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Barbarroja N, López-Medina C, Escudero-Contreras A, Arias-de la Rosa I. Clinical and molecular insights into cardiovascular disease in psoriatic patients and the potential protective role of apremilast. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1459185. [PMID: 39170613 PMCID: PMC11335487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic disease, encompassing both psoriasis (Pso) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), is closely intertwined with a significantly elevated risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. This connection is further compounded by a higher prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, and dysregulated lipid profiles. These comorbidities exceed the rates seen in the general population and compound the potential for increased mortality among those living with this condition. Recognizing the heightened cardiometabolic risk inherent in psoriatic disease necessitates a fundamental shift in the treatment paradigm. It is no longer sufficient to focus solely on mitigating inflammation. Instead, there is an urgent need to address and effectively manage the metabolic parameters that have a substantial impact on cardiovascular health. Within this context, apremilast emerges as a pivotal treatment option for psoriatic disease. What sets apremilast apart is its dual-action potential, addressing not only inflammation but also the critical metabolic parameters. This comprehensive treatment approach opens up new opportunities to improve the well-being of people living with psoriatic disease. This review delves into the multifaceted aspects involved in the development of cardiovascular disease and its intricate association with psoriatic disease. We then provide an in-depth exploration of the pleiotropic effects of apremilast, highlighting its potential to simultaneously mitigate metabolic complications and inflammation in individuals affected by these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Barbarroja
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | - Iván Arias-de la Rosa
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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2
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Gidding SS. Childhood Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 82:1558-1563. [PMID: 37793753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Screening for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in childhood remains controversial. Existing guidelines offer practitioners conflicting advice despite generally agreeing on the evidence and areas in which evidence is lacking, including a lack of long-term clinical trials demonstrating coronary event reduction as a result of screening and long-term data on statin side effects. A limitation of existing evidence-based frameworks is reliance on 1 evidence grading system to determine recommendations. However, rigorous evidence evaluation alternatives relevant to FH exist. FH is considered a tier 1 genetic condition, meaning that identification and treatment will improve health outcomes among those affected. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the primary consequence of FH, can be considered causal for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Incorporating these concepts into existing evidence pathways allows the inclusion of surrogate clinical trial outcomes (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and atherosclerosis regression) and observational data on medication safety, strengthening the evidence for pediatric screening for FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Gidding
- Department of Genomic Health, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Nisar A, Jagtap S, Vyavahare S, Deshpande M, Harsulkar A, Ranjekar P, Prakash O. Phytochemicals in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases: the journey from preclinical trials to clinical practice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1177050. [PMID: 37229273 PMCID: PMC10203425 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1177050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biomedical research have demonstrated that inflammation and its related diseases are the greatest threat to public health. Inflammatory action is the pathological response of the body towards the external stimuli such as infections, environmental factors, and autoimmune conditions to reduce tissue damage and improve patient comfort. However, when detrimental signal-transduction pathways are activated and inflammatory mediators are released over an extended period of time, the inflammatory process continues and a mild but persistent pro-inflammatory state may develop. Numerous degenerative disorders and chronic health issues including arthritis, diabetes, obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, among others, are associated with the emergence of a low-grade inflammatory state. Though, anti-inflammatory steroidal, as well as non-steroidal drugs, are extensively used against different inflammatory conditions, they show undesirable side effects upon long-term exposure, at times, leading to life-threatening consequences. Thus, drugs targeting chronic inflammation need to be developed to achieve better therapeutic management without or with a fewer side effects. Plants have been well known for their medicinal use for thousands of years due to their pharmacologically active phytochemicals belonging to diverse chemical classes with a number of these demonstrating potent anti-inflammatory activity. Some typical examples include colchicine (alkaloid), escin (triterpenoid saponin), capsaicin (methoxy phenol), bicyclol (lignan), borneol (monoterpene), and quercetin (flavonoid). These phytochemicals often act via regulating molecular mechanisms that synergize the anti-inflammatory pathways such as increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines or interfere with the inflammatory pathways such as to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other modulators to improve the underlying pathological condition. This review describes the anti-inflammatory properties of a number of biologically active compounds derived from medicinal plants, and their mechanisms of pharmacological intervention to alleviate inflammation-associated diseases. The emphasis is given to information on anti-inflammatory phytochemicals that have been evaluated at the preclinical and clinical levels. Recent trends and gaps in the development of phytochemical-based anti-inflammatory drugs have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akib Nisar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh Jagtap
- Herbal Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh Vyavahare
- Shatayu Ayurved and Research Centre, Solapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manasi Deshpande
- Department of Dravyagun Vigyan, College of Ayurved, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhay Harsulkar
- Herbal Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Om Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Li X, Hu W, Li L, Chen Z, Jiang T, Zhang D, Liu K, Wang H. MiR-133a-3p/Sirt1 epigenetic programming mediates hypercholesterolemia susceptibility in female offspring induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115306. [PMID: 36326533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that adverse intrauterine conditions increase offspring's hypercholesterolemia susceptibility in adulthood. This study aimed to confirm prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE)-induced hypercholesterolemia susceptibility in female adult offspring rats, and elucidate its intrauterine programming mechanism. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with dexamethasone subcutaneously (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg·d) from gestational day (GD) 9 to 20. Serum and liver of the female offspring were collected at GD21 and postnatal week (PW) 12 and 28. PDE offspring showed elevated serum total cholesterol (TCH) levels and a cholesterol phenotype of high cardiovascular disease risk at PW12 and PW28. The histone acetylation levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) and its expression were consistently increased in the PDE offspring both in utero and after birth. Moreover, PDE promoted glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear translocation and miR-133a-3p expression and inhibited sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) expression in the fetal liver. In vitro, dexamethasone increased intracellular and supernatant TCH levels and miR-133a-3p expression, decreased SIRT1 expression, and promoted HMGCR histone acetylation and expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) hepatoid differentiated cells and HepG2 cell line. GR siRNA, miR-133a-3p inhibitor or SIRT1 overexpression reversed dexamethasone-induced downstream molecular and phenotypic changes. Furthermore, elevated TCH levels in umbilical cord blood and increased HMGCR expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were observed in human female neonates who had received dexamethasone treatment during pregnancy. In conclusion, PDE can cause persistent enhancement of hepatic cholesterol synthesis function before and after birth through GR/miR-133a-3p/Sirt1 pathway, eventually leading to increased hypercholesterolemia susceptibility in female offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Assessment of Statin Treatment for Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis without Hypercholesterolemia: A 12-Month Prospective, Longitudinal, and Observational Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1589660. [PMID: 36330458 PMCID: PMC9626205 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1589660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder which is characterized by the accumulation of excessive surfactant lipids and proteins in alveolar macrophages and alveoli. Oral statin therapy has been reported to be a novel therapy for PAP with hypercholesterolemia. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral statin therapy for PAP without hypercholesterolemia. Methods In a prospective real-world observational study, 47 PAP patients without hypercholesterolemia were screened. Oral statin was initiated as therapy for these PAP patients with 12 months of follow-up. Results Forty PAP patients completed the study. 26 (65%) of 40 PAP patients responded to statin therapy according to the study criteria. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and percentage of diffusion capacity predicted (DLCO%) significantly increased while disease severity score (DSS) and radiographic abnormalities decreased after 12 months of statin therapy (all p < 0.05). The factors associated with response were higher levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody and baseline total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL) (p = 0.015 and p = 0.035, respectively). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of dose of atorvastatin for predicting the response to statin therapy for PAP was 0.859 (95% CI: 0.738-0.979, p < 0.001). The cutoff dose of atorvastatin was 67.5 mg daily with their corresponding specificity (64.3%) and sensitivity (96.2%). No severe side effects were observed during the study. Conclusions In PAP patients without hypercholesterolemia, statin therapy resulted in improvements in arterial blood gas (ABG) measurement, pulmonary function, and radiographic assessment.
