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Hong JD, Salom D, Choi EH, Du SW, Tworak A, Smidak R, Gao F, Solano YJ, Zhang J, Kiser PD, Palczewski K. Retinylidene chromophore hydrolysis from mammalian visual and non-visual opsins. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105678. [PMID: 38272218 PMCID: PMC10877631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin (Rho) and cone opsins are essential for detection of light. They respond via photoisomerization, converting their Schiff-base-adducted 11-cis-retinylidene chromophores to the all-trans configuration, eliciting conformational changes to activate opsin signaling. Subsequent Schiff-base hydrolysis releases all-trans-retinal, initiating two important cycles that maintain continuous vision-the Rho photocycle and visual cycle pathway. Schiff-base hydrolysis has been thoroughly studied with photoactivated Rho but not with cone opsins. Using established methodology, we directly measured the formation of Schiff-base between retinal chromophores with mammalian visual and nonvisual opsins of the eye. Next, we determined the rate of light-induced chromophore hydrolysis. We found that retinal hydrolysis from photoactivated cone opsins was markedly faster than from photoactivated Rho. Bovine retinal G protein-coupled receptor (bRGR) displayed rapid hydrolysis of its 11-cis-retinylidene photoproduct to quickly supply 11-cis-retinal and re-bind all-trans-retinal. Hydrolysis within bRGR in native retinal pigment epithelium microsomal membranes was >6-times faster than that of bRGR purified in detergent micelles. N-terminal-targeted antibodies significantly slowed bRGR hydrolysis, while C-terminal antibodies had no effect. Our study highlights the much faster photocycle of cone opsins relative to Rho and the crucial role of RGR in chromophore recycling in daylight. By contrast, in our experimental conditions, bovine peropsin did not form pigment in the presence of all-trans-retinal nor with any mono-cis retinal isomers, leaving uncertain the role of this opsin as a light sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - David Salom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
| | - Elliot H Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Samuel W Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aleksander Tworak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Roman Smidak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yasmeen J Solano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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Haq N, Alshehri S, Alsarra IA, Alenazi M, Alwhaibi A, Shakeel F. Environmentally friendly stability-indicating HPLC method for the determination of isotretinoin in commercial products and solubility samples. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18405. [PMID: 37576265 PMCID: PMC10412884 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, an environmentally friendly "high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)" assay to quantify isotretinoin (ITN) in commercial products and solubility samples is designed and verified. A Nucleodur reverse-phase C18 column was used as the stationary phase to identify ITN. The ecologically friendly mobile phase was composed of ethyl acetate and ethanol (50:50 v/v), and it was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. ITN was measured at 354 nm in wavelength. The current HPLC method had a determination coefficient of 0.9994 and was linear in the 0.2-80 μg/g range. The current protocol for ITN measurement was also rapid (retention time = 2.78 min), accurate (%recoveries = 98.60-101.52), precise (% uncertainties = 0.71-0.98), and sensitive. According to the AGREE methodology, the current procedure received an outstanding greenness profile with an AGREE score of 0.76. By determining ITN in commercial products and solubility samples, the applicability of the current approach was proven. ITN was discovered to be present in 98.43% and 100.84%, respectively, of commercial capsule brands A and B. The ITN's solubility in numerous eco-friendly solvents was successfully measured. Under different stress conditions, the current approach was able to distinguish between its degradation products, demonstrating its stability-indicating characteristics. These findings indicated that ITN in procured capsules and solubility samples might be regularly tested by the suggested approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Haq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miteb Alenazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alwhaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Yamakawa S, Hayashi Y, Kako K, Sasakura Y, Morino Y, Wada H. Mechanism underlying retinoic acid-dependent metamorphosis in the starfish. Dev Biol 2022; 492:119-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Castellví A, Pequerul R, Barracco V, Juanhuix J, Parés X, Farrés J. Structural and biochemical evidence that ATP inhibits the cancer biomarker human aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3. Commun Biol 2022; 5:354. [PMID: 35418200 PMCID: PMC9007972 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) participates in the oxidative stress response and retinoid metabolism, being involved in several diseases, including cancer, diabetes and obesity. The ALDH1A3 isoform has recently elicited wide interest because of its potential use as a cancer stem cell biomarker and drug target. We report high-resolution three-dimensional ALDH1A3 structures for the apo-enzyme, the NAD+ complex and a binary complex with ATP. Each subunit of the ALDH1A3-ATP complex contains one ATP molecule bound to the adenosine-binding pocket of the cofactor-binding site. The ATP complex also shows a molecule, putatively identified as a polyethylene glycol aldehyde, covalently bound to the active-site cysteine. This mimics the thioacyl-enzyme catalytic intermediate, which is trapped in a dead enzyme lacking an active cofactor. At physiological concentrations, ATP inhibits the dehydrogenase activity of ALDH1A3 and other isoforms, with a Ki value of 0.48 mM for ALDH1A3, showing a mixed inhibition type against NAD+. ATP also inhibits esterase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The current ALDH1A3 structures at higher resolution will facilitate the rational design of potent and selective inhibitors. ATP binding to ALDH1A3 enables activity modulation by the energy status of the cell and metabolic reprogramming, which may be relevant in several disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Castellví
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Alba Synchrotron, carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Pequerul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vito Barracco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Juanhuix
