1
|
Wang AYM, Kulkarni MM, McLaughlin AJ, Gayet J, Smith BE, Hauptschein M, McHugh CF, Yao YY, Puthussery T. An ON-type direction-selective ganglion cell in primate retina. Nature 2023; 623:381-386. [PMID: 37880369 PMCID: PMC10632142 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
To maintain a stable and clear image of the world, our eyes reflexively follow the direction in which a visual scene is moving. Such gaze-stabilization mechanisms reduce image blur as we move in the environment. In non-primate mammals, this behaviour is initiated by retinal output neurons called ON-type direction-selective ganglion cells (ON-DSGCs), which detect the direction of image motion and transmit signals to brainstem nuclei that drive compensatory eye movements1. However, ON-DSGCs have not yet been identified in the retina of primates, raising the possibility that this reflex is mediated by cortical visual areas. Here we mined single-cell RNA transcriptomic data from primate retina to identify a candidate ON-DSGC. We then combined two-photon calcium imaging, molecular identification and morphological analysis to reveal a population of ON-DSGCs in the macaque retina. The morphology, molecular signature and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-dependent mechanisms that underlie direction selectivity in primate ON-DSGCs are highly conserved with those in other mammals. We further identify a candidate ON-DSGC in human retina. The presence of ON-DSGCs in primates highlights the need to examine the contribution of subcortical retinal mechanisms to normal and aberrant gaze stabilization in the developing and mature visual system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y M Wang
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Manoj M Kulkarni
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J McLaughlin
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Gayet
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Smith
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Max Hauptschein
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cyrus F McHugh
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yvette Y Yao
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Puthussery
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sugita Y, Furukawa T. Effect of Green Tea and Tea Catechin on the Visual Motion Processing for Optokinetic Responses in Mice. Neuroscience 2022; 501:42-51. [PMID: 35987428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In general, catechins contained in green tea are believed to have positive effects on the human body and mental health. The intake of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, is known to be effective for retinal protection; however, whether green tea and/or EGCG affect visual function remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of green tea and EGCG on visual motion processing by measuring optokinetic responses (OKRs) in young adult and aging mice. Young and aging mice (C57BL6/J) were fed a control diet (control) or the test diet, which contained matcha green tea powder or green tea extract (dried sencha green tea infusion), for 1 month, and their OKRs were measured. They were then intraperitoneally administered saline (control) or EGCG, and OKRs were measured. We found that the OKRs of young and aging mice after green tea intake and after EGCG administration showed higher temporal sensitivity than those of control mice. The visual ability to detect moving objects was enhanced in young and aging mice upon intake of green tea or EGCG. From the above results, the visual motion processing for optokinetic responses by ingesting green tea was enhanced, which may be related to the effect of EGCG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sugita
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wagner H, Pappe I, Brill S, Nalbach HO. Development of the horizontal optocollic reflex in juvenile barn owls (Tyto furcata pratincola). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:479-492. [PMID: 35695937 PMCID: PMC9250920 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult barn owls and primates possess an almost symmetric monocular rotational horizontal optocollic reflex. In primates, the reflex is initially asymmetric and becomes symmetric with time after birth. The condition in barn owls has not been studied so far. Here, we present data on the development of this reflex in this bird. We tested juvenile barn owls from the time before they open their eyes after hatching to the time they reach adult feather length. Wide-field visual patterns served as stimuli. They were presented at different rotational speeds in binocular and monocular settings. The binocular horizontal optocollic responses of juvenile barn owls were symmetric and adult-like on the first day that the birds responded to the stimulus. The monocular responses showed different rates of development in respect to stimulus velocity and stimulus direction. For velocities up to 20 deg/s, the monocular reflex was also adult-like on the first day that the birds responded to the stimulus. An initially higher asymmetry for 30 deg/s compared to adults disappeared within about two weeks. The development at even higher velocities remained unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Wagner
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Biologie II, Worringerweg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Max-Planck-Ring 11, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ina Pappe
