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Jensen E, Wood C, Keller-Wood M. The Normal Increase in Adrenal Secretion During Pregnancy Contributes to Maternal Volume Expansion and Fetal Homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760200900607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maureen Keller-Wood
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, and Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Paganelli S, Soncini E, Gargano G, Capodanno F, Vezzani C, La Sala GB. Retrospective analysis on the efficacy of corticosteroid prophylaxis prior to elective caesarean section to reduce neonatal respiratory complications at term of pregnancy: review of literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 288:1223-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-3035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Washburn SE, Tress U, Lunde ER, Chen WJA, Cudd TA. The role of cortisol in chronic binge alcohol-induced cerebellar injury: Ovine model. Alcohol 2013; 47:53-61. [PMID: 23218665 PMCID: PMC3544992 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Women who drink alcohol during pregnancy are at high risk of giving birth to children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Previous reports from our laboratory have shown that third trimester equivalent binge alcohol exposure at a dose of 1.75 g/kg/day results in significant fetal cerebellar Purkinje cell loss in fetal sheep and that both maternal and fetal adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol levels are elevated in response to alcohol treatment. In this study, we hypothesized that repeated elevations in cortisol from chronic binge alcohol are responsible at least in part for fetal neuronal deficits. Animals were divided into four treatment groups: normal control, pair-fed saline control, alcohol and cortisol. The magnitude of elevation in cortisol in response to alcohol was mimicked in the cortisol group by infusing pregnant ewes with hydrocortisone for 6 h on each day of the experiment, and administering saline during the first hour in lieu of alcohol. The experiment was conducted on three consecutive days followed by four days without treatment beginning on gestational day (GD) 109 until GD 132. Peak maternal blood alcohol concentration in the alcohol group was 239 ± 7 mg/dl. The fetal brains were collected and processed for stereological cell counting on GD 133. The estimated total number of fetal cerebellar Purkinje cells, the reference volume and the Purkinje cell density were not altered in response to glucocorticoid infusion in the absence of alcohol. These results suggest that glucocorticoids independently during the third trimester equivalent may not produce fetal cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. However, the elevations in cortisol along with other changes induced by alcohol could together lead to brain injury seen in the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Washburn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Itonaga K, Wapstra E, Jones SM. Evidence for placental transfer of maternal corticosterone in a viviparous lizard. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 160:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liggins GC, Fairclough RJ, Grieves SA, Forster CS, Knox BS. Parturition in the sheep. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:5-30. [PMID: 205398 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720295.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parturition in sheep is initiated by a sharp rise in the rate of secretion of cortisol by the fetal adrenal. Increased secretion is due partly to enhanced responsiveness to corticotropin (ACTH) and partly to increased fetal concentrations of corticotropin. Cortisol acts on placental enzymes active in the biosynthesis of oestrogens from progesterone. Thus placental secretion of oestrogen increases and that of progesterone decreases. This change in the ratio of oestrogen: progesterone, particularly the rise in oestrogen, stimulates release of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) from the maternal placenta and to a lesser extent from the myometrium. PGF2alpha enhances the myometrial response to oxytocin and, after a latent period, stimulates contractions. The onset of parturition is normally associated with softening of the cervix, the mechanism of which is uncertain. Uterine contractions in the presence of a distensible cervix lead to parturition.
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Challis JR, Manchester EL, Mitchell BF, Patrick JE. The development of fetal adrenal function. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 86:43-65. [PMID: 6279366 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720684.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The response profiles of fetal sheep adrenals to tropic stimulation have been examined ih vivo and in vitro. Isolated adrenal cells from sheep fetuses in early pregnancy (Day 50) reduced cortisol in response to ACTH, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and GTP. The response was minimal on Day 100, but reappeared near term. 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone was converted to cortisol by adrenals of all ages, but pregnenolone and progesterone were converted to cortisol only in early and late, but not mid-pregnancy. These studies suggested that the mid-gestation loss of fetal adrenal responsiveness was associated with post-receptor/adenylate cyclase events and involved loss of 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity. Fetal adrenal function was activated by exogenous ACTH in vivo, and was reflected in an increase in the ratio of cortisol to corticosterone in fetal plasma and in augmented cortisol output in vitro from dispersed fetal adrenal cells. The results were consistent with an effect of ACTH administration on 17 alpha-hydroxylation. Fetal pituitary cells, prostaglandin E2, alpha-MSH and term placental extract are other potential (sources of) corticotropins, although further studies are required to delineate the nature and origin of the active substances, and/or their primary sites of action.