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He J, Zhu J, Zhang W, Zhan Z, Fu F, Bao Q. Association between serum transthyretin and intracranial atherosclerosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:944413. [PMID: 36212641 PMCID: PMC9533129 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.944413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is a primary cause of ischemic stroke. In addition to dyslipidemia, inflammation has been recognized as a potential pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. It remains unknown whether there is a link between transthyretin and ICAS as an inflammatory index. Methods Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between January 2019 and June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Blood samples were collected from all patients within 24 h of admission to detect their serum transthyretin levels. ICAS was defined as at least one intracranial artery stenosis on vascular examination with a degree of stenosis ≥50%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent factors associated with ICAS. Restricted cubic spline models were used to depict patterns in the association between serum transthyretin levels and ICAS. Results In total, 637 patients with acute ischemic stroke were included in this study, of whom 267 (41.9%) had ICAS. Compared with the patients without ICAS, serum transthyretin levels in patients with ICAS were significantly lower (226.3 ± 56.5 vs. 251.0 ± 54.9 mg/L; p < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, patients in the lowest tertile showed a significant increase in ICAS compared to those in the highest tertile (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–3.05; p = 0.016). This negative linear association is also observed in the restricted cubic spline model. However, this association may only be observed in men. Age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, hemoglobin A1c level, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were independently associated with ICAS. Conclusions Decreased serum transthyretin levels are associated with a more severe ICAS burden in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Our findings suggest that transthyretin may play a role in the pathogenesis of ICAS and provide insight into the control of inflammation for the treatment of ICAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng He
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Jiamin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangwang Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiongqiong Bao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiongqiong Bao
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Qiu S, Liu Q, Yuan Y, Zhou H, Zeng B. Aspergillus oryzae accelerates the conversion of ergosterol to ergosterol peroxide by efficiently utilizing cholesterol. Front Genet 2022; 13:984343. [PMID: 36072662 PMCID: PMC9441601 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.984343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that excessive cholesterol leads to hypercholesterolemia, arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, and other diseases, which seriously threatens human health. Lactobacillus, a prokaryote, is reported to utilize cholesterol in the environment. However, little research focuses on the cholesterol utilization by eukaryote. Hence, the objectives of the present study were to investigate the mechanism of cholesterol utilization by the eukaryote and determine the role of oxysterol binding protein in this process. Our results showed for the first time that Aspergillus oryzae, a food-safe filamentous fungus, can utilize cholesterol efficiently. Our results also demonstrated that cholesterol utilization by A. oryzae might promote the conversion of ergosterol to ergosterol peroxide. Osh3, an oxysterol binding protein, can bind sterols (e.g., cholesterol, ergosterol, and ergosterol peroxide) and plays an important role in sterols transportation. This research is of considerable significance for developing low-fat food and cholesterol-lowering probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangkun Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qicong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya Yuan
- Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zeng,
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8
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Li H, Cao Z, Wang L, Liu C, Lin H, Tang Y, Yao P. Macrophage Subsets and Death Are Responsible for Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:843712. [PMID: 35432323 PMCID: PMC9007036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, the notorious killer, are mainly caused by atherosclerosis (AS) characterized by lipids, cholesterol, and iron overload in plaques. Macrophages are effector cells and accumulate to the damaged and inflamed sites of arteries to internalize native and chemically modified lipoproteins to transform them into cholesterol-loaded foam cells. Foam cell formation is determined by the capacity of phagocytosis, migration, scavenging, and the features of phenotypes. Macrophages are diverse, and the subsets and functions are controlled by their surrounding microenvironment. Generally, macrophages are divided into classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2). Recently, intraplaque macrophage phenotypes are recognized by the stimulation of CXCL4 (M4), oxidized phospholipids (Mox), hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes [HA-mac/M(Hb)], and heme (Mhem). The pro-atherogenic or anti-atherosclerotic phenotypes of macrophages decide the progression of AS. Besides, apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, autophagy and pyrotopsis determine plaque formation and cardiovascular vulnerability, which may be associated with macrophage polarization phenotypes. In this review, we first summarize the three most popular hypotheses for AS and find the common key factors for further discussion. Secondly, we discuss the factors affecting macrophage polarization and five types of macrophage death in AS progression, especially ferroptosis. A comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plaque formation is conducive to disentangling the candidate targets of macrophage-targeting therapies for clinical intervention at various stages of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkun Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chakravarty D, Ray AG, Chander V, Mabalirajan U, Mondal PC, Siddiqui KN, Sinha BP, Konar A, Bandyopadhyay A. Systemic deficiency of vitronectin is associated with aortic inflammation and plaque progression in ApoE-Knockout mice. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:121-137. [PMID: 35141476 PMCID: PMC8814562 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal cell spreading and interplay of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), inflammatory cells, and cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are critical for progressive atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. The role of vitronectin (VTN), a major cell attachment glycoprotein, in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains elusive. In this study, we attempt to examine the pathological role of VTN in arterial plaque progression and inflammation. We found that, relative expression analysis of VTN from the liver of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Knockout mice revealed that atherosclerotic progression induced by feeding mice with high cholesterol diet (HCD) causes a significant downregulation of VTN mRNA as well as protein after 60 days. Promoter assay confirmed that cholesterol modulates the expression of VTN by influencing its promoter. Mimicking VTN reduction with siRNA in HCD fed ApoE Knockout mice, accelerated athero-inflammation with an increase in NF-kB, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 at the site of the plaque along with upregulation of inflammatory proteins like MCP-1 and IL-1β in the plasma. Also, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 and MMP-12 expression were increased and collagen content was decreased in the plaque, in VTN deficient condition. This might pose a challenge to plaque integrity. Human subjects with acute coronary syndrome or having risk factors of atherosclerosis have lower levels of VTN compared to healthy controls suggesting a clinical significance of plasma VTN in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. We establish that, VTN plays a pivotal role in cholesterol-driven atherosclerosis and aortic inflammation and might be a useful indicator for atherosclerotic plaque burden and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasmita Chakravarty
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Aleepta Guha Ray
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Vivek Chander
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Ulaganathan Mabalirajan
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | | | | | - Bishnu Prasad Sinha
- Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory DisorderCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Aditya Konar
- Department of Laboratory Animal FacilityCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Arun Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
- Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory DisorderCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
- Department of Laboratory Animal FacilityCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
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10
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Lizard G, Poirot M, Iuliano L. European network for oxysterol research (ENOR): 10 th anniversary. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105996. [PMID: 34534668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Lizard
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Marc Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM UMR 1037-CNRS U 5071-Université de Toulouse, 31037, Toulouse, France.