- Universitätsklinik Für Anaesthesiologie, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, D-72072, Tübingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Max-Planck-Ring 11, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Brill
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Biologie II, Worringerweg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ortwin Nalbach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Max-Planck-Ring 11, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Robinson DA. Neurophysiology of the optokinetic system. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 267:251-269. [PMID: 35074057 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a review of early studies into the neural substrate for optokinetic-vestibular responses. Properties and connections of retinal and brainstem neurons contributing to optokinetic responses in the afoveate rabbit are summarized. Electrophysiological and lesion studies provide support for confluence of optokinetic and vestibular signals in the vestibular nucleus to provide the brain's estimate of self-rotation. Evidence for optokinetic-vestibular symbiosis in humans comes from the observation that individuals who have lost vestibular function show no optokinetic after-nystagmus in darkness, following full-field stimulus motion. An anatomical scheme for brainstem elaboration of optokinetic responses is proposed and cerebellar contributions are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Robinson
- Late Professor of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sugita Y, Yamamoto H, Maeda Y, Furukawa T. Influence of Aging on the Retina and Visual Motion Processing for Optokinetic Responses in Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:586013. [PMID: 33335469 PMCID: PMC7736246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in visual function due to normal aging impacts various aspects of our daily lives. Previous reports suggest that the aging retina exhibits mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals and reduced amplitudes of scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses in mice. These abnormalities are thought to contribute to age-related visual impairment; however, the extent to which visual function is impaired by aging at the organismal level is unclear. In the present study, we focus on the age-related changes of the optokinetic responses (OKRs) in visual processing. Moreover, we investigated the initial and late phases of the OKRs in young adult (2-3 months old) and aging mice (21-24 months old). The initial phase was evaluated by measuring the open-loop eye velocity of OKRs using sinusoidal grating patterns of various spatial frequencies (SFs) and moving at various temporal frequencies (TFs) for 0.5 s. The aging mice exhibited initial OKRs with a spatiotemporal frequency tuning that was slightly different from those in young adult mice. The late-phase OKRs were investigated by measuring the slow-phase velocity of the optokinetic nystagmus evoked by sinusoidal gratings of various spatiotemporal frequencies moving for 30 s. We found that optimal SF and TF in the normal aging mice are both reduced compared with those in young adult mice. In addition, we measured the OKRs of 4.1G-null (4.1G -/-) mice, in which mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals is observed even at the young adult stage. We found that the late phase OKR was significantly impaired in 4.1G - / - mice, which exhibit significantly reduced SF and TF compared with control mice. These OKR abnormalities observed in 4.1G - / - mice resemble the abnormalities found in normal aging mice. This finding suggests that these mice can be useful mouse models for studying the aging of the retinal tissue and declining visual function. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that normal aging deteriorates to visual motion processing for both the initial and late phases of OKRs. Moreover, it implies that the abnormalities of the visual function in the normal aging mice are at least partly due to mislocalization of photoreceptor synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sugita
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruka Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yamato Maeda
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
In recent years, we have made enormous strides in elucidating the phenomenology of congenital nystagmus. The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize our current understanding of congenital nystagmus in terms of its clinical symptomatology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and ancillary testing, and clinical management. Finally, this discussion provides the reader with an armamentarium of clinical pearls to facilitate diagnosis of the numerous sensory visual disorders that can underlie congenital nystagmus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Brodsky
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brodsky MC. Infantile nystagmus-following the trail of evidence. J AAPOS 2020; 24:70-71. [PMID: 32151572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Brodsky
