release during C. albicans infection remains unclear. In this study, we show that although PAD4-dependent neutrophil histone citrullination is readily induced by C. albicans, PAD4 is dispensable for NETosis in response to the fungus and other common NET-inducing stimuli. Moreover, PAD4 is not required for antifungal immunity during mucosal and systemic C. albicans infection. Our results demonstrate that PAD4 is dispensable for C. albicans-induced NETosis, and they highlight the limitations of using histone citrullination as a marker for NETs and PAD4-/- mice as a model of NET-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Guiducci
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lemberg
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noëmi Küng
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Schraner
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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The Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitor Cl-Amidine Suppresses Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112258. [PMID: 29077055 PMCID: PMC5713228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline by calcium-dependent peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, identifying PADs as therapeutic targets for various diseases. The PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine ameliorates the disease course, severity, and clinical manifestation in multiple disease models, and it also modulates dendritic cell (DC) functions such as cytokine production, antigen presentation, and T cell proliferation. The beneficial effects of Cl-amidine make it an attractive compound for PAD-targeting therapeutic strategies in inflammatory diseases. Here, we found that Cl-amidine inhibited nitric oxide (NO) generation in a time- and dose-dependent manner in maturing DCs activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This suppression of NO generation was independent of changes in NO synthase (NOS) enzyme activity levels but was instead dependent on changes in inducible NO synthase (iNOS) transcription and expression levels. Several upstream signaling pathways for iNOS expression, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 pathways, were not affected by Cl-amidine. By contrast, the LPS-induced signal transducer and the activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional activities (c-Fos, JunD, and phosphorylated c-Jun) were decreased in Cl-amidine-treated DCs. Inhibition of Janus kinase/STAT signaling dramatically suppressed iNOS expression and NO production, whereas AP-1 inhibition had no effect. These results indicate that Cl-amidine-inhibited STAT activation may suppress iNOS expression. Additionally, we found mildly reduced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in Cl-amidine-treated DCs. Our findings indicate that Cl-amidine acts as a novel suppressor of iNOS expression, suggesting that Cl-amidine has the potential to ameliorate the effects of excessive iNOS/NO-linked immune responses.
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20
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Raup-Konsavage WM, Wang Y, Wang WW, Feliers D, Ruan H, Reeves WB. Neutrophil peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 has a pivotal role in ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2017; 93:365-374. [PMID: 29061334 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, mechanisms underlying the sudden loss in kidney function and tissue injury remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the role of peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 (PAD4), which converts arginine to citrulline and plays a role in epigenetic regulation and inflammation, in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. PAD4 expression was highly induced in infiltrating leukocytes 24 hours following renal ischemia and reperfusion. This induction was accompanied by citrullination of histone H3 and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in kidneys of wild-type mice. By contrast, PAD4-deficient mice did not form neutrophil extracellular traps, expressed lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and were partially protected from renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI. Furthermore, PAD4-deficient mice recovered kidney function 48 hours after ischemia/reperfusion, whereas kidney function in the wild-type mice progressively worsened. Administration of DNase I, which degrades neutrophil extracellular traps or the PAD-specific inhibitor YW3-56 before ischemia, partially prevented renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI. Notably, transfer of neutrophils from wild-type, but not from PAD4-deficient mice, was sufficient to restore renal neutrophil extracellular trap formation and impair kidney function following renal ischemia/reperfusion. Thus, neutrophil PAD4 plays a pivotal role in renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Denis Feliers
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Ruan
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - W Brian Reeves
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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21
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Wang L, Song G, Zhang X, Feng T, Pan J, Chen W, Yang M, Bai X, Pang Y, Yu J, Han J, Han B. PADI2-Mediated Citrullination Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5755-5768. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Myelin Basic Protein Citrullination, a Hallmark of Central Nervous System Demyelination, Assessed by Novel Monoclonal Antibodies in Prion Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3172-3184. [PMID: 28470584 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes leads to incomplete protein-lipid bilayer interactions and vulnerability to proteolytic enzymes, resulting in disorganization of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Therefore, citrullinated MBP (citMBP) has been suggested as a hallmark of demyelination, but how citMBP is implicated in prion diseases remains unknown. For the first time, we developed mouse monoclonal anti-citMBP IgG1 (clones 1B8, 1H1, and 3C6) and IgM (clone 3G5) antibodies that recognize human citMBP at its R25, R122, and R130 residues and at its C-terminal region (or the corresponding sites in mouse MBP), respectively. Using a biochemical, immunohistochemical, and immunogold-silver staining for electron microscopy techniques, we found that MBP residue R23 (corresponding to human R25) was specifically citrullinated, was stained as intense punctae in the corpus callosum, the striatum, and the cerebellar white matter, and was predominantly localized in disorganized myelin in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. In the brains of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients, MBP residues R25, R122, and R130 were markedly citrullinated and were stained as fibrils and punctae. In particular, white matter regions, such as the midbrain and the medulla, exhibited high levels of citMBP compared to other regions. However, the high levels of citMBP were not correlated with PAD2 expression. The clone 3G5 recognized significantly increased expression of the 18.5 kDa and/or 21.5 kDa variants of MBP in prion disease. Our findings suggest that significantly increased levels of citMBP may reflect demyelinating neuropathology, and that these newly developed antibodies may be useful for identifying demyelination.