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100, Latina, Italy.
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11
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Romanenko AV, Amelina IP, Solovyeva EY. [Vascular inflammation underlies the development of atherothrombotic stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:22-29. [PMID: 34553577 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112108222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombotic stroke is the one of the most common subtypes of ischemic cerebral circulatory disorders, the cause of which is atherosclerosis of the major arteries of the brain or their branches. The results of recent studies have shown that the atherosclerotic process is based on an inflammatory process in the vascular wall that leads to the initiation of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and the redistribution of various protein components in the blood-brain barrier. As a result, the progression of the described conditions leads to the manifestation of clinical symptoms and the formation of an acute vascular event. Understanding of the molecular components underlying functional disorders and damages of the cerebral vessels gives the key to modern therapy strategies. It is forming the foundation for the adequate, pathogenetically reasonable drug correction. For such patients, it should be aimed at the normalization of cerebral and central hemodynamics and incorporate the mechanisms of neuroplasticity. The drug 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-oxypyridine-succinate (mexidol) can be considered as one of the pathogenetically justified agents in complex drug therapy of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Romanenko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I P Amelina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Yu Solovyeva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Doran S, Arif M, Lam S, Bayraktar A, Turkez H, Uhlen M, Boren J, Mardinoglu A. Multi-omics approaches for revealing the complexity of cardiovascular disease. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:bbab061. [PMID: 33725119 PMCID: PMC8425417 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can mainly be attributed to the narrowing of blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis and thrombosis, which induces organ damage that will result in end-organ dysfunction characterized by events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. It is also essential to consider other contributory factors to CVD, including cardiac remodelling caused by cardiomyopathies and co-morbidities with other diseases such as chronic kidney disease. Besides, there is a growing amount of evidence linking the gut microbiota to CVD through several metabolic pathways. Hence, it is of utmost importance to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these disease states to elucidate the development and progression of CVD. A wide array of systems biology approaches incorporating multi-omics data have emerged as an invaluable tool in establishing alterations in specific cell types and identifying modifications in signalling events that promote disease development. Here, we review recent studies that apply multi-omics approaches to further understand the underlying causes of CVD and provide possible treatment strategies by identifying novel drug targets and biomarkers. We also discuss very recent advances in gut microbiota research with an emphasis on how diet and microbial composition can impact the development of CVD. Finally, we present various biological network analyses and other independent studies that have been employed for providing mechanistic explanation and developing treatment strategies for end-stage CVD, namely myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Doran
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Lam
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulahad Bayraktar
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
Lipids are natural substances found in all living organisms and involved in many biological functions. Imbalances in the lipid metabolism are linked to various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Lipids comprise thousands of chemically distinct species making them a challenge to analyze because of their great structural diversity.Thanks to the technological improvements in the fields of chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics over the last years, it is now possible to perform global lipidomics analyses, allowing the concomitant detection, identification, and relative quantification of hundreds of lipid species. This review shall provide an insight into a general lipidomics workflow and its application in metabolic biomarker research.
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14
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Shi S, Wang R, Chen L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xin X, Yang S, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Xu K. Long-term follow-up and successful treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis without hypercholesterolemia with statin therapy: a case report. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211010046. [PMID: 33926277 PMCID: PMC8113942 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder characterized by the
accumulation of excessive surfactant lipids and proteins in alveolar macrophages
and alveoli. Oral statin therapy is a novel treatment for PAP with
hypercholesterolemia. However, this treatment has never been described in a
patient without hypercholesterolemia. Here, we present a case of successful
treatment with atorvastatin for a patient with possibly unclassified PAP without
hypercholesterolemia who responded poorly to whole lung lavage therapy and
inhaled granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. After 18 months of
atorvastatin treatment, the patient experienced improvements in dyspnea,
radiographic abnormalities and pulmonary function. The present case study
supports the feasibility of statin therapy for PAP regardless of the level of
cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyun Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rujia Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingwei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xin
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangwen Yang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonglong Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Suqian People's Hospital of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaifeng Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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15
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Xu Q, Deng Y, Xiao J, Liu X, Zhou M, Ren Z, Peng J, Tang Y, Jiang Z, Tang Z, Liu L. Three Musketeers for Lowering Cholesterol: Statins, Ezetimibe and Evolocumab. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1025-1041. [PMID: 32368969 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200505091738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is closely related to hypercholesterolemia, and lowering serum cholesterol is currently the most important strategy in reducing CHD. In humans, the serum cholesterol level is determined mainly by three metabolic pathways, namely, dietary cholesterol intake, cholesterol synthesis, and cholesterol degradation in vivo. An intervention that targets the key molecules in the three pathways is an important strategy in lowering serum lipids. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by about 20% to 45%. However, up to 15% of patients cannot tolerate the potential side effects of high statin dosages, and several patients also still do not reach their optimal LDL goals after being treated with statins. Ezetimibe inhibits cholesterol absorption by targeting the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein (NPC1L1), which is related to cholesterol absorption in the intestines. Ezetimibe lowers LDL by about 18% when used alone and by an additional 25% when combined with statin therapy. The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) increases hepatic LDLR degradation, thereby reducing the liver's ability to remove LDL, which can lead to hypercholesterolemia. Evolocumab, which is a PCSK9 monoclonal antibody, can reduce LDL from baseline by 53% to 56%. The three drugs exert lipid-lowering effects by regulating the three key pathways in lipid metabolism. Combining any with the two other drugs on the basis of statin treatment has improved the lipid-lowering effect. Whether the combination of the three musketeers will reduce the side effects of monotherapy and achieve the lipid-lowering effect should be studied further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yiming Deng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Juan Peng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yaling Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhihan Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Lushan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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16
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The Significant Association between Health Examination Results and Population Health: A Cross-Sectional Ecological Study Using a Nation-Wide Health Checkup Database in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020836. [PMID: 33478122 PMCID: PMC7844624 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, population health with life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) as indicators varies across the 47 prefectures (administrative regions). This study investigates how health examination results, including attitude toward improving life habits, are associated with population health. The association between health checkup variables and summary population health outcomes (i.e., life expectancy and healthy life expectancy) was investigated using a cross-sectional ecological design with prefectures as the unit of analysis. The medical records, aggregated by prefecture, gender, and age in the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB) Open Data Japan, were used as health checkup variables. Body weight, blood pressure, liver enzymes, drinking habits, smoking habits, diabetes, serum lipids, and answers to questions regarding attitude toward improving health habits were significantly correlated to population health outcomes. Multiple regression analysis also revealed significant influence of these variables on population health. This study highlights that health examination results, including attitude toward improving health habits, are positively associated with population health. Consequently, implementing measures to improve health habits in response to the examination results could help the population maintain a healthy life.
