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Kim JS, Kim MY, Hong S. Characterization of MET Alterations in 37 Gastroesophageal Cancer Cell Lines for MET-Targeted Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5975. [PMID: 38892160 PMCID: PMC11173193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Capmatinib and savolitinib, selective MET inhibitors, are widely used to treat various MET-positive cancers. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of these inhibitors on MET-amplified gastric cancer (GC) cells. Methods: After screening 37 GC cell lines, the following cell lines were found to be MET-positive with copy number variation >10: SNU-620, ESO51, MKN-45, SNU-5, and OE33 cell lines. Next, we assessed the cytotoxic response of these cell lines to capmatinib or savolitinib alone using cell counting kit-8 and clonogenic cell survival assays. Western blotting was performed to assess the effects of capmatinib and savolitinib on the MET signaling pathway. Xenograft studies were performed to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of savolitinib in MKN-45 cells. Savolitinib and capmatinib exerted anti-proliferative effects on MET-amplified GC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Savolitinib inhibited the phosphorylation of MET and downstream signaling pathways, such as the protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, in MET-amplified GC cells. Additionally, savolitinib significantly decreased the number of colonies formed on the soft agar and exerted dose-dependent anti-tumor effects in an MKN-45 GC cell xenograft model. Furthermore, a combination of trastuzumab and capmatinib exhibited enhanced inhibition of AKT and ERK activation in human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)- and MET-positive OE33 cells. Targeting MET with savolitinib and capmatinib efficiently suppressed the growth of MET-amplified GC cells. Moreover, these MET inhibitors exerted synergistic effects with trastuzumab on HER2- and MET-amplified GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Li JH, Zhang DY, Zhu JM, Dong L. Clinical applications and perspectives of circulating tumor DNA in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:13. [PMID: 38184573 PMCID: PMC10770949 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, largely due to inadequate screening methods, late diagnosis, and limited treatment options. Liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach for cancer screening and prognosis by detecting circulating tumor components like circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the blood. Numerous gastric cancer-specific ctDNA biomarkers have now been identified. CtDNA analysis provides insight into genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumors, holding promise for predicting treatment response and prognosis in gastric cancer patients. This review summarizes current research on ctDNA biology and detection technologies, while highlighting clinical applications of ctDNA for gastric cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and guiding treatment decisions. Current challenges and future perspectives for ctDNA analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Han Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dan-Ying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ji-Min Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Nan X, Wang QX, Xing SJ, Liang ZG. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of thiazole/thiadiazole carboxamide scaffold-based derivatives as potential c-Met kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2247183. [PMID: 37642355 PMCID: PMC10467532 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2247183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of our continuous efforts to discover novel c-Met inhibitors as antitumor agents, four series of thiazole/thiadiazole carboxamide-derived analogues were designed, synthesised, and evaluated for the in vitro activity against c-Met and four human cancer cell lines. After five cycles of optimisation on structure-activity relationship, compound 51am was found to be the most promising inhibitor in both biochemical and cellular assays. Moreover, 51am exhibited potency against several c-Met mutants. Mechanistically, 51am not only induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MKN-45 cells but also inhibited c-Met phosphorylation in the cell and cell-free systems. It also exhibited a good pharmacokinetic profile in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the binding mode of 51am with both c-Met and VEGFR-2 provided novel insights for the discovery of selective c-Met inhibitors. Taken together, these results indicate that 51am could be an antitumor candidate meriting further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Nan
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiu-Xu Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shao-Jun Xing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Zhou K, Liu Y, Zhu H. Dramatic response and acquired resistance to savolitinib in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with MET amplification: a case report and literature review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1254026. [PMID: 38023194 PMCID: PMC10652553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1254026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive disease with limited treatment options. Despite substantial efforts to explore better regimens, gemcitabine-based chemotherapy has been the standard first-line treatment for decades. With the growing field of precision medicine, biomarker-guided treatments are gaining popularity. MET alteration is a frequent occurrence in various cancer types, making it a promising target. Case presentation A 53-year-old man visited our hospital with a complaint of upper abdominal pain. Advanced CCA was diagnosed based on the biopsy of the metastatic lymph nodes and immunohistochemistry. Next-generation sequencing revealed MET amplification. As the patient was intolerant to traditional chemotherapy, savolitinib (a c-MET inhibitor) was administered. Partial response was achieved, and the treatment was well tolerated. After 1 year, the patient developed progressive disease, to which the emergence of epidermal growth factor receptor amplification may have contributed. Conclusion Our study verified the therapeutic value of a c-MET inhibitor in advanced CCA-harboring MET amplification and provides an alternative strategy for patients who are intolerant to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingping Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Lee TS, Kim JY, Lee MH, Cho IR, Paik WH, Ryu JK, Kim YT, Lee SH. Savolitinib: A Promising Targeting Agent for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4708. [PMID: 37835402 PMCID: PMC10571651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Savolitinib is a highly selective small molecule inhibitor of the mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (MET) tyrosine kinase, primarily developed for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with MET mutations. It is also being investigated as a treatment for breast, head and neck, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and other gastrointestinal cancers. In both preclinical and clinical studies, it has demonstrated efficacy in lung, kidney, and stomach cancers. Savolitinib is an oral anti-cancer medication taken as a 600 mg dose once daily. It can be used as a monotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with MET mutations and in combination with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors for patients who have developed resistance to them. Furthermore, savolitinib has shown positive results in gastric cancer treatment, particularly in combination with docetaxel. As a result, this review aims to validate its efficacy in NSCLC and suggests its potential application in other gastrointestinal cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, based on related research in gastric and renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; (T.S.L.); (J.Y.K.); (M.H.L.); (I.R.C.); (W.H.P.); (J.K.R.); (Y.-T.K.)