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Ramadoss J, Tress U, Chen WJA, Cudd TA. Maternal adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and thyroid hormone responses to all three-trimester equivalent repeated binge alcohol exposure: ovine model. Alcohol 2008; 42:199-205. [PMID: 18420114 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-mediated alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function are two proposed mechanisms by which alcohol causes neurodevelopmental injury to the fetus. We previously reported that third-trimester equivalent only alcohol exposure in sheep results in increases in the maternal and fetal adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels, and decreases in the fetal thyroid hormones T(3) and T(4) and maternal T(3) levels. In this study, we wished to characterize the maternal HPA and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid hormone responses to repeated binge alcohol exposure during all three-trimester equivalents of pregnancy in sheep. Pregnant ewes received intravenous infusions of alcohol at doses of 0.75, 1.25, or 1.75 g/kg over 1h with mean peak blood alcohol concentrations of 90, 126, or 183 mg/dl, respectively, on 3 consecutive days each week beginning on gestational day (GD) 4. Maternal blood samples were collected on GDs 6, 40, 90, and 132. Maternal plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol increased in response to the high alcohol dose, and the magnitude of these elevations was not different across gestation. Thyroid hormone levels were not different when comparing among treatment groups at any time point during gestation. However, there was an ontogenetic decrease in the maternal T(3) concentration beginning between GDs 6 and 40 and a decrease in maternal T(4) and free T(4) beginning between GDs 40 and 90. The current findings suggest that (1) maternal alcohol consumption at any time during gestation stimulates the HPA axis, (2) maternal HPA responsiveness to alcohol does not change across gestation, (3) binge alcohol exposure at these doses lasting all three-trimester equivalent of human brain development does not reduce maternal thyroid hormone concentration, (4) alterations in fetal thyroid function in response to alcohol exposure do not occur as a result of diminished maternal thyroid hormone contribution, and (5) there is an ontogenetic decrease in ovine maternal thyroid hormones over gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Ramadoss
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Kerzner LS, Stonestreet BS, Wu KY, Sadowska G, Malee MP. Antenatal dexamethasone: effect on ovine placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression and fetal growth. Pediatr Res 2002; 52:706-12. [PMID: 12409517 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200211000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antenatal glucocorticoids are routinely given to women at risk for preterm delivery. The fetus is protected from excessive glucocorticoids by the placental enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD-2), which catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to its biologically inactive metabolite, cortisone. We examined the effects of antenatal dexamethasone on the expression of placental 11beta-HSD-2 in fetal sheep. Ewes were randomized to receive repeated or single courses of dexamethasone or placebo beginning at 76-78 or 104-106 d of gestation, respectively. In the single course group, the ewes received dexamethasone (6 mg, n = 7) or placebo (n = 6) as four intramuscular injections over 48 h up to 18 h before placental harvest. In the repeated course group, the ewes received the same treatment (dexamethasone, n = 10, or placebo, n = 9) once a week for 5 consecutive weeks starting at 76-78 d of gestation. Placental harvest occurred at 106-108 d of gestation in the four groups. By semi-quantitative RT-PCR, we found that placental 11beta-HSD-2 expression was lower in the fetuses of ewes exposed to a single course of dexamethasone than placebo (p < 0.05). Placental 11beta-HSD-2 expression did not differ significantly between fetuses of ewes treated with repeated courses of dexamethasone compared with placebo, or a single course of dexamethasone. Fetuses of dexamethasone treated ewes weighed less than those of placebo treated ewes (ANOVA, main effects for dexamethasone versus placebo treatment: F = 14.5, p = 0.007). Fetuses of ewes exposed to repeated courses of dexamethasone weighed less than those of ewes exposed to placebo or a single course of dexamethasone (p < 0.05). We conclude that maternal antenatal dexamethasone treatment reduces placental 11beta-HSD-2 expression and fetal weight at mid-gestation in the ovine pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Kerzner
- Brown University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence 02905, USA