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17
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Ghazizadeh H, Esmaily H, Sharifan P, Parizadeh SMR, Ferns GA, Rastgar-Moghadam A, Khedmatgozar H, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Avan A. Interaction between a genetic variant in vascular endothelial growth factor with dietary intakes in association with the main factors of metabolic syndrome. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Levinson SS. Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Guidelines for Cholesterol Lowering in Recent History. Lab Med 2020; 51:14-23. [PMID: 31147695 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) released guidelines for treating cholesterol in 1988, 1994, and 2002. After a hiatus, the guidelines were released again in 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018. METHODS In this article, I review these guidelines, factors that affected their release, how they evolved, and why recommended treatment targets are reasonable. Also, to aid reader understanding, I briefly discuss biochemical mechanisms and the pathophysiology of beta-lipoproteins, focusing on the importance on non-high-density cholesterol (non-HDLC) in assessing risk and as a target for treatment. The concepts discussed are important to laboratory clinicians because those workers inscribe target values on the reports and may consult with medical staff members. CONCLUSIONS The newest recommendations, released in 2018, are an extension of the 2017 guidelines that defined non-HDLC as equivalent to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). For the reasons discussed herein, non-HDLC has advantages over LDLC. Laboratories reporting cholesterol results should include non-HDLC values and cutoffs in their reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Levinson
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Louisville, Kentucky
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19
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Kim EJ, Wierzbicki AS. The history of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 inhibitors and their role in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320924569. [PMID: 32537117 PMCID: PMC7268157 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320924569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A consensus has formed based on epidemiological studies and clinical trials that intervention to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) will reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. This has progressively reduced the thresholds for intervention and targets for treatment. Whist statins are sufficient for many people in primary prevention, they only partially achieve the newer targets of secondary prevention for established CVD. Increasing use of statins has highlighted that 1–2% cannot tolerate these drugs. Other cholesterol-lowering drugs such as ezetimibe add to the benefits of statins but have limited efficacy. The discovery of activating mutations in proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 (PCSK9) as a cause of familial hypercholesterolaemia while inactivating mutations lower LDL-C led to the idea to develop PCSK9 inhibitors as drugs. This article reviews the history of lipid-lowering therapies, the discovery of PCSK9 and the development of PCSK9 inhibitors. It reviews the key trials of the current antibody-based drugs and how these have influenced new guidelines. It also reviews the controversy caused by their cost and the increasing application of health economics to determine the optimum strategy for implementation of novel therapeutic pathways and surveys other options for targeting PCSK9 as well as other LDL-C lowering compounds in late development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Kim
- Department of Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Anthony S Wierzbicki
- Department of Chemical Pathology, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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20
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Huang W, Chung HY, Xuan W, Wang G, Li Y. The cholesterol-lowering activity of miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum). J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13185. [PMID: 32162705 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) is famous for its uniqueness of modifying sour taste to sweetness. However, its cholesterol-lowering activity has not been reported. This study investigated the effect of S. dulcificum on the compositional changes of plasma lipids in hamsters fed a high-cholesterol control diet. Six groups of hamsters were fed either a control diet or one of the five experimental diets containing 2% ethanol extract of leaves, 2% water extract of leaves, 2% ethanolic extract of seeds (ES), 2% water extract of seeds, or 2% dry pulp. Results showed that ES decreased the plasma total cholesterol (TC). Two triterpenoids (lupeol acetate and β-amyrin acetate) were isolated from the ES and they added to a diet could decrease TC by 15%-20% in hamsters. It was concluded that ES showed potent TC-lowering activity and triterpenoid was one of the active components of ES. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In recent years, people are more interested in phytochemicals from functional foods treated for hyperlipidemia because they possessed fewer side effects than the synthetic drugs. The triterpenoids isolated from the miracle fruit may be promising candidates for the development of cholesterol-lowering agent, especially for patients whose blood cholesterol level and body weight are high. Meanwhile, the miracle fruit have a good potential as cholesterol-lowering functional food or a natural source of cholesterol-lowering agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuan Huang
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hau Yin Chung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Xuan
- Guangdong Landfriend Biological Co., Ltd, Jiangmen, China
| | - Guocai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yaolan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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21
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Stagg NJ, Ghantous HN, Roth R, Hastings KL. Predictivity/Translatability of Toxicities Observed in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies to Clinical Safety Outcomes in Drug Development: Case Examples. Int J Toxicol 2019; 39:141-150. [PMID: 31875744 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819894281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical toxicology studies are conducted to characterize the potential toxicities and establish a safe starting dose for new drugs in clinical studies, but the question remains as to how predictable/translatable the nonclinical safety findings are to humans. In many cases, there is good concordance between nonclinical species and patients. However, there are cases for which there is a lack of predictivity or translatability that led to early termination of clinical studies due to unanticipated toxicities or early termination of programs before making it to the clinic due to unacceptable nonclinical toxicities assumed to be translatable. A few case examples of safety findings that are translatable versus safety findings that are not translatable and why they are not translateable were presented as a symposium at the 38th Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology in Palm Springs, California, and are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Stagg
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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22
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Siewert KM, Voight BF. Bivariate Genome-Wide Association Scan Identifies 6 Novel Loci Associated With Lipid Levels and Coronary Artery Disease. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2019; 11:e002239. [PMID: 30525989 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.118.002239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma lipid levels are heritable and genetically associated with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) routinely analyze these traits independent of one another. Joint GWAS for two related phenotypes can lead to a higher powered analysis to detect variants contributing to both traits. METHODS We performed a bivariate GWAS to discover novel loci associated with both heart disease, using a CAD meta-analysis (122 733 cases and 424 528 controls), and lipid traits, using results from the Global Lipid Genetics Consortium (188 577 subjects). RESULTS We identified six previously unreported loci at genome-wide significance ( P<5×10-8), three which were associated with triglycerides and CAD, two which were associated with LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and CAD, and one associated with total cholesterol and CAD. At several of our loci, the GWAS signals jointly localize with genetic variants associated with expression level changes for more than one neighboring genes, indicating that these loci may be affecting disease risk through regulatory activity. CONCLUSIONS We discovered six novel variants individually associated with both lipids and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Siewert
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.M.S.)
| | - Benjamin F Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.F.V.).,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.F.V.).,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.F.V.)
