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Menzel R, Tobias K, Fidan T, Rietz A, Ruess L. Dissection of the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in nematodes and Collembola of the soil fauna. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159541. [PMID: 39097082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that not only unicellular, photoautotrophic eukaryotes, plants, and fungi, but also invertebrates are capable of synthesizing ω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) de novo. However, the distribution of this anabolic capacity among different invertebrate groups and its implementation at the gene and protein level are often still unknown. This study investigated the PUFA pathways in common soil fauna, i.e. two nematode and two Collembola species. Of these, one species each (Panagrellus redivivus, Folsomia candida) was assumed to produce ω3 LC-PUFA de novo, while the others (Acrobeloides bodenheimeri, Isotoma caerulea) were supposed to be unable to do so. A highly labeled oleic acid (99 % 13C) was supplemented and the isotopic signal was used to trace its metabolic path. All species followed the main pathway of lipid biosynthesis. However, in A. bodenheimeri this terminated at arachidonic acid (ω6 PUFA), whereas the other three species continued the pathway to eicosapentaenoic acid (ω3 PUFA), including I. caerulea. For the nematode P. redivivus the identification and functional characterization of four new fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes was performed. These genes encode the FAD activities Δ9, Δ6, and Δ5, respectively. Additionally, the Δ12 desaturase was analyzed, yet the observed activity of an ω3 FAD could not be attributed to a coding gene. In the Collembola F. candida, 11 potential first desaturases (Δ9) and 13 front-end desaturases (Δ6 or Δ5 FADs) have been found. Further sequence analysis indicates the presence of omega FADs, specifically Δ12, which are likely derived from Δ9 FADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Menzel
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kevin Tobias
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tugce Fidan
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rietz
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Zhao B, Peng Y, Itakura Y, Lizanda M, Haga Y, Satoh S, Navarro JC, Monroig Ó, Kabeya N. A complete biosynthetic pathway of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in an amphidromous fish, ayu sweetfish Plecoglossus altivelis (Stomiati; Osmeriformes). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159498. [PMID: 38703945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthetic capability of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in teleosts are highly diversified due to evolutionary events such as gene loss and subsequent neo- and/or sub-functionalisation of enzymes encoded by existing genes. In the present study, we have comprehensively characterised genes potentially involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, namely one front-end desaturase (fads2) and eight fatty acid elongases (elovl1a, elovl1b, elovl4a, elovl4b, elovl5, elovl7, elovl8a and elovl8b) from an amphidromous teleost, Ayu sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis. Functional analysis confirmed Fads2 with Δ6, Δ5 and Δ8 desaturase activities towards multiple PUFA substrates and several Elovl enzymes exhibited elongation capacities towards C18-20 or C18-22 PUFA substrates. Consequently, P. altivelis possesses a complete enzymatic capability to synthesise physiologically important LC-PUFA including arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) from their C18 precursors. Interestingly, the loss of elovl2 gene in P. altivelis was corroborated by genomic and phylogenetic analyses. However, this constraint would possibly be overcome by the function of alternative Elovl enzymes, such as Elovl1b, which has not hitherto been functionally characterised in teleosts. The present study contributes novel insights into LC-PUFA biosynthesis in the relatively understudied teleost group, Osmeriformes (Stomiati), thereby enhancing our understanding of the complement of LC-PUFA biosynthetic genes within teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yuki Itakura
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Myriam Lizanda
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Yutaka Haga
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shuichi Satoh
- Department of Advanced Aquaculture Science, Fukui Prefectural University, Katsumi, 49-8-2 Obama, Fukui 917-0116, Japan
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Hassane AMA, Eldiehy KSH, Saha D, Mohamed H, Mosa MA, Abouelela ME, Abo-Dahab NF, El-Shanawany ARA. Oleaginous fungi: a promising source of biofuels and nutraceuticals with enhanced lipid production strategies. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:338. [PMID: 38955856 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Oleaginous fungi have attracted a great deal of interest for their potency to accumulate high amounts of lipids (more than 20% of biomass dry weight) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have a variety of industrial and biological applications. Lipids of plant and animal origin are related to some restrictions and thus lead to attention towards oleaginous microorganisms as reliable substitute resources. Lipids are traditionally biosynthesized intra-cellularly and involved in the building structure of a variety of cellular compartments. In oleaginous fungi, under certain conditions of elevated carbon ratio and decreased nitrogen in the growth medium, a change in metabolic pathway occurred by switching the whole central carbon metabolism to fatty acid anabolism, which subsequently resulted in high lipid accumulation. The present review illustrates the bio-lipid structure, fatty acid classes and biosynthesis within oleaginous fungi with certain key enzymes, and the advantages of oleaginous fungi over other lipid bio-sources. Qualitative and quantitative techniques for detecting the lipid accumulation capability of oleaginous microbes including visual, and analytical (convenient and non-convenient) were debated. Factors affecting lipid production, and different approaches followed to enhance the lipid content in oleaginous yeasts and fungi, including optimization, utilization of cost-effective wastes, co-culturing, as well as metabolic and genetic engineering, were discussed. A better understanding of the oleaginous fungi regarding screening, detection, and maximization of lipid content using different strategies could help to discover new potent oleaginous isolates, exploit and recycle low-cost wastes, and improve the efficiency of bio-lipids cumulation with biotechnological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M A Hassane
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 71524, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Khalifa S H Eldiehy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Debanjan Saha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, P.O. Box 784028, Assam, India
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 71524, Assiut, Egypt
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, P.O. Box 255000, Zibo, China
| | - Mohamed A Mosa
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Nano-Materials Laboratory (NANML), Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nageh F Abo-Dahab
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rehim A El-Shanawany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 71524, Assiut, Egypt
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4
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Ramos-Llorens M, Bainour K, Adelmann L, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Raible F, Monroig Ó. Elongation capacity of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii. Open Biol 2024; 14:240069. [PMID: 38864244 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.240069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) proteins plays pivotal functions in the biosynthesis of the physiologically essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Polychaetes have important roles in marine ecosystems, contributing not only to nutrient recycling but also exhibiting a distinctive capacity for biosynthesizing LC-PUFA. To expand our understanding of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis in polychaetes, this study conducted a thorough molecular and functional characterization of Elovl occurring in the model organism Platynereis dumerilii. We identify six Elovl in the genome of P. dumerilii. The sequence and phylogenetic analyses established that four Elovl, identified as Elovl2/5, Elovl4 (two genes) and Elovl1/7, have putative functions in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Functional characterization confirmed the roles of these elongases in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, demonstrating that P. dumerilii possesses a varied and functionally diverse complement of Elovl that, along with the enzymatic specificities of previously characterized desaturases, enables P. dumerilii to perform all the reactions required for the biosynthesis of the LC-PUFA. Importantly, we uncovered that one of the two Elovl4-encoding genes is remarkably long in comparison with any other animals' Elovl, which contains a C terminal KH domain unique among Elovl. The distinctive expression pattern of this protein in photoreceptors strongly suggests a central role in vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ramos-Llorens
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
| | - Khalida Bainour
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
| | - Leonie Adelmann
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna , Vienna 1030, Austria
- Research Platform "Rhythms of Life", University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/4, A-1030 , Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
| | - Florian Raible
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna , Vienna 1030, Austria
- Research Platform "Rhythms of Life", University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/4, A-1030 , Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
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Xu D, Tong Y, Chen B, Li B, Wang S, Zhang D. The influence of first desaturase subfamily genes on fatty acid synthesis, desiccation tolerance and inter-caste nutrient transfer in the termite Coptotermes formosanus. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:55-68. [PMID: 37750189 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Desaturase enzymes play an essential role in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). In this study, we identified seven "first desaturase" subfamily genes (Cfor-desatA1, Cfor-desatA2-a, Cfor-desatA2-b, Cfor-desatB-a, Cfor-desatB-b, Cfor-desatD and Cfor-desatE) from the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus. These desaturases were highly expressed in the cuticle and fat body of C. formosanus. Inhibition of either the Cfor-desatA2-a or Cfor-desatA2-b gene resulted in a significant decrease in the contents of fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2) in worker castes. Moreover, we observed that inhibition of most of desaturase genes identified in this study had a negative impact on the survival rate and desiccation tolerance of workers. Interestingly, when normal soldiers were reared together with dsCfor-desatA2-b-treated workers, they exhibited higher mortality, suggesting that desaturase had an impact on trophallaxis among C. formosanus castes. Our findings shed light on the novel roles of desaturase family genes in the eusocial termite C. formosanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Tong
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bosheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baoling Li