- Alba Synchrotron, carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Parés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Farrés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Triple chemical derivatization strategy assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of retinoic acids in human serum. Talanta 2022; 245:123474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Pequerul R, Vera J, Giménez-Dejoz J, Crespo I, Coines J, Porté S, Rovira C, Parés X, Farrés J. Structural and kinetic features of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) subfamily members, cancer stem cell markers active in retinoic acid biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 681:108256. [PMID: 31923393 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases catalyze the NAD(P)+-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. The three-dimensional structures of the human ALDH1A enzymes were recently obtained, while a complete kinetic characterization of them, under the same experimental conditions, is lacking. We show that the three enzymes, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3, have similar topologies, although with decreasing volumes in their substrate-binding pockets. The activity with aliphatic and retinoid aldehydes was characterized side-by-side, using an improved HPLC-based method for retinaldehyde. Hexanal was the most efficient substrate. ALDH1A1 displayed lower Km values with hexanal, trans-2-hexenal and citral, compared to ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3. ALDH1A2 was the best enzyme for the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, in terms of kcat/Km. The catalytic efficiency towards all-trans and 9-cis-retinaldehyde was in general lower than for alkanals and alkenals. ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3 showed higher catalytic efficiency for all-trans-retinaldehyde. The lower specificity of ALDH1A3 for 9-cis-retinaldehyde against the all-trans- isomer might be related to the smaller volume of its substrate-binding pocket. Magnesium inhibited ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2, while it activated ALDH1A3, which is consistent with cofactor dissociation being the rate-limiting step for ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2, and deacylation for ALDH1A3, with hexanal as a substrate. We mutated both ALDH1A1 (L114P) and ALDH1A2 (N475G, A476V, L477V, N478S) to mimic their counterpart substrate-binding pockets. ALDH1A1 specificity for citral was traced to residue 114 and to residues 458 to 461. Regarding retinaldehyde, the mutants did not show significant differences with their respective wild-type forms, suggesting that the mutated residues are not critical for retinoid specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pequerul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Vera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Giménez-Dejoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Coines
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Porté
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Parés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Farrés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Khalil NY, Darwish IA, Al-Qahtani AA. Isotretinoin. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2019; 45:119-157. [PMID: 32164966 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Isotretinoin is chemically named as: (2Z, 4E, 6E, 8E)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid. It is an orally active retinoic acid derivative for the treatment of severe refractory nodulocystic acne. It acts primarily by reducing sebaceous gland size and sebum production, and as a result alters skin surface lipid composition. Using isotretinoin for 1-2mg/kg/day for 3-4 months produces 60%-95% clearance of inflammatory lesions in patients with acne. Doses as low as 0.1mg/kg/day have also proven successful in the clearance of lesions. Encouraging results have also been seen in small numbers of patients with rosacea, Side effects affecting the mucocutaneous system and raised serum triglyceride levels occur in most patients receiving isotretinoin. Isotretinoin is strictly contraindicated in women of childbearing potential. This profile discusses and explains names of isotretinoin, its physical and chemical characteristics. It also includes methods of preparation, thermal and spectral behavior, methods of analysis, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasr Y Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdulmohsen A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Campbell JL, Collings BA, Le Blanc JY, Hager JW. A novel MS3 experiment for quantifying ions with a linear ion trap. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry has long been employed for the quantitation of molecules. With judicious selection of precursor and fragment ions, multiple-reaction monitoring assays can be developed rapidly for these experiments. However, there are cases where analyses struggle due to high background signals caused by matrix effects that interfere with the analytical signal. An alternative to MRMs involves using two stages of tandem mass spectrometry — an MS3 experiment. Although this technique can provide greater selectivity than MS/MS experiments, cycle times for MS3 experiments are typically longer than MRM-type experiments. Here, we present a quantitation technique employing an MS3 method with shorter cycle times than traditional linear ion trap MS3 scans. Termed “scan-free” MS3, this technique performs “mass analysis” by isolating the ions of interest in the linear ion trap and then emptying the trap of these ions. The signal will be due only to those preselected ions, resulting in an MS3 experiment with up to a ∼35% reduction in cycle times relative to standard MS3 experiments without loss of sensitivity. We compare the analytical performance of this method with MRMs, as well as standard MS3 experiments, finding equivalent or better performance from the scan-free MS3 method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Larry Campbell
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, Canada
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Collings
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, Canada
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - J.C. Yves Le Blanc
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, Canada
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - James W. Hager
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, Canada
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, Canada
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Dubey A, Rose RE, Jones DR, Saint-Jeannet JP. Generating retinoic acid gradients by local degradation during craniofacial development: One cell's cue is another cell's poison. Genesis 2018; 56:10.1002/dvg.23091. [PMID: 29330906 PMCID: PMC5818312 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a vital morphogen for early patterning and organogenesis in the developing embryo. RA is a diffusible, lipophilic molecule that signals via nuclear RA receptor heterodimeric units that regulate gene expression by interacting with RA response elements in promoters of a significant number of genes. For precise RA signaling, a robust gradient of the morphogen is required. The developing embryo contains regions that produce RA, and specific intracellular concentrations of RA are created through local degradation mediated by Cyp26 enzymes. In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which RA executes precise developmental programs, the kinetics of RA metabolism must be clearly understood. Recent advances in techniques for endogenous RA detection and quantification have paved the way for mechanistic studies to shed light on downstream gene expression regulation coordinated by RA. It is increasingly coming to light that RA signaling operates not only at precise concentrations but also employs mechanisms of degradation and feedback inhibition to self-regulate its levels. A global gradient of RA throughout the embryo is often found concurrently with several local gradients, created by juxtaposed domains of RA synthesis and degradation. The existence of such local gradients has been found especially critical for the proper development of craniofacial structures that arise from the neural crest and the cranial placode populations. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how local gradients of RA are established in the embryo and their impact on craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Dubey
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry