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23
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Cholesterol versus Inflammation as Cause of Chronic Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102332. [PMID: 31581553 PMCID: PMC6835531 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsoupras and colleagues have postulated, in a recent review in Nutrients, that the key to reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease is to control the activities of inflammatory mediators such as platelet-activating factor (PAF) by diet, exercise, and healthy lifestyle choices [...].
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24
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Reducing shell egg cholesterol content. II. Review of approaches utilizing non-nutritive dietary factors or pharmacological agents and an examination of emerging strategies. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933907001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Towler DA. Lp(a) Oxyphospholipids: Markers and Mediators of Vascular Mineral Metabolism in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:2163-2165. [PMID: 31047004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight A Towler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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26
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Wali H, Rehman FU, Umar A, Ahmed S. Cholesterol Degradation and Production of Extracellular Cholesterol Oxidase from Bacillus pumilus W1 and Serratia marcescens W8. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1359528. [PMID: 31183360 PMCID: PMC6512041 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1359528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a waxy substance present in all types of the body cells. The presence of higher concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is characterized by abnormal cholesterol level and is associated with cardiovascular diseases which lead to the development of atheroma in arteries known as atherosclerosis. The transformation of cholesterol by bacterial cholesterol oxidase can provide a key solution for the treatment of diseases related to cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives. Previously isolated bacteria from oil-contaminated soil were screened for cholesterol degradation. Among fourteen, five isolates were able to utilize cholesterol. Two strains Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 using cholesterol as only carbon and energy source were selected for degradation studies. Several parameters (incubation time, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and different metal ions) for cholesterol decomposition by the selected bacterial strains were evaluated. Maximum cholesterol reduction was achieved on the 5th day of incubation, 1g/L of substrate concentration, pH 7, in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, and at 35°C. Cholesterol degradation was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric method, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under optimized conditions 50% and 84% cholesterol reduction were recorded with Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8, respectively. Cholesterol oxidase activity was assayed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results revealed that Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 have great potential for cholesterol degradation and would be regarded as a source for cholesterol oxidase (CHO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasina Wali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Aiman Umar
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Safia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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27
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Katsiari CG, Bogdanos DP, Sakkas LI. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J Transl Med 2019; 8:1-8. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v8.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been associated with the so-called traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette smoking. Chronic inflammation, exemplified by elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein, has been added to these risk factors for CVD as non-traditional risk factor. There are two aspects in this association. The first is whether inflammation plays a pathogenic role in traditional risk factors-mediated CVD or it is just an epiphenomenon. The second is whether chronic inflammation caused by an inflammatory disease has any impact on CVD. Accumulated data have shown that inflammation has a central and inciting role in the development of atherosclerosis leading to increased CVD risk. How inflammation contributes to CVD is a topic of continuous research where mechanisms involving both innate and adaptive immune pathways are involved. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells, macrophage accumulation, formation of inflammasome, production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, IL-1 and IL-6 characterize the inflammatory process leading to atherogenesis. Recently clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential represents a surprising and novel mechanism underlying atherogenesis. Data from chronic rheumatic inflammatory diseases exemplify the complexity of mechanisms leading to increased CVD, while they also provide evidence that anti-inflammatory biologic drugs, such as anti-TNF and anti-IL6 agents, could control atherogenesis and ameliorate CVD risk. Recent groundbreaking work using biologic anti-IL-1b therapy to treat men and women who have had a prior heart attack provides the best proof of the pathogenic contribution of inflammation in the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Katsiari
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Lazaros I Sakkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41110, Greece
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Suguro R, Chen S, Yang D, Yang Z, Miao L, Wu W, Zeng W, Liu X, Zhu YZ. Anti-hypercholesterolemic Effects and a Good Safety Profile of SCM-198 in Animals: From ApoE Knockout Mice to Rhesus Monkeys. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1468. [PMID: 30618759 PMCID: PMC6300478 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several lipid-lowering agents have been introduced for the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS), currently marketed medications have not solved the problem completely. This study aims to investigate the effects of leonurine (SCM-198) on dyslipidemia in mammals with ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mice, New Zealand white rabbits and senile Rhesus monkeys fed with high fat diet were dosed daily with leonurine or atorvastatin. The serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined. Moreover, in Rhesus monkeys, bodyweight, arterial ultrasound of right common carotid artery, Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and ApoB levels, hematologic and toxicological examinations were detected. Serum TC and TG in both mice and rabbits were significantly reduced by SCM-198 and atorvastatin. In the 10 mg/kg SCM-198 group of monkeys, maximum TC reduction of 24.05% was achieved at day 150, while 13.16% LDL reduction achieved at day 60, without arterial morphologic changes or adverse events. Atorvastatin (1.2 mg/kg) showed similar effects as SCM-198 in improving lipid profiles in monkeys, yet its long-term use could induce tolerance. Furthermore, leonurine suppressed genes expression of fatty acid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1), sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBF) in liver in high fat diet feeding ApoE-/- mice. SCM-198, with a reliable safety profile, is of high value in improving lipid profiles in mammals, providing an alternative to a substantial population who are statin-intolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinkiko Suguro
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology - State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Taipa, Macau
| | - Siyao Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Lei Miao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Sichuan Primed Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology - State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Taipa, Macau
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Poutzalis S, Lordan R, Nasopoulou C, Zabetakis I. Phospholipids of goat and sheep origin: Structural and functional studies. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ostroumova OD, Chikh EV, Rebrova EV, Ryazanova AY. Statin Therapy and Cognitive Impairment: Benefit or Harm? RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-4-529-536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are now widely used drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, effective drugs for lowering the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and also for reducing the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. It is believed that statins are well tolerated. However, the potential relationship between statins and cognitive impairment in some people is assumed. This review paper was written in the light of the search for information on a specific problem of the potential adverse effects of statins on the cognitive function. The purpose of the article is to seek advice for health professionals on monitoring and reducing the risk of potential cognitive impairment during statin therapy. Rosuvastatin may be safer amongst statins in terms of influencing cognitive function. Evaluation of cognitive dysfunction in patients before starting therapy with statins is not necessary. Therapy with statins is not accompanied by a risk of developing cognitive dysfunction according to cohort and randomized studies. The presence of cognitive dysfunction and the exclusion of other possible causes of it, as well as the evaluation of the benefit/risk ratio for the abolition of statin therapy, are necessary in detecting cognitive dysfunction during statin therapy. A decrease in the dose of statin or the cessation of its use to assess the reversibility of symptoms is possible on the basis of the individual characteristics of the patient. Alternative replacement for another inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase should occur if the statin is discontinued. A drug that less penetrates the blood-brain barrier, for example rosuvastatin, is more preferable.