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Cudd TA, Chen WJA, West JR. Fetal and Maternal Sheep Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Chronic Binge Ethanol Exposure During the Third Trimester Equivalent. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schwartz J, Rose JC. Development of the pituitary adrenal axis in fetal sheep twins. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:R1-8. [PMID: 9458891 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.1.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cortisol increases in fetuses at term and is important for overall development. This study was designed to determine whether cortisol increases synchronously in twin fetal sheep and whether differences between twins contribute to the respective timing. Catheters were surgically implanted in fetal arteries in twins, the amniotic sac, and a maternal artery and vein. Blood was drawn daily until labor was imminent or the twins were delivered. Fetal pituitaries and adrenals were removed for in vitro measurements. Analyses included blood gases and cortisol (daily) and plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and estrogens (at completion). Twins were assigned retrospectively to group A or B, depending on which cortisol was first elevated (group A) above baseline. Group A fetuses consistently had higher cortisol until term. All group A fetuses also first had elevated ACTH. In four of four sets of twins of both sexes, the male was in group A. There were no differences between fetuses in plasma estrogens or pituitary ACTH response to stimulation, but adrenal cells from group A fetuses were more responsive. These data suggest that adrenal activity is increased in one twin consistently, with the difference being attributable to the responsiveness of adrenal cells to ACTH rather than pituitary responsiveness to either corticotropin-releasing hormone or vasopressin. Difference between sexes may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Wood CE, Cudd TA. Development of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis of the equine fetus: a comparative review. Equine Vet J 1997:74-82. [PMID: 9355806 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Wood
- Department of Physiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0274, USA
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Jeffray TM, Berdusco ET, Wallace M, Fowden A, Challis JR. Effects of incremental cortisol and adrenalectomy on plasma corticosteroid binding capacity in fetal sheep. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1995; 73:1568-73. [PMID: 8789409 DOI: 10.1139/y95-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of incremental cortisol infusion or fetal adrenalectomy on plasma corticosteroid-binding capacity (CBC) were examined in sheep fetuses during late gestation (term approximately 150 days). Cortisol, infused from day 120 at 1.5 mg/day for the first 3 days, 2.5 mg/day for the next 5 days, and 3.5 mg/day for the final 2 days, stimulated a significant rise in plasma CBC and immunoreactive corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG). There was a significant positive correlation between individual values for total plasma cortisol concentrations and CBC values. In contrast, fetal adrenalectomy at day 115 prevented the rise in plasma CBC found in intact fetuses at term. These experiments show that exogenous cortisol, given in a manner that mimics the prepartum rise in fetal plasma cortisol, stimulates CBG biosynthesis, whereas abolition of the cortisol rise prevents the increase in CBG. The study provides strong support for the proposal that the prepartum increase in CBG biosynthesis in fetal sheep occurs in response to the progressive rise in adrenal cortisol output by the fetus towards term.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Jeffray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Yang K. Co-expression of two distinct isoforms of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the ovine placenta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 52:337-43. [PMID: 7734401 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)00179-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described two distinct isoforms of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) with respect to enzymatic activity in the ovine liver and kidney. To determine which isoform(s) is expressed in the ovine placenta, we studied the characteristics of 11 beta-HSD activity in placental tissues collected at days 140-143 of pregnancy. 11 beta-HSD activity was determined by a radiometric conversion assay using cortisol and cortisone as physiological substrates. At 100 nM cortisol, the placental 11 beta-HSD utilized NAD as cofactor, but displayed preference for NADP at 10 microM cortisol. Kinetic characteristics were examined in the presence of alternate cofactors, in order to determine whether this difference in the cofactor requirement represents distinct enzymes. With NAD as cofactor, the placental 11 beta-dehydrogenase had a Km (110 +/- 18 nM) compatible with the kidney enzyme, but displayed a Km (12 +/- 2 microM) similar/identical to the liver 11 beta-HSD when NADP was used. By contrast, the placental 11-oxoreductase showed preference for NADPH regardless of cortisone concentration. Kinetic analysis, using NADPH as cofactor, revealed a single species of 11-oxoreductase activity with a Km of 4 +/- 0.9 microM and a Vmax of 3.1 +/- 0.5 pmol/mg/min. Finally, since the NAD-dependent 11 beta-HSD in the ovine placenta displayed similar/identical kinetic characteristics to the enzyme described previously in the ovine kidney where a truncated 11 beta-HSD transcript was identified, we have also determined whether this transcript is expressed in the placenta by Northern blotting. It was found that the truncated 11 beta-HSD transcript was undetectable in the total RNA samples. These results demonstrate that both liver- and kidney-types of 11 beta-HSD activities are expressed in the ovine placenta, thus providing further evidence for the existence of a NAD-dependent 11 beta-HSD distinct from the well-characterized hepatic NADP-dependent enzyme. Furthermore, the lack of the truncated 11 beta-HSD transcript in the placenta suggests that the NAD-dependent enzyme identified in placenta and kidney is the product of a gene distinct from 11 beta-HSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yang