| | - Rebecca E. Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew R. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Chen LC, Naito T, Tsutsui S, Yamada Y, Ninomiya S, Yoshimura K, Takeda S, Hiraoka K. In vivo endoscopic mass spectrometry using a moving string sampling probe. Analyst 2017; 142:2735-2740. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00650k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel moving string sampling probe and sample transportation system for performing in situ and in vivo endoscopic MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Naito
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Satoru Tsutsui
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ninomiya
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
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Rocchi S, Caretti F, Gentili A, Curini R, Perret D, Pérez-Fernández V. Quantitative profiling of retinyl esters in milk from different ruminant species by using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 211:455-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Stutz H, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. Analytical tools for the analysis of β-carotene and its degradation products. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:650-80. [PMID: 25867077 PMCID: PMC4487603 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1022539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Carotene, the precursor of vitamin A, possesses pronounced radical scavenging properties. This has centered the attention on β-carotene dietary supplementation in healthcare as well as in the therapy of degenerative disorders and several cancer types. However, two intervention trials with β-carotene have revealed adverse effects on two proband groups, that is, cigarette smokers and asbestos-exposed workers. Beside other causative reasons, the detrimental effects observed have been related to the oxidation products of β-carotene. Their generation originates in the polyene structure of β-carotene that is beneficial for radical scavenging, but is also prone to oxidation. Depending on the dominant degradation mechanism, bond cleavage might occur either randomly or at defined positions of the conjugated electron system, resulting in a diversity of cleavage products (CPs). Due to their instability and hydrophobicity, the handling of standards and real samples containing β-carotene and related CPs requires preventive measures during specimen preparation, analyte extraction, and final analysis, to avoid artificial degradation and to preserve the initial analyte portfolio. This review critically discusses different preparation strategies of standards and treatment solutions, and also addresses their protection from oxidation. Additionally, in vitro oxidation strategies for the generation of oxidative model compounds are surveyed. Extraction methods are discussed for volatile and non-volatile CPs individually. Gas chromatography (GC), (ultra)high performance liquid chromatography (U)HPLC, and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are reviewed as analytical tools for final analyte analysis. For identity confirmation of analytes, mass spectrometry (MS) is indispensable, and the appropriate ionization principles are comprehensively discussed. The final sections cover analysis of real samples and aspects of quality assurance, namely matrix effects and method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Stutz
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N. Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P. M. Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Jones JW, Pierzchalski K, Yu J, Kane MA. Use of fast HPLC multiple reaction monitoring cubed for endogenous retinoic acid quantification in complex matrices. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3222-30. [PMID: 25704261 DOI: 10.1021/ac504597q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an essential active metabolite of vitamin A, controls numerous physiological processes. In addition to the analytical challenges owing to its geometric isomers, low endogenous abundance, and often localized occurrence, nonspecific interferences observed during liquid chromatography (LC) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) quantification methods have necessitated lengthy chromatography to obtain accurate quantification free of interferences. We report the development and validation of a fast high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) multiplexing multiple reaction monitoring cubed (MRM(3)) assay for selective and sensitive quantification of endogenous RA from complex matrices. The fast HPLC separation was achieved using an embedded amide C18 column packed with 2.7 μm fused-core particles which provided baseline resolution of endogenous RA isomers (all-trans-RA, 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9,13-di-cis-RA) and demonstrated significant improvements in chromatographic efficiency compared to porous particle stationary phases. Multiplexing technology further enhanced sample throughput by a factor of 2 by synchronizing parallel HPLC systems to a single mass spectrometer. The fast HPLC multiplexing MRM(3) assay demonstrated enhanced selectivity for endogenous RA quantification in complex matrices and had comparable analytical performance to robust, validated LC-MRM methodology for RA quantification. The quantification of endogenous RA using the described assay was validated on a number of mouse tissues, nonhuman primate tissues, and human plasma samples. The combined integration of fast HPLC, MRM(3), and multiplexing yields an analysis workflow for essential low-abundance endogenous metabolites that has enhanced selectivity in complex matrices and increased throughput that will be useful in efficiently interrogating the biological role of RA in larger study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace W Jones
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jianshi Yu
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Maureen A Kane
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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Peng JB, Luo CH, Wang YC, Huang WH, Chen Y, Zhou HH, Tan ZR. Validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of all-trans retinoic acid in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study. Molecules 2014; 19:1189-200. [PMID: 24445345 PMCID: PMC6270799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19011189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive, reliable and specific LC-MS-MS method was developed and validated for the identification and quantitation of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in human plasma. Acitretin was used as the internal standard (IS). After liquid-liquid extraction of 500 μL plasma with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ATRA and the IS were chromatographed on a HyPURITY C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) with the column temperature set at 40 °C. The mobile phase was consisted of 40% phase A (MTBE–methanol–acetic acid, 50:50:0.5, v/v) and 60% phase B (water–methanol–acetic acid, 50:50:0.5, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The API 4000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via the positive electrospray ionization interface using the transition m/z 301.4 → 123.1 for ATRA and m/z 326.9 → 177.1 for IS, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.45–217.00 ng/mL (r ≥ 0.999) with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.45 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions values were below 8% relative standard deviation and the accuracy was from 98.98% to 106.19% in terms of relative error. The validated method was successfully applied in a bioequivalence study of ATRA in Chinese healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Peng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Chen-Hui Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Yi-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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15