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengyin Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Guo J, Zhou X, Chen D, Chen K, Ye C, Liu J, Liu S, Chen Y, Chen G, Liu C. Effect of Fat Content on Rice Taste Quality through Transcriptome Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:81. [PMID: 38254970 PMCID: PMC10815682 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice is an important crop in the word, and fat is one of the main important nutrient components of rice. The lipid content and fatty acid composition of grains significantly influences the quality of rice. In this study, 94 homozygous recombination inbred lines (RILs) were developed and the crude fat content of them displayed a normal distribution ranging from 0.44% to 2.62%. Based on their taste quality, a positive association between fat content and eating quality was revealed. Then, two lines (FH and FL) were selected with similar agronomic characteristics and different lipid content and taste quality for RNA sequencing analysis, and a total of 619 differentiable expressed genes were detected, primarily enriched in metabolic pathways such as starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. The expression of two genes related to fatty acid synthesis and elongation was significantly up-regulated, while the expression of three genes related to fatty acid degradation was significantly down-regulated in FH grains. By using liquid chromatography, the relative levels of palmitic acid and oleic acid were discovered significantly higher in FH grains. Additionally, the comparative genomic analysis was conducted to visualize genomic differences of five genes. Ultimately, two genes (Os07g0417200 and Os12g0102100) were selected to be the key gene to affect the lipid metabolism, especially for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, significantly changing the eating quality of rice. These results provide a theoretical basis for improving the taste quality of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinqiao Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dagang Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chanjuan Ye
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaolong Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Youding Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuanguang Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Ribes-Navarro A, Kabeya N, Castro LFC, Gomes-dos-Santos A, Fonseca MM, Alberts-Hubatsch H, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Monroig Ó. Examination of gammarid transcriptomes reveals a widespread occurrence of key metabolic genes from epibiont bdelloid rotifers in freshwater species. Open Biol 2023; 13:230196. [PMID: 37875161 PMCID: PMC10597677 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous data revealed the unexpected presence of genes encoding for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthetic enzymes in transcriptomes from freshwater gammarids but not in marine species, even though closely related species were compared. This study aimed to clarify the origin and occurrence of selected LC-PUFA biosynthesis gene markers across all published gammarid transcriptomes. Through systematic searches, we confirmed the widespread occurrence of sequences from seven elongases and desaturases involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, in transcriptomes from freshwater gammarids but not marine species, and clarified that such occurrence is independent from the gammarid species and geographical origin. The phylogenetic analysis established that the retrieved elongase and desaturase sequences were closely related to bdelloid rotifers, confirming that multiple transcriptomes from freshwater gammarids contain contaminating rotifers' genetic material. Using the Adineta steineri genome, we investigated the genomic location and exon-intron organization of the elongase and desaturase genes, establishing they are all genome-anchored and, importantly, identifying instances of horizontal gene transfer. Finally, we provide compelling evidence demonstrating Bdelloidea desaturases and elongases enable these organisms to perform all the reactions for de novo biosynthesis of PUFA and, from them, LC-PUFA, an advantageous trait when considering the low abundance of these essential nutrients in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ribes-Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Gomes-dos-Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Fonseca
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Hilke Alberts-Hubatsch
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan C. Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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8
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Ramos-Llorens M, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Ferrier DEK, Monroig Ó. Functionally diverse front-end desaturases are widespread in the phylum Annelida. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159377. [PMID: 37517549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic single-cell organisms have long been believed to be unique primary producers of omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA). Multiple invertebrates including annelids have been discovered to possess methyl-end desaturases enabling key steps in the de novo synthesis of ω3 LC-PUFA, and thus potentially contributing to their production in the ocean. Along methyl-end desaturases, the repertoire and function of further LC-PUFA biosynthesising enzymes is largely missing in Annelida. In this study we examined the front-end desaturase gene repertoire across the phylum Annelida, from Polychaeta and Clitellata, major classes of annelids comprising most annelid diversity. We further characterised the functions of the encoded enzymes in selected representative species by using a heterologous expression system based in yeast, demonstrating that functions of Annelida front-end desaturases have highly diversified during their expansion in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We concluded that annelids possess at least two front-end desaturases with Δ5 and Δ6Δ8 desaturase regioselectivities, enabling all the desaturation reactions required to convert the C18 precursors into the physiologically relevant LC-PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids, but not docosahexaenoic acid. Such a gene complement is conserved across the different taxonomic groups within Annelida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ramos-Llorens
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - David E K Ferrier
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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9
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Kabeya N, Kimura K, Matsushita Y, Suzuki S, Nagakura Y, Kinami R, Noda H, Takagi K, Okamoto K, Miwa M, Haga Y, Satoh S, Yoshizaki G. Determination of dietary essential fatty acids in a deep-sea fish, the splendid alfonsino Beryx splendens: functional characterization of enzymes involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:425-439. [PMID: 37074473 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The splendid alfonsino Beryx splendens is a commercially important deep-sea fish in East Asian countries. Because the wild stock of this species has been declining, there is an urgent need to develop aquaculture systems. In the present study, we investigated the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) requirements of B. splendens, which are known as essential dietary components in many carnivorous marine fish species. The fatty acid profiles of the muscles, liver, and stomach contents of B. splendens suggested that it acquires substantial levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from its natural diet. The functional characterization of a fatty acid desaturase (Fads2) and three elongases (Elovl5, Elovl4a, and Elovl4b) from B. splendens confirmed their enzymatic capabilities in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Fads2 showed Δ6 and Δ8 bifunctional desaturase activities. Elovl5 showed preferential elongase activities toward C18 and C20 PUFA substrates, whereas Elovl4a and Elovl4b showed activities toward various C18-22 substrates. Given that Fads2 showed no Δ5 desaturase activity and no other fads-like sequence was found in the B. splendens genome, EPA and arachidonic acid cannot be synthesized from C18 precursors; hence, they can be categorized as dietary essential fatty acids in B. splendens. EPA can be converted into DHA in B. splendens via the so-called Sprecher pathway. However, given that fads2 is only expressed in the brain, it is unlikely that the capacity of B. splendens to biosynthesize DHA from EPA can fulfill its physiological requirements. These results will be useful to researchers developing B. splendens aquaculture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kimura
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsushita
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nagakura
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kinami
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, 1330 Takata, Shingu, Wakayama, 647-1101, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noda
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Koji Takagi
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Okamoto
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
- Marine Open Innovation Institute, 2F Shimizu-Marine Bldg., 9-25 Hinodecho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, 424-0922, Japan
| | - Misako Miwa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yutaka Haga
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shuichi Satoh
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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10
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Cerone M, Smith TK. Desaturases: Structural and mechanistic insights into the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:1036-1051. [PMID: 36017969 PMCID: PMC9825965 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the key role of fatty acid desaturases in the synthesis of naturally occurring, more common and not unsaturated fatty acids. The three major classes of fatty acid desaturases, such as acyl-lipid, acyl-acyl carrier protein and acyl-coenzyme A, are described in detail, with particular attention to the cellular localisation, the structure, the substrate and product specificity and the expression and regulation of desaturase genes. The review also gives an insight into the biocatalytic reaction of fatty acid desaturation by covering the general and more class-specific mechanistic studies around the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids Finally, we conclude the review by looking at the numerous novel applications for desaturases in order to meet the very high demand for polyunsaturated fatty acids, taking into account the opportunity for the development of new, more efficient, easily reproducible, sustainable bioengineering advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cerone
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsScotland
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsScotland
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11
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Genome-Wide Identification of Membrane-Bound Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes in Three Peanut Species and Their Expression in Arachis hypogaea during Drought Stress. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101718. [PMID: 36292603 PMCID: PMC9601973 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a crop irrigated primarily by rain, the quality and yield of peanuts are significantly limited by drought. To date, many studies have indicated that fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes enhance plant tolerance to drought stresses. In this study, 16, 15, and 31 FADs were identified in Arachis duranensis, Arachis ipaensis, and Arachis hypogaea, respectively. All the FADs were divided into four subfamilies, which had relatively conserved gene structures, motifs, and domains. The synteny relationships and chromosomal position analysis showed that the FADs in subgenome pairs, A. duranensis-A. hypogaea (AA) and A. ipaensis-A. hypogaea (BB), were homologous, and their physical locations were consistent. The Ka/Ks results indicated that nine FAD genes underwent a purifying selection, and Ah|FAD3.2 experienced positive selection during tetraploid peanut speciation. Various cis-acting elements related to hormone signaling and stress responsiveness in promoters and the predicted miRNA targeting Ah|FADs suggested that these genes play crucial roles in drought tolerance. The expression profiles of Ah|FADs in 22 tissues and drought-tolerant and -sensitive cultivars under drought stress suggested that 4 and 6 FADs were putative genes related to oil accumulation and drought, respectively. These findings will help provide insight into the potential functional roles of the FAD genes, which may aid in dealing with plant drought stress.