- Lawson Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, St Joseph's Health Centre, London, Canada
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Yang K, Yu M. Evidence for distinct isoforms of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the ovine liver and kidney. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994; 49:245-50. [PMID: 8031722 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified a unique 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) transcript in the ovine kidney. To examine whether this is indicative of a distinct isoform with respect to enzymatic activity, we studied and compared the characteristics of 11 beta-HSD activity in the ovine liver and kidney. 11 beta-HSD activity was determined by a radiometric conversion assay using cortisol and cortisone as physiological substrates. Although in both liver and kidney, the enzyme was localized by subcellular fractionation in the microsomes, the renal 11 beta-HSD displayed distinct characteristics in that it expressed only dehydrogenase activity and utilized almost exclusively NAD as cofactor (the respective activity in the presence of NAD and NADP was 190 +/- 26 and 12 +/- 2 pmol/min/mg protein). By contrast, the liver enzyme contained both dehydrogenase and reductase activities, and displayed preference for NADP and NADPH, respectively. Furthermore, with cortisol as substrate, the kidney 11 beta-HSD had a Km of 68 +/- 7 nM which was over 100 times lower than the hepatic enzyme (8 +/- 1 microM). In addition, the renal 11 beta-HSD activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by both carbenoxolone, a potent inhibitor of 11 beta-HSD, and the end product cortisone, whereas the liver enzyme showed little inhibition by either substance. In summary, these results provide strong evidence for the existence of distinct isoforms of 11 beta-HSD with respect to enzymatic activity in the ovine liver and kidney. In addition, the characteristics of the kidney enzyme closely resemble those of that described previously in the rabbit renal aldosterone target cells, and thus further demonstrating the presence of an isoform of 11 beta-HSD distinct from the NADP-dependent enzyme purified and cloned from the rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yang
- Lawson Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, St Joseph's Health Centre, London, Canada
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Cudd TA, Castro MI, Wood CE. Content, in vivo release, and bioactivity of fetal pulmonary immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 265:E667-72. [PMID: 8238343 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.4.e667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that fetal lung contains and releases immunoreactive (ir) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Fetal sheep lung (89-145 days gestation, n = 13) irACTH content was 4,100 +/- 672 (SE) pg/g lung wet wt compared with 5,425 +/- 1,403 (SE) pg/g in adults (n = 5) when measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). irACTH values normalized to protein content were 158 +/- 18 and 95 +/- 22 (SE) ng/g protein for fetuses and adults, respectively. Grouped by age, < 90 days (n = 4), 131-139 days (n = 5), and 143-145 days (n = 4), the values for irACTH were 184 +/- 28, 173 +/- 33, and 114 +/- 33 (SE) ng/g protein, respectively, and declined significantly from < 90 days to adulthood. RIA serial dilution curve slopes were different from standard in 7 of 13 fetuses and in all adults, suggesting that irACTH structure differs from ACTH-(1-39). Acute in vivo fetal pulmonary artery and vein sampling (n = 5, 120-128 days gestation) revealed a mean difference of -609 +/- 476 (SE) pg/ml, a statistically significant release of irACTH across the lung. Western blotting revealed that pulmonary irACTH migrates in multiple immunostaining bands between molecular weight 14,000 and 46,000 and does not colocalize with ACTH-(1-39). Adrenal cell bioassay revealed that pulmonary irACTH is not corticotropic. We concluded that ovine fetal lung contains large-molecular-weight irACTH, that content declines from 90 days gestation to adulthood, and that, under acute conditions, the fetal lung releases irACTH substances in sufficient quantity to contribute to circulating hormone concentrations of irACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Cudd
- Department of Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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Abstract
Previous results from this laboratory have demonstrated that in preterm fetal sheep (117-131 days gestation), stimulated ACTH secretion is highly sensitive and that in term fetal sheep (129-143 days), stimulated ACTH secretion is insensitive to the negative feedback effects of cortisol. The purpose of this study was to quantitate cortisol negative feedback inhibition of stimulated ACTH secretion in adult sheep. Adult, conscious, nonpregnant ewes, chronically prepared with carotid arterial loops, were infused intravenously with vehicle or cortisol at 4 different rates (denoted Groups I, II, III, and IV) for 5 hours. These infusions increased total and unbound plasma cortisol concentrations within the range observed after stimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. One hour after termination of the cortisol or vehicle infusions, ACTH secretion was stimulated by intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside for 10 min at a rate of 20 micrograms/kg.min. Cortisol infusions suppressed ACTH responses to nitroprusside in a dose-related manner. After vehicle infusion, nitroprusside increased plasma ACTH to 735 +/- 229 pg/ml. After cortisol infusions, nitroprusside increased plasma ACTH to 292 +/- 63, 101 +/- 30, 73 +/- 12, and 67 +/- 24 in Groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Overall, there was a significant negative exponential relationship between plateau plasma cortisol concentration during the cortisol or vehicle infusion and the peak plasma ACTH concentration during the response to nitroprusside infusion (r = -0.81). The highest rate of cortisol infusion increased total and unbound plasma cortisol concentrations to 40.1 +/- 5.7 and 19.5 +/- 5.9 ng/ml and completely suppressed the subsequent ACTH response to nitroprusside.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wood