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang W, Rezvani Z, van Wezel RJA, Kirkels LAMH. Monocular and binocular opto-locomotor reflex biases for random dot motion in mice. J Vis 2020; 20:6. [PMID: 32097484 PMCID: PMC7343429 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between eyes receiving visual input of large field translating random dot motion and subsequent reflexive changes in running direction in mice. The animals were head-fixed running on a Styrofoam ball and the opto-locomotor reflex (OLR) was measured in response to 2 s of dots patterns moving horizontally to the left or right. We measured the OLR in conditions with both eyes open (binocular) and one eye closed (monocular). When we covered the right or left eye in the monocular condition, we found reflexive behavior to be delayed for a few hundred milliseconds to leftward or rightward motion, respectively. After this delay, the bias disappeared and reflexive behavior was similar to responses to motion under binocular conditions. These results might be explained by different contributions of subcortical and cortical visual motion processing pathways to the OLR. Furthermore, we found no evidence for nonlinear interactions between the two eyes, because the sum of the OLR of the two monocular conditions was equal in amplitude and temporal characteristics to the OLR under binocular conditions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Monocular nasotemporal optokinetic asymmetry-unraveling the mystery. J AAPOS 2019; 23:249-251. [PMID: 31521846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Dehmelt FA, von Daranyi A, Leyden C, Arrenberg AB. Evoking and tracking zebrafish eye movement in multiple larvae with ZebEyeTrack. Nat Protoc 2019; 13:1539-1568. [PMID: 29988103 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reliable measurement of spontaneous and evoked eye movement is critical for behavioral vision research. Zebrafish are increasingly used as a model organism for visual neural circuits, but ready-to-use eye-tracking solutions are scarce. Here, we present a protocol for automated real-time measurement of angular horizontal eye position in up to six immobilized larval fish using a custom-built LabVIEW-based software, ZebEyeTrack. We provide its customizable source code, as well as a streamlined and compiled version, ZebEyeTrack Light. The full version of ZebEyeTrack controls all required hardware and synchronizes six essential aspects of the experiment: (i) stimulus design; (ii) visual stimulation with moving bars; (ii) eye detection and tracking, as well as general motion detection; (iv) real-time analysis; (v) eye-position-dependent closed-loop event control; and (vi) recording of external event times. This includes optional integration with external hardware such as lasers and scanning microscopes. Once installation is complete, experiments, including stimulus design, can be completed in <10 min, and recordings can last anywhere between seconds and many hours. Results include digitized angular eye positions and hardware status, which can be used to compute tuning curves, optokinetic gain, and other custom data analysis. After the experiment, or based on existing videos, optokinetic response (OKR) performance can be analyzed semi-automatically via the graphical user interface, and results can be exported. ZebEyeTrack has been used successfully for psychophysics experiments, for optogenetic stimulation, and in combination with calcium imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Dehmelt
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam von Daranyi
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Central Office System Administration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire Leyden
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aristides B Arrenberg
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miura K, Sugita Y, Furukawa T, Kawano K. Two-frame apparent motion presented with an inter-stimulus interval reverses optokinetic responses in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17816. [PMID: 30546049 PMCID: PMC6292883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two successive image frames presented with a blank inter-stimulus interval (ISI) induce reversals of perceived motion in humans. This illusory effect is a manifestation of the temporal properties of image filters embedded in the visual processing pathway. In the present study, ISI experiments were performed to identify the temporal characteristics of vision underlying optokinetic responses (OKRs) in mice. These responses are thought to be mediated by subcortical visual processing. OKRs of C57BL/6 J mice, induced by a 1/4-wavelength shift of a square-wave grating presented with and without an ISI were recorded. When a 1/4-wavelength shift was presented without, or with shorter ISIs (≤106.7 ms), OKRs were induced in the direction of the shift, with progressively decreasing amplitude as the ISI increased. However, when ISIs were 213.3 ms or longer, OKR direction reversed. Similar dependence on ISIs was also obtained using a sinusoidal grating. We subsequently quantitatively estimated temporal filters based on the ISI effects. We found that filters with biphasic impulse response functions could reproduce the ISI and temporal frequency dependence of the mouse OKR. Comparison with human psychophysics and behaviors suggests that mouse vision has more sluggish response dynamics to light signals than that of humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yuko Sugita
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawano