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31
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Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and therapeutic interventions. Atherosclerosis 2018; 276:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Statin as a novel pharmacotherapy of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3127. [PMID: 30087322 PMCID: PMC6081448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a syndrome of reduced GM-CSF-dependent, macrophage-mediated surfactant clearance, dysfunctional foamy alveolar macrophages, alveolar surfactant accumulation, and hypoxemic respiratory failure for which the pathogenetic mechanism is unknown. Here, we examine the lipids accumulating in alveolar macrophages and surfactant to define the pathogenesis of PAP and evaluate a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach. In PAP patients, alveolar macrophages have a marked increase in cholesterol but only a minor increase in phospholipids, and pulmonary surfactant has an increase in the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids. Oral statin therapy is associated with clinical, physiological, and radiological improvement in autoimmune PAP patients, and ex vivo statin treatment reduces cholesterol levels in explanted alveolar macrophages. In Csf2rb−/− mice, statin therapy reduces cholesterol accumulation in alveolar macrophages and ameliorates PAP, and ex vivo statin treatment increases cholesterol efflux from macrophages. These results support the feasibility of statin as a novel pathogenesis-based pharmacotherapy of PAP. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is associated with defective macrophage clearance of surfactant. Here, the authors show that patients with PAP have altered cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio in their surfactant, and that more importantly, statin therapy and reduction of cholesterol accumulation in macrophages can ameliorate PAP in both humans and mice.
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Ugwu DI, Okoro UC, Mishra NK, Okafor SN. Novel Phenoxazinones as potent agonist of PPAR-α: design, synthesis, molecular docking and in vivo studies. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:120. [PMID: 29789011 PMCID: PMC5964670 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of statin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor for the treatment of dyslipidemia has been associated with dose limiting hepatoxicity, mytotoxicity and tolerability due to myalgias thereby necessitating the synthesis of new drug candidates for the treatment of lipid disorder. Methods The reaction of appropriate benzenesulphonamide with substituted phenoxazinone in the presence of phenylboronic acid gave the targeted compounds. The molecular docking study were carried out using autodock tool against peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha. The in vivo lipid profile were assayed using conventional methods. The kidney and liver function test were carried out to assess the effect of the derivatives on the organs. The LD50 of the most active derivatives were determined using mice. Results The targeted compounds were successfully synthesized in excellent yields and characterized using spectroscopic techniques. The results of the molecular docking experiment showed that they were good stimulant of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha. Compound 9f showed activity at Ki of 2.8 nM and binding energy of 12.6 kcal/mol. All the compounds tested reduced triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the mice model. Some of the reported compounds also increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the mice. The compounds did not have appreciable effect on the kidney and liver of the mice used. The LD50 showed that the novel compounds have improved toxicity profile. Conclusion The synthesis of fifteen new derivatives of carboxamides bearing phenoxazinone and sulphonamide were successful. The compounds possessed comparable activity to gemfibrozil. The reported compounds had better toxicity profile than gemfibrozil and could serve as a replacement for the statins and fibrate class of lipid agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Ugwu
- Medicinal Chemistry unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410002, Nigeria. .,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
| | - Uchechukwu C Okoro
- Medicinal Chemistry unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410002, Nigeria
| | - Narendra K Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Sunday N Okafor
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Lei L, Chen J, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhao G, Chen ZY. Dietary Wheat Bran Oil Is Equally as Effective as Rice Bran Oil in Reducing Plasma Cholesterol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2765-2774. [PMID: 29502409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rice bran oil (RBO) possesses a plasma cholesterol-lowering activity, while effect of wheat bran oil (WBO) on plasma cholesterol remains unknown. The present study compared the cholesterol-lowering activity of WBO with that of RBO in hamsters. Fifty-four male hamsters were divided into seven groups fed either a noncholesterol diet (NCD) or one of six high-cholesterol diets, namely HCD diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% lard), HCD+C diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% lard +0.5% cholestyramine), WL diet (0.2% cholesterol +4.8% Lard +4.8% WBO), WH diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% WBO), RL diet (0.2% cholesterol +4.8% Lard +4.8% RBO), and RH diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% RBO). Plasma total cholesterol (TC) in HCD group was 327.4 ± 31.8 mg/dL, while plasma TC in two WBO and two RBO groups was 242.2 ± 20.8, 243.1 ± 31.7, 257.1 ± 16.3, and 243.4 ± 46.0 mg/dL, respectively, leading to a decrease in plasma TC by 22-26% ( P < 0.01). No significant difference in cholesterol-lowering potency was seen between WBO and RBO. Plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of WBO and RBO was accompanied by down-regulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and fatty acid synthase, while up-regulation of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase. WL, WH, RL, and RH diets increased the fecal excretion of total neutral sterols by 72.8%, 106.9%, 5.4%, and 36.8% ( P < 0.01) respectively. Results indicated WBO and RBO could inhibit cholesterol absorption via down-regulation of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 protein, acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2, and ATP binding cassette transporter 5. In summary, WBO was equally effective as RBO in decreasing plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- College of Food Science , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong, Kong , China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transformation and Utilization of Cereal Resource , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen , China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong, Kong , China
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Pasquel FJ, Gregg EW, Ali MK. The Evolving Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in People with Diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2018; 47:1-32. [PMID: 29407046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading global cause of death and accounts for most deaths among individuals with diabetes. This article reviews the latest observational and trial data on changes in the relationship between diabetes and ASCVD risk, remaining gaps in how the role of each risk factor is understood, and current knowledge about specific interventions. Differences between high-income countries and low-income and middle-income countries are examined, barriers and facilitators are discussed, and a discussion around the concept of ideal cardiovascular health factors (Life's Simple 7) is focused on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Pasquel
- Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive Southeast, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Edward W Gregg
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-75, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Mohammed K Ali
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-75, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 4500 North Shallowford Road, Suite B, Atlanta, GA 30338, USA
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Abstract
Since the reclassification of the genus Bartonella in 1993, the number of species has grown from 1 to 45 currently designated members. Likewise, the association of different Bartonella species with human disease continues to grow, as does the range of clinical presentations associated with these bacteria. Among these, blood-culture-negative endocarditis stands out as a common, often undiagnosed, clinical presentation of infection with several different Bartonella species. The limitations of laboratory tests resulting in this underdiagnosis of Bartonella endocarditis are discussed. The varied clinical picture of Bartonella infection and a review of clinical aspects of endocarditis caused by Bartonella are presented. We also summarize the current knowledge of the molecular basis of Bartonella pathogenesis, focusing on surface adhesins in the two Bartonella species that most commonly cause endocarditis, B. henselae and B. quintana. We discuss evidence that surface adhesins are important factors for autoaggregation and biofilm formation by Bartonella species. Finally, we propose that biofilm formation is a critical step in the formation of vegetative masses during Bartonella-mediated endocarditis and represents a potential reservoir for persistence by these bacteria.