- Department of Physiology, University of Florida College of Medicine
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Mellor DJ. Integration of perinatal events, pathophysiological changes and consequences for the newborn lamb. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1988; 144:552-69. [PMID: 3060214 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(88)90025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Towell ME, Figueroa J, Markowitz S, Elias B, Nathanielsz P. The effect of mild hypoxemia maintained for twenty-four hours on maternal and fetal glucose, lactate, cortisol, and arginine vasopressin in pregnant sheep at 122 to 139 days' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157:1550-7. [PMID: 3425660 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(87)80261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of prolonged mild hypoxemia on the fetus have received little attention. We investigated the response to a decrease in fetal arterial Po2 of 5 mm Hg or less sustained for a period of 24 hours in the chronically instrumented fetal lamb. Hypoxemia was induced by an infusion of nitrogen via the maternal trachea for 24 hours in 13 pregnant sheep at 122 to 139 days' gestation. Two control periods of air infusion via the maternal trachea for 24 hours were alternated with hypoxemia. Fetal hypoxemia was not associated with any change in fetal pH. During the first and second exposures to hypoxemia, there was an increase in fetal plasma lactate of 22.8 +/- 22.3 and 15.3 +/- 14.6 mg.dl-1 (mean +/- SD) above preliminary values (p less than 0.05) compared with the control period. Fetal plasma cortisol also increased by 5.7 +/- 6.1 and 9.5 +/- 5.4 ng.ml-1 (mean +/- SD) (p less than 0.05) compared with the control period. These results suggest that the fetal lamb at 122 to 139 days' gestation is highly sensitive to small decrements in Po2 of 5 mm Hg or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Towell
- Laboratory for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Hargrave BY, Rose JC. By 94 days of gestation plasma cortisol increases block ACTH response to hypotension in lamb fetuses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 249:E350-4. [PMID: 2996363 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1985.249.4.e350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
By use of a crossover design, we studied the effects of increasing plasma cortisol concentration on ACTH responses to a standardized stress in 14 lamb fetuses between 94 and 108 days gestation. On a random basis we assigned the animals into two groups of seven. Animals in groups I and II received infusions of cortisol (5 and 1 microgram/min, respectively) or saline for 4 h. After the cortisol or saline pretreatment, we reduced arterial pressure approximately 40-50% in both groups of animals with nitroprusside. After saline pretreatment, hypotension in the group I animals produced an increase in the fetal plasma ACTH from 15 +/- 3 to 200 +/- 20 pg/ml (P less than 0.001), and in the group II animals pretreated with saline plasma ACTH increased from 21 +/- 4 to 141 +/- 19 pg/ml (P less than 0.001) with hypotension. Cortisol pretreatment elevated fetal plasma cortisol levels from 7 +/- 3 to 36 +/- 5 ng/ml in group I and from 8 +/- 4 to 20 +/- 2 ng/ml in group II. The ACTH response to hypotension in both groups was abolished by the cortisol pretreatment. We conclude that by 94 days gestation increases in plasma cortisol within a physiological range block ACTH responses to hypotension in lamb fetuses.
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Dalle M, Pradier P, Essono-Ondo A, Delost P. The development of cortisol metabolism in the perinatal period in the guinea-pig. Steroids 1984; 44:459-65. [PMID: 6544533 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(84)80005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol metabolism appears to be active soon after birth in guinea-pigs. Indeed, plasma cortisol half-life measured in three day-old animals resembles that of adult guinea-pigs (48 min). The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of plasma cortisol as measured by continuous infusions of 3H-cortisol in fetal and newborn guinea-pigs remained very low, increasing slowly and regularly during the perinatal period without abrupt change at birth. Whole cortisol MCR in fetus is presented as the resultant of the concomitant actions of three factors: transfer to the mother, fetal irreversible removal rate and placental metabolism. True fetal cortisol MCR could be dissociated from total cortisol MCR measured in fetus by comparing the ratios of other measured parameters in maternal and fetal plasmas. Until ten days post partum, cortisol MCR varied independently of body weight growth and reflected the maturation of catabolizing hepatic enzymes.
