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Samuel Y, Babu A, Karagkouni F, Ismail A, Choi S, Boussios S. Cardiac Toxicities in Oncology: Elucidating the Dark Box in the Era of Precision Medicine. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8337-8358. [PMID: 37886969 PMCID: PMC10605822 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite current advancements in chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted treatments, the potential for major adverse cardiovascular events, regardless of previous cardiac history, persists. Scoring systems, such as the Heart Failure Association-International Cardio-Oncology Society (HFA-ICOS) risk assessment tool, can be utilized to evaluate several factors including prior cardiac history, risk factors and cardiac biomarkers to categorize patients into low, moderate, high, and very high-risk groups. Common cardiotoxicity complications include new or worsening left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), QT interval prolongation, myocardial ischaemia, hypertension, thromboembolic disease, cardiac device malfunction and valve disease. Baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) are routinely performed for all patients commenced on cardiotoxic treatment, while other imaging modalities and biochemical markers have proven useful for monitoring. Management mainly includes early risk stratification and prompt identification of cardiovascular complications, with patient-specific surveillance throughout treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial in determining the relationship between potential treatment benefits and cardiotoxicity, and whether the continuation of treatment is appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Early risk stratification, optimizing the patient's cardiovascular status prior to treatment, and prompt identification of suspected cardiotoxicity are key in significantly reducing risk. This article provides a comprehensive review of the various types of treatment-related cardiotoxicity, offering guidance on identifying high-risk patients, recognizing early signs of cardiotoxicity, and outlining appropriate treatment approaches and follow-up care for such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younan Samuel
- Department of Cardiology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (Y.S.); (A.B.); (F.K.)
| | - Aswin Babu
- Department of Cardiology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (Y.S.); (A.B.); (F.K.)
| | - Foteini Karagkouni
- Department of Cardiology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (Y.S.); (A.B.); (F.K.)
| | - Ayden Ismail
- GKT School of Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Sunyoung Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, Hampshire, UK;
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Kent Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7LX, Kent, UK
- AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki—Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Radulescu LM, Radulescu D, Ciuleanu TE, Crisan D, Buzdugan E, Romitan DM, Buzoianu AD. Cardiotoxicity Associated with Chemotherapy Used in Gastrointestinal Tumours. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57080806. [PMID: 34441012 PMCID: PMC8400748 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is a well-recognised side effect of cancer-related therapies with a great impact on outcomes and quality of life in the cancer survivor population. The pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in patients with gastrointestinal cancers involves various molecular mechanisms, and the combined use of various chemotherapies augments the risk of each drug used alone. In terms of cardiotoxicity diagnosis, novel biomarkers, such as troponins, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), myeloperoxidases and miRNAs have been recently assessed. Echocardiography is a noninvasive imaging method of choice for the primary assessment of chemotherapy-treated patients to generally evaluate the cardiovascular impact of these drugs. Novel echocardiography techniques, like three-dimensional and stress echocardiography, will improve diagnosis efficacy. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can evaluate cardiac morphology, function and wall structure. Corroborated data have shown the importance of CMR in the early evaluation of patients with gastrointestinal cancers, treated with anticancer drugs, but further studies are required to improve risk stratification in these patients. In this article, we review some important aspects concerning the cardiotoxicity of antineoplastic drugs used in gastrointestinal cancers. We also discuss the mechanism of cardiotoxicity, the role of biomarkers and the imaging methods used in its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Maria Radulescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.R.); (A.D.B.)
- Department of Cardiology, Cluj Municipal Hospital, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.B.); (D.-M.R.)
| | - Dan Radulescu
- Department of Cardiology, Cluj Municipal Hospital, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.B.); (D.-M.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-741041707
| | - Tudor-Eliade Ciuleanu
- Department of Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Dana Crisan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cluj Municipal Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Buzdugan
- Department of Cardiology, Cluj Municipal Hospital, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.B.); (D.-M.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Dragos-Mihai Romitan
- Department of Cardiology, Cluj Municipal Hospital, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.B.); (D.-M.R.)
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400005 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.R.); (A.D.B.)