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Voges K, Wu B, Post L, Schonewille M, De Zeeuw CI. Mechanisms underlying vestibulo-cerebellar motor learning in mice depend on movement direction. J Physiol 2017; 595:5301-5326. [PMID: 28586131 PMCID: PMC5538199 DOI: 10.1113/jp274346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Directionality, inherent to movements, has behavioural and neuronal correlates. Direction of vestibular stimulation determines motor learning efficiency. Vestibulo-ocular reflex gain-increase correlates with Purkinje cell simple spike potentiation. The locus of neural correlates for vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation is paradigm specific. ABSTRACT Compensatory eye movements elicited by head rotation, also known as vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), can be adapted with the use of visual feedback. The cerebellum is essential for this type of movement adaptation, although its neuronal correlates remain to be clarified. In the present study, we show that the direction of vestibular input determines the magnitude of eye movement adaptation induced by mismatched visual input in mice, with larger changes during contraversive head rotation. Moreover, the location of the neural correlate of this changed behaviour depends on the type of paradigm. Gain-increase paradigms induce increased simple spike (SS) activity in ipsilateral cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC), which is in line with eye movements triggered by optogenetic PC activation. By contrast, gain-decrease paradigms do not induce changes in SS activity, indicating that the murine vestibulo-cerebellar cortical circuitry is optimally designed to enhance ipsiversive eye movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Voges
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,SINAPSE, Singapore National University, Singapore
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Post
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kretschmer F, Tariq M, Chatila W, Wu B, Badea TC. Comparison of optomotor and optokinetic reflexes in mice. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:300-316. [PMID: 28424291 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00055.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During animal locomotion or position adjustments, the visual system uses image stabilization reflexes to compensate for global shifts in the visual scene. These reflexes elicit compensatory head movements (optomotor response, OMR) in unrestrained animals or compensatory eye movements (optokinetic response, OKR) in head-fixed or unrestrained animals exposed to globally rotating striped patterns. In mice, OMR are relatively easy to observe and find broad use in the rapid evaluation of visual function. OKR determinations are more involved experimentally but yield more stereotypical, easily quantifiable results. The relative contributions of head and eye movements to image stabilization in mice have not been investigated. We are using newly developed software and apparatus to accurately quantitate mouse head movements during OMR, quantitate eye movements during OKR, and determine eye movements in freely behaving mice. We provide the first direct comparison of OMR and OKR gains (head or eye velocity/stimulus velocity) and find that the two reflexes have comparable dependencies on stimulus luminance, contrast, spatial frequency, and velocity. OMR and OKR are similarly affected in genetically modified mice with defects in retinal ganglion cells (RGC) compared with wild-type, suggesting they are driven by the same sensory input (RGC type). OKR eye movements have much higher gains than the OMR head movements, but neither can fully compensate global visual shifts. However, combined eye and head movements can be detected in unrestrained mice performing OMR, suggesting they can cooperate to achieve image stabilization, as previously described for other species.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide the first quantitation of head gain during optomotor response in mice and show that optomotor and optokinetic responses have similar psychometric curves. Head gains are far smaller than eye gains. Unrestrained mice combine head and eye movements to respond to visual stimuli, and both monocular and binocular fields are used during optokinetic responses. Mouse OMR and OKR movements are heterogeneous under optimal and suboptimal stimulation and are affected in mice lacking ON direction-selective retinal ganglion cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Kretschmer
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Momina Tariq
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Walid Chatila
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beverly Wu
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tudor Constantin Badea