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12
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Sam KK, Lau NS, Kuah MK, Lading EA, Shu-Chien AC. A complete inventory of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway enzymes in the miniaturized cyprinid Paedocypris micromegethes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:817-838. [PMID: 35643977 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The capacity for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis activity in a species depends on the enzymatic activities of fatty acyl desaturase (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl). The miniaturized fish Paedocypris micromegethes is a developmentally truncated cyprinid living in highly acidic water conditions in tropical peat swamps. The capacity for LC-PUFA biosynthesis in this species, which has a reduced genome size, is unknown. A high-quality de novo transcriptome assembly enabled the identification of a putative Fads2 and four Elovl. The Fads2 was verified as a P. micromegethes Fads2 ortholog with in vitro Δ5 and Δ6 activities. The Elovl sequences were established as an Elovl5, Elovl2, and two Elovl4 paralogs, namely Elovl4a and Elovl4b. These Elovl enzymes, mainly Elovl5 and Elovl2, fulfill the necessary C18, C20, and C22 PUFA elongation steps for LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Collectively, these results validate the presence of a complete repertoire of LC-PUFA biosynthesis enzymes in a peat swamp miniatured freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Kei Sam
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Meng-Kiat Kuah
- Lab-Ind Resource Sdn. Bhd, 48300, Bukit Beruntung, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Engkamat Anak Lading
- Forest Department Sarawak, Forest Department HQ, Level 11, Baitul Makmur II, Medan Raya, Petra Jaya, 93050, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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13
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The repertoire of the elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovl) protein family is conserved in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): Gene expression profiles offer insights into the sexual differentiation process. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 261:110749. [PMID: 35470007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovl) proteins are critical players in the regulation of the length of a fatty acid. At present, eight members of the Elovl family (Elovl1-8), displaying a characteristic fatty acid substrate specificity, have been identified in vertebrates, including teleost fish. In general, Elovl1, Elovl3, Elovl6 and Elovl7 exhibit a substrate preference for saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, while Elovl2, Elovl4, Elovl5 and Elovl8 use polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as substrates. PUFA elongases have received considerable attention in aquatic animals due to their involvement in the conversion of C18 PUFAs to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Here, we identified the full repertoire of elovl genes in the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum genome. A detailed phylogenetic and synteny analysis suggests a conservation of these genes among teleosts. Furthermore, based on RNAseq gene expression data, we discovered a gender bias expression of elovl genes during sex differentiation of tambaqui, toward future males. Our findings suggest a role of Elovl enzymes and fatty acid metabolism in tambaqui sexual differentiation.
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14
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Yoon DS, Byeon E, Kim DH, Lee Y, Choi H, Park HG, Sayed AEDH, Shin KH, Lee MC, Lee JS. Genome-wide identification of fatty acid synthesis genes, fatty acid profiles, and life parameters in two freshwater water flea Daphnia magna strains. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110774. [PMID: 35760305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The freshwater water flea Daphnia magna is a planktonic animal belonging to the Cladocera. To evaluate differences between two D. magna strains (KIT and NIES) in terms of life parameters and fatty acid profiles, we examined several endpoints. In the D. magna KIT strain, the numbers of total and cumulative offspring were lower at 23 °C and higher at 14 °C than in the D. magna NIES strain. However, at 14 °C, the D. magna KIT strain showed an increased lifespan. Although the n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio was always decreased at a low temperature, the PUFA ratio in the KIT strain had a higher value on day 3 than the NIES strain, which gave it higher adaptability to low temperature. In addition, we identified the elongation of very long chain fatty acids (elovl) and fatty acid desaturase (fad) genes, which are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, in the genomes of both D. magna KIT and NIES. The Elovl and Fad genes in both D. magna strains were highly conserved, including tandem duplicated Elovl 1/7 genes. This study provides new information about the molecular basis for the difference in temperature sensitivity between two strains of D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Seo Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yoseop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyuntae Choi
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Ecology and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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15
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Ting SY, Lau NS, Sam KK, Janaranjani M, Wong SC, Monroig Ó, Quah ESH, Ahmad AB, Him NAIIN, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in a land-crab with advanced terrestrial adaptations: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two fatty acyl elongases. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110773. [PMID: 35718326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the presence and activities of the front-end fatty acyl desaturases and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) enzymes, animals have different capacities for long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Successful land colonisation in brachyuran crabs requires a shift towards terrestrial food chain with limited LC-PUFA availability. We cloned and functionally characterised two elovl genes from the purple land crab Gecarcoidea lalandii. The two Elovl contained all the necessary motifs of a typical polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) Elovl and phylogenetically clustered in the Elovl1 and Elovl6 clades, respectively. The G. lalandii Elovl1 elongated saturated fatty acids, with low activities towards C20 and C22 PUFA substrates. Moreover, the G. lalandii Elovl6 was particularly active in the elongation of C18 PUFA, although it also recognised monounsaturated fatty acids as substrates for elongation. Collectively, the herein characterised G. lalandii elovl paralogues fulfil all the elongation steps involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways. Tissue distribution of the G. lalandii elovl genes, along with the FA composition analyses, suggest the hepatopancreas and gill as key metabolic sites for fatty acid elongation. However, current data suggest that G. lalandii is unable to rely solely on biosynthesis to fulfil LC-PUFA requirements, since front-end desaturase appears to be absent in this species and other decapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Yeat Ting
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - Ka-Kei Sam
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - M Janaranjani
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - Swe Cheng Wong
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain
| | - Evan S H Quah
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Amirrudin B Ahmad
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | | | - Annette Jaya-Ram
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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16
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Shah AM, Yang W, Mohamed H, Zhang Y, Song Y. Microbes: A Hidden Treasure of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827837. [PMID: 35369055 PMCID: PMC8968027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have gained a lot of attention for their potential in producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs are gaining scientific interest due to their important health-promoting effects on higher organisms including humans. The current sources of PUFAs (animal and plant) have associated limitations that have led to increased interest in microbial PUFAs as most reliable alternative source. The focus is on increasing the product value of existing oleaginous microbes or discovering new microbes by implementing new biotechnological strategies in order to compete with other sources. The multidisciplinary approaches, including metabolic engineering, high-throughput screening, tapping new microbial sources, genome-mining as well as co-culturing and elicitation for the production of PUFAs, have been considered and discussed in this review. The usage of agro-industrial wastes as alternative low-cost substrates in fermentation for high-value single-cell oil production has also been discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches combined with new technologies may help to uncover new microbial PUFA sources that may have nutraceutical and biotechnological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yingtong Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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17
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Monroig Ó, Shu-Chien A, Kabeya N, Tocher D, Castro L. Desaturases and elongases involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in aquatic animals: From genes to functions. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Plant monounsaturated fatty acids: Diversity, biosynthesis, functions and uses. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101138. [PMID: 34774919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids are straight-chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising a unique carbon‑carbon double bond, also termed unsaturation. More than 50 distinct molecular structures have been described in the plant kingdom, and more remain to be discovered. The evolution of land plants has apparently resulted in the convergent evolution of non-homologous enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of saturated acyl chain substrates in a chemo-, regio- and stereoselective manner. Contrasted enzymatic characteristics and different subcellular localizations of these desaturases account for the diversity of existing fatty acid structures. Interestingly, the location and geometrical configuration of the unsaturation confer specific characteristics to these molecules found in a variety of membrane, storage, and surface lipids. An ongoing research effort aimed at exploring the links existing between fatty acid structures and their biological functions has already unraveled the importance of several monounsaturated fatty acids in various physiological and developmental contexts. What is more, the monounsaturated acyl chains found in the oils of seeds and fruits are widely and increasingly used in the food and chemical industries due to the physicochemical properties inherent in their structures. Breeders and plant biotechnologists therefore develop new crops with high monounsaturated contents for various agro-industrial purposes.
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19
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In Silico Analysis of Fatty Acid Desaturases Structures in Camelina sativa, and Functional Evaluation of Csafad7 and Csafad8 on Seed Oil Formation and Seed Morphology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910857. [PMID: 34639198 PMCID: PMC8532002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases add a second bond into a single bond of carbon atoms in fatty acid chains, resulting in an unsaturated bond between the two carbons. They are classified into soluble and membrane-bound desaturases, according to their structure, subcellular location, and function. The orthologous genes in Camelina sativa were identified and analyzed, and a total of 62 desaturase genes were identified. It was revealed that they had the common fatty acid desaturase domain, which has evolved separately, and the proteins of the same family also originated from the same ancestry. A mix of conserved, gained, or lost intron structure was obvious. Besides, conserved histidine motifs were found in each family, and transmembrane domains were exclusively revealed in the membrane-bound desaturases. The expression profile analysis of C. sativa desaturases revealed an increase in young leaves, seeds, and flowers. C. sativa ω3-fatty acid desaturases CsaFAD7 and CsaDAF8 were cloned and the subcellular localization analysis showed their location in the chloroplast. They were transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana to obtain transgenic lines. It was revealed that the ω3-fatty acid desaturase could increase the C18:3 level at the expense of C18:2, but decreases in oil content and seed weight, and wrinkled phenotypes were observed in transgenic CsaFAD7 lines, while no significant change was observed in transgenic CsaFAD8 lines in comparison to the wild-type. These findings gave insights into the characteristics of desaturase genes, which could provide an excellent basis for further investigation for C. sativa improvement, and overexpression of ω3-fatty acid desaturases in seeds could be useful in genetic engineering strategies, which are aimed at modifying the fatty acid composition of seed oil.
