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Fetse J, Olawode EO, Deb S. Personalized Medicine Approach to Proteomics and Metabolomics of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: A Narrative Review. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024:10.1007/s13318-024-00912-5. [PMID: 39269556 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-024-00912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) represent a diverse family of heme-thiolate proteins involved in the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. In recent years, proteomics and metabolomics have been used to obtain a comprehensive insight into the role of CYPs in health and disease aspects. The objective of the present work is to better understand the status of proteomics and metabolomics in CYP research in optimizing therapeutics and patient safety from a personalized medicine approach. The literature used in this narrative review was procured by electronic search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar databases. The following keywords were used in combination to identify related literature: "proteomics," "metabolomics," "cytochrome P450," "drug metabolism," "disease conditions," "proteome," "liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry," "integration," "metabolites," "pathological conditions." We reviewed studies that utilized proteomics and metabolomics approaches to explore the multifaceted roles of CYPs in identifying disease markers and determining the contribution of CYP enzymes in developing treatment strategies. The applications of various cutting-edge analytical techniques, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and bioinformatics analyses in CYP proteomics and metabolomics studies, have been highlighted. The identification of CYP enzymes through metabolomics and/or proteomics in various disease conditions provides key information in the diagnostic and therapeutic landscape. Leveraging both proteomics and metabolomics presents a powerful approach for an exhaustive exploration of the multifaceted roles played by CYP enzymes in personalized medicine. Proteomics and metabolomics have enabled researchers to unravel the complex connection between CYP enzymes and metabolic markers associated with specific diseases. As technology and methodologies evolve, an integrated approach promises to further elucidate the role of CYPs in human health and disease, potentially ushering in a new era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fetse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, 33169, USA
| | - Emmanuel Oladayo Olawode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, 33169, USA
| | - Subrata Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, 33169, USA.
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Uddin MJ, Hjorthøj C, Ahammed T, Nordentoft M, Ekstrøm CT. The use of polygenic risk scores as a covariate in psychological studies. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2022.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Kadra-Scalzo G, Fonseca de Freitas D, Agbedjro D, Francis E, Ridler I, Pritchard M, Shetty H, Segev A, Casetta C, Smart SE, Morris A, Downs J, Christensen SR, Bak N, Kinon BJ, Stahl D, Hayes RD, MacCabe JH. A predictor model of treatment resistance in schizophrenia using data from electronic health records. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274864. [PMID: 36121864 PMCID: PMC9484642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a prognostic tool of treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) in a large and diverse clinical cohort, with comprehensive coverage of patients using mental health services in four London boroughs. METHODS We used the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) for time-to-event data, to develop a risk prediction model from the first antipsychotic prescription to the development of TRS, using data from electronic health records. RESULTS We reviewed the clinical records of 1,515 patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and observed that 253 (17%) developed TRS. The Cox LASSO survival model produced an internally validated Harrel's C index of 0.60. A Kaplan-Meier curve indicated that the hazard of developing TRS remained constant over the observation period. Predictors of TRS were: having more inpatient days in the three months before and after the first antipsychotic, more community face-to-face clinical contact in the three months before the first antipsychotic, minor cognitive problems, and younger age at the time of the first antipsychotic. CONCLUSIONS Routinely collected information, readily available at the start of treatment, gives some indication of TRS but is unlikely to be adequate alone. These results provide further evidence that earlier onset is a risk factor for TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giouliana Kadra-Scalzo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniela Fonseca de Freitas
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Agbedjro
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Francis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel Ridler
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Pritchard
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hitesh Shetty
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aviv Segev
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Shalvata Mental Health Center, Hod Hasharon, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Cecilia Casetta
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. Smart
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Morris
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johnny Downs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bruce J. Kinon
- Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals LLC, Deerfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Hayes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James H. MacCabe