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Kim H, Kwon KW, Kim WS, Shin SJ. Virulence-dependent induction of interleukin-10-producing-tolerogenic dendritic cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis impedes optimal T helper type 1 proliferation. Immunology 2017; 151:177-190. [PMID: 28140445 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits optimal T helper type 1 (Th1) responses during infection. However, the precise mechanisms by which virulent M. tuberculosis limits Th1 responses remain unclear. Here, we infected dendritic cells (DCs) with the virulent M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv or the attenuated strain H37Ra to investigate the phenotypic and functional alterations in DCs and resultant T-cell responses. H37Rv-infected DCs suppressed Th1 responses more strongly than H37Ra-infected DCs. Interestingly, H37Rv, but not H37Ra, impaired DC surface molecule expression (CD80, CD86 and MHC class II) due to prominent interleukin-10 (IL-10) production while augmenting the expression of tolerogenic molecules including PD-L1, CD103, Tim-3 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase on DCs in a multiplicity-of-infection (MOI) -dependent manner. These results indicate that virulent M. tuberculosis drives immature DCs toward a tolerogenic phenotype. Notably, the tolerogenic phenotype of H37Rv-infected DCs was blocked in DCs generated from IL-10-/- mice or DCs treated with an IL-10-neutralizing monoclonal antibody, leading to restoration of Th1 polarization. These findings suggest that IL-10 induces a tolerogenic DC phenotype. Interestingly, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation predominantly mediates IL-10 production; hence, H37Rv tends to induce a tolerogenic DC phenotype through expression of tolerogenic molecules in the p38 MAPK-IL-10 axis. Therefore, suppressing the tolerogenic cascade in DCs is a novel strategy for stimulating optimal protective T-cell responses against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Konig MF, Andrade F. A Critical Reappraisal of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and NETosis Mimics Based on Differential Requirements for Protein Citrullination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:461. [PMID: 27867381 PMCID: PMC5095114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NETosis, an antimicrobial form of neutrophil cell death, is considered a primary source of citrullinated autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and immunogenic DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Activation of the citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) is believed to be essential for neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and NETosis. PAD4 is therefore viewed as a promising therapeutic target to inhibit the formation of NETs in both diseases. In this review, we examine the evidence for PAD4 activation during NETosis and provide experimental data to suggest that protein citrullination is not a universal feature of NETs. We delineate two distinct biological processes, leukotoxic hypercitrullination (LTH) and defective mitophagy, which have been erroneously classified as “NETosis.” While these NETosis mimics share morphological similarities with NETosis (i.e., extracellular DNA release), they are biologically distinct. As such, these processes can be readily classified by their stimuli, activation of distinct biochemical pathways, the presence of hypercitrullination, and antimicrobial effector function. NETosis is an antimicrobial form of cell death that is NADPH oxidase-dependent and not associated with hypercitrullination. In contrast, LTH is NADPH oxidase-independent and not bactericidal. Rather, LTH represents a bacterial strategy to achieve immune evasion. It is triggered by pore-forming pathways and equivalent signals that cumulate in calcium-dependent hyperactivation of PADs, protein hypercitrullination, and neutrophil death. The generation of citrullinated autoantigens in RA is likely driven by LTH, but not NETosis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) expulsion, the result of a constitutive defect in mitophagy, represents a second NETosis mimic. In the presence of interferon-α and immune complexes, this process can generate highly interferogenic oxidized mtDNA, which has previously been mistaken for NETosis in SLE. Distinguishing NETosis from LTH and defective mitophagy is paramount to understanding the role of neutrophil damage in immunity and the pathogenesis of human diseases. This provides a framework to design specific inhibitors of these distinct biological processes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Biron BM, Chung CS, O'Brien XM, Chen Y, Reichner JS, Ayala A. Cl-Amidine Prevents Histone 3 Citrullination and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation, and Improves Survival in a Murine Sepsis Model. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:22-32. [PMID: 27622642 DOI: 10.1159/000448808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis refers to the presence of a serious infection that correlates with systemic and uncontrolled immune activation. Posttranslational histone modification plays an important role in chromatin decondensation, which is regulated by citrullination. Citrullinated histone H3 (H3cit) has been identified as a component of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are released into the extracellular space as part of the neutrophil response to infection. The conversion of arginine to citrulline residues on histones is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4). This study's goals were to characterize the presence of PAD4-catalyzed H3cit and NET formation during the onset of sepsis and elucidate the effects on the immune response when this mechanism of action is blocked. Adult C57BL/6 male mice were treated with Cl-amidine, an inhibitor of PAD4, 1 h prior to sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twenty-four hours after CLP, cytokine levels, H3cit protein expression, neutrophil counts, and NET production were evaluated in the peritoneal cavity. Survival studies were also performed. Here we demonstrate that Cl-amidine treatment prior to CLP improves overall survival in sepsis and the abrogation of PAD4 has minimal effects on the proinflammatory immune response to sepsis, while it has no effect on overall neutrophil migration to the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Biron