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20
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Sperm Lipid Markers of Male Fertility in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168767. [PMID: 34445473 PMCID: PMC8395862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm plasma membrane lipids are essential for the function and integrity of mammalian spermatozoa. Various lipid types are involved in each key step within the fertilization process in their own yet coordinated way. The balance between lipid metabolism is tightly regulated to ensure physiological cellular processes, especially referring to crucial steps such as sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction or fusion. At the same time, it has been shown that male reproductive function depends on the homeostasis of sperm lipids. Here, we review the effects of phospholipid, neutral lipid and glycolipid homeostasis on sperm fertilization function and male fertility in mammals.
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21
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Rawat J, Gupta PK, Pandit S, Prasad R, Pande V. Current perspectives on integrated approaches to enhance lipid accumulation in microalgae. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:303. [PMID: 34194896 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research initiatives on renewable bioenergy or biofuels have been gaining momentum, not only due to fast depletion of finite reserves of fossil fuels but also because of the associated concerns for the environment and future energy security. In the last few decades, interest is growing concerning microalgae as the third-generation biofuel feedstock. The CO2 fixation ability and conversion of it into value-added compounds, devoid of challenging food and feed crops, make these photosynthetic microorganisms an optimistic producer of biofuel from an environmental point of view. Microalgal-derived fuels are currently being considered as clean, renewable, and promising sustainable biofuel. Therefore, most research targets to obtain strains with the highest lipid productivity and a high growth rate at the lowest cultivation costs. Different methods and strategies to attain higher biomass and lipid accumulation in microalgae have been extensively reported in the previous research, but there are fewer inclusive reports that summarize the conventional methods with the modern techniques for lipid enhancement and biodiesel production from microalgae. Therefore, the current review focuses on the latest techniques and advances in different cultivation conditions, the effect of different abiotic and heavy metal stress, and the role of nanoparticles (NPs) in the stimulation of lipid accumulation in microalgae. Techniques such as genetic engineering, where particular genes associated with lipid metabolism, are modified to boost lipid synthesis within the microalgae, the contribution of "Omics" in metabolic pathway studies. Further, the contribution of CRISPR/Cas9 system technique to the production of microalgae biofuel is also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136 India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar 845801 India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136 India
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22
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Mo BKH, Ando A, Nakatsuji R, Okuda T, Takemoto Y, Ikemoto H, Kikukawa H, Sakamoto T, Sakuradani E, Ogawa J. Characterization of ω3 fatty acid desaturases from oomycetes and their application toward eicosapentaenoic acid production in Mortierella alpina. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1252-1265. [PMID: 33728459 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
ω3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids are currently obtained mainly from fisheries; thus, sustainable alternative sources such as oleaginous microorganisms are required. Here, we describe the isolation, characterization, and application of 3 novel ω3 desaturases with ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-producing activity at ordinary temperatures (28 °C). First, we selected Pythium sulcatum and Plectospira myriandra after screening for oomycetes with high eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratios and isolated the genes psulω3 and pmd17, respectively, which encode ω3 desaturases. Subsequent characterization showed that PSULω3 exhibited ω3 desaturase activity on both C18 and C20 ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids while PMD17 exhibited ω3 desaturase activity exclusively on C20 ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Expression of psulω3 and pmd17 in the arachidonic acid-producer Mortierella alpina resulted in transformants that produced eicosapentaenoic acid/total fatty acid values of 38% and 40%, respectively, at ordinary temperatures. These ω3 desaturases should facilitate the construction of sustainable ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K H Mo
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akinori Ando
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakatsuji
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Okuda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Takemoto
- Health Care Research Center, Nisshin Pharma Inc., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ikemoto
- Health Care Research Center, Nisshin Pharma Inc., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takaiku Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakuradani
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Ribes-Navarro A, Navarro JC, Hontoria F, Kabeya N, Standal IB, Evjemo JO, Monroig Ó. Biosynthesis of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Marine Gammarids: Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterisation of Three Fatty Acyl Elongases. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:226. [PMID: 33923820 PMCID: PMC8073319 DOI: 10.3390/md19040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain (C20-24) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are essential nutrients that are mostly produced in marine ecosystems. Previous studies suggested that gammarids have some capacity to endogenously produce LC-PUFAs. This study aimed to investigate the repertoire and functions of elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) proteins in gammarids. Our results show that gammarids have, at least, three distinct elovl genes with putative roles in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Phylogenetics allowed us to classify two elongases as Elovl4 and Elovl6, as they were bona fide orthologues of vertebrate Elovl4 and Elovl6. Moreover, a third elongase was named as "Elovl1/7-like" since it grouped closely to the Elovl1 and Elovl7 found in vertebrates. Molecular analysis of the deduced protein sequences indicated that the gammarid Elovl4 and Elovl1/7-like were indeed polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) elongases, whereas Elovl6 had molecular features typically found in non-PUFA elongases. This was partly confirmed in the functional assays performed on the marine gammarid Echinogammarus marinus Elovl, which showed that both Elovl4 and Elovl1/7-like elongated PUFA substrates ranging from C18 to C22. E. marinus Elovl6 was only able to elongate C18 PUFA substrates, suggesting that this enzyme does not play major roles in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis of gammarids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ribes-Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain; (A.R.-N.); (J.C.N.); (F.H.)
| | - Juan C. Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain; (A.R.-N.); (J.C.N.); (F.H.)
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain; (A.R.-N.); (J.C.N.); (F.H.)
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan;
| | - Inger B. Standal
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, 7010 Trondheim, Norway; (I.B.S.); (J.O.E.)
| | - Jan O. Evjemo
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, 7010 Trondheim, Norway; (I.B.S.); (J.O.E.)
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain; (A.R.-N.); (J.C.N.); (F.H.)
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24
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of FAD6 Gene from Chia (Salvia hispanica L.). Biochem Genet 2021; 59:1295-1310. [PMID: 33797013 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plastidial Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD6) is a key enzyme for linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) biosynthesis. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a revived omega-3 plant source that is richest in ALA level. In this study, based on the RACE method, one full-length cDNA sequence encoding FAD6, named ShFAD6, was isolated from chia. There exist three alternative transcription start sites and five alternative poly(A) tailing sites in ShFAD6. The 5'UTR of ShFAD6 contains a purine-stretch of 44 bp. ShFAD6 has an ORF of 1335 bp encoding a 444 aa protein of 51.33 kDa. ShFAD6 contains a conserved Delta12-FADS-like domain together with three strong trans-membrane helices and three histidine motifs. There also exists a chloroplast transmit peptide in ShFAD6 N-terminal. Phylogenetic analyses validated its identity of dicot FAD6 protein and suggested some critical evolutionary features of plant FAD6 genes. Heterologous yeast expression confirmed the catalytic activity of ShFAD6. The qRT-PCR assay showed that ShFAD6 is mainly expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, buds and early-stage seeds, and also responded to various stresses and hormone treatments. Under Sclerotinia infection, qRT-PCR and fluorescence imaging illustrated the possible correlation of ShFAD6 expression and photosynthesis. This study provides insight for further function study of ShFAD6 in oil quality improvement in staple oilseed crops as well as stress response and adaptation in plants.