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Hindley G, Bahrami S, Steen NE, O'Connell KS, Frei O, Shadrin A, Bettella F, Rødevand L, Fan CC, Dale AM, Djurovic S, Smeland OB, Andreassen OA. Characterising the shared genetic determinants of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and risk-taking. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:466. [PMID: 34497263 PMCID: PMC8426401 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased risk-taking is a central component of bipolar disorder (BIP) and is implicated in schizophrenia (SCZ). Risky behaviours, including smoking and alcohol use, are overrepresented in both disorders and associated with poor health outcomes. Positive genetic correlations are reported but an improved understanding of the shared genetic architecture between risk phenotypes and psychiatric disorders may provide insights into underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We aimed to characterise the genetic overlap between risk phenotypes and SCZ, and BIP by estimating the total number of shared variants using the bivariate causal mixture model and identifying shared genomic loci using the conjunctional false discovery rate method. Summary statistics from genome wide association studies of SCZ, BIP, risk-taking and risky behaviours were acquired (n = 82,315-466,751). Genomic loci were functionally annotated using FUMA. Of 8.6-8.7 K variants predicted to influence BIP, 6.6 K and 7.4 K were predicted to influence risk-taking and risky behaviours, respectively. Similarly, of 10.2-10.3 K variants influencing SCZ, 9.6 and 8.8 K were predicted to influence risk-taking and risky behaviours, respectively. We identified 192 loci jointly associated with SCZ and risk phenotypes and 206 associated with BIP and risk phenotypes, of which 68 were common to both risk-taking and risky behaviours and 124 were novel to SCZ or BIP. Functional annotation implicated differential expression in multiple cortical and sub-cortical regions. In conclusion, we report extensive polygenic overlap between risk phenotypes and BIP and SCZ, identify specific loci contributing to this shared risk and highlight biologically plausible mechanisms that may underlie risk-taking in severe psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Hindley
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway.
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin S O'Connell
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linn Rødevand
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chun C Fan
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway.
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Spangaro M, Martini F, Bechi M, Buonocore M, Agostoni G, Cocchi F, Sapienza J, Bosia M, Cavallaro R. Longitudinal course of cognition in schizophrenia: Does treatment resistance play a role? J Psychiatr Res 2021; 141:346-352. [PMID: 34304039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) represents a main clinical issue, associated with worse functional outcome and higher healthcare costs. Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic for TRS, although 40% of resistant patients, defined as ultra-treatment resistant (UTR), are clozapine-refractory. Previous literature suggests that TRS is characterized by worse cognitive functioning and a more disrupted neurobiological substrate, but only few studies focused on UTR schizophrenia. Moreover, despite this evidence and the central role of cognition, to date no study has investigated long-term cognitive outcome in TRS. Based on these premises, this study aims to analyze cross-sectional and long-term cognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia, stratified according to antipsychotic response: first-line responders (FLRs), clozapine responders (CRs) and UTRs. We analyzed cross-sectional and retrospective cognitive evaluations of 93 patients with schizophrenia (32 FLRs, 42 CRs, 19 UTRs) over a mean follow-up period of 9 years, also taking into account possible influencing factors such as clinical severity and antipsychotic load. Analyses showed that UTR is associated with overall impaired cognitive functioning and represents the main predictor of long-term cognitive decline. We observed no significant differences between FLR and CR patients, which showed moderate cognitive improvement over time. This is the first study to report an association of treatment resistance with longitudinal cognitive course in schizophrenia, indicating that UTR is correlated with cognitive decline over time. This decline may either be a consequence of the persistence of psychotic symptoms or depend on a distinct and more disrupted neurobiological substrate affecting both cognition and antipsychotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Spangaro
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Margherita Bechi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Buonocore
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cocchi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marta Bosia
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cavallaro
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Zahid NA, Jaafar HZE, Hakiman M. Micropropagation of Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) 'Bentong' and Evaluation of Its Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activities Compared with the Conventionally Propagated Plant. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040630. [PMID: 33810290 PMCID: PMC8066238 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
‘Bentong’ ginger is the most popular variety of Zingiber officinale in Malaysia. It is vegetatively propagated and requires a high proportion of rhizomes as starting planting materials. Besides, ginger vegetative propagation using its rhizomes is accompanied by several types of soil-borne diseases. Plant tissue culture techniques have been applied in many plant species to produce their disease-free planting materials. As ‘Bentong’ ginger is less known for its micropropagation, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clorox (5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)) on explant surface sterilization, effects of plant growth regulators, and basal media on shoots’ multiplication and rooting. The secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities of the micropropagated plants were evaluated in comparison with conventionally propagated plants. Rhizome sprouted buds were effectively sterilized in 70% Clorox for 30 min by obtaining 75% contamination-free explants. Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with 10 µM of zeatin was the suitable medium for shoot multiplication, which resulted in the highest number of shoots per explant (4.28). MS medium supplemented with 7.5 µM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) resulted in the highest number of roots per plantlet. The in vitro-rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized with a 95% survival rate in the ex vitro conditions. The phytochemical analysis showed that total phenolic acid and total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of the micropropagated plants were not significantly different from the conventionally propagated plants of ‘Bentong’ ginger. In conclusion, the present study’s outcome can be adopted for large-scale propagation of disease-free planting materials of ‘Bentong’ ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmad Zahid
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.); (H.Z.E.J.)
