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Du L, Zhao Z, Liu X, Chen Y, Gao W, Wang Y, Liu J, Liu B, Ma G. Alterations of Iron Level in the Bilateral Basal Ganglia Region in Patients With Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:608058. [PMID: 33551726 PMCID: PMC7859276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.608058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the changes of iron level using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in the bilateral basal ganglia region in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) patients with long-term ischemia. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy controls and nine patients with MCAO were recruited, and their QSM images were obtained. The bilateral caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), and globus pallidus (Gp) were selected as the regions of interest (ROIs). Susceptibility values of bilateral ROIs were calculated and compared between the affected side and unaffected side in patients with MCAO and between patients with MCAO and healthy controls. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to evaluate the diagnostic capability of susceptibility values in differentiating healthy controls and patients with MCAO by the area under the curve (AUC). Results: The susceptibility values of bilateral Cd were asymmetric in healthy controls; however, this asymmetry disappeared in patients with MCAO. In addition, compared with healthy controls, the average susceptibility values of the bilateral Pt in patients with MCAO were increased (P < 0.05), and the average susceptibility value of the bilateral Gp was decreased (P < 0.05). ROC curves showed that the susceptibility values of the Pt and Gp had a larger AUC (AUC = 0.700 and 0.889, respectively). Conclusion: As measured by QSM, the iron levels of the bilateral basal ganglia region were significantly changed in patients with MCAO. Iron dyshomeostasis in the basal ganglia region might be involved in the pathophysiological process of middle cerebral artery stenosis and occlusion. These findings may provide a novel insight to profoundly address the pathophysiological mechanisms of MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zifang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yige Wang
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guolin Ma
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Du L, Zhao Z, Cui A, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Shi S, Fu C, Han X, Gao W, Song T, Xie L, Wang L, Sun S, Guo R, Ma G. Increased Iron Deposition on Brain Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Correlates with Decreased Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1849-1857. [PMID: 29722955 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive accumulation of iron in deep gray structures is an important pathological characteristic in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is more specific than other imaging-based iron measurement modalities and allows noninvasive assessment of tissue magnetic susceptibility, which has been shown to correlate well with brain iron levels. This study aimed to investigate the correlations between the magnetic susceptibility values of deep gray matter nuclei and the cognitive functions assessed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) in patients with mild and moderate AD. Thirty subjects with mild and moderate AD and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were scanned with a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The magnetic susceptibilities of the regions of interest (ROIs), including caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), globus pallidus (Gp), thalamus (Th), red nucleus (Rn), substantia nigra (Sn), and dentate nucleus (Dn), were quantified by QSM. We found that the susceptibility values of the bilateral Cd and Pt were significantly higher in AD patients than the controls ( P < 0.05). In contrast, bilateral Rn had significantly lower susceptibility values in AD than the controls. Regardless of gender and age, the increase of magnetic susceptibility in the left Cd was significantly correlated with the decrease of MMSE scores and MoCA scores ( P < 0.05). Our study indicated that magnetic susceptibility value of left Cd could be potentially used as a biomarker of disease severity in mild and moderate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ailing Cui
- Anatomy Department, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000 Shanxi China
| | - Yijiang Zhu
- Department of Imaging, ANHUI Provincial Hospital, Hefei, 230000 Anhui China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sumin Shi
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Fu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tianbin Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lizhi Xie
- GE Healthcare, MR Research, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shilong Sun
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runcai Guo
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guolin Ma
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Descloux E, Scarpelli MP, Palmiere C. Frontal lobe syndrome associated with intracranial hemorrhages. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:1115-1116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Ruet A, Joyeux F, Segobin S, Jokic C, Desgranges B, Eustache F, Pitel AL. Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients without Focal Lesion but with Behavioral Disorders: Shrinkage of Gray Matter Nuclei and Thalamus Revealed in a Pilot Voxel-Based MRI Study. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1552-1556. [PMID: 29648977 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After a traumatic brain injury (TBI), behavioral disorders can occur without major focal brain lesion, and in these situations, their pathophysiology remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine whether TBI patients with behavioral disorders but without any focal damage, as observed from an initial clinical CT scan, present subtle volumetric alterations that could be measured voxel-by-voxel in the whole brain with MRI. Eight male adults with severe TBI who had behavioral sequela but not major focal cerebral lesion and 17 age-matched controls underwent a volumetric T1-weighted 1.5T MRI. A two step analysis was performed. First, gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes were compared between groups using voxel-based morphometry. Second, we examined brain regions systematically damaged using the sum of the individual binary maps obtained from z-maps thresholded at -1.75 for significant GM and WM atrophy. TBI patients had lower GM volume than controls (p < 0.001, uncorrected) in the right parahippocampal gyrus; left and right superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri; left superior frontal gyrus; right middle frontal gyrus; thalami; mammillary bodies; caudate nuclei; insulae; cerebellar cortex; and vermis. WM volume was lower (p < 0.001, uncorrected) in the TBI group than in controls in the periventricular area and around the basal nuclei. We found shrinkage in the dorsomedial thalami in each of the TBI patients, and in the posterior part of the right putamen and caudate nuclei in seven TBI patients. Shrinkage in the dorsomedial thalami and in the posterior part of the right putamen and caudate nuclei may be a common effect of the disseminated microscopic lesions, and be associated with behavioral issues in severe TBI patients without major focal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Ruet
- 1 CHU de Caen, Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Caen, France .,2 INSERM; EPHE, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, UNICAEN, PSL Research University , Normandie Université, Caen, France .,3 CH Aunay Bayeux, Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Aunay/Odon, France
| | - Françoise Joyeux
- 2 INSERM; EPHE, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, UNICAEN, PSL Research University , Normandie Université, Caen, France .,3 CH Aunay Bayeux, Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Aunay/Odon, France
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- 2 INSERM; EPHE, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, UNICAEN, PSL Research University , Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Corine Jokic
- 3 CH Aunay Bayeux, Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Aunay/Odon, France
| | - Béatrice Desgranges
- 2 INSERM; EPHE, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, UNICAEN, PSL Research University , Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- 2 INSERM; EPHE, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, UNICAEN, PSL Research University , Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Anne-Lise Pitel
- 2 INSERM; EPHE, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, UNICAEN, PSL Research University , Normandie Université, Caen, France
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5
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Liu J, Zhu MW, Arzberger T, Wang LN. Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration with Accumulation of Argyrophilic Grains and Lewy Bodies: A Clinicopathological Report. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:55-8. [PMID: 26401927 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A clinicopathological investigation was conducted on a case of an 89-year-old man with a 10-year history of progressive dementia who also suffered strokes, apathy, aphasia, dysarthria, weakness of both legs, and walking difficulties. At autopsy, we found an obvious atrophy of the frontal and temporal cortex. Lewy bodies (LBs) could be seen in brain stem, amygdala, and neocortex. Argyrophilic grains were observed in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, neocortex, amygdala, and pons, as well as neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. The case presented here is a rare case of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with accumulation of argyrophilic grains and Lewy bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-wei Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lu-ning Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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6
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Impiombato FA, Baltsavias G, Valavanis A. The recurrent artery of Heubner in routine selective cerebral angiography. Neuroradiology 2014; 56:745-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-014-1387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Thames AD, Foley JM, Wright MJ, Panos SE, Ettenhofer M, Ramezani A, Streiff V, El-Saden S, Goodwin S, Bookheimer SY, Hinkin CH. Basal ganglia structures differentially contribute to verbal fluency: evidence from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected adults. Neuropsychologia 2011; 50:390-5. [PMID: 22223078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basal ganglia (BG) are involved in executive language functions (i.e., verbal fluency) through their connections with cortical structures. The caudate and putamen receive separate inputs from prefrontal and premotor cortices, and may differentially contribute to verbal fluency performance. We examined BG integrity in relation to lexico-semantic verbal fluency performance among older HIV infected adults. METHOD 20 older (50+ years) HIV+ adults underwent MRI and were administered measures of semantic and phonemic fluency. BG (caudate, putamen) regions of interest were extracted. RESULTS Performance on phonemic word generation significantly predicted caudate volume, whereas performance on phonemic switching predicted putamen volume. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a double dissociation of BG involvement in verbal fluency tasks with the caudate subserving word generation and the putamen associated with switching. As such, verbal fluency tasks appear to be selective to BG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- April D Thames
- UCLA School of Medicine, 760 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States.