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25
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Halim NFAA, Ali MSM, Leow ATC, Rahman RNZRA. Membrane-bound Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD12); From Brassica napus to E. coli expression system. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:242-251. [PMID: 33737181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase catalyzes the desaturation reactions by insertion of double bonds into the fatty acyl chain, producing unsaturated fatty acids. Though soluble fatty acid desaturases have been studied widely in advanced organisms, there are very limited studies of membrane fatty acid desaturases due to the difficulty of generating recombinant desaturase. Brassica napus is a rapeseed, which possesses a range of different membrane-bound desaturases capable of producing fatty acids including Δ3, Δ4, Δ8, Δ9, Δ12, and Δ15 fatty acids. The 1155 bp open reading frame of Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD12) from Brassica napus codes for 383 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 44 kDa. It was expressed in Escherichia coli at 37 °C in soluble and insoluble forms when induced with 0.5 mM IPTG. Soluble FAD12 has been purified using Ni2+-Sepharose affinity chromatography with a total protein yield of 0.728 mg/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that desaturase activity of FAD12 could produce linoleic acid from oleic acid at a retention time of 17.6 with a conversion rate of 47%. Characterization of purified FAD12 revealed the optimal temperature of FAD12 was 50 °C with 2 mM preferred substrate concentration of oleic acid. Analysis of circular dichroism (CD) showed FAD12 was made up of 47.3% and 0.9% of alpha-helix and β-sheet secondary structures. The predicted Tm value was 50.2 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Farah Anis Abd Halim
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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26
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Li J, Liu A, Najeeb U, Zhou W, Liu H, Yan G, Gill RA, Yun X, Bai Q, Xu L. Genome-wide investigation and expression analysis of membrane-bound fatty acid desaturase genes under different biotic and abiotic stresses in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:188-198. [PMID: 33549671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound fatty acid desaturase (FAD) gene family plays crucial roles in regulation of fatty acid (FA) compositions in plants. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop in the world; however, no comprehensive study on exploring the role of FAD family in relation to stress tolerance in sunflower has been performed yet. In this study, we identified 40 putative FAD genes in H. annuus (HaFAD), which were unevenly distributed across 13 of the total 17 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HaFAD genes were divided into four subfamilies, as supported by highly conserved gene structures and motifs. Collinearity analysis showed that tandem duplication events played a crucial role in the expansion of HaFAD gene family. In addition, tissue-specific expression showed that 32 HaFAD genes were widely expressed in various tissues or organs of sunflower. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results revealed significant expression changes of HaFAD genes in response to abiotic (cadmium, drought) and biotic (Orobanche cumana) stresses, suggesting their important functions in response to different stresses. Therefore, our results provide insights into HaFAD gene family in response to different stresses, and some specific up-regulated genes such as HaFAD3.2, HaADS8, HaFAD2.1, and HaADS9 would be the potential candidate genes for the sunflower tolerance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ake Liu
- Faculty of Biology Science and Technology, Changzhi University, Shanxi 046011, China.
| | - Ullah Najeeb
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Plant Science, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Guijun Yan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rafaqat Ali Gill
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Huhhot 010031, China
| | - Quanjiang Bai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Huhhot 010031, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Prospective enzymes for omega-3 PUFA biosynthesis found in endoparasitic classes within the phylum Platyhelminthes. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e212. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The free-living infectious stages of macroparasites, specifically, the cercariae of trematodes (flatworms), are likely to be significant (albeit underappreciated) vectors of nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to consumers within aquatic food webs, and other macroparasites could serve similar roles. In the context of de novo omega-3 (n-3) PUFA biosynthesis, it was thought that most animals lack the fatty acid (FA) desaturase enzymes that convert stearic acid (18:0) into ɑ-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), the main FA precursor for n-3 long-chain PUFA. Recently, novel sequences of these enzymes were recovered from 80 species from six invertebrate phyla, with experimental confirmation of gene function in five phyla. Given this wide distribution, and the unusual attributes of flatworm genomes, we conducted an additional search for genes for de novo n-3 PUFA in the phylum Platyhelminthes. Searches with experimentally confirmed sequences from Rotifera recovered nine relevant FA desaturase sequences from eight species in four genera in the two exclusively endoparasite classes (Trematoda and Cestoda). These results could indicate adaptations of these particular parasite species, or may reflect the uneven taxonomic coverage of sequence databases. Although additional genomic data and, particularly, experimental study of gene functionality are important future validation steps, our results indicate endoparasitic platyhelminths may have enzymes for de novo n-3 PUFA biosynthesis, thereby contributing to global PUFA production, but also representing a potential target for clinical antihelmintic applications.
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28
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Ahmadizadeh M, Rezaee S, Heidari P. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of fatty acid desaturase gene family in Camelina sativa. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Heterologous Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in E. coli Using Δ5-Desaturase Gene from Microalga Isochrysis Sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:869-883. [PMID: 33200268 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that play a significant role in human growth and development, which deficiency can trigger several metabolic-related diseases. Since the availability of PUFA sources is limited, there arises a need to explore alternative sources. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether an Escherichia coli which are engineered with Δ5Des-Iso gene isolated from Isochrysis sp. could be utilized to synthesize PUFAs. Full-length gene Δ5Des-Iso (1149 bp) was isolated from Isochrysis sp. that encodes 382 amino acids and identified as Δ5-desatruase gene using different bioinformatic analysis. Heterologous gene expression was carried out in E. coli having Δ5Des-Iso with precursor fatty acids. The Δ5Des-Iso produced novel fatty acids of EPA (ω-3) and ARA (ω-6) as respective products were identified by GC-MS. Gene expression and PUFA synthesis in E. coli were optimized by temperature, time, and concentrations of precursor fatty acid substrates. Δ5Des-Iso RNA transcript level was inversely proportional to the time and fatty acid synthesis. And, the significant production of EPA (4.1 mg/g) and ARA (8.3 mg/g) in total fatty acids was observed in E. coli grown at 37 °C for 24 h with 25 μM of external fatty acid substrate as an optimum growth conditions. E. coli could be used as alternative organism to synthesis PUFAs and widely applicable in many nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals industry for human use.
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30
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Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Brenna JT. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and genetics. implications for interindividual variability in prothrombotic, inflammatory conditions such as COVID-19 ✰,✰✰,★,★★. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102183. [PMID: 33038834 PMCID: PMC7527828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms vary from silence to rapid death, the latter mediated by both a cytokine storm and a thrombotic storm. SARS-CoV (2003) induces Cox-2, catalyzing the synthesis, from highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), of eicosanoids and docosanoids that mediate both inflammation and thrombosis. HUFA balance between arachidonic acid (AA) and other HUFA is a likely determinant of net signaling to induce a healthy or runaway physiological response. AA levels are determined by a non-protein coding regulatory polymorphisms that mostly affect the expression of FADS1, located in the FADS gene cluster on chromosome 11. Major and minor haplotypes in Europeans, and a specific functional insertion-deletion (Indel), rs66698963, consistently show major differences in circulating AA (>50%) and in the balance between AA and other HUFA (47-84%) in free living humans; the indel is evolutionarily selective, probably based on diet. The pattern of fatty acid responses is fully consistent with specific genetic modulation of desaturation at the FADS1-mediated 20:3→20:4 step. Well established principles of net tissue HUFA levels indicate that the high linoleic acid and low alpha-linoleic acid in populations drive the net balance of HUFA for any individual. We predict that fast desaturators (insertion allele at rs66698963; major haplotype in Europeans) are predisposed to higher risk and pathological responses to SARS-CoV-2 could be reduced with high dose omega-3 HUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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31
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Barrientos RC, Zhang Q. Recent advances in the mass spectrometric analysis of glycosphingolipidome - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:134-155. [PMID: 32980104 PMCID: PMC7525043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of glycosphingolipids has been implicated in a myriad of diseases, but our understanding of the strucural diversity, spatial distribution, and biological function of this class of biomolecules remains limited. These challenges partly stem from a lack of sensitive tools that can detect, identify, and quantify glycosphingolipids at the molecular level. Mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool poised to address most of these challenges. Here, we review the recent developments in analytical glycosphingolipidomics with an emphasis on sample preparation, mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry-based structural characterization, label-free and labeling-based quantification. We also discuss the nomenclature of glycosphingolipids, and emerging technologies like ion mobility spectrometry in differentiation of glycosphingolipid isomers. The intrinsic advantages and shortcomings of each method are carefully critiqued in line with an individual's research goals. Finally, future perspectives on analytical sphingolipidomics are stated, including a need for novel and more sensive methods in isomer separation, low abundance species detection, and profiling the spatial distribution of glycosphingolipid molecular species in cells and tissues using imaging mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell C Barrientos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, United States; UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, NC Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, United States; UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, NC Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States.
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32
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Tomčala A, Michálek J, Schneedorferová I, Füssy Z, Gruber A, Vancová M, Oborník M. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Chromerids. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1102. [PMID: 32722284 PMCID: PMC7464705 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential components of biological membranes, important for the maintenance of cellular structures, especially in organisms with complex life cycles like protozoan parasites. Apicomplexans are obligate parasites responsible for various deadly diseases of humans and livestock. We analyzed the fatty acids produced by the closest phototrophic relatives of parasitic apicomplexans, the chromerids Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis, and investigated the genes coding for enzymes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis in chromerids, in comparison to their parasitic relatives. Based on evidence from genomic and metabolomic data, we propose a model of fatty acid synthesis in chromerids: the plastid-localized FAS-II pathway is responsible for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids reaching the maximum length of 18 carbon units. Short saturated fatty acids (C14:0-C18:0) originate from the plastid are then elongated and desaturated in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum. We identified giant FAS I-like multi-modular enzymes in both chromerids, which seem to be involved in polyketide synthesis and fatty acid elongation. This full-scale description of the biosynthesis of fatty acids and their derivatives provides important insights into the reductive evolutionary transition of a phototropic algal ancestor to obligate parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Tomčala
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.T.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (Z.F.); (A.G.); (M.V.)