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Viñas P, Bravo-Bravo M, López-García I, Hernández-Córdoba M. Quantification of β-carotene, retinol, retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate in enriched fruit juices using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1275:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Wu X, Jiang J, Hu J. Determination and occurrence of retinoids in a eutrophic lake (Taihu Lake, China): cyanobacteria blooms produce teratogenic retinal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:807-814. [PMID: 23256639 DOI: 10.1021/es303582u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Besides retinoic acids (RAs), some retinoids such as retinal (RAL) and retinol (ROH), which are considered as RA precursors in vertebrates, are also reported to be teratogenic agents. In this study we investigated four RA precursors including RAL, ROH, retinyl palmitate, and β-carotene in the eutrophic Taihu Lake, China, by developing a sensitive analytical method. RAL and β-carotene were widely detected in natural cyanobacteria blooms and lake water. Intracellular concentrations of RAL and β-carotene in blooms were 9.4 to 6.9 × 10(3) and 3.4 to 1.8 × 10(5) ng L(-1), respectively, and their concentrations in lake water were up to 1.4 × 10 ng L(-1) (RAL) and 9.8 × 10(2) ng L(-1) (β-carotene). The good correlation between intracellular concentrations of RAL and RAs implied that RAL was involved in the production of RAs by cyanobacteria blooms. Further examination of 39 cyanobacteria and algae species revealed that most species could produce RAL and β-carotene. The greatest amount of RAL was found in Chlamydomonas sp. (FACHB-715; 1.9 × 10(3) ng g(-1) dry weight). As the main cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake, many Microcystis species could produce high amounts of RAL and were thought to greatly contribute to the production of RAL measured in the blooms. Productions of RAL and β-carotene by cyanobacteria were associated with species, origin location, and growth stage. The results in this study present the existence of a potential risk to aquatic animals living in a eutrophic environment from a high concentration of RAL in cyanobacteria blooms and also provide a clue for further investigating the mechanism underlying the biosynthetic pathway of RAs in cyanobacteria and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Zuno-Floriano FG, Holstege D, Hengel MJ, Gaikwad NW, Aldana-Madrid ML, Miller MG. Determination of vitamin A and its metabolites in rat testis: possible involvement of vitamin A in testicular toxicity caused by molinate. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:1038-1042. [PMID: 22456730 PMCID: PMC3339053 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of molinate on retinoids homeostasis in rat testis. Molinate was administrated to male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 mg kg(-1) in corn oil, ip). Retinoid measurements were made at 6, 12, 48 and 168 h time points after administration. Testis levels of retinoic acid decreased (32 %) in a statistically significant manner at the 12 and 48 h time points. However, retinol and retinaldehyde were not significantly affected by molinate. These results suggest that molinate affects retinoic acid synthesis in testis and could contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of molinate involved testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola G Zuno-Floriano
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Arnold SLM, Amory JK, Walsh TJ, Isoherranen N. A sensitive and specific method for measurement of multiple retinoids in human serum with UHPLC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:587-598. [PMID: 22192917 PMCID: PMC3276483 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d019745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol (vitamin A) circulates at 1-4 μM concentration and is easily measured in serum. However, retinol is biologically inactive. Its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), is believed to be responsible for biological effects of vitamin A, and hence the measurement of retinol concentrations is of limited value. A UHPLC-MS/MS method using isotope-labeled internal standards was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of endogenous RA isomers and metabolites. The method was used to measure retinoids in serum samples from 20 healthy men. In the fed state, the measured concentrations were 3.1 ± 0.2 nM for atRA, 0.1 ± 0.02 nM for 9-cisRA, 5.3 ± 1.3 nM for 13-cisRA, 0.4 ± 0.4 nM for 9,13-dicisRA, and 17.2 ± 6.8 nM for 4oxo-13-cisRA. The concentrations of the retinoids were not significantly different when measured after an overnight fast (3.0 ± 0.1 nM for atRA, 0.09 ± 0.01 nM for 9-cisRA, 3.9 ± 0.2 nM for 13-cisRA, 0.3 ± 0.1 nM for 9,13-dicisRA, and 11.9 ± 1.6 nM for 4oxo-13-cisRA). 11-cisRA and 4OH-RA were not detected in human serum. The high sensitivity of the MS/MS method combined with the UHPLC separation power allowed detection of endogenous 9-cisRA and 4oxo-atRA for the first time in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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19
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Jang HJ, Yoon SH, Ryu HK, Kim JH, Wang CL, Kim JY, Oh DK, Kim SW. Retinoid production using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli with a two-phase culture system. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:59. [PMID: 21801353 PMCID: PMC3160355 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids are lipophilic isoprenoids composed of a cyclic group and a linear chain with a hydrophilic end group. These compounds include retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl esters, and various derivatives of these structures. Retinoids are used as cosmetic agents and effective pharmaceuticals for skin diseases. Retinal, an immediate precursor of retinoids, is derived by β-carotene 15,15'-mono(di)oxygenase (BCM(D)O) from β-carotene, which is synthesized from the isoprenoid building blocks isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Retinoids are chemically unstable and biologically degraded via retinoic acid. Although extensive studies have been performed on the microbial production of carotenoids, retinoid production using microbial metabolic engineering has not been reported. Here, we report retinoid production using engineered Escherichia coli that express exogenous BCM(D)O and the mevalonate (MVA) pathway for the building blocks synthesis in combination with a two-phase culture system using a dodecane overlay. RESULTS Among the BCM(D)O tested in E. coli, the synthetic retinoid synthesis protein (SR), based on bacteriorhodopsin-related protein-like homolog (Blh) of the uncultured marine bacteria 66A03, showed the highest β-carotene cleavage activity with no residual intracellular β-carotene. By introducing the exogenous MVA pathway, 8.7 mg/L of retinal was produced, which is 4-fold higher production than that of augmenting the MEP pathway (dxs overexpression). There was a large gap between retinal production and β-carotene consumption using the exogenous MVA pathway; therefore, the retinal derivatives were analyzed. The derivatives, except for retinoic acid, that formed were identified, and the levels of retinal, retinol, and retinyl acetate were measured. Amounts as high as 95 mg/L retinoids were obtained from engineered E. coli DH5α harboring the synthetic SR gene and the exogenous MVA pathway in addition to dxs overexpression, which were cultured at 29°C for 72 hours with 2YT medium containing 2.0% (w/v) glycerol as the main carbon source. However, a significant level of intracellular degradation of the retinoids was also observed in the culture. To prevent degradation of the intracellular retinoids through in situ extraction from the cells, a two-phase culture system with dodecane was used. The highest level of retinoid production (136 mg/L) was obtained after 72 hours with 5 mL of dodecane overlaid on a 5 mL culture. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we successfully produced 136 mg/L retinoids, which were composed of 67 mg/L retinal, 54 mg/L retinol, and 15 mg/L retinyl acetate, using a two-phase culture system with dodecane, which produced 68-fold more retinoids than the initial level of production (2.2 mg/L). Our results demonstrate the potential use of E. coli as a promising microbial cell factory for retinoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jeong Jang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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20