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sugita Y, Araki F, Chaya T, Kawano K, Furukawa T, Miura K. Role of the mouse retinal photoreceptor ribbon synapse in visual motion processing for optokinetic responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124132. [PMID: 25955222 PMCID: PMC4425508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribbon synapse is a specialized synaptic structure in the retinal outer plexiform layer where visual signals are transmitted from photoreceptors to the bipolar and horizontal cells. This structure is considered important in high-efficiency signal transmission; however, its role in visual signal processing is unclear. In order to understand its role in visual processing, the present study utilized Pikachurin-null mutant mice that show improper formation of the photoreceptor ribbon synapse. We examined the initial and late phases of the optokinetic responses (OKRs). The initial phase was examined by measuring the open-loop eye velocity of the OKRs to sinusoidal grating patterns of various spatial frequencies moving at various temporal frequencies for 0.5 s. The mutant mice showed significant initial OKRs with a spatiotemporal frequency tuning (spatial frequency, 0.09 ± 0.01 cycles/°; temporal frequency, 1.87 ± 0.12 Hz) that was slightly different from the wild-type mice (spatial frequency, 0.11 ± 0.01 cycles/°; temporal frequency, 1.66 ± 0.12 Hz). The late phase of the OKRs was examined by measuring the slow phase eye velocity of the optokinetic nystagmus induced by the sinusoidal gratings of various spatiotemporal frequencies moving for 30 s. We found that the optimal spatial and temporal frequencies of the mutant mice (spatial frequency, 0.11 ± 0.02 cycles/°; temporal frequency, 0.81 ± 0.24 Hz) were both lower than those in the wild-type mice (spatial frequency, 0.15 ± 0.02 cycles/°; temporal frequency, 1.93 ± 0.62 Hz). These results suggest that the ribbon synapse modulates the spatiotemporal frequency tuning of visual processing along the ON pathway by which the late phase of OKRs is mediated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sugita
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Araki
- Department of Developmental Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Chaya
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawano
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sugita Y, Miura K, Araki F, Furukawa T, Kawano K. Contributions of retinal direction-selective ganglion cells to optokinetic responses in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2823-31. [PMID: 23758086 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse retina, there are two distinct groups of direction-selective ganglion cells, ON and ON-OFF, that detect movement of visual images. To understand the roles of these cells in controlling eye movements, we studied the optokinetic responses (OKRs) of mutant mice with dysfunctional ON-bipolar cells that have a functional obstruction of transmission to ON direction-selective ganglion cells. Experiments were carried out to examine the initial and late phases of OKRs. The initial phase was examined by measurement of eye velocity using stimuli of sinusoidal grating patterns of various spatiotemporal frequencies that moved for 0.5 s. The mutant mice showed significant initial OKRs, although the range of spatiotemporal frequencies that elicited these OKRs was limited and the response magnitude was weaker than that in wild-type mice. To examine the late phase of the OKRs, the same visual patterns were moved for 30 s to induce alternating slow and quick eye movements (optokinetic nystagmus) and the slow-phase eye velocity was measured. Wild-type mice showed significant late OKRs with a stimulus in an appropriate range of spatiotemporal frequencies (0.0625-0.25 cycles/°, 0.75-3.0 Hz, 3-48°/s), but mutant mice did not show late OKRs in response to the same visual stimuli. The results suggest that two groups of direction-selective ganglion cells play different roles in OKRs: ON direction-selective ganglion cells contribute to both initial and late OKRs, whereas ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells contribute to OKRs only transiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sugita
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sugita Y, Miura K, Kawano K. Principal Fourier component of motion stimulus dominates the initial optokinetic response in mice. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:133-41. [PMID: 22465524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Optokinetic responses (OKRs) are reflexive eye movements elicited by a moving visual pattern, and have been recognized in a variety of species. Several brainstem and cortical structures are known to be implicated in the generation of OKRs in primates, while the OKRs of afoveate mammals have been posited to be dominated by subcortical structures. To understand the subcortical mechanism underlying OKRs, the initial OKRs to horizontal quarter-wavelength steps applied to vertical grating patterns were studied in adult C57BL/6J mice under the monocular viewing conditions. The initial OKRs to sinusoidal gratings showed directional asymmetry with temporal-to-nasal predominance, a common characteristic of afoveate mammals that uses the subcortical structures to elicit OKRs. We then examined whether the OKRs of afoveate mammals are driven by the same visual features of the moving images as those in primates. The OKRs in mice were elicited by using the missing fundamental (mf) stimuli and its variants that had been used to understand the mechanism(s) underlying the cortical control of eye movements in primates. We obtained the results indicating that the OKRs of mice are driven by the principal Fourier component of moving visual image as in primates despite the differences in neural circuitries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sugita