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6
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Businello G, Angerilli V, Lonardi S, Bergamo F, Valmasoni M, Farinati F, Savarino E, Spolverato G, Fassan M. Current molecular biomarkers evaluation in gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: pathologist does matter. Updates Surg 2023; 75:291-303. [PMID: 35834132 PMCID: PMC9852175 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-022-01330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas has led to the improvement of targeted and more effective treatments. As a result, several biomarkers have been introduced into clinical practice and the implementation of innovative diagnostic tools is under study. Such assessments are mainly based on the evaluation of limited biopsy material in clinical practice. In this setting, the pathologist represents a key player in the selection of patients facilitating precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Lonardi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Bergamo
- Veneto Institute of Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Valmasoni
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gaya Spolverato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Veneto Institute of Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Padua, Italy.
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7
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Wang C, Li J, Qu L, Tang X, Song X, Yang F, Chen X, Lin Q, Lin W, Zhou Y, Tu Z, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Lu X. Discovery of D6808, a Highly Selective and Potent Macrocyclic c-Met Inhibitor for Gastric Cancer Harboring MET Gene Alteration Treatment. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15140-15164. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lingzhi Qu
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xia Tang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojuan Song
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fang Yang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qianmeng Lin
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Weibin Lin
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - ZhengChao Tu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
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8
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Harrold E, Corrigan L, Barry S, Lowery M. Targeting MET amplification in Gastro-oesophageal (GO) malignancies and overcoming MET inhibitor resistance: challenges and opportunities. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:601-624. [PMID: 35757852 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2093185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MET, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor is amplified in 8% of gastroesophageal (GO) malignancies and associated with poor prognosis. Therapeutic targeting of MET amplification and MET mutations has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with GO cancers (GOC). AREAS COVERED The efficacy of MET inhibition (METi) in preclinical studies has yet to translate into meaningful improvements in the treatment paradigm for unselected GOC. MET amplification has been proposed as a superior modality for patient selection; however even if confirmed, frequency and duration of response to METi are limited by rapid activation of primary and secondary resistance pathways. These observations illustrate the challenges inherent in the application of precision oncology predicated on the theory of oncogenic addiction. EXPERT OPINION A standardized definition of MET positivity is critical to enhance patient selection. Early successes targeting the METex14 skipping mutation demonstrate the potent therapeutic effects of METi in a clearly molecularly defined cohort. There is robust preclinical rationale and early-phase data supporting exploitation of immune system interaction with MET. Pragmatic investigation of rational therapeutic combinations based on molecular profiling of both primary and metastatic disease sites with sequential circulating tumor DNA analysis can inform successful clinical development of METi agents in GOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Harrold
- Medical Oncology Department, Mater Private Hospital Dublin, Leinster, Ireland.,Trinity St James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Leinster, Ireland
| | - Lynda Corrigan
- Trinity St James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Leinster, Ireland.,Medical Oncology Department, Tallaght/AMNCH Hospital Dublin, Leinster, Ireland
| | - Simon Barry
- Medical Oncology Department, St James University Hospital Dublin, Leinster, Ireland
| | - Maeve Lowery
- Trinity St James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Leinster, Ireland.,Medical Oncology Department, St James University Hospital Dublin, Leinster, Ireland
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9
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Molecular Targets for Gastric Cancer Treatment and Future Perspectives from a Clinical and Translational Point of View. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205216. [PMID: 34680363 PMCID: PMC8533881 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Systemic treatment comprising chemotherapy and targeted therapy is the standard of care in advanced/metastatic gastric cancer. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinomas by the TCGA Consortium and ACRG has resulted in the definition of distinct molecular subtypes. These efforts have in parallel built a basis for the development of novel molecularly stratified treatment approaches. Based on this molecular characterization, an increasing number of specific genomic alterations can potentially serve as treatment targets. Consequently, the development of promising compounds is ongoing. In this review, key molecular alterations in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers will be addressed. Finally, the current status of the translation of targeted therapy towards clinical applications will be reviewed.