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Showande SJ, Adegbolagun OM, Igbinoba SI, Fakeye TO. In vivo pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions ofHibiscus sabdariffacalyces extracts with simvastatin. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42:695-703. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Showande
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
| | - O. M. Adegbolagun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
| | - S. I. Igbinoba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration; Faculty of Pharmacy; Obafemi Awolowo University; Ile-Ife Nigeria
| | - T. O. Fakeye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
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Ramachandran R, Wierzbicki AS. Statins, Muscle Disease and Mitochondria. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6080075. [PMID: 28757597 PMCID: PMC5575577 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6080075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for >17 million deaths globally every year, and this figure is predicted to rise to >23 million by 2030. Numerous studies have explored the relationship between cholesterol and CVD and there is now consensus that dyslipidaemia is a causal factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Statins have become the cornerstone of the management of dyslipidaemia. Statins have proved to have a very good safety profile. The risk of adverse events is small compared to the benefits. Nevertheless, the potential risk of an adverse event occurring must be considered when prescribing and monitoring statin therapy to individual patients. Statin-associated muscle disease (SAMS) is by far the most studied and the most common reason for discontinuation of therapy. The reported incidence varies greatly, ranging between 5% and 29%. Milder disease is common and the more serious form, rhabdomyolysis is far rarer with an incidence of approximately 1 in 10,000. The pathophysiology of, and mechanisms leading to SAMS, are yet to be fully understood. Literature points towards statin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as the most likely cause of SAMS. However, the exact processes leading to mitochondrial dysfunction are not yet fully understood. This paper details some of the different aetiological hypotheses put forward, focussing particularly on those related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Ramachandran
- Departments of Chemical Pathology/Metabolic Medicine, Guys and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
- Adult Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Evelina, Guys and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Anthony S Wierzbicki
- Departments of Chemical Pathology/Metabolic Medicine, Guys and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Icli B, Feinberg MW. MicroRNAs in dysfunctional adipose tissue: cardiovascular implications. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1024-1034. [PMID: 28505257 PMCID: PMC5852642 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the emerging role of microRNAs, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and signaling pathways, in dysfunctional adipose tissue. We highlight current paradigms of microRNAs involved in adipose differentiation and function in depots such as white, brown, and beige adipose tissues and potential implications of microRNA dysregulation in human disease such as obesity, inflammation, microvasculature dysfunction, and related cardiovascular diseases. We highlight accumulating studies indicating that adipocyte-derived microRNAs may not only serve as biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease, but also may directly regulate gene expression of other tissues. Finally, we discuss the future prospects, challenges, and emerging strategies for microRNA delivery and targeting for therapeutic applications in cardiovascular disease states associated with adipocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Icli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-742F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark W. Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-742F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rai S, Bhatnagar S. Novel Lipidomic Biomarkers in Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Diseases: An Integrative Biology Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:132-142. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rai
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, India
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Lei L, Zhu H, Zhang C, Wang X, Ma KY, Wang L, Zhao Y, Chen ZY. Dietary β-sitosterol is more potent in reducing plasma cholesterol than sesamin in hypercholesterolemia hamsters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; Chongqing P. R. China
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
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Baldán Á, Fernández-Hernando C. Truths and controversies concerning the role of miRNAs in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:623-629. [PMID: 27755115 PMCID: PMC5465636 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Better tools are sorely needed for both the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which account for more than one-third of the deaths in Western countries. MicroRNAs typically regulate the expression of several mRNAs involved in the same biological process. Therapeutic manipulation of miRNAs could restore the expression of multiple players within the same physiologic pathway, and ideally offer better curative outcomes than conventional approaches that target only one single player within the pathway. This review summarizes available studies on the prospective value of targeting miRNAs to prevent dyslipidemia and atherogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Silencing the expression of miRNAs that target key genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism in vivo with antisense oligonucleotides results in the expected de-repression of target mRNAs in liver and atherosclerotic plaques. However, the consequences of long-term antimiRNA treatment on both circulating lipoproteins and athero-protection are yet to be established. SUMMARY A number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of miRNA mimics and inhibitors as novel therapeutic tools for treating dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, concerns over unanticipated side-effects related to de-repression of additional targets should not be overlooked for miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Baldán
- aEdward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, and Liver Center, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri bVascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Evidence-Based Policy Making: Assessment of the American Heart Association’s Strategic Policy Portfolio. Circulation 2016; 133:e615-53. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Watson KE, Wiesner P. Slippery Slope of Triglycerides: They Are Associated With Risk, But in the Statin Era, Does Targeting Them Confer Benefit? Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2016; 9:97-9. [PMID: 26957516 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.116.002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karol E Watson
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles.