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, CENAKVA, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, Husova 458/102, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Michálek
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.T.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (Z.F.); (A.G.); (M.V.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Schneedorferová
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.T.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (Z.F.); (A.G.); (M.V.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.T.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (Z.F.); (A.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Ansgar Gruber
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.T.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (Z.F.); (A.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Marie Vancová
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.T.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (Z.F.); (A.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.T.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (Z.F.); (A.G.); (M.V.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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33
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Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kabeya N, Gür İ, Oboh A, Evjemo JO, Malzahn AM, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Monroig Ó. Unique fatty acid desaturase capacities uncovered in Hediste diversicolor illustrate the roles of aquatic invertebrates in trophic upgrading. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190654. [PMID: 32536307 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 (ω3 or n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play physiologically important roles in vertebrates. These compounds have long been believed to have originated almost exclusively from aquatic (mostly marine) single-cell organisms. Yet, a recent study has discovered that many invertebrates possess a type of enzymes called methyl-end desaturases (ωx) that enables them to endogenously produce n-3 long-chain PUFA and could make a significant contribution to production of these compounds in the marine environment. Polychaetes are major components of benthic fauna and thus important to maintain a robust food web as a recycler of organic matter and a prey item for higher trophic level species like fish. In the present study, we investigated the ωx enzymes from the common ragworm, Hediste diversicolor, a common inhabitant in sedimentary littoral ecosystems of the North Atlantic. Functional assays of the H. diversicolor ωx demonstrated unique desaturation capacities. An ω3 desaturase mediated the conversion of n-6 fatty acid substrates into their corresponding n-3 products including DHA. A further enzyme possessed unique regioselectivities combining both ω6 and ω3 desaturase activities. These results illustrate that the long-chain PUFA biosynthetic enzymatic machinery of aquatic invertebrates such as polychaetes is highly diverse and clarify that invertebrates can be major contributors to fatty acid trophic upgrading in aquatic food webs. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - İbrahim Gür
- Elazığ Fisheries Research Institute, Olgunlar Street, 23040 Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Angela Oboh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Nigeria
| | - Jan Ove Evjemo
- Department of Environment & New Resources, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture AS, Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Arne M Malzahn
- Department of Environment & New Resources, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture AS, Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
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Boyen J, Fink P, Mensens C, Hablützel PI, De Troch M. Fatty acid bioconversion in harpacticoid copepods in a changing environment: a transcriptomic approach. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190645. [PMID: 32536309 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
By 2100, global warming is predicted to significantly reduce the capacity of marine primary producers for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) synthesis. Primary consumers such as harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea) might mitigate the resulting adverse effects on the food web by increased LC-PUFA bioconversion. Here, we present a high-quality de novo transcriptome assembly of the copepod Platychelipus littoralis, exposed to changes in both temperature (+3°C) and dietary LC-PUFA availability. Using this transcriptome, we detected multiple transcripts putatively coding for LC-PUFA-bioconverting front-end fatty acid (FA) desaturases and elongases, and performed phylogenetic analyses to identify their relationship with sequences of other (crustacean) taxa. While temperature affected the absolute FA concentrations in copepods, LC-PUFA levels remained unaltered even when copepods were fed an LC-PUFA-deficient diet. While this suggests plasticity of LC-PUFA bioconversion within P. littoralis, none of the putative front-end desaturase or elongase transcripts was differentially expressed under the applied treatments. Nevertheless, the transcriptome presented here provides a sound basis for future ecophysiological research on harpacticoid copepods. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Boyen
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Fink
- Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany.,Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.,Department River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mensens
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pascal I Hablützel
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Lee MC, Choi BS, Kim MS, Yoon DS, Park JC, Kim S, Lee JS. An improved genome assembly and annotation of the Antarctic copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis and comparison of fatty acid metabolism between T. kingsejongensis and the temperate copepod T. japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 35:100703. [PMID: 32563028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Copepods in the genus Tigriopus are widely distributed in the intertidal zone worldwide. To assess differences in fatty acid (FA) metabolism among congeneric species in this genus inhabiting polar and temperate environments, we analyzed and compared FA profiles of the Antarctic copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis and the temperate copepod T. japonicus. Higher amounts of total FAs were found in the Antarctic copepod T. kingsejongensis than the temperate copepod T. japonicus under administration of the identical amount of Tetraselmis suecica. To determine the genomic basis for this, we identified fatty acid metabolism-related genes in an improved genome of T. kingsejongensis. The total length of the assembled genome was approximately 338 Mb with N50 = 1.473 Mb, 938 scaffolds, and a complete Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs value of 95.8%. A total of 25,470 genes were annotated using newly established pipeline. We identified eight elongation of very long-chain fatty acid protein (Elovl) genes and nine fatty acid desaturase (Fad) genes in the genome of T. kingsejongensis. In addition, fatty acid profiling suggested that the duplicated Δ5/6 desaturase gene in T. kingsejongensis is likely to play an essential role in synthesis of different FAs in T. kingsejongensis to those in T. japonicus. However, further experimental research is required to validate our in silico findings. This study provides a better understanding of fatty acid metabolism in the Antarctic copepod T. kingsejongensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | | | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Deok-Seo Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Ferraz RB, Machado AM, Navarro JC, Cunha I, Ozório R, Salaro AL, Castro LFC, Monroig Ó. The fatty acid elongation genes elovl4a and elovl4b are present and functional in the genome of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 245:110447. [PMID: 32325254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain (C20-24) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are physiologically important nutrients for vertebrates including fish. Previous studies have addressed the metabolism of LC-PUFA in the Amazonian teleost tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), an emerging species in Brazilian aquaculture, showing that all the desaturase and elongase activities required to convert C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into LC-PUFA are present in tambaqui. Yet, elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 4 (Elovl4) proteins, which participate in the biosynthesis of very long-chain (>C24) saturated fatty acids (VLC-SFA) and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), had not been characterized in this species. Here, we investigate the repertoire and function of two Elovl4 in tambaqui. Furthermore, we present the first draft genome assembly from tambaqui, and demonstrated the usefulness of this resource in nutritional physiology studies by isolating one of the tambaqui elovl4 genes. Our results showed that, similarly to other teleost species, two elovl4 gene paralogs termed as elovl4a and elovl4b, are present in tambaqui. Tambaqui elovl4a and elovl4b have open reading frames (ORF) of 948 and 912 base pairs, encoding putative proteins of 315 and 303 amino acids, respectively. Functional characterization in yeast showed that both Elovl4 enzymes have activity toward all the PUFA substrates assayed (18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, 18:4n-3, 18:3n-6, 20:5n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, 22:4n-6 and 22:6n-3), producing elongated products of up to C36. Moreover, both Elovl4 were able to elongate 22:5n-3 to 24:5n-3, a key elongation step required for the synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid via the Sprecher pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato B Ferraz
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton De Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - André M Machado
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton De Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Isabel Cunha
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton De Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ozório
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton De Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana L Salaro
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton De Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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Ting SY, Janaranjani M, Merosha P, Sam KK, Wong SC, Goh PT, Mah MQ, Kuah MK, Chong Shu-Chien A. Two Elongases, Elovl4 and Elovl6, Fulfill the Elongation Routes of the LC-PUFA Biosynthesis Pathway in the Orange Mud Crab ( Scylla olivacea). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4116-4130. [PMID: 32186869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While the capacity for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis has been elucidated in vertebrates and several invertebrate phyla, the comparative knowledge in crustaceans remains vague. A key obstacle in mapping the full spectrum of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in crustacean is the limited evidence of the functional activities of enzymes involved in desaturation or elongation of polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates. In this present study, we report on the cloning and functional characterization of two Elovl elongases from the orange mud crab, Scylla olivacea. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis suggest these two Elovl as putative Elovl4 and Elovl6, respectively. Using the recombinant expression system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we demonstrate the elongation capacity for C18-C22 PUFA substrates in the S. olivacea Elovl4. The S. olivacea Elovl6 elongated saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and interestingly, C18-C20 PUFA. Taken together, both Elovl fulfill the elongation steps required for conversion of C18 PUFA to their respective LC-PUFA products. Elovl4 is expressed mainly in the hepatopancreas and gill tissues, while Elovl6 is predominant in digestive tissues. The mRNA expression of both enzymes was higher in mud crabs fed with vegetable oil-based diets. Tissue fatty acid composition also showed the existence of LC-PUFA biosynthesis intermediate products in tissues expressing these two elongases. In summary, we report here two novel Elovl with PUFA elongating activities in a marine brachyuran. This will contribute significantly to the understanding of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway in crustaceans and advance the development of aquafeed for intensive farming of the mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Yeat Ting
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Blok B No. 10, Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M Janaranjani
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Blok B No. 10, Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - P Merosha
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ka-Kei Sam
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Blok B No. 10, Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Swe Cheng Wong
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Pei-Tian Goh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Min-Qian Mah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Meng-Kiat Kuah
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Blok B No. 10, Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Blok B No. 10, Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Systematic genome analysis of a novel arachidonic acid-producing strain uncovered unique metabolic traits in the production of acetyl-CoA-derived products in Mortierellale fungi. Gene 2020; 741:144559. [PMID: 32169630 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The fungi in order Mortierellales are attractive producers for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Here, the genome sequencing and assembly of a novel strain of Mortierella sp. BCC40632 were done, yielding 65 contigs spanning of 49,964,116 total bases with predicted 12,149 protein-coding genes. We focused on the acetyl-CoA in relevant to its derived metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of macromolecules with biological functions, including PUFAs, eicosanoids and carotenoids. By comparative genome analysis between Mortierellales and Mucorales, the signature genetic characteristics of the arachidonic acid-producing strains, including Δ5-desaturase and GLELO-like elongase, were also identified in the strain BCC40632. Remarkably, this fungal strain contained only n-6 pathway of PUFA biosynthesis due to the absence of Δ15-desaturase or ω3-desaturase gene in contrast to other Mortierella species. Four putative enzyme sequences in the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways were identified in the strain BCC40632 and others Mortierellale fungi, but were not detected in the Mucorales. Another unique metabolic trait of the Mortierellales was the inability in carotenoid synthesis as a result of the lack of phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase genes. The findings provide a perspective in strain optimization for production of tailored-made products with industrial applications.