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Wu X, Hu J, Jia A, Peng H, Wu S, Dong Z. Determination and occurrence of retinoic acids and their 4-oxo metabolites in Liaodong Bay, China, and its adjacent rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2491-2497. [PMID: 20886503 DOI: 10.1002/etc.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acids (RAs) and their metabolites play an important role in abnormal morphological development and are speculated to be a possible cause for the increased rates of deformities in wild frog populations. In the current study, a method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneously analyzing all-trans-RA (at-RA), 13-cis-RA (13c-RA), 9-cis-RA (9c-RA), and their 4-oxo metabolites, all-trans-4-oxo-RA (at-4-oxo-RA), 13-cis-4-oxo-RA (13c-4-oxo-RA), and 9-cis-4-oxo-RA (9c-4-oxo-RA) in wastewaters and surface waters. Method detection limits were matrix dependent, ranging from 0.02 to 0.37 ng/L. The method was used to investigate the occurrence of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs in Liaodong Bay and its adjacent rivers. Of these six retinoids, at-RA, 13c-RA, at-4-oxo-RA, and 13c-4-oxo-RA were detected in river waters at detection frequencies of 100%, 92%, 48.6%, and 21.6%, and concentrations of 0.05 to 1.23 ng/L, less than 0.03 to 0.41 ng/L, less than 0.02 to 1.00 ng/L, and less than 0.06 to 0.81 ng/L, respectively. Retinoic acids were detected for the first time in the aquatic environment and were found to be more persistent than 4-oxo-RAs. The hazard quotient for mortality of frog embryos caused by induction by retinoids detected in the current study was then estimated, and the value was calculated to be 0.09. No retinoid was detected in seawaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Sánchez-Guijo A, Montero O. Stable ion complexes of vitamin A species (retinol) in solution as detected by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1161-1164. [PMID: 20301102 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of retinol (ROL) transport in plasma alternative to that involving the Retinol-Binding Protein (RBP) have been hypothesized after RBP-knockout mice were shown to be viable and fertile. Accordingly, the possibility of a ROL fraction circulating free in plasma has been suggested. In this study, stable complex formation between ROL and the physiological relevant ions Na(+), Li(+), and K(+) was investigated by using mass spectrometry and assessed in regard to the aforementioned alternative mechanism. The ROL-Na complex was found to be kinetically favoured with respect to the ROL-Li and ROL-K complexes. Fragmentation of the [ROL-Na](+) adduct rendered the carbocation [ROL+H-H(2)O](+) (m/z 269) and NaOH as neutral loss. In consonance with these results, it is hypothesized on the possibility of the complex [ROL-Na](+) being an alternative way of ROL transport to cells, as well as an intermediate in cis/trans isomerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Spanish Research Council and University of Valladolid, Sanz y Fores s/n, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
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22
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Abstract
Numerous physiological processes require retinoids, including development, nervous system function, immune responsiveness, proliferation, differentiation, and all aspects of reproduction. Reliable retinoid quantification requires suitable handling and, in some cases, resolution of geometric isomers that have different biological activities. Here we describe procedures for reliable and accurate quantification of retinoids, including detailed descriptions for handling retinoids, preparing standard solutions, collecting samples and harvesting tissues, extracting samples, resolving isomers, and detecting with high sensitivity. Sample-specific strategies are provided for optimizing quantification. Approaches to evaluate assay performance also are provided. Retinoid assays described here for mice also are applicable to other organisms including zebrafish, rat, rabbit, and human and for cells in culture. Retinoid quantification, especially that of retinoic acid, should provide insight into many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
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23
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Abstract
This protocol describes a highly sensitive and selective method to quantify retinoids using normal-phase HPLC with online APCI MS(N). The retinoids are key regulators of gene expression, retinol being oxidized via a retinaldehyde intermediate to retinoic acid (RA) which activates specific nuclear receptors, the signalling of which is turned off by oxidative inactivation of the ligand to 4-oxo-RA and other metabolites. Many of these retinoids are present only transiently at low concentrations in tissues and during analysis are labile to heat, light, and oxygen. HPLC with online APCI MS(N) provides a rapid technique to quantify these retinoids simultaneously. Techniques to extract the retinoids and prevent their degradation are described, with an emphasis on transcriptionally active RA. RA controls patterning of gene expression in the embryo, organizing embryonic morphology in the central nervous system. Similarly, a patterned distribution of RA controls function of the adult CNS, a tissue particularly difficult to analyse for RA because of its high lipid content. To understand how these patterns are organized in the brain and change over time, it is essential to determine the concentration of RA in small areas of tissues, and techniques of exquisite sensitivity are indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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24
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Sagha M, Karbalaie K, Tanhaee S, Esfandiari E, Salehi H, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Razavi S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. Neural Induction in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by Co-Culturing With Chicken Somites. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1351-60. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sagha
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Esfahan, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Karbalaie
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Esfahan, Iran
| | - Somaieh Tanhaee
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Esfahan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Esfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Esfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Esfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Esfahan, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
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25
