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Chiang YTT, Kassotis CD. Molecular Assessment of Proadipogenic Effects for Common-Use Contraceptives and Their Mixtures. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae050. [PMID: 38648498 PMCID: PMC11081078 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Hormonal contraceptives are widely prescribed due to their effectiveness and convenience and have become an integral part of family planning strategies worldwide. In the United States, approximately 65% of reproductive-aged women are estimated to be using contraceptive options, with approximately 33% using one or a combination of hormonal contraceptives. While these methods have undeniably contributed to improved reproductive health, recent studies have raised concerns regarding their potential effect on metabolic health. Despite widespread anecdotal reports, epidemiological research has been mixed as to whether hormonal contraceptives contribute to metabolic health effects. As such, the goals of this study were to assess the adipogenic activity of common hormonal contraceptive chemicals and their mixtures. Five different models of adipogenesis were used to provide a rigorous assessment of metabolism-disrupting effects. Interestingly, every individual contraceptive (both estrogens and progestins) and each mixture promoted significant adipogenesis (eg, triglyceride accumulation and/or preadipocyte proliferation). These effects appeared to be mediated in part through estrogen receptor signaling, particularly for the contraceptive mixtures, as cotreatment with fulvestrant acted to inhibit contraceptive-mediated proadipogenic effects on triglyceride accumulation. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between hormonal contraceptives and adipocyte development. The results suggest that both progestins and estrogens within these contraceptives can influence adipogenesis, and the specific effects may vary based on the receptor disruption profiles. Further research is warranted to establish translation of these findings to in vivo models and to further assess causal mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tiffany Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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2
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Hagberg CE, Spalding KL. White adipocyte dysfunction and obesity-associated pathologies in humans. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:270-289. [PMID: 38086922 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and associated chronic diseases continues to increase worldwide, negatively impacting on societies and economies. Whereas the association between excess body weight and increased risk for developing a multitude of diseases is well established, the initiating mechanisms by which weight gain impairs our metabolic health remain surprisingly contested. In order to better address the myriad of disease states associated with obesity, it is essential to understand adipose tissue dysfunction and develop strategies for reinforcing adipocyte health. In this Review we outline the diverse physiological functions and pathological roles of human white adipocytes, examining our current knowledge of why white adipocytes are vital for systemic metabolic control, yet poorly adapted to our current obesogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Hagberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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White U. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity, health, and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1188844. [PMID: 37181756 PMCID: PMC10169629 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1188844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) expands under physiological conditions via an increase in adipocyte size (hypertrophy) and/or number (hyperplasia; adipogenesis), and the ability of WAT to expand to accommodate energy demands is a significant determinant of metabolic health status. Obesity is associated with impaired WAT expansion and remodeling, which results in the deposition of lipids to other non-adipose organs, leading to metabolic derangements. Although increased hyperplasia has been implicated as a cornerstone in promoting healthy WAT expansion, recent developments suggest that the role of adipogenesis as a contributing factor in the transition from impaired subcutaneous WAT expansion to impaired metabolic health remains up for debate. This mini-review will summarize recent developments and highlight emerging concepts on the features of WAT expansion and turnover, and the significance in obesity, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula White
- Clinical Science Division, LSU Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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4