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Murata Y, Martin CB, Ikenoue T, Socol ML, Druzin ML. Intrauterine growth of chronically instrumented rhesus monkey fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150:40-6. [PMID: 6476026 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(84)80107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of surgical and experimental manipulations on intrauterine growth of the fetus was investigated in 61 rhesus monkey fetuses in which chronic preparations were attempted. The surgical procedure consisted of hysterotomy and insertion of vascular catheters and included unilateral ligation of the fetal carotid artery. The mother was kept in a restraining chair after the operation for the duration of the preparation (0 to 39 days). Thirty-four fetuses who died within 48 hours after operation served as the control group for the growth parameters. The remaining fetuses that survived 7 days or more after the operation were included in the experimental group. Body weight, crown-rump length, crown-heel length, and foot length of the fetus and placental weight were measured at the termination of the preparation. There were significant linear correlations between all parameters and gestational age. Comparison between the control and experimental groups revealed that none of the parameters from the experimental group differed significantly from those of the control group. No relationships were found between the duration of the preparation and any of the parameters. Total brain weights from 19 fetuses exhibited a significant increase with gestational age and these values were within the normal range reported previously. There were no significant differences in weight between right and left cerebral hemispheres. No evidence of unequal blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres was found with the radioactive microsphere technique. The data suggest that the surgery performed on both the mother and the fetus and prolonged maternal restraint did not alter intrauterine fetal development.
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Fetal Metabolism of Cortisol. FETAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM - CURRENT TOPICS IN EXPERIMENTAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-153205-5.50014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wood CE, Keil LC, Rudolph AM. Hormonal and hemodynamic responses to vena caval obstruction in fetal sheep. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 243:E278-86. [PMID: 6289673 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1982.243.4.e278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that ACTH and vasopressin responses are quantifiable as functions of induced changes in central venous or arterial pressures, we produced various degrees of vena caval obstruction in fetal sheep (118--134 days gestation). In seven experiments, vena caval obstruction increased heart rate 18 +/- 7 beats/min and carotid arterial oxygen saturation 8.4 +/- 2.1%, but did not alter any measured vascular pressure or hormones. More severe vena caval obstruction (n = 10) decreased mean arterial pressure 13 +/- 2 mmHg, central venous pressure 1.3 +/- 0.3 mmHg, and heart rate 47 +/- 12 beats/min, and increased fetal plasma ACTH 1,047 +/- 448 pg/ml, cortisol 4.4 +/- 2.2 ng/ml, and vasopressin 47.9 +/- 24.2 pg/ml, but did not alter 11-deoxycortisol. The stimulus increased plasma cortisol (radioimmunoassay after chromatography) 100% and "corticosteroids" (radiotransinassay without chromatography) 20%, demonstrating the nonlinear relationship between these two variables. End-inflation plasma ACTH and vasopressin concentrations were significantly related to the induced decreases in mean arterial and central venous pressures, suggesting that the hormonal responses to vena caval obstruction were mediated by cardiovascular mechanoreceptors. Plasma vasopressin concentrations were linearly related to plasma ACTH concentrations (4 = 0.94; P less than 0.001), suggesting parallel release of the two hormones.
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Slater J, Mellor D. Within-day variations in the composition of maternal and fetal plasma from catheterised ewes fed once daily or at hourly intervals during late pregnancy. Res Vet Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Buttle HL, Horwood OM. A note on the absence of acth-like activity secreted by the goat placenta in vivo and on the independence of fetal endocrine development of the maternal hypophysis. Theriogenology 1981; 15:211-7. [PMID: 16725579 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(81)80009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/1980] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the goat, maternal hypophysectomy on Day 60 of gestation or treatment with 5 mg bromocriptine/day between Days 60 and 120 of gestation did not affect fetal body weights or the weights of the fetal adrenals, thyroid, pituitary gland or gonads when examined at 120 days gestation. The maternal adrenal cortex regressed after hypophysectomy of the pregnant goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Buttle
- Physiology Department, National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading, England
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Hills F, James PS, Paterson JY, Smith MW. Delayed development of amiloride-sensitive sodium transport in lamb distal colon. J Physiol 1980; 303:371-84. [PMID: 7431239 PMCID: PMC1282898 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Na transport has been measured in vitro across distal colons taken from fetal and early post-natal lambs. 2. The mucosal to serosal Na flux fell by half during the first three weeks of post-natal life. Similar falls were recorded for measured short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage. The net transport of Na, measured isotopically at all stages of development, corresponded approximately to that calculated from measurements of short-circuit current. 3. The serosal to mucosal flux of Na was approximately half the mucosal to serosal flux at all stages in development. 4. Amiloride affected neither the short-circuit current nor the mucosal to serosal flux of Na measured during the first five days of post-natal life. The short-circuit current of an increasing proportion of distal colons (30-70%) began to show some sensitivity to amiloride during the second to third week of post-natal life. Sensitivity of the short-circuit to inhibition by amiloride appeared to be fully developed in the 8-week-old lamb colon. 5. The serum concentration of aldosterone was high at birth. It then fell rapidly to levels approaching those found in fetuses in the last week of pregnancy. The serum concentration of cortisol was two orders of magnitude higher than for aldosterone. Changes in cortisol concentration during development paralleled those for aldosterone. 6. There appears to be no aldosterone-induced change in Na transport across lamb distal colon during the first week of post-natal development. Comparisons are made between this situation and that found in the neonatal pig, where aldosterone acts to increase Na reabsorption immediately after birth. Possible reasons for this species difference are discussed.