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Kane M, Chen N, Sparks S, Napoli J. Quantification of endogenous retinoic acid in limited biological samples by LC/MS/MS. Biochem J 2009; 388:363-9. [PMID: 15628969 PMCID: PMC1186726 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a sensitive LC (liquid chromatography)/MS/MS assay using selected reaction monitoring to quantify RA (retinoic acid), which is applicable to biological samples of limited size (10-20 mg of tissue wet weight), requires no sample derivatization, provides mass identification and resolves atRA (all-trans-RA) from its geometric isomers. The assay quantifies over a linear range of 20 fmol to 10 pmol, and has a 10 fmol limit of detection at a signal/noise ratio of 3. Coefficients of variation are: instrumental, 0.5-2.9%; intra-assay, 5.4+/-0.4%; inter-assay 8.9+/-1.0%. An internal standard (all-trans-4,4-dimethyl-RA) improves accuracy by confirming extraction efficiency and revealing handling-induced isomerization. Tissues of 2-4-month-old C57BL/6 male mice had atRA concentrations of 7-9.6 pmol/g and serum atRA of 1.9+/-0.6 pmol/ml (+/-S.E.M.). Tissue 13-cis-RA ranged from 2.9 to 4.2 pmol/g, and serum 13-cis-RA was 1.2+/-0.3 pmol/ml. CRBP (cellular retinol-binding protein)-null mouse liver had atRA approximately 30% lower than wild-type (P<0.05), but kidney, testis, brain and serum atRA were similar to wild-type. atRA in brain areas of 12-month-old female C57BL/6 mice were (+/-S.E.M.): whole brain, 5.4+/-0.4 pmol/g; cerebellum, 10.7+/-0.3 pmol/g; cortex, 2.6+/-0.4 pmol/g; hippocampus, 8.4+/-1.2 pmol/g; striatum, 15.3+/-4.7 pmol/g. These data provide the first analytically robust quantification of atRA in animal brain and in CRBP-null mice. Direct measurements of endogenous RA should have a substantial impact on investigating target tissues of RA, mechanisms of RA action, and the relationship between RA and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Susan Sparks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Joseph L. Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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26
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General methods for flash chromatography using disposable columns. Mol Divers 2009; 13:247-52. [PMID: 19140020 PMCID: PMC2780649 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-008-9104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As technology has evolved available guidelines for normal-phase flash chromatography have become less relevant. Years of experience performing chromatography with disposable columns have been condensed into simple guidelines useful for translating TLC results into either isocratic- or gradient-flash chromatography. The described studies should provide researchers with a means of selecting adequate columns and guidelines to reduce the waste of solvents, silica, time, and money.
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27
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Dmetrichuk JM, Carlone RL, Jones TRB, Vesprini ND, Spencer GE. Detection of endogenous retinoids in the molluscan CNS and characterization of the trophic and tropic actions of 9-cis retinoic acid on isolated neurons. J Neurosci 2008; 28:13014-24. [PMID: 19036995 PMCID: PMC6671795 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3192-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is an active metabolite of Vitamin A that plays an important role in the growth and differentiation of many cell types. All-trans RA (atRA) is the retinoic acid isomer that has been most widely studied in the nervous system, and can induce and direct neurite outgrowth from both vertebrate and invertebrate preparations. The presence and role of the 9-cis-RA isomer in the nervous system is far less well defined. Here, we used high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) to show for the first time, the presence of both atRA and 9-cis-RA in the CNS of an invertebrate. We then demonstrated that 9-cis-RA was capable of exerting the same neurotrophic and chemotropic effects on cultured neurons as atRA. In this study, significantly more cells showed neurite outgrowth in 9-cis-RA versus the EtOH vehicle control, and 9-cis-RA significantly increased the number and length of neurites from identified neurons after 4 d in culture. 9-cis-RA also extended the duration of time that cells remained electrically excitable in culture. Furthermore, we showed for the first time in any species, that exogenous application of 9-cis-RA induced positive growth cone turning of cultured neurons. This study provides the first evidence for the presence of both atRA and 9-cis-RA in an invertebrate CNS and also provides the first direct evidence for a potential physiological role for 9-cis-RA in neuronal regeneration and axon pathfinding.
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28
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Kane MA, Folias AE, Wang C, Napoli JL. Quantitative profiling of endogenous retinoic acid in vivo and in vitro by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1702-8. [PMID: 18251521 PMCID: PMC4086453 DOI: 10.1021/ac702030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report an improved tandem mass spectrometric assay for retinoic acid (RA) applicable to in vitro and in vivo biological samples. This liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) assay for direct RA quantification is the most sensitive to date, with a 62.5 attomol lower limit of detection and a linear range spanning greater than 4 orders of magnitude (from 250 attomol to 10 pmol). This assay resolves all-trans-RA (atRA) from its endogenous geometric isomers, is applicable to samples of limited size (10-20 mg of tissue), and functions with complex biological matrixes. Coefficients of variation are as follows: instrumental, < or =2.6%; intraday, 5.2% +/- 0.7%; interday, 6.7% +/- 0.9%. In vitro capabilities are demonstrated by quantification of endogenous RA and RA production (from retinol) in primary cultured astrocytes. Quantification of endogenous atRA and its geometric isomers in 129SV mouse serum and tissues (liver, kidney, adipose, muscle, spleen, testis, and brain) reveals in vivo utility of the assay. The ability to discriminate spatial concentrations of RA in vivo is illustrated with C57BL/6 mouse brain loci (hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum), as well as with Lewis rat proximal/distal mammary gland regions during various morphological stages: virgin, early pregnancy (e7), late pregnancy (e20), lactating (day 4), involuting day 1, and involuting day 11. This assay provides the sensitivity necessary for direct, endogenous RA quantification necessary to elucidate RA function, e.g., in neurogenesis, morphogenesis, and the contribution of altered RA homeostasis to diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Alexandra E. Folias
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Joseph L. Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
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29
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Suh MJ, Tang XH, Gudas LJ. Structure elucidation of retinoids in biological samples using postsource decay laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry after high-performance liquid chromatography separation. Anal Chem 2007; 78:5719-28. [PMID: 16906716 DOI: 10.1021/ac060492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids [retinol (vitamin A) and its metabolites] function in the visual cycle, embryonic development, cellular differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Notwithstanding pivotal roles of retinoids in mammals, the limited number of commercially available retinoid standards is a major roadblock to identifying and studying retinoids in biological samples. Therefore, a need exists for improved methods to identify retinoid metabolites. We analyzed polar and nonpolar retinoids, including retinoic acid, retinol, retinyl acetate, and other retinyl esters, using postsource decay laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (PSD-LDI MS). PSD analysis was employed to examine the PSD fragmentation patterns of retinoids, as these patterns can be used for the characterization of retinoids from biological samples without the need for matching retention time with a commercially available or synthetic retinoid. Mechanisms for the formation of these PSD fragment ions are proposed. The feasibility of employing PSD after HPLC separation was demonstrated by characterizing the endogenous retinoids in canine kidney epithelial cell extracts and in mouse lung. We show that the PSD-LDI MS approach described here can facilitate the identification and characterization of retinoids from mammalian cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Jin Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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30