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Zhu X, Li S, Liu L, Li S, Luo Y, Lv C, Wang B, Cheng CHK, Chen H, Yang X. Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445 Provides Novel Insights into the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Pathway. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020118. [PMID: 32085426 PMCID: PMC7073664 DOI: 10.3390/md18020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytriidae sp. have broadly gained attention as a prospective resource for the production of omega-3 fatty acids production in significant quantities. In this study, the whole genome of Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445, which produces high levels of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was sequenced and subjected to protein annotation. The obtained clean reads (63.55 Mb in total) were assembled into 54 contigs and 25 scaffolds, with maximum and minimum lengths of 400 and 0.0054 Mb, respectively. A total of 3513 genes (24.84%) were identified, which could be classified into six pathways and 44 pathway groups, of which 68 genes (1.93%) were involved in lipid metabolism. In the Gene Ontology database, 22,436 genes were annotated as cellular component (8579 genes, 38.24%), molecular function (5236 genes, 23.34%), and biological process (8621 genes, 38.42%). Four enzymes corresponding to the classic fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway and three enzymes corresponding to the classic polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway were identified in Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445. Although PKS pathway-associated dehydratase and isomerase enzymes were not detected in Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445, a putative DHA- and DPA-specific fatty acid pathway was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liangxu Liu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Siting Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Yanqing Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Chuhan Lv
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Boyu Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Christopher H. K. Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Huapu Chen
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence:
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Bláhová Z, Harvey TN, Pšenička M, Mráz J. Assessment of Fatty Acid Desaturase (Fads2) Structure-Function Properties in Fish in the Context of Environmental Adaptations and as a Target for Genetic Engineering. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E206. [PMID: 32023831 PMCID: PMC7072455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2) is the key enzyme of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Endogenous production of these biomolecules in vertebrates, if present, is insufficient to meet demand. Hence, LC-PUFA are considered as conditionally essential. At present, however, LC-PUFA are globally limited nutrients due to anthropogenic factors. Research attention has therefore been paid to finding ways to maximize endogenous LC-PUFA production, especially in production species, whereby deeper knowledge on molecular mechanisms of enzymatic steps involved is being generated. This review first briefly informs about the milestones in the history of LC-PUFA essentiality exploration before it focuses on the main aim-to highlight the fascinating Fads2 potential to play roles fundamental to adaptation to novel environmental conditions. Investigations are summarized to elucidate on the evolutionary history of fish Fads2, providing an explanation for the remarkable plasticity of this enzyme in fish. Furthermore, structural implications of Fads2 substrate specificity are discussed and some relevant studies performed on organisms other than fish are mentioned in cases when such studies have to date not been conducted on fish models. The importance of Fads2 in the context of growing aquaculture demand and dwindling LC-PUFA supply is depicted and a few remedies in the form of genetic engineering to improve endogenous production of these biomolecules are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Bláhová
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Nelson Harvey
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Martin Pšenička
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mráz
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Yang Y, Tao J, Zong S. Identification of putative Type-I sex pheromone biosynthesis-related genes expressed in the female pheromone gland of Streltzoviella insularis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227666. [PMID: 31945099 PMCID: PMC6964838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species-specific sex pheromones play key roles in moth sexual communication. Although the general pathway of Type-I sex pheromone biosynthesis is well established, only a handful of genes encoding enzymes involved in this pathway have been characterized. Streltzoviella insularis is a destructive wood-boring pest of many street trees in China, and the female sex pheromone of this species comprises a blend of (Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate. This organism therefore provides an excellent model for research on the diversity of genes and molecular mechanisms involved in pheromone production. Herein, we assembled the pheromone gland transcriptome of S. insularis by next-generation sequencing and identified 74 genes encoding candidate key enzymes involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis, β-oxidation, and functional group modification. In addition, tissue expression patterns further showed that an acetyl-CoA carboxylase and two desaturases were highly expressed in the pheromone glands compared with the other tissues, indicating possible roles in S. insularis sex pheromone biosynthesis. Finally, we proposed putative S. insularis biosynthetic pathways for sex pheromone components and highlighted candidate genes. Our findings lay a solid foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning S. insularis sex pheromone biosynthesis, and provide potential targets for disrupting chemical communication that could assist the development of novel pest control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Fontana S, Chang NC, Chang T, Lee CC, Dang VD, Wang J. The fire ant social supergene is characterized by extensive gene and transposable element copy number variation. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:105-120. [PMID: 31736148 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, a supergene composed of ~600 genes and having two variants, SB and Sb, regulates colony social form. In single queen colonies, all individuals carry only the SB allele, while in multiple queen colonies, some individuals carry the Sb allele. In this study, we characterized genes with copy number variation between SB and Sb-carrying individuals. We showed extensive acquisition of gene duplicates in the Sb genome, with some likely involved in polygyne-related phenotypes. We found 260 genes with copy number differences between SB and Sb, of which 239 have greater copy number in Sb. We observed transposable element (TE) accumulation on Sb, likely due to the accumulation of repetitive elements on the nonrecombining chromosome. We found a weak correlation between TE copy number and differential expression, suggesting some TEs may still be proliferating in Sb while many of the duplicated TEs have presumably been silenced. Among the 115 non-TE genes with higher copy in Sb, enzymes responsible for cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis were highly represented. These include a desaturase and an elongase, both potentially responsible for differential queen odour and likely beneficial for polygyne ants. These genes seem to have translocated into the supergene from other chromosomes and proliferated by multiple duplication events. While the presence of TEs in supergenes is well documented, little is known about duplication of non-TE genes and their possible adaptive role. Overall, our results suggest that gene duplications may be an important factor leading to monogyne and polygyne ant societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fontana
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Taiwan International Graduate Program, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chen Chang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiffany Chang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Lee
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Viet-Dai Dang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Taiwan International Graduate Program, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Thiyagarajan S, Arumugam M, Kathiresan S. Identification and Functional Characterization of Two Novel Fatty Acid Genes from Marine Microalgae for Eicosapentaenoic Acid Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1371-1384. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Sanchez Granel ML, Cánepa C, Cid NG, Navarro JC, Monroig Ó, Verstraeten SV, Nudel CB, Nusblat AD. Gene identification and functional characterization of a Δ12 fatty acid desaturase in Tetrahymena thermophila and its influence in homeoviscous adaptation to low temperature. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1644-1655. [PMID: 31421180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Homeoviscous adaptation in poikilotherms is based in the regulation of the level of desaturation of fatty acids, variation in phospholipids head groups and sterol content in the membrane lipids, in order to maintain the membrane fluidity in response to changes in environmental temperature. Increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids is thought to be the main response to low-temperature acclimation, which is mostly achieved by fatty acid desaturases. Genome analysis of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila and a gene knockout approach has allowed us to identify one Δ12 FAD and to study its activity in the original host and in a yeast heterologous expression system. The "PUFA index" -relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to the sum of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content- was ~57% lower at 15 °C and 35 °C in the Δ12 FAD gene knockout strain (KOΔ12) compared to WT strain. We characterized the role of T. thermophila Δ12 FAD on homeoviscous adaptation and analyzed its involvement in cellular growth, cold stress response, and membrane fluidity, as well as its expression pattern during temperature shifts. Although these alterations allowed normal growth in the KOΔ12 strain at 30 °C or higher temperatures, growth was impaired at temperatures of 20 °C or lower, where homeoviscous adaptation is impaired. These results stress the importance of Δ12 FAD in the regulation of cold adaptation processes, as well as the suitability of T. thermophila as a valuable model to investigate the regulation of membrane lipids and evolutionary conservation and divergence of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Sanchez Granel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín, 956, C1113AAD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Cánepa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas G Cid