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Ayromlooi J. The effects of adrenalectomy in the ovine fetus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1980; 17:624-30. [PMID: 6106589 DOI: 10.1002/j.1879-3479.1980.tb00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mellor D, Matheson I, Small J. Some changes in the composition of maternal and fetal plasma from chronically catheterised sheep during short periods of reduced feed intake in late pregnancy. Res Vet Sci 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)33239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Barnes RJ, Comline RS, Silver M. The effects of bilateral adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy of the foetal lamb in utero. J Physiol 1977; 264:429-47. [PMID: 839461 PMCID: PMC1307770 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Foetal hypophysectomy or bilateral adrenalectomy, carried out in utero at about 100 or 125 days gestation respectively, increased the length of gestation in sheep. It was confirmed that pregnancy was not prolonged significantly if hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy was carried out on one of a pair of twins. The hypophysectomized foetus was, however, smaller and the adrenalectomized foetus larger, than the unoperated twin. 2. In about half of the previously operated foetuses intravascular catheters were inserted into both mother and foetus, either at about 125 days, for a comparison with normal catheterized foetuses, or during the post-mature period. Both adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetuses appeared to have little resistance to stress or infection and the majority survived only 1-2 weeks after the insertion of catheters. 3. Maternal peripheral plasma oestrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations did not appear to be altered by either foetal hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy and were maintained in the normal range during prolonged gestation. 4. Foetal plasma oestrogen concentrations were significantly lower after hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy than values found in control lambs. Plasma progesterone values were low in all three groups of foetuses. 5. Plasma corticosteroid concentrations after foetal hypophysectomy (12-6 ng/ml.) or adrenalectomy (14-7 ng/ml.) were in the same range as the values for control lambs before the pre-partum rise (14-6 ng/ml.). However, there was a small but significant maternal-to-foetal plasma corticosteroid gradient in the two operated groups whereas this difference was not found in the control animals. 6. Tissue glycogen concentrations were measured in non-catheterized adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetuses. In these two groups, whether examined before 149 days or after prolonged gestation, liver glycogen concentrations were 30-40% of those in non-catheterized control foetuses at term. In other respects there was little apparent difference between adrenalectomized and control foetuses. 7. Hypophysectomized foetuses had significantly higher glycogen concentrations in heart, skeletal muscle and lung compared with control or adrenalectomized lambs. Plasma glucose and fructose values were also low in this group compared with control foetuses.
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Spain KM, Kisieleski W, Wood NK. Cleft palate induction: quantitative studies of 3H corticoids in A/Jax mouse tissues after maternal injections of 3H cortisol. J Dent Res 1975; 54:1069-77. [PMID: 1058860 DOI: 10.1177/00220345750540051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A/Jax mice were injected with 50 muCi of 3H cortisol and 10 mg of cortisone acetate on day 12 of gestation. At various intervals after injection, the maternal liver, placenta, yolk sac, and the fetal jaws were removed and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with oxidative combustion and liquid scintillation counting to identify and measure the amount of labeled corticoid metabolites. The results support the thesis that these corticoids may induce clefts by an individual or combined direct action on the fetal jaws and palatal shelf tissue.