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Gundersen TE, Bastani NE, Blomhoff R. Quantitative high-throughput determination of endogenous retinoids in human plasma using triple-stage liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1176-86. [PMID: 17330217 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput ultrasensitive analytical method based on liquid chromatography with positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of all-trans-4-oxo-retinoic acid (at4oxoRA), 13-cis-4-oxo-retinoic acid (13c4oxoRA), 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cRA), all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and all-trans-retinol (atROH) in human plasma. A stable isotope of atRA was used as internal standard (IS). The analytes and IS were isolated from 100 microL plasma by acetonitrile mono-phase extraction (MPE) performed in black 96-well microtiterplates. A 100 microL injection was focused on-column and chromatographed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 rapid-resolution high-throughput (RRHT) column with 1.8-microm particles (4.6 mmx50 mm) maintained at 60 degrees C. The initial mobile phase composition was acetonitrile/water/formic acid (10:90:0.1, v/v/v) delivered at 1.8 mL/min. Elution was accomplished by a fast gradient to acetonitrile/methanol/formic acid (90:10:0.1, v/v/v). The method had a chromatographic total run time of 7 min. An Applied Biosystems 4000 Q TRAP linear tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a heated nebulizer (APCI) ionization source was operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with the precursor-to-product ion transitions m/z 315.4-->297 (4-oxo-retinoic acids), 301.2-->205 (retinoic acids), 305.0-->209 (IS) and 269.2-->93 (retinol) used for quantification. The assay was fully validated and found to have acceptable accuracy, precision, linearity, sensitivity and selectivity. The mean extraction recoveries from spiked plasma samples were 80-105% for the various retinoids at three different levels. The intra-day accuracy of the assay was within 8% of nominal and intra-day precision was better than 8% coefficient of variance (CV) for retinoic acids. Inter-day precision results for quality control samples run over a 12-day period alongside clinical samples showed mean precision better than 12.5% CV. The limit of quantification was in the range of 0.1-0.2 ng/mL and the mass limit of detection (mLOD) was in the range 1-4 pg on column for the retinoic acids. The assay has been successfully applied to the analysis of 1700 plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gundersen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1046 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Rühl R. Method to determine 4-oxo-retinoic acids, retinoic acids and retinol in serum and cell extracts by liquid chromatography/diode-array detection atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2497-504. [PMID: 16862622 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid isomers, 4-oxo-retinoic acid isomers and retinol are present in the serum of mammals. In this study a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation, sample preparation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was established for quick and easy sample preparation and sensitive determination of retinoids such as all-trans-4-oxo-retinoic acid, 13-cis-4-oxo-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid and retinol in serum and cell extracts. Serum samples were simply treated with three times the volume of isopropanol, dried under vacuum, taken up in the HPLC solvent and immediately put into the autosampler for an automated single-run HPLC analysis. With this MS/MS method we were able to detect 7 pg and quantify 20 pg of all-trans-retinoic acid, 4-oxo-all-trans-retinoic acid and retinol directly on-column and were able to determine a concentration as low as 0.2 ng/mL in ethanolic standards and in biological samples. This method allows ultra-sensitive detection, excellent selectivity and a very simple sample preparation to determine retinoic acids, 4-oxo-retinoic acids and retinol in serum and cell extracts for the study of endogenous retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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Abstract
Methods for retinoid analysis in tissue include direct spectrophotometry or fluorometry and retinoid responsive reporter constructs in the form of cell reporter assays or transgenic reporter animals, but chromatographic methods dominate and posses several superior features in quantitative analysis. The multitude of extraction protocols used can coarsely be divided into manual liquid-liquid extraction protocols and semi- or fully automated solid phase extraction-based protocols. Liquid chromatographic separation in reversed phase dominates although normal phase is also used. Detection is mainly performed with UV detectors although electrochemical and fluorescence detection is also used. Mass spectrometry in combination with LC is more often used in retinoid analysis and is likely to dominate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gundersen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Matsumoto M, Yokoyama H, Suzuki H, Shiraishi-Yokoyama H, Hibi T. Retinoic acid formation from retinol in the human gastric mucosa: role of class IV alcohol dehydrogenase and its relevance to morphological changes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G429-33. [PMID: 15860641 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00502.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) participates in the formation of retinoic acid from retinol in various organs including the gastric mucosa. However, its clinical significance still remains to be clarified. In this study, we identified the ADH isoforms responsible for the retinoic acid formation among various ADH isoforms and examined associations among the ADH activities, the retinoic acid formation level, and morphological changes in the human gastric mucosa. Human gastric samples were endoscopically obtained from 67 male subjects. Morphological changes were assessed by the Sydney system and activities of class I, III, and IV ADH isoforms were determined in each specimen. In 26 cases, levels of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) formation from all-trans retinol were examined. Among activities of the three ADH isoforms, class IV ADH activity was solely associated with the ATRA formation level. This association was found even when subjects' age and Helicobacter pylori infection status were adjusted. As the degrees of inflammation, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia increased, the class IV ADH activity as well as the potential for the ATRA formation decreased. Class IV ADH is a major enzyme in the retinoic acid supply in the human gastric mucosa, and the reduction of its activity was associated with decreasing retinoic acid supply and progression of inflammation, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia in the gastric mucosa. In that retinoic acid is a key molecule for maintaining normal morphology, the reduction of class IV ADH activity may be involved in the pathogenesis of these morphological changes in the human gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinaga Matsumoto