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín, 956, C1113AAD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, CSIC (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, CSIC (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Sandra V Verstraeten
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara B Nudel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín, 956, C1113AAD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro D Nusblat
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín, 956, C1113AAD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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46
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Balzano S, Villanueva L, de Bar M, Sahonero Canavesi DX, Yildiz C, Engelmann JC, Marechal E, Lupette J, Sinninghe Damst� JS, Schouten S. Biosynthesis of Long Chain Alkyl Diols and Long Chain Alkenols in Nannochloropsis spp. (Eustigmatophyceae). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1666-1682. [PMID: 31058972 PMCID: PMC6872974 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated potential biosynthetic pathways of long chain alkenols (LCAs), long chain alkyl diols (LCDs), and long chain hydroxy fatty acids (LCHFAs) in Nannochloropsis oceanica and Nannochloropsis gaditana, by combining culturing experiments with genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Incubation of Nannochloropsis spp. in the dark for 1 week led to significant increases in the cellular concentrations of LCAs and LCDs in both species. Consistently, 13C-labelled substrate experiments confirmed that both LCA and LCD were actively produced in the dark from C14-18 fatty acids by either condensation or elongation/hydroxylation, although no enzymatic evidence was found for the former pathway. Nannochloropsis spp. did, however, contain (i) multiple polyketide synthases (PKSs) including one type (PKS-Clade II) that might catalyze incomplete fatty acid elongations leading to the formation of 3-OH-fatty acids, (ii) 3-hydroxyacyl dehydratases (HADs), which can possibly form Δ2/Δ3 monounsaturated fatty acids, and (iii) fatty acid elongases (FAEs) that could elongate 3-OH-fatty acids and Δ2/Δ3 monounsaturated fatty acids to longer products. The enzymes responsible for reduction of the long chain fatty acids to LCDs and LCAs are, however, unclear. A putative wax ester synthase/acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA): diacylglycerol acyltransferase is likely to be involved in the esterification of LCAs and LCDs in the cell wall. Our data thus provide useful insights in predicting the biosynthetic pathways of LCAs and LCDs in phytoplankton suggesting a key role of FAE and PKS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Balzano
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +39 081 7641355. Present address: Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia Ecologia e Biotecnologie Marine, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Villanueva
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke de Bar
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Diana X Sahonero Canavesi
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Caglar Yildiz
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Julia C Engelmann
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Marechal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et V�g�tale, Unit� mixte de recherche CNRS, CEA, INRA, Universit� Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Josselin Lupette
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et V�g�tale, Unit� mixte de recherche CNRS, CEA, INRA, Universit� Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
- Present address: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damst�
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schouten
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ran Z, Xu J, Liao K, Monroig Ó, Navarro JC, Oboh A, Jin M, Zhou Q, Zhou C, Tocher DR, Yan X. Biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta: Characterization of four fatty acyl elongases and a novel desaturase capacity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1083-1090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Han L, Ding J, Wang H, Zuo R, Quan Z, Fan Z, Liu Q, Chang Y. Molecular characterization and expression of SiFad1 in the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). Gene 2019; 705:133-141. [PMID: 31004713 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases (Fads) are a key enzyme in the process of biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs). In this study, we cloned the full-length sequence of the SiFad1 gene (SiFad1) and analyzed its expression profiles during different developmental stages and in different tissues of Strongylocentrotus intermedius. The full-length cDNA of SiFad1 is composed of 1086 bp, with a putative open reading frame of 885 bp encoding a polypeptide of 294 amino acid (AA) residues. The predicted molecular mass of SiFad1 is 34.67 kDa and its theoretical pI is 8.41. The presence of conserved motifs including three histidine boxes (HXXXH, HXXHH, XXXHH), a FA_desaturases domain and three transmembrane domains suggests that SiFad1 belongs to the microsomal fatty acid desaturases family. Its tissue distribution showed that the highest expression of SiFad1 is in the intestine and the weakest expression is in Aristotle's lantern of S. intermedius. Time-course expression measurements in different developmental stages showed the highest expression of SiFad1 occurs in the gastrula and the weakest expression in the juvenile sea urchin. Knock-down of SiFad1 by specific siRNA revealed that the significantly depressed expression of Elovl5 had decreased in the coelomocytes, intestines and gonads at 24 h post transfection, indicating that the downstream target gene of SiFad1 is Elovl5 and SiFad1 and Elovl5 have positive regulatory effects. When we examined the changes in fatty acids in the gonads before and after interference, the results showed that after 24 h of interference, the content of C20:4n-6 produced by SiFad1 had decreased. Taken together, these results will enable us to understand the role of SiFad1 in fatty acid anabolism, which will help us to understand the fatty acid synthesis pathways and regulatory mechanisms of Strongylocentrotus intermedius and provide a theoretical experimental basis for improving the ability of sea urchins to synthesize fatty acids and cultivating sea urchins of higher quality and nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshu Han
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Rantao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zijiao Quan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zihan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Quandi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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Dunbar CA, Rayaprolu V, Wang JCY, Brown CJ, Leishman E, Jones-Burrage S, Trinidad JC, Bradshaw HB, Clemmer DE, Mukhopadhyay S, Jarrold MF. Dissecting the Components of Sindbis Virus from Arthropod and Vertebrate Hosts: Implications for Infectivity Differences. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:892-902. [PMID: 30986033 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus, which is transmitted via mosquitos to a wide range of vertebrate hosts. SINV produced by vertebrate, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells is more than an order of magnitude less infectious than SINV produced from mosquito (C6/36) cells. The cause of this difference is poorly understood. In this study, charge detection mass spectrometry was used to determine the masses of intact SINV particles isolated from BHK and C6/36 cells. The measured masses are substantially different: 52.88 MDa for BHK derived SINV and 50.69 MDa for C6/36 derived. Further analysis using several mass spectrometry-based methods and biophysical approaches indicates that BHK derived SINV has a substantially higher mass than C6/36 derived because in the lipid bilayer, there is a higher portion of lipids containing long chain fatty acids. The difference in lipid composition could influence the organization of the lipid bilayer. As a result, multiple stages of the viral lifecycle may be affected including assembly and budding, particle stability during transmission, and fusion events, all of which could contribute to the differences in infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joseph C.-Y. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christopher J. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sara Jones-Burrage
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Trinidad
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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50
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Presence or absence? Primary structure, regioselectivity and evolution of Δ12/ω3 fatty acid desaturases in nematodes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1194-1205. [PMID: 31108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For vertebrates, the adequate supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by the diet, in particular ω3 long-chain PUFA, is considered essential for neural development, growth and reproduction. In contrast to aquatic ecosystems, ω3 long-chain PUFA apparently are not widely available in the terrestrial food chain. Their de novo synthesis requires the presence of Δ12 and ω3 fatty acid desaturase enzymes, which are absent in vertebrates but present, for example, in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (FAT-2 and FAT-1). This raises the question if soil-dwelling nematodes offer substantial supply of these valuable nutritional compounds in terrestrial food webs. BLAST searches in available nematode genomes revealed the existence of fat-2 like genes in almost all clade III-V species, but failed to identify orthologs in clade I-II nematodes. An additional RT-PCR screen across soil-dwelling nematode species identified six novel fat-2 like genes. Hints for the genetic basis of a ω3 (fat-1) desaturase activity was found only in selected clade IV-V species, but not in clades I to III nematodes. Fatty acid pattern analyses following a PUFA-free cultivation and enzymatic characterization of six selected fat-2 or fat-1 like desaturases in yeast confirmed the findings from the genetic approaches. Thus, in similar soil habitats, taxa exist that can synthesize ω3 long-chain PUFA (as Panagrolaimus, Mesorhabditis and Caenorhabditis) whereas others are unable to do so (Acrobeloides, Cephalobus and Oscheius). While these nematodes do not differ in trophic position or major diet, distinction in reproduction mode may have led to the observed variations in desaturase genes.
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