| | - Philipp Wiesner
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
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Anand S, Young S, Esplin MS, Peaden B, Tolley HD, Porter TF, Varner MW, D'Alton ME, Jackson BJ, Graves SW. Detection and confirmation of serum lipid biomarkers for preeclampsia using direct infusion mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:687-96. [PMID: 26891737 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p064451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial research, the early diagnosis of preeclampsia remains elusive. Lipids are now recognized to be involved in regulation and pathophysiology of some disease. Shotgun lipidomic studies were undertaken to determine whether serum lipid biomarkers exist that predict preeclampsia later in the same in pregnancy. A discovery study was performed using sera collected at 12-14 weeks pregnancy from 27 controls with uncomplicated pregnancies and 29 cases that later developed preeclampsia. Lipids were extracted and analyzed by direct infusion into a TOF mass spectrometer. MS signals, demonstrating apparent differences were selected, their abundances determined, and statistical differences tested. Statistically significant lipid markers were reevaluated in a second confirmatory study having 43 controls and 37 preeclampsia cases. Multi-marker combinations were developed using those lipid biomarkers confirmed in the second study. The initial study detected 45 potential preeclampsia markers. Of these, 23 markers continued to be statistically significant in the second confirmatory set. Most of these markers, representing several lipid classes, were chemically characterized, typically providing lipid class and potential molecular components using MS(2) Several multi-marker panels with areas under the curve >0.85 and high predictive values were developed. Developed panels of serum lipidomic biomarkers appear to be able to identify most women at risk for preeclampsia in a given pregnancy at 12-14 weeks gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Anand
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - SydneyA Young
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - M Sean Esplin
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - T Flint Porter
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Michael W Varner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT Maternal Fetal Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Mary E D'Alton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Bruce J Jackson
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Steven W Graves
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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Lipid Lowering Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Anethum graveolens L. and Dill Tablet in High Cholesterol Fed Hamsters. CHOLESTEROL 2015; 2015:958560. [PMID: 26823981 PMCID: PMC4707388 DOI: 10.1155/2015/958560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study was aimed to determine the effect of Anethum graveolens extract and Anethum graveolens (dill) tablet on lipid profile, liver enzymes, and gene expression and enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA reductase in high cholesterol fed hamsters. Materials and Methods. Golden Syrian male hamsters (130 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 6) and received daily the following: group 1 received chow + 2% cholesterol + 0.5% cholic acid (HCD), groups 2 and 3 received HCD diet plus 100 and 200 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of dill, respectively, and groups 4 and 5 received HCD diet plus 100 and 200 mg/kg dill tablet, respectively. Group 6 received only chow. After 1 month feeding serum biochemical factors were determined. HMG-CoA reductase mRNA level was measured (real-time PCR) and its activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Results. Compared with hypercholesterolemic group 1, lipid profile, blood glucose, and liver enzymes significantly decreased in all dill tablet or dill extract treated groups (p < 0.05). The changes in HMG-CoA reductase gene expression level and enzyme activity significantly reduced in animals that received 200 mg/kg of extract or tablet. Conclusion. Dill extract and dill tablet showed potential hypocholesterolemic properties in hamsters by inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity.
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Porras AM, Shanmuganayagam D, Meudt JJ, Krueger CG, Hacker TA, Rahko PS, Reed JD, Masters KS. Development of Aortic Valve Disease in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine: Implications for Elucidating Disease Etiology. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e002254. [PMID: 26508741 PMCID: PMC4845146 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a prevalent hereditary disease associated with increased atherosclerosis and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). However, in both FH and non‐FH individuals, the role of hypercholesterolemia in the development of CAVD is poorly understood. This study used Rapacz FH (RFH) swine, an established model of human FH, to investigate the role of hypercholesterolemia alone in the initiation and progression of CAVD. The valves of RFH swine have not previously been examined. Methods and Results Aortic valve leaflets were isolated from wild‐type (0.25‐ and 1‐year‐old) and RFH (0.25‐, 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year‐old) swine. Adult RFH animals exhibited numerous hallmarks of early CAVD. Significant leaflet thickening was found in adult RFH swine, accompanied by extensive extracellular matrix remodeling, including proteoglycan enrichment, collagen disorganization, and elastin fragmentation. Increased lipid oxidation and infiltration of macrophages were also evident in adult RFH swine. Intracardiac echocardiography revealed mild aortic valve sclerosis in some of the adult RFH animals, but unimpaired valve function. Microarray analysis of valves from adult versus juvenile RFH animals revealed significant upregulation of inflammation‐related genes, as well as several commonalities with atherosclerosis and overlap with human CAVD. Conclusions Adult RFH swine exhibited several hallmarks of early human CAVD, suggesting potential for these animals to help elucidate CAVD etiology in both FH and non‐FH individuals. The development of advanced atherosclerotic lesions, but only early‐stage CAVD, in RFH swine supports the hypothesis of an initial shared disease process, with additional stimulation necessary for further progression of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Porras
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI
| | | | - Jennifer J. Meudt
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI
| | | | - Timothy A. Hacker
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Peter S. Rahko
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Jess D. Reed
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Kristyn S. Masters
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI
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Abstract
Statins have become an important drug in preventing the occurrence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The effectiveness of statins in reducing ASCVD has been established in large-scale clinical trials. The lipid management guidelines have been periodically modified due to accumulating evidence about the proportionate benefit achieved with a progressive reduction in cholesterol levels with higher doses of statins and even in those at low risk of development of ASCVD. The current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines have based its recommendations from data gathered exclusively from randomized controlled trials. It has simplified the use of statins, but also raised questions regarding the validity of its cardiovascular event risk prediction tool. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in India differs from the western population; there is an increased the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and atherogenic dyslipidemia phenotype a group not addressed in the current guidelines. The guidelines are based on trials, which do not have a representative South Asian population. This article reviews the relevant literature, and examines the issues involved in adopting the guidelines to the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil S. Menon
- Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Kotwal
- Department of Endocrinology, Army Hospital (R and R), New Delhi, India
| | - Yashpal Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - R. Girish
- Department of Cardiology, Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Salvatore P, Zullo A, Sommese L, Colicchio R, Picascia A, Schiano C, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Infections and cardiovascular disease: is Bartonella henselae contributing to this matter? J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:799-809. [PMID: 26066633 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is still the major cause of death worldwide despite the remarkable progress in its prevention and treatment. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have recently emerged as key players of vascular repair and regenerative medicine applied to cardiovascular disease. A large amount of effort has been put into discovering the factors that could aid or impair the number and function of EPCs, and also into characterizing these cells at the molecular level in order to facilitate their therapeutic applications in vascular disease. Interestingly, the major cardiovascular risk factors have been associated with reduced number and function of EPCs. The bacterial contribution to cardiovascular disease represents a long-standing controversy. The discovery that Bartonella henselae can infect and damage EPCs revitalizes the enduring debate about the microbiological contribution to atherosclerosis, thus allowing the hypothesis that this infection could impair the cardiovascular regenerative potential and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the rationale suggesting that Bartonella henselae could favour atherogenesis by infecting and damaging EPCs, thus reducing their vascular repair potential. These mechanisms suggest a novel link between communicable and non-communicable human diseases, and put forward the possibility that Bartonella henselae could enhance the susceptibility and worsen the prognosis in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Zullo
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy.,Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Linda Sommese
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU) and Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Picascia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU) and Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiano
- Foundation SDN, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU) and Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Foundation SDN, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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Chinese Herbal Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:752610. [PMID: 26089946 PMCID: PMC4451781 DOI: 10.1155/2015/752610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Research into the disease has led to many compelling hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic lesion formation and the resulting complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Herbal medicine has been widely used in China as well as other Asian countries for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases for hundreds of years; however, the mechanisms of action of Chinese herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis have not been well studied. In this review, we briefly describe the mechanisms of atherogenesis and then summarize the research that has been performed in recent years regarding the effectiveness and mechanisms of antiatherogenic Chinese herbal compounds in an attempt to build a bridge between traditional Chinese medicine and cellular and molecular cardiovascular medicine.
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