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dobkins KR, Sampath V. The use of chromatic information for motion segmentation: differences between psychophysical and eye-movement measures. Perception 2008; 37:993-1009. [PMID: 18773723 DOI: 10.1068/p5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous psychophysical studies have shown that chromatic (red/green) information can be used as a segmentation cue for motion integration. We investigated the mechanisms mediating this phenomenon by comparing chromatic effects (and, for comparison, luminance effects) on motion integration between two measures: (i) directional eye movements with the notion that these responses are mediated mainly by low-level motion mechanisms, and (ii) psychophysical reports, with the notion that subjects' reports should employ higher-level (attention-based) mechanisms if available. To quantify chromatic (and luminance) effects on motion integration, coherent motion thresholds were obtained for two conditions, one in which the signal and noise dots were the same 'red' or 'green' chromaticity (or the same 'bright' or 'dark' luminance), referred to as homogeneous, and the other in which the signal and noise dots were of different chromaticities (or luminances), referred to as heterogeneous. 'Benefit ratios' (theta(HOM)/theta(HET)) were then computed, with values significantly greater than 1.0 indicating that chromatic (or luminance) information serves as a segmentation cue for motion integration. The results revealed a high and significant chromatic benefit ratio when the measure was based on psychophysical report, but not when it was based on an eye-movement measure. By contrast, luminance benefit ratios were roughly the same (and significant) for both measures. For comparison to adults, eye-movement data were also obtained from 3-month-old infants. Infants showed marginally significant benefit ratios in the luminance, but not in the chromatic, condition. In total, these results suggest that the use of chromatic information as a segmentation cue for motion integration relies on higher-level mechanisms, whereas luminance information works mainly through low-level motion mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Dobkins
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
We studied the development of sensitivity to complex motion using plaid patterns. We hypothesized, based on neurophysiological data showing a dearth of pattern direction-selective (PDS) cells in area medial temporal (MT) of infant macaques, that sensitivity to pattern motion would develop later than other forms of global motion sensitivity. We tested 10 macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) ranging in age from 7 weeks to 109-160 weeks (adult). The monkeys discriminated horizontal from vertical pattern motion; sensitivity for one-dimensional (1D) direction discrimination and detection were tested as control tasks. The results show that pattern motion discrimination ability develops relatively late, between 10 and 18 weeks, while performance on the 1D control tasks was excellent at the earliest test ages. Plaid discrimination performance depends on both the speed and spatial scale of the underlying patterns. However, development is not limited by contrast sensitivity. These results support the idea that pattern motion perception depends on a different mechanism than other forms of global motion perception and are consistent with the idea that the representation of PDS neurons in MT may limit the development of complex motion perception.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the role of the newborn vestibular system on the infant's preferred position. Neonatal electronystagmography was recorded from 80 full-term healthy neonates in the prone and supine positions. Records were analyzed by the clinical ranking of dysmetria and dysrhythmia and computerized fractal analysis. A significantly (P < .002) decreased organization of the electronystagmography signal was observed in the prone compared with the supine position. These results concur with the previously documented, more optimal physiologic functioning in the supine compared with prone position in infancy. It is possible that the vestibular system, among other factors, plays a role in the more protective supine position in infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Marmur
- Hannah Khoushy Child Development Center, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
He F, Qiao ZH, Cai J, Pierce W, He DC, Song ZH. Involvement of the 90-kDa Heat Shock Protein (Hsp-90) in CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor-Mediated Cell Migration: A New Role of Hsp-90 in Migration Signaling of a G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1289-300. [PMID: 17698952 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.036566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) enhances cell migration through the CB2 cannabinoid receptor. In this study, using an immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach, we first identified the 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90), a chaperone protein with novel signaling functions, as a CB2-interacting protein. The CB2/Hsp90 interaction was confirmed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing transfected CB2 and in differentiated HL-60 cells expressing endogenous CB2, by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blot experiments, as well as by treatment with geldanamycin (GA), a specific Hsp90 inhibitor. Disruption of the CB2/Hsp90 interaction by treatment with GA or reducing Hsp90 levels with specific short interfering RNAs markedly inhibited 2-AG-induced cell migration, demonstrating that Hsp90 is crucial for 2-AG-induced cell migration. 