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10
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Chivu-Economescu M, Necula L, Matei L, Dragu D, Bleotu C, Diaconu CC. Clinical Applications of Liquid Biopsy in Gastric Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:749250. [PMID: 34651002 PMCID: PMC8505538 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.749250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy represents an exciting new area in the field of cancer diagnosis and management, offering a less invasive and more convenient approach to obtain a time-point image of the tumor burden and its genomic profile. Samples collected from several body fluids, mostly blood, can be used to gain access to circulating tumor cells and DNA, non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and exosomes, at any moment, offering a dynamic picture of the tumor. For patients with GC, the use of blood-based biopsies may be particularly beneficial since tissue biopsies are difficult to obtain and cause real distress to the patient. With advantages such as repeatability and minimal invasion, it is no wonder that the field of liquid biopsy has received tremendous attention. However, the abundance of studies, involving a wide range of assays with different principles, prevented for the moment the reproducibility of the results and therefore the translation into the clinic of liquid biopsy. In this review, we present the latest technical development and data on circulating biomarkers available through liquid biopsy in gastric cancer with an emphasis on their clinical utility in areas such as cancer screening, prognostic stratification, and therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Chivu-Economescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Necula
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lilia Matei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Dragu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen C Diaconu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Biomarker-targeted therapies for advanced-stage gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction cancers: an emerging paradigm. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:473-487. [PMID: 33790428 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cancer biology and sequencing technology have enabled the selection of targeted and more effective treatments for individual patients with various types of solid tumour. However, only three molecular biomarkers have thus far been demonstrated to predict a response to targeted therapies in patients with gastric and/or gastro-oesophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancers: HER2 positivity for trastuzumab and trastuzumab deruxtecan, and microsatellite instability (MSI) status and PD-L1 expression for pembrolizumab. Despite this lack of clinically relevant biomarkers, distinct molecular subtypes of G/GEJ cancers have been identified and have informed the development of novel agents, including receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, several of which are currently being tested in ongoing trials. Many of these trials include biomarker stratification, and some include analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), which both enables the noninvasive assessment of biomarker expression and provides an indication of the contributions of intratumoural heterogeneity to response and resistance. The results of these studies might help to optimize the selection of patients to receive targeted therapies, thus facilitating precision medicine approaches for patients with G/GEJ cancers. In this Review, we describe the current evidence supporting the use of targeted therapies in patients with G/GEJ cancers and provide guidance on future research directions.
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12
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El Darsa H, El Sayed R, Abdel-Rahman O. MET Inhibitors for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer: What's Their Potential? J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:349-361. [PMID: 33116950 PMCID: PMC7547764 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s242958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a disease with a dismal prognosis. Extensive efforts to find targetable disease drivers in gastric cancer were implemented to improve patient outcomes. Beyond anti-HER2 therapy, MET pathway seems to be culprit of cancer invasiveness with MET-overexpressing tumors having poorer prognosis. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the HGF/MET pathway were studied in MET-positive gastric cancer, but no substantial benefit was proven. Some patients responded in early phase trials but later developed resistance. Others failed to show any benefit at all. Etiologies of resistance may entail inappropriate patient selection with a lack of MET detection standardization, tumor alternative pathways, variable MET amplification, and genetic variation. Optimizing MET detection techniques and better understanding the MET pathway, as well as tumor bypass mechanisms, are an absolute need to devise means to overcome resistance using targeted therapy alone, or in combination with other synergistic agents to improve outcomes of patients with MET-positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidar El Darsa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rola El Sayed
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Piper-Vallillo AJ, Halbert BT, Rangachari D, Kobayashi SS, Costa DB. Acquired Resistance to Osimertinib Plus Savolitinib Is Mediated by MET-D1228 and MET-Y1230 Mutations in EGFR-Mutated MET-Amplified Lung Cancer. JTO Clin Res Rep 2020; 1:100071. [PMID: 33225315 PMCID: PMC7305494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2020.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Piper-Vallillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian T. Halbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deepa Rangachari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susumu S. Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daniel B. Costa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author. Address for correspondence: Daniel B. Costa, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215.
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14
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Rosell R, Chaib I, Santarpia M. Targeting MET amplification in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2020; 8:1068-1070. [PMID: 32479793 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Imane Chaib
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, AOU Policlinico G Martino, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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