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8
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Ducharme S, Hudziak JJ, Botteron KN, Ganjavi H, Lepage C, Collins DL, Albaugh MD, Evans AC, Karama S. Right anterior cingulate cortical thickness and bilateral striatal volume correlate with child behavior checklist aggressive behavior scores in healthy children. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:283-90. [PMID: 21531391 PMCID: PMC3134605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and basal ganglia have been implicated in pathological aggression. This study aimed at identifying neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive aggression in healthy children. METHODS Data from 193 representative 6- to 18-year-old healthy children were obtained from the National Institutes of Health Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Normal Brain Development after a blinded quality control. Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes were obtained with automated software. Aggression levels were measured with the Aggressive Behavior scale (AGG) of the Child Behavior Checklist. AGG scores were regressed against cortical thickness and basal ganglia volumes using first- and second-order linear models while controlling for age, gender, scanner site, and total brain volume. Gender by AGG interactions were analyzed. RESULTS There were positive associations between bilateral striatal volumes and AGG scores (right: r = .238, p = .001; left: r = .188, p = .01). A significant association was found with right ACC and subgenual ACC cortical thickness in a second-order linear model (p < .05, corrected). High AGG scores were associated with a relatively thin right ACC cortex. An AGG by gender interaction trend was found in bilateral OFC and ACC associations with AGG scores. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the existence of relationships between impulsive aggression in healthy children and the structure of the striatum and right ACC. It also suggests the existence of gender-specific patterns of association in OFC/ACC gray matter. These results may guide research on oppositional-defiant and conduct disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ducharme
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University (Montreal, QC, Canada)
| | - James J Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont (Burlington, VT, USA)
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Child Psychiatry and Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, (St. Louis, MO, USA)
| | - Hooman Ganjavi
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University (Montreal, QC, Canada)
| | - Claude Lepage
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University (Montreal, QC, Canada)
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University (Montreal, QC, Canada)
| | - Matthew D. Albaugh
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont (Burlington, VT, USA)
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University (Montreal, QC, Canada)
| | - Sherif Karama
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University (Montreal, QC, Canada).,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University (Montreal, QC, Canada)
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9
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Hu X, Mall GD. Two Patients with Delusions. Psychiatr Ann 2010. [DOI: 10.3928/0485713-20100430-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Cools R, Ivry RB, D'Esposito M. The Human Striatum is Necessary for Responding to Changes in Stimulus Relevance. J Cogn Neurosci 2006; 18:1973-83. [PMID: 17129185 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Various lines of evidence suggest that the striatum is implicated in cognitive flexibility. The neuropsychological evidence has, for the most part, been based on research with patients with Parkinson's disease, which is accompanied by chemical disruption of both the striatum and the prefrontal cortex. The present study examined this issue by testing patients with focal lesions of the striatum on a task measuring two forms of cognitive switching. Patients with striatal, but not frontal lobe lesions, were impaired in switching between concrete sensory stimuli. By contrast, both patient groups were unimpaired when switching between abstract task rules relative to baseline nonswitch trials. These results reveal a dissociation between two distinct forms of cognitive f lexibility, providing converging evidence for a role of the striatum in f lexible control functions associated with the selection of behaviorally relevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cools
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Canessa N, Gorini A, Cappa SF, Piattelli‐Palmarini M, Danna M, Fazio F, Perani D. The effect of social content on deductive reasoning: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2005; 26:30-43. [PMID: 15852469 PMCID: PMC6871752 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological studies of deductive reasoning have shown that subjects' performance is affected significantly by the content of the presented stimuli. Specifically, subjects find it easier to reason about contexts and situations with a social content. In the present study, the effect of content on brain activation was investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects were solving two versions of the Wason selection task, which previous behavioral studies have shown to elicit a significant content effect. One version described an arbitrary relation between two actions (Descriptive: "If someone does ..., then he does ..."), whereas the other described an exchange of goods between two persons (Social-Exchange: "If you give me ..., then I give you ..."). Random-effect statistical analyses showed that compared to baseline, both tasks activated frontal medial cortex and left dorsolateral frontal and parietal regions, confirming the major role of the left hemisphere in deductive reasoning. In addition, although the two reasoning conditions were identical in logical form, the social-exchange task was also associated with right frontal and parietal activations, mirroring the left-sided activations common to both reasoning tasks. These results suggest that the recruitment of the right hemisphere is dependent on the content of the stimuli presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Canessa
- University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Ferruccio Fazio
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Milano‐Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
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12
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Narumoto J, Matsushima N, Oka S, Shimizu H, Kooguchi Y, Kitabayashi Y, Kunizawa M, Ueda H, Fukui K. Neurobehavioral changes associated with bilateral caudate nucleus infarctions. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59:109-10. [PMID: 15679550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Lyketsos CG, Rosenblatt A, Rabins P. Forgotten frontal lobe syndrome or "Executive Dysfunction Syndrome". PSYCHOSOMATICS 2004; 45:247-55. [PMID: 15123852 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.45.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine G Lyketsos
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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14
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Troyer AK, Black SE, Armilio ML, Moscovitch M. Cognitive and motor functioning in a patient with selective infarction of the left basal ganglia: evidence for decreased non-routine response selection and performance. Neuropsychologia 2004; 42:902-11. [PMID: 14998704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Focal damage to the basal ganglia is relatively rare, and little is known about the cognitive effects of damage to specific basal ganglia structures. A 28-year-old, highly educated male (patient RI) sustained a unilateral left ischemic infarction involving primarily the putamen and secondarily the head of the caudate and the anterior internal capsule. Two detailed neuropsychological assessments, at 3 and 16 months post-infarction, revealed that a majority of cognitive abilities were spared. RI's general intelligence, simple attention, concept formation, cognitive flexibility, and explicit memory were unaffected. Select cognitive abilities were affected, and these appeared to be related to direct involvement of the putamen and/or to indirect disruption of circuits between the basal ganglia and frontal lobes. Consistent with involvement of the left putamen, RI showed micrographia with his right hand. Interestingly, his micrographia was context-dependent, appearing only when verbal expression was involved (e.g., present when writing spontaneously, but not when copying sentences or when drawing). Evidence of disruption to frontal systems included variably decreased sustained attention, mildly decreased ability to generate words and to generate ideas, and significantly impaired abstraction ability in both verbal and visual modalities. Although there are several possible interpretations for these findings, this pattern of cognitive and motor functioning is consistent with neuroimaging research suggesting that the frontal/subcortical circuit between the putamen and frontal motor areas plays a role in non-routine response selection and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Troyer
- Psychology Department, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M6A 2E1.