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Sciences, Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University, Kandahar 3801, Afghanistan
| | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.); (H.Z.E.J.)
| | - Mansor Hakiman
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.); (H.Z.E.J.)
- Laboratory of Sustainable Resources Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-162221070
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Korda AI, Andreou C, Borgwardt S. Pattern classification as decision support tool in antipsychotic treatment algorithms. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113635. [PMID: 33548218 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pattern classification aims to establish a new approach in personalized treatment. The scope is to tailor treatment on individual characteristics during all phases of care including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcome. In psychotic disorders, this need results from the fact that a third of patients with psychotic symptoms do not respond to antipsychotic treatment and are described as having treatment-resistant disorders. This, in addition to the high variability of treatment responses among patients, enhances the need of applying advanced classification algorithms to identify antipsychotic treatment patterns. This review comprehensively summarizes advancements and challenges of pattern classification in antipsychotic treatment response to date and aims to introduce clinicians and researchers to the challenges of including pattern classification into antipsychotic treatment decision algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Korda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Lübeck (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Andreou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Lübeck (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Lübeck (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Kravariti E, Demjaha A, Zanelli J, Ibrahim F, Wise C, MacCabe JH, Reichenberg A, Pilecka I, Morgan K, Fearon P, Morgan C, Doody GA, Donoghue K, Jones PB, Kaçar AŞ, Dazzan P, Lappin J, Murray RM. Neuropsychological function at first episode in treatment-resistant psychosis: findings from the ÆSOP-10 study. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2100-2110. [PMID: 30348234 PMCID: PMC6712950 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychological investigations can help untangle the aetiological and phenomenological heterogeneity of schizophrenia but have scarcely been employed in the context of treatment-resistant (TR) schizophrenia. No population-based study has examined neuropsychological function in the first-episode of TR psychosis. METHODS We report baseline neuropsychological findings from a longitudinal, population-based study of first-episode psychosis, which followed up cases from index admission to 10 years. At the 10-year follow up patients were classified as treatment responsive or TR after reconstructing their entire case histories. Of 145 cases with neuropsychological data at baseline, 113 were classified as treatment responsive, and 32 as TR at the 10-year follow-up. RESULTS Compared with 257 community controls, both case groups showed baseline deficits in three composite neuropsychological scores, derived from principal component analysis: verbal intelligence and fluency, visuospatial ability and executive function, and verbal memory and learning (p values⩽0.001). Compared with treatment responders, TR cases showed deficits in verbal intelligence and fluency, both in the extended psychosis sample (t = -2.32; p = 0.022) and in the schizophrenia diagnostic subgroup (t = -2.49; p = 0.017). Similar relative deficits in the TR cases emerged in sub-/sensitivity analyses excluding patients with delayed-onset treatment resistance (p values<0.01-0.001) and those born outside the UK (p values<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Verbal intelligence and fluency are impaired in patients with TR psychosis compared with those who respond to treatment. This differential is already detectable - at a group level - at the first illness episode, supporting the conceptualisation of TR psychosis as a severe, pathogenically distinct variant, embedded in aberrant neurodevelopmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Kravariti
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - Arsime Demjaha
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - Jolanta Zanelli
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - Fowzia Ibrahim
- Academic Rheumatology Department, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, England, UK
| | - Catherine Wise
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - James H. MacCabe
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Izabela Pilecka
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 2UW, England, UK
| | - Paul Fearon
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Patricks University Hospital and Trinity College, University of Dublin, James St., Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Craig Morgan
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - Gillian A. Doody
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, UK
| | - Kim Donoghue
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, England, UK
| | - Anil Şafak Kaçar
- Koç University, School of Medicine, Rumelifeneri Yolu 34450 Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
| | - Julia Lappin
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
- UNSW Research Unit for Schizophrenia, School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England, UK
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