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Furse S, Koulman A, Ozanne SE, Poston L, White SL, Meek CL. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Obese Women With Gestational Diabetes and Associations With Offspring Adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2825-e2832. [PMID: 35359001 PMCID: PMC9757862 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gestational diabetes (GDM) affects 20 million women/year worldwide and is associated with childhood obesity. Infants of affected mothers have increased adiposity from birth, which leads to obesity in later life. However, it remains unknown whether the effect of GDM upon neonatal body composition is due to hyperglycemia alone or is mediated by other pathways. OBJECTIVE To investigate plasma lipid profiles in obese women according to GDM diagnosis, infant birthweight percentiles, and adiposity. DESIGN Prospective cohort from UPBEAT trial (ISRCTN 89971375). SETTING Hospital and community. PATIENTS 867 obese pregnant women recruited in early pregnancy, assessed at 28 weeks for GDM. Offspring anthropometry was assessed at birth. OUTCOME (PRESPECIFIED) Neonatal birth percentile and abdominal circumference. METHODS Lipidomic profiling in the fasting plasma oral glucose tolerance test sample using direct infusion mass spectrometry. Analysis included logistic/linear regression, unadjusted and adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, parity, ethnicity, UPBEAT trial arm, and fetal sex. The limit of significance was P = 0.05 for offspring anthropometry and P = 0.002 for lipidomic data. RESULTS GDM in obese women was associated with elevated plasma concentrations of specific diglycerides [DG(32:0)] and triglycerides [TG(48:0), (50:1), (50:2)] containing fatty acids (16:0), (16:1), (18:0), and (18:1), consistent with increased de novo lipogenesis. In the whole cohort, these species were associated with birthweight percentile and neonatal abdominal circumference. Effects upon infant abdominal circumference remained significant after adjustment for maternal glycemia. CONCLUSIONS Increased de novo lipogenesis-related species in pregnant women with obesity and GDM are associated with measures of offspring adiposity and may be a target for improving lifelong health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lucilla Poston
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Lifecourse and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sara L White
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Lifecourse and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Claire L Meek
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry/Wolfson Diabetes & Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQUK
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Zhou X, Mao J, Peng W, Chen Z, Mei H, Kyle P, Mo Y, Allen TC. The association of prostatic lipids with progression, racial disparity and discovery of biomarkers in prostate cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101218. [PMID: 34509951 PMCID: PMC8435923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study performed lipid profiling on human PCa and BPT tissues matched with patient's age and race, pathological grades and clinical stages. The human prostatic lipid profiles were widely associated with the pathogenesis, progression and racial disparity of PCa. Neutral lipids had greater impact on pathogenesis, progression and racial disparity of PCa as compared to phospholipids. Cholesteryl ester is the only lipid class significantly higher in PCa than in BPT in all population and stratified AA and CA populations. A panel of prostatic lipid parameters in each study population were identified as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy simultaneously. Lipid profiling on mouse prostatic tissue from mouse PCa model further confirmed the roles of prostatic lipids on the pathogenesis, progression and discovery of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of PCa. In addition, this animal model was excellent to investigate prognostic lipid biomarkers in differentiation of indolent from aggressive PCa.
Background It remains under-investigated whether prostatic lipid profiles are associated with pathogenesis, progression, racial disparity, and discovery of biomarkers in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods The electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to quantitate prostatic lipids in human and mouse PCa and non-cancer prostatic tissues. Biostatistics and bioinformatics were used to compare the concentrations of prostatic lipids at levels of total lipid, group, class and individual species between PCa and benign prostatic tissues, between races, and among pathological conditions of PCa. Results Prostatic concentrations of total lipids as well as neutral lipids were significantly higher in PCa than in benign prostatic tissues in all population and Caucasian American population, but not in African American population. The prostatic phospholipid were not statistically different between PCa and benign prostatic tissues in all study populations. Cholesteryl ester is the only lipid class significantly higher in PCa than in benign prostatic tissues in all study populations. A panel of prostatic lipid parameters in each study population was identified as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers with >60% of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy simultaneously. Lipid profiling on mouse prostatic tissues further confirmed correlation of prostatic lipid profiles to the pathogenesis and progression of PCa. In addition, a few prostatic lipids in mouse can serve as prognostic biomarkers in differentiation of indolent from aggressive PCa. Conclusion The prostatic lipids are widely associated with the pathogenesis, progression and racial disparity of PCa. A panel of prostatic lipids can serve as diagnostic, prognostic and race-specific biomarkers for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States; Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States.