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio Univ., 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Penniston KL, Tanumihardjo SA. Elevated serum concentrations of beta-glucuronide metabolites and 4-oxoretinol in lactating sows after treatment with vitamin A: a model for evaluating supplementation in lactating women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:851-8. [PMID: 15817863 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of large doses of preformed vitamin A, such as those provided in supplementation programs for the prevention of deficiency, on total serum vitamin A have been inadequately investigated. OBJECTIVE This study characterized the time course of serum vitamin A metabolites in lactating sows after single high doses of retinyl ester. DESIGN Lactating sows were fitted with jugular catheters and subsequently fed either 1.05 or 2.1 mmol retinyl ester (n = 6/group) or a corn oil vehicle (n = 3). Blood was collected at baseline and at intervals to 48 h and analyzed by gradient HPLC for retinol, retinyl esters, and metabolites. RESULTS The mean (+/-SD) total serum vitamin A concentration peaked at 1 h (3.69 +/- 4.0 mumol/L) and 2 h (7.70 +/- 6.8 mumol/L) in the low- and high-dose groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Retinyl esters accounted for most of the serum vitamin A in both groups at peak time points. Mean serum retinol concentrations changed little and accounted for most of the serum vitamin A at baseline (94% and 97% for the low- and high-dose groups, respectively) but for only 22% and 14% at peak times for the low- and high-dose groups, respectively. Postdosage increases were observed for total vitamin A and retinyl esters, 4-oxoretinol, retinoyl beta-glucuronide, and retinyl beta-glucuronide but not for retinoic acid. CONCLUSIONS Serum retinol concentration remains relatively static after a large dose of preformed vitamin A and therefore is not an appropriate measure of intervention efficacy. The increases in beta-glucuronide metabolites and 4-oxoretinol suggest a preventive role against a rise in retinoic acid and retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Penniston
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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McCaffery P, Koul O, Smith D, Napoli JL, Chen N, Ullman MD. Ethanol increases retinoic acid production in cerebellar astrocytes and in cerebellum. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 153:233-41. [PMID: 15527891 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are similar to the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid (RA) exposure. It has been suggested that FAS may result from ethanol-induced alteration in endogenous RA synthesis, leading to abnormal embryonic concentrations of this morphogen. We examined whether ethanol may interfere with RA synthesis in the postnatal cerebellum, as a region of the developing CNS particularly vulnerable to both ethanol and RA teratogenesis. It was found that astrocytes are the predominant source of postnatal RA synthesis in the cerebellum. They express both retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 and 2. In vitro cytosolic preparations of astrocytes, as well as live cell preparations, have an increased capacity to synthesize RA in the presence of ethanol. A mechanism by which ethanol could stimulate RA synthesis is via the ethanol-activated short-chain retinol dehydrogenases, which we show to be present in the postnatal cerebellum. To determine whether ethanol stimulated RA synthesis in vivo, a sensitive and highly specific HPLC/MSn technique was used to measure cerebellar RA after administration of ethanol to postnatal day 4 rat pups. Cerebellar RA levels climbed significantly after such treatment. These results suggest that the cerebellar pathology exerted by ethanol may occur, at least in part, through increased production of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McCaffery
- University of Massachusetts Medical School Shriver Center, Waltham, MA, USA
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Crandall J, Sakai Y, Zhang J, Koul O, Mineur Y, Crusio WE, McCaffery P. 13-cis-retinoic acid suppresses hippocampal cell division and hippocampal-dependent learning in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:5111-6. [PMID: 15051884 PMCID: PMC387382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306336101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The active component of the acne drug Accutane is 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA), and it is highly teratogenic for the developing central nervous system. Very little is known, however, regarding the effect of this drug on the adult brain. Regions of the brain that may be susceptible to RA are those that continue to generate new neurons. In the adult mouse, neurogenesis is maintained in the hippocampus and subventricular zone. This report demonstrates that a clinical dose (1 mg/kg/day) of 13-cis-RA in mice significantly reduces cell proliferation in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone, suppresses hippocampal neurogenesis, and severely disrupts capacity to learn a spatial radial maze task. The results demonstrate that the regions of the adult brain where cell proliferation is ongoing are highly sensitive to disruption by a clinical dose of 13-cis-RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Crandall
- E. K. Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Waltham, MA 02452, USA
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37
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Heudi O, Trisconi MJ, Blake CJ. Simultaneous quantification of Vitamins A, D3 and E in fortified infant formulae by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1022:115-23. [PMID: 14753777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of Vitamins A, D3 and E in fortified infant formulae has been developed using isocratic normal-phase liquid chromatography with positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS). Food products were saponified and the vitamins were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on a Chromabond XTR cartridge. Quantification of Vitamins D3 and E were performed with Vitamin D2 and 5,7-dimethyltocol (DMT) as internal standards (IS), respectively while no IS was used for Vitamin A. Detection of the vitamins was made in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. MS calibration curves were linear between 0.15 and 12 mg/l for Vitamin A, 5-400 microg/l for Vitamin D3 and 0.25-20 mg/l for Vitamin E with regression coefficient r2 > 0.996 and the limits of detection were below 1.4 ng. The repeatability (CV) obtained on a reference dietetic infant formula was 2.3% for Vitamin A, 2.6% for Vitamin E and 5.9% for Vitamin D3. The between-day variations (CV) over 6 days were in the ranges of 2.4-6.9% for the three vitamins. The mean recoveries from a reference infant formula spiked with all three vitamins ranged from 96 to 105% with a relative standard error less than 9%. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing a set of infant formula and infant cereals; similar results were obtained with the LC-MS method and reference HPLC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Heudi
- Department of Quality Assurance, Nestle Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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38
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:1176-1184. [PMID: 12447897 DOI: 10.1002/jms.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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