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Murphy BE, Clark SJ, Donald IR, Pinsky M, Vedady D. Conversion of maternal cortisol to cortisone during placental transfer to the human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 118:538-41. [PMID: 4812574 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Jackson BT, Rauschecker HF, Piasecki GJ. Quantitative relations of fetal and maternal pitiutary-adrenal systems. J Clin Invest 1973; 52:3154-60. [PMID: 4356264 PMCID: PMC302591 DOI: 10.1172/jci107515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though certain aspects of the fetal pituitary-adrenal system have been extensively studied, much remains to be learned of its basic development and function. In the present work, the effect of maternal hypophysectomy upon quantitative pituitary-adrenal relations in mother and fetus was investigated in pregnant beagle dogs. At 57 days gestation in each of seven normal animals and seven animals 3 wk posthypophysectomy, a cannula for collection of adrenal effluent was placed in a single fetus in utero under halothane anesthesia. A timed fetal adrenal sample was obtained; ACTH (10 mU) was injected into the fetus; 3 min thereafter a second fetal adrenal sample was collected and fetal and maternal peripheral arterial samples were drawn. All fetuses and their adrenal glands were weighed. Concentrations of cortisol and corticosterone were determined by a modification of the double-isotope dilution derivative method of Kliman and Peterson. Mean peripheral cortisol concentrations in mother and fetus were 92 and 94 ng/ml, respectively (ratio 1.0), in normal pregnancies and 11 and 54 ng/ml, respectively (ratio 0.2), in maternal hypophysectomy pregnancies. Weights of fetal adrenal gland pairs of 32 and 44 mg, respectively, in normal and hypophysectomy pregnancies indicate increased fetal ACTH secretion in response to lowered circulating cortisol in the fetus secondary to maternal hypophysectomy. These data demonstrate the presence of an active pituitary-adrenal feedback mechanism in the dog fetus which is partly influenced by maternal pituitary-adrenal function. The shift in the maternal-fetal ratio of peripheral cortisol concentrations from 1.0 to 0.2 occasioned by maternal hypophysectomy neither supports nor rules out the presence of specific placental mechanisms affecting relative concentrations of cortisol in mother and fetus. It does suggest, however, that the relative steroid input into maternal and fetal compartments is one of the factors which influences such concentration ratios. Concentrations of cortisol were significantly higher in fetal adrenal effluent (pre-ACTH) than in fetal peripheral plasma in normal pregnancies, which demonstrates secretion of cortisol by the fetus and shows that corticosteroid of maternal origin does not lead to complete suppression of fetal pituitary-adrenal function. Cortisol secretion rates in response to exogenous ACTH were essentially the same in fetuses in normal and hypophysectomy pregnancies (132 and 128 ng/min, respectively). Thus, fetal adrenal responsiveness to ACTH, i.e., maximum secretory capacity, is not enhanced by increased ACTH stimulation sufficient to induce adrenal hypertrophy in the same fetuses.
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Abstract
In a series of experiments, one rabbit fetus of a litter was decapitated in utero on day 24 of gestation and allowed to develop for a further 5 days. One effect of fetal decapitation was a reduction in the concentration of osmiophilic inclusion bodies in the type II pneumocytes of the lung. However, certain physical properties of the lung which depend on the presence of a surface active alveolar lining were normal. When 50 μg tetracosactrin was given to the fetus subcutaneously at the time of decapitation, there was no reduction in the concentration of inclusion bodies. It is suggested that though the production of surface active material in the pneumocyte is controlled at least in part by fetal adrenocortical hormones, the extrusion of this material into the alveolar space may be subject to other control. This may have important implications for the prophylactic treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies by antepartum maternal glucocorticoid therapy.
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Liggins GC, Fairclough RJ, Grieves SA, Kendall JZ, Knox BS. The mechanism of initiation of parturition in the ewe. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1973; 29:111-59. [PMID: 4356273 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571129-6.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Reminga TA, Avery JK. Differential binding of 14 C-cortisone in fetal, placental, and maternal liver tissue in A-J and C57BL mice. J Dent Res 1972; 51:1426-30. [PMID: 4506568 DOI: 10.1177/00220345720510052901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
When 14C-cortisone was given to pregnant A/Jax and C57BL mice, the concentration of radioactivity firmly bound to fetal tissue was significantly higher in A/Jax mice than in C57BL mice. Differences in the binding of cortisone to tissue proteins may explain the differential incidences of cleft palate in A/Jax and C57BL mice.
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Gurpide E, Tseng J, Escarcena L, Fahning M, Gibson C, Fehr P. Fetomaternal production and transfer of progesterone and uridine in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972; 113:21-32. [PMID: 5061635 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Dixon R, Hyman A, Gurpide E, Dyrenfurth I, Cohen H, Bowe E, Engel T, Daniel S, James S, Vande Wiele R. Feto-maternal transfer and production of cortisol in the sheep. Steroids 1970; 16:771-89. [PMID: 5500922 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(70)80154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bayard F, Ances IG, Tapper AJ, Weldon VV, Kowarski A, Migeon CJ. Transplacental passage and fetal secretion of aldosterone. J Clin Invest 1970; 49:1389-93. [PMID: 5432371 PMCID: PMC322612 DOI: 10.1172/jci106356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transplacental passage and the production of aldosterone were studied in late pregnancy during a constant infusion of 1,2-aldosterone-(3)H to mothers at the time of elective cesarean section. It was found that, while maternal aldosterone crossed the placenta, there was a significant secretion of aldosterone by the fetus. The aldosterone concentration in fetal plasma was 2-12 times higher than that of the corresponding mothers. Pregnancy had no effect on the metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone, but it increased the rate of production of this steroid. However, the increments that we observed were smaller than those reported in previous reports. The discrepancy was probably due to differences in body posture, our subjects being supine for at least 10 hr at the time of study.
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