| | - Jinghe Mao
- Department of Biology, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS 39157, United States
| | - Wanxin Peng
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, United States
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States
| | - Patrick Kyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States
| | - Yinyuan Mo
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States
| | - Timothy C Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS 39216, United States
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White U, Fitch MD, Beyl RA, Hellerstein MK, Ravussin E. Adipose depot-specific effects of 16 weeks of pioglitazone on in vivo adipogenesis in women with obesity: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2021; 64:159-167. [PMID: 33001232 PMCID: PMC7718382 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In vitro and rodent studies suggest that pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, can promote adipogenesis in adipose tissue (AT); however, there is a lack of in vivo studies in humans to support these findings. The objectives of this randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm trial were to test if pioglitazone stimulates in vivo adipogenesis in the subcutaneous adipose tissue depots and if these measures were related to metabolic health outcomes in women with obesity. METHODS Forty-one healthy women with obesity (20 black; 21 white; 29 ± 6 years; BMI 32.0 ± 1.7 kg/m2; 44.0 ± 3.6% body fat) were randomised to consume 30 mg/day of pioglitazone (n = 21) or placebo (n = 20) for 16 weeks. SAS v9.4 was used to generate the block randomisation code sequence (stored in password-protected files) with a 1:1 allocation ratio. The participants and study staff involved in assessing and analysing data outcomes were blinded to the group assignments. The trial was conducted at Pennington Biomedical Research Center and ended in 2016. At baseline and post-intervention, subcutaneous abdominal (scABD) and femoral (scFEM) AT biopsies were collected, and in vivo cellular kinetics (primary endpoint of the trial) were assessed by an 8 week labelling protocol of deuterium (2H) into the DNA of adipose cells. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), scABD and visceral AT (VAT) by MRI, ectopic fat by 1H-MRS, and insulin sensitivity by an OGTT. RESULTS After the 16 week intervention, there was a significant decrease in visceral fat (VAT:total abdominal AT [as a %]; p = 0.002) and an increase in the Matsuda index (i.e. improved insulin sensitivity; p = 0.04) in the pioglitazone group relative to the placebo group. A significant increase in the formation of new adipocytes was observed in the scFEM (Δ = 3.3 ± 1.6%; p = 0.04) but not the scABD depot (Δ = 2.0 ± 2.1%; p = 0.32) in the pioglitazone group relative to the placebo group. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Pioglitazone may elicit distinct differences in in vivo adipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose depots in women with obesity, with increased rates in the protective scFEM. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01748994 Funding This study was funded by R01DK090607, P30DK072476, and R03DK112006 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. U54 GM104940 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. The Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Foundation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula White
- Physiology of Human Adipose Tissue, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Mark D Fitch
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robbie A Beyl
- Biostatistics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Human Translational Physiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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7
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Cardiovascular Risk Factors Following Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy in Black Americans Compared with White Americans. Obes Surg 2020; 31:1004-1012. [PMID: 32827094 PMCID: PMC7897752 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bariatric surgery presents a long-term solution for clinical obesity. Given that Black Americans (BA) carry a greater burden of obesity-related comorbidities than White Americans (WA), understanding the racial disparities regarding remission of obesity comorbidities following the most common bariatric surgery, sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The goal of the current study was to provide quantitative values related to cardiovascular and lipid outcomes following SG and determine if racial disparities exist between BA and WA. METHODS Data was collected from de-identified electronic medical records for patients receiving SG surgery at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, MS, USA. RESULTS Of 464 patients who obtained SG from (2013-2019), 64% were WA, and 36% were BA. Before surgery, BA had significantly greater body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures (BP) in comparison with WA. Compared with WA, BA were predicted to lose 5.1 kg less BW than WA at 1-year follow-up. Reduction in SBP (- 0.96 vs. - 0.60 mmHg/doubling of days) and DBP (- 0.51 vs. - 0.26 mmHg/doubling of days) was significantly higher in WA compared with BA. There was no racial difference in the change to total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, or triglycerides by race. When normalized to weight loss, the racial disparity in BP reduction was mitigated. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that BA lose less body weight following SG; however, loss of excess body weight loss is associated with improvement to BP similarly in both BA and WA.