2-AG treatment resulted in a CB2-mediated stimulation of Rac1 activity, and treatment with GA blocked 2AG-induced activation of Rac1. It is noteworthy that expression of the dominant-negative form of Rac1 reduced 2-AG-induced cell migration. These data demonstrate that 2-AG-induced activation of Rac1 is essential for 2-AG-induced cell migration, and the CB2/Hsp90 interaction is needed for 2-AG-induced activation of Rac1. Furthermore, 2-AG-induced Rac1 activation was sensitive to pertussis toxin treatment, hence involving G(i) proteins. In addition, treatment with GA significantly inhibited the CB2/Galpha(i2) interaction. As a whole, our data indicate that Hsp90 may serve as scaffold to keep the CB2 receptor and its signaling components, including Galpha(i2), in proximity, thus facilitating CB2-mediated signaling to cell migration through the G(i)-Rac1 pathway. By demonstrating that Hsp90 is essential for CB2-mediated signaling to cell migration, this study reveals a novel role of Hsp90 in the signaling events mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement
- Endocannabinoids
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2/metabolism
- Glycerides/pharmacology
- HL-60 Cells
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lactams, Macrocyclic/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bosworth RG, Birch EE. Motion detection in normal infants and young patients with infantile esotropia. Vision Res 2005; 45:1557-67. [PMID: 15781073 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate asymmetries in detection of horizontal motion in normal infants and children and in patients with infantile esotropia. Motion detection thresholds (% motion signal) were measured in 75 normal infants and in 36 eyes of 27 infants with infantile esotropia (ET), using a forced-choice preferential looking paradigm with random-dot patterns. Absolute motion detection sensitivity and asymmetries in sensitivity for nasalward (N) vs. temporalward (T) directions of motion were compared in normal and patient populations, ranging in age from 1 month to 5 years. In normal infants, N and T thresholds were equivalent under 2.5 months of age, whereas a superiority for monocular detection of N motion was observed between 3.5 and 6.5 months of age. The nasalward advantage gradually diminished to symmetrical T:N performance by 8 months of age, matching that of adults. No asymmetry was observed in 15 normal infants who performed the task binocularly, hence, the asymmetry was not a leftward/rightward bias. In the youngest infantile ET patients tested, at 5 months of age, a nasalward superiority in motion detection was observed and was equivalent to that of same-age normal infants. However, unlike normals, this asymmetry persists in older patients. This greater asymmetry in infantile ET represents worse detection of T than N motion. This is the first report of an asymmetry in motion detection in normal infants across a wide age range. Initially, motion detection is normal in infants with infantile esotropia. Cumulative abnormal binocular experience in these patients may disrupt motion mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rain G Bosworth
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schäfer J, Strimmer K. An empirical Bayes approach to inferring large-scale gene association networks. Bioinformatics 2004; 21:754-64. [PMID: 15479708 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Genetic networks are often described statistically using graphical models (e.g. Bayesian networks). However, inferring the network structure offers a serious challenge in microarray analysis where the sample size is small compared to the number of considered genes. This renders many standard algorithms for graphical models inapplicable, and inferring genetic networks an 'ill-posed' inverse problem. METHODS We introduce a novel framework for small-sample inference of graphical models from gene expression data. Specifically, we focus on the so-called graphical Gaussian models (GGMs) that are now frequently used to describe gene association networks and to detect conditionally dependent genes. Our new approach is based on (1) improved (regularized) small-sample point estimates of partial correlation, (2) an exact test of edge inclusion with adaptive estimation of the degree of freedom and (3) a heuristic network search based on false discovery rate multiple testing. Steps (2) and (3) correspond to an empirical Bayes estimate of the network topology. RESULTS Using computer simulations, we investigate the sensitivity (power) and specificity (true negative rate) of the proposed framework to estimate GGMs from microarray data. This shows that it is possible to recover the true network topology with high accuracy even for small-sample datasets. Subsequently, we analyze gene expression data from a breast cancer tumor study and illustrate our approach by inferring a corresponding large-scale gene association network for 3883 genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schäfer
- Department of Statistics, University of Munich, Ludwigstrasse 33, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|