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, R.I., USA
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Kawalkowska J, Quirke AM, Ghari F, Davis S, Subramanian V, Thompson PR, Williams RO, Fischer R, La Thangue NB, Venables PJ. Abrogation of collagen-induced arthritis by a peptidyl arginine deiminase inhibitor is associated with modulation of T cell-mediated immune responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26430. [PMID: 27210478 PMCID: PMC4876390 DOI: 10.1038/srep26430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing citrulline, a post-translational modification of arginine, are generated by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD). Citrullinated proteins have pro-inflammatory effects in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we examine the therapeutic effects in collagen-induced arthritis of the second generation PAD inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine. Treatment after disease onset resulted in the reversal of clinical and histological changes of arthritis, associated with a marked reduction in citrullinated proteins in lymph nodes. There was little overall change in antibodies to collagen or antibodies to citrullinated peptides, but a shift from pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17-type responses to pro-resolution Th2-type responses was demonstrated by serum cytokines and antibody subtypes. In lymph node cells from the arthritic mice treated with BB-Cl-amidine, there was a decrease in total cell numbers but an increase in the proportion of Th2 cells. BB-Cl-amidine had a pro-apoptotic effect on all Th subsets in vitro with Th17 cells appearing to be the most sensitive. We suggest that these immunoregulatory effects of PAD inhibition in CIA are complex, but primarily mediated by transcriptional regulation. We suggest that targeting PADs is a promising strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kawalkowska
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Quirke
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Fatemeh Ghari
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Davis
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Richard O. Williams
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Patrick J. Venables
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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Méchin MC, Cau L, Galliano MF, Daunes-Marion S, Poigny S, Vidaluc JL, Bessou-Touya S, Takahara H, Serre G, Duplan H, Simon M. Acefylline activates filaggrin deimination by peptidylarginine deiminases in the upper epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:101-6. [PMID: 26616205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze deimination (or citrullination), a calcium-dependent post-translational modification involved in several physiological processes and human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Deimination of filaggrin (FLG) by PAD1 and PAD3 during the last steps of keratinocyte differentiation is a crucial event for the epidermis function and homeostasis. This allows the complete degradation of FLG, leading to the production of free amino acids and their derivatives that are essential for epidermal photoprotection and moisturizing of the stratum corneum. OBJECTIVE To increase the flux of this catabolic pathway, we searched for activators of PADs. METHODS A large chemical library was screened first in silico and then by using an automated assay based on an indirect colorimetric measurement of recombinant human PAD activity. Potential activators were then confirmed using a recombinant human FLG as a substrate, and secondly after topical application at the surface of three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis. RESULTS The data obtained after the library screening pointed to xanthine derivatives as potential PAD activators. Among seven xanthine derivatives tested at 50-300μM, caffeine, theobromine and acefylline proved to be the most potent enhancers of in vitro deimination of FLG by PAD1 and PAD3. After topical application of a gel formulation containing 3% acefylline at the surface of reconstructed epidermis, immunoblotting analysis showed an increase in the total amount of deiminated proteins, and confocal microscopy showed an enhanced deimination in the stratum corneum. This demonstrated the activation of PADs in living cells. CONCLUSION As a PAD activator, acefylline will be useful to study the role of deimination and could be proposed to increase or correct the hydration of the cornified layers of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5165, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Cau
- Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5165, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Florence Galliano
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Daunes-Marion
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Poigny
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Vidaluc
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Bessou-Touya
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Guy Serre
- Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5165, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Duplan
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5165, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1056, Toulouse, France.
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