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Liu X, Zhang M, Liu X, Sun H, Guo Z, Tang X, Wang Z, Li J, He L, Zhang W, Wang Y, Li H, Fan L, Tsang SX, Zhang Y, Sun W. Investigation of Plasma Metabolic and Lipidomic Characteristics of a Chinese Cohort and a Pilot Study of Renal Cell Carcinoma Biomarker. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1507. [PMID: 33014794 PMCID: PMC7461914 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma metabolomics and lipidomics have been commonly used for biomarker discovery. Studies in white and Japanese populations suggested that gender and age can affect circulating plasma metabolite profiles; however, the metabolomics characteristics in Chinese population has not been surveyed. In our study, we applied liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based approach to analyze Chinese plasma metabolome and lipidome in a cohort of 534 healthy adults (aging from 15 to 79). Fatty-acid metabolism was found to be gender- and age-dependent in Chinese, similar with metabolomics characteristics in Japanese and white populations. Differently, lipids, such as TGs and DGs, were found to be gender-independent in Chinese population. Moreover, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism was found to be specifically age-related in Chinese. The application of plasma metabolome and lipidome for renal cell carcinoma diagnosis (143 RCC patients and 34 benign kidney tumor patients) showed good accuracy, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.971 for distinction from healthy control, and 0.839 for distinction from the benign. Bile acid metabolism was found to be related to RCC probably combination with intestinal microflora. Definition of the variation and characteristics of Chinese normal plasma metabolome and lipidome might provide a basis for disease biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haidan Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu He
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Core Laboratory for Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanzhong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shirley X. Tsang
- Principal Investigator BioMatrix Rockville, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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9
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Thomas DD, Corkey BE, Istfan NW, Apovian CM. Hyperinsulinemia: An Early Indicator of Metabolic Dysfunction. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1727-1747. [PMID: 31528832 PMCID: PMC6735759 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. Racial and ethnic minority populations are disproportionately affected by diabetes and obesity-related complications. This mini-review provides an overview of the genetic and environmental factors associated with hyperinsulinemia with a focus on racial and ethnic differences and its metabolic consequences. The data used in this narrative review were collected through research in PubMed and reference review of relevant retrieved articles. Insulin secretion and clearance are regulated processes that influence the development and progression of hyperinsulinemia. Environmental, genetic, and dietary factors are associated with hyperinsulinemia. Certain pharmacotherapies for obesity and bariatric surgery are effective at mitigating hyperinsulinemia and are associated with improved metabolic health. Hyperinsulinemia is associated with many environmental and genetic factors that interact with a wide network of hormones. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the factors affecting insulin secretion and clearance. Further basic and translational work on hyperinsulinemia may allow for earlier and more personalized treatments for obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nawfal W Istfan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline M Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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White U, Ravussin E. Dynamics of adipose tissue turnover in human metabolic health and disease. Diabetologia 2019; 62:17-23. [PMID: 30267179 PMCID: PMC6476187 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue is a highly plastic organ and is an important regulator of whole-body metabolism and energy balance. The magnitude of adipose tissue mass is determined by dynamic changes in the synthesis and breakdown (i.e. turnover) of adipocytes and triacylglycerols (TGs). Obesity is a disorder characterised by excessive adiposity and is a risk factor for diseases, including the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue expansion is necessary to accommodate chronic excess energy intake and is characterised by enlargement of existing adipocytes (hypertrophy) and by increase in pre-adipocyte and adipocyte numbers (hyperplasia). Evidence suggests that the manner of subcutaneous adipose expansion can influence metabolic health, as impaired adipogenesis, namely restricted hyperplasia, may lead to ectopic lipid deposition in the liver and skeletal muscle, contributing to the pathogenesis of obesity-related disorders. Despite the plausible role of adipose turnover in human health and pathology, little is known about the in vivo kinetics of adipose tissue components (both adipose cells and TGs). This is due, in part, to the slow turnover rate of adipose tissue and the complexity of directly labelling pathway precursors. This review provides a brief summary of findings derived from in vitro techniques, as well as an overview of two in vivo methods that are being implemented to assess the turnover of adipose cells and TGs. Finally, the role of adipose tissue turnover in metabolic health and disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula White
- Physiology of Human Adipose Tissue Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Human Translational Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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