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15
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Abstract
The prevalence of dementia dramatically increases during ageing, and this puts a serious strain on the optimism brought by the continuous increase in life expectancy observed in most industrialised countries. Diseases that produce dementia are numerous, and the cognitive deficit results from lesions of various regions and from different mechanisms. This modulates the possible prediction, prevention and cure of dementia. Emphasis is put on the necessity of, and prerequisite for, efficient research in the field of dementia. Three paradigmatic dementing disorders are reviewed. Subacute spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) constitute a biological enigma and a public health concern. In Alzheimer's disease and vascular or mixed dementia, the clinical diagnosis is still imperfect, and this hinders research. Distinguishing and accurately identifying the various types of dementia is essential for understanding their mechanism and for developing efficient therapeutic strategies, preventive and curative. For such objectives, the study of human brain tissue will remain mandatory until non-invasive markers and additional models are available. Ethical reasons banish the use of cerebral biopsy and favour the promotion of autopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Hauw
- Université Paris-6, Académie de médecine, Raymond-Escourolle Neuropathology Laboratory, centre hospitalo-universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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16
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Christoff K, Prabhakaran V, Dorfman J, Zhao Z, Kroger JK, Holyoak KJ, Gabrieli JD. Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex involvement in relational integration during reasoning. Neuroimage 2001; 14:1136-49. [PMID: 11697945 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient and neuroimaging studies indicate that complex reasoning tasks are associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the process of relational integration, or considering multiple relations simultaneously, is a component process of complex reasoning that selectively recruits PFC. We used fMRI to examine brain activation during 0-relational, 1-relational, and 2-relational problems adapted from the Raven's Progressive Matrices and hypothesized that PFC would be preferentially recruited by the 2-relational problem type. Event-related responses were modeled by convolving a canonical hemodynamic response function with the response time (RT) associated with each trial. The results across different analyses revealed the same pattern: PFC activation was specific to the comparison between 2- and 1-relational problems and was not observed in the comparison between 1- and 0-relational problems. Furthermore, the process of relational integration was specifically associated with bilateral rostrolateral PFC (RLPFC; lateral area 10) and right dorsolateral PFC (areas 9 and 46). Left RLPFC showed the greatest specificity by remaining preferentially recruited during 2-relational problems even after comparisons were restricted to trials matched for RT and accuracy. The link between RLPFC and the process of relational integration may be due to the associated process of manipulating self-generated information, a process that may characterize RLPFC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Christoff
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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17
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Rahman S, Sahakian BJ, Hodges JR, Rogers RD, Robbins TW. Specific cognitive deficits in mild frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain 1999; 122 ( Pt 8):1469-93. [PMID: 10430832 DOI: 10.1093/brain/122.8.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight patients with relatively mild frontal variant frontotemporal dementia (fvFTD) were compared with age- and IQ-matched control volunteers on tests of executive and mnemonic function. Tests of pattern and spatial recognition memory, spatial span, spatial working memory, planning, visual discrimination learning/attentional set-shifting and decision-making were employed. Patients with fvFTD were found to have deficits in the visual discrimination learning paradigm specific to the reversal stages. Furthermore, in the decision-making paradigm, patients were found to show genuine risk-taking behaviour with increased deliberation times rather than merely impulsive behaviour. It was especially notable that these patients demonstrated virtually no deficits in other tests that have also been shown to be sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction, such as the spatial working memory and planning tasks. These results are discussed in relation to the possible underlying neuropathology, the anatomical connectivity and the hypothesized heterogeneous functions of areas of the prefrontal cortex. In particular, given the nature of the cognitive deficits demonstrated by these patients, we postulate that, relatively early in the course of the disease, the ventromedial (or orbitofrontal) cortex is a major locus of dysfunction and that this may relate to the behavioural presentation of these patients clinically described in the individual case histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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