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Di Lisi D, Madonna R, Zito C, Bronte E, Badalamenti G, Parrella P, Monte I, Tocchetti CG, Russo A, Novo G. Anticancer therapy-induced vascular toxicity: VEGF inhibition and beyond. Int J Cardiol 2016; 227:11-17. [PMID: 27866063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy is a growing problem. In recent years, an increasing number of new drugs with targeted action have been designed. These molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, can cause different type of toxicities compared to traditional chemotherapy. However, they can also cause cardiac complications such as heart failure, arterial hypertension, QT interval prolongation and arrhythmias. Currently, a field of intense research is the vascular toxicity induced by new biologic drugs, particularly those which inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGF-R) and other tyrosine kinases. In this review, we aim at focusing on the problem of vascular toxicity induced by new targeted therapies, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and describe the main mechanisms and emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis of vascular damage, in order to prevent clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Lisi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Center of Excellence on Aging, Institute of Cardiology, "G. d'Annunzio" University - Chieti, Chieti, Italy; Texas Heart Institute and University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Cardiology Division, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Concetta Zito
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Bronte
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Badalamenti
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Parrella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Monte
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Novo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Cancer treatment has improved extraordinarily in recent years. The development of targeted therapies has widened the cardiotoxic spectrum of antineoplastic drugs. Optimum management of cardiovascular disease before and during antineoplastic treatment is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. This article reviews the incidence and characteristics of cardiotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs with special focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms. It also emphasizes the importance of early detection and correction of cardiovascular risk factors and the relevance of close cardiac monitoring during antineoplastic treatment in order to reduce cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brana
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Cardiotoxicity of anticancer treatments has become an increasingly important clinical problem faced by cardiologists. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure generate the most concern, but clinical features and prognosis vary considerably depending on the causative agent. Anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy differs fundamentally from effects associated with newer targeted agents, such as trastuzumab. Other forms of cardiovascular disease that occur as a result of cancer treatment include hypertension, thromboembolic disease, pericardial disease, arrhythmia, and myocardial ischemia. The approach to cardiovascular disease in patients with cancer is often different from that in the general population, not only because of distinct underlying mechanisms and clinical features of their heart disease, but also because of the potential ongoing need for additional cancer treatment as well as the altered duration of anticipated survival. In an effort to maximize both quality of life and survival, cardiologists and oncologists should collaborate with the aim of balancing the risks of cardiotoxicity with the benefits of oncologic therapy.
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Yeh ETH, Bickford CL. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:2231-47. [PMID: 19520246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 844] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment today employs a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery to prolong life and provide cure. However, many of these treatments can cause cardiovascular complications such as heart failure, myocardial ischemia/infarction, hypertension, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias. In this article we review the incidence of cardiotoxicity caused by commonly used chemotherapeutic agents as well as discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and prevention of these cardiovascular side effects. Cardiotoxicity related to anticancer treatment is important to recognize as it may have a significant impact on the overall prognosis and survival of cancer patients, and it is likely to remain a significant challenge for both cardiologists and oncologists in the future due to an increasing aging population of patients with cancer and the introduction of many new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T H Yeh
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Les antiangiogéniques en oncologie digestive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:504-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2008.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bhaskara A, Eng C. Bevacizumab in the treatment of a patient with metastatic colorectal carcinoma with brain metastases. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2008; 7:65-8. [PMID: 18279580 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2008.n.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of brain metastases originating from colorectal cancer (CRC) is an infrequent phenomenon occurring in < 5% of patients. Yet, it is feasible that physicians will be diagnosing more patients with brain metastases because of the prolonged survival in our current patient population. The anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab is currently approved in bevacizumab-naive patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). Initially, precautionary measures regarding the use of bevacizumab were recommended for patients at risk of bleeding based on earlier incidents of intracranial hemorrhage, hemoptysis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. However, recent data support the use of bevacizumab in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. We present a challenging case of a treatment-naive patient with mCRC with brain metastases and the challenges involved in weighing the risks and benefits of systemic chemotherapy when combined with a biologic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala Bhaskara
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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