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Dragoi G. The generative grammar of the brain: a critique of internally generated representations. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:60-75. [PMID: 38036709 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The past decade of progress in neurobiology has uncovered important organizational principles for network preconfiguration and neuronal selection that suggest a generative grammar exists in the brain. In this Perspective, I discuss the competence of the hippocampal neural network to generically express temporally compressed sequences of neuronal firing that represent novel experiences, which is envisioned as a form of generative neural syntax supporting a neurobiological perspective on brain function. I compare this neural competence with the hippocampal network performance that represents specific experiences with higher fidelity after new learning during replay, which is envisioned as a form of neural semantic that supports a complementary neuropsychological perspective. I also demonstrate how the syntax of network competence emerges a priori during early postnatal life and is followed by the later development of network performance that enables rapid encoding and memory consolidation. Thus, I propose that this generative grammar of the brain is essential for internally generated representations, which are crucial for the cognitive processes underlying learning and memory, prospection, and inference, which ultimately underlie our reason and representation of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Dragoi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Snell-Rood EC, Ehlman SM. Developing the genotype-to-phenotype relationship in evolutionary theory: A primer of developmental features. Evol Dev 2023; 25:393-409. [PMID: 37026670 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, there have been repeated calls for more integration across evolutionary and developmental biology. However, critiques in the literature and recent funding initiatives suggest this integration remains incomplete. We suggest one way forward is to consider how we elaborate the most basic concept of development, the relationship between genotype and phenotype, in traditional models of evolutionary processes. For some questions, when more complex features of development are accounted for, predictions of evolutionary processes shift. We present a primer on concepts of development to clarify confusion in the literature and fuel new questions and approaches. The basic features of development involve expanding a base model of genotype-to-phenotype to include the genome, space, and time. A layer of complexity is added by incorporating developmental systems, including signal-response systems and networks of interactions. The developmental emergence of function, which captures developmental feedbacks and phenotypic performance, offers further model elaborations that explicitly link fitness with developmental systems. Finally, developmental features such as plasticity and developmental niche construction conceptualize the link between a developing phenotype and the external environment, allowing for a fuller inclusion of ecology in evolutionary models. Incorporating aspects of developmental complexity into evolutionary models also accommodates a more pluralistic focus on the causal importance of developmental systems, individual organisms, or agents in generating evolutionary patterns. Thus, by laying out existing concepts of development, and considering how they are used across different fields, we can gain clarity in existing debates around the extended evolutionary synthesis and pursue new directions in evolutionary developmental biology. Finally, we consider how nesting developmental features in traditional models of evolution can highlight areas of evolutionary biology that need more theoretical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sean M Ehlman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
- SCIoI Excellence Cluster, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Mondello SE, Young L, Dang V, Fischedick AE, Tolley NM, Wang T, Bravo MA, Lee D, Tucker B, Knoernschild M, Pedigo BD, Horner PJ, Moritz CT. Optogenetic spinal stimulation promotes new axonal growth and skilled forelimb recovery in rats with sub-chronic cervical spinal cord injury. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:056005. [PMID: 37524080 PMCID: PMC10496592 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acec13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to debilitating sensorimotor deficits that greatly limit quality of life. This work aims to develop a mechanistic understanding of how to best promote functional recovery following SCI. Electrical spinal stimulation is one promising approach that is effective in both animal models and humans with SCI. Optogenetic stimulation is an alternative method of stimulating the spinal cord that allows for cell-type-specific stimulation. The present work investigates the effects of preferentially stimulating neurons within the spinal cord and not glial cells, termed 'neuron-specific' optogenetic spinal stimulation. We examined forelimb recovery, axonal growth, and vasculature after optogenetic or sham stimulation in rats with cervical SCI.Approach.Adult female rats received a moderate cervical hemicontusion followed by the injection of a neuron-specific optogenetic viral vector ipsilateral and caudal to the lesion site. Animals then began rehabilitation on the skilled forelimb reaching task. At four weeks post-injury, rats received a micro-light emitting diode (µLED) implant to optogenetically stimulate the caudal spinal cord. Stimulation began at six weeks post-injury and occurred in conjunction with activities to promote use of the forelimbs. Following six weeks of stimulation, rats were perfused, and tissue stained for GAP-43, laminin, Nissl bodies and myelin. Location of viral transduction and transduced cell types were also assessed.Main Results.Our results demonstrate that neuron-specific optogenetic spinal stimulation significantly enhances recovery of skilled forelimb reaching. We also found significantly more GAP-43 and laminin labeling in the optogenetically stimulated groups indicating stimulation promotes axonal growth and angiogenesis.Significance.These findings indicate that optogenetic stimulation is a robust neuromodulator that could enable future therapies and investigations into the role of specific cell types, pathways, and neuronal populations in supporting recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Mondello
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
- Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Lisa Young
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Viet Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Amanda E Fischedick
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Nicholas M Tolley
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
- Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Madison A Bravo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
- Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Dalton Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Belinda Tucker
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Megan Knoernschild
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D Pedigo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
- Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Philip J Horner
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Chet T Moritz
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
- Center for Neurotechnology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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4
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Corcoran AW, Perrykkad K, Feuerriegel D, Robinson JE. Body as First Teacher: The Role of Rhythmic Visceral Dynamics in Early Cognitive Development. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023:17456916231185343. [PMID: 37694720 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231185343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Embodied cognition-the idea that mental states and processes should be understood in relation to one's bodily constitution and interactions with the world-remains a controversial topic within cognitive science. Recently, however, increasing interest in predictive processing theories among proponents and critics of embodiment alike has raised hopes of a reconciliation. This article sets out to appraise the unificatory potential of predictive processing, focusing in particular on embodied formulations of active inference. Our analysis suggests that most active-inference accounts invoke weak, potentially trivial conceptions of embodiment; those making stronger claims do so independently of the theoretical commitments of the active-inference framework. We argue that a more compelling version of embodied active inference can be motivated by adopting a diachronic perspective on the way rhythmic physiological activity shapes neural development in utero. According to this visceral afferent training hypothesis, early-emerging physiological processes are essential not only for supporting the biophysical development of neural structures but also for configuring the cognitive architecture those structures entail. Focusing in particular on the cardiovascular system, we propose three candidate mechanisms through which visceral afferent training might operate: (a) activity-dependent neuronal development, (b) periodic signal modeling, and (c) oscillatory network coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Corcoran
- Monash Centre for Consciousness and Contemplative Studies, Monash University
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
| | - Kelsey Perrykkad
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
| | | | - Jonathan E Robinson
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
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Sun H, Hobert O. Temporal transitions in the postembryonic nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Recent insights and open questions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:67-80. [PMID: 35688774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
After the generation, differentiation and integration into functional circuitry, post-mitotic neurons continue to change certain phenotypic properties throughout postnatal juvenile stages until an animal has reached a fully mature state in adulthood. We will discuss such changes in the context of the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans, focusing on recent descriptions of anatomical and molecular changes that accompany postembryonic maturation of neurons. We summarize the characterization of genetic timer mechanisms that control these temporal transitions or maturational changes, and discuss that many but not all of these transitions relate to sexual maturation of the animal. We describe how temporal, spatial and sex-determination pathways are intertwined to sculpt the emergence of cell-type specific maturation events. Finally, we lay out several unresolved questions that should be addressed to move the field forward, both in C. elegans and in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Sun
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Taymourtash A, Schwartz E, Nenning KH, Sobotka D, Licandro R, Glatter S, Diogo MC, Golland P, Grant E, Prayer D, Kasprian G, Langs G. Fetal development of functional thalamocortical and cortico-cortical connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:5613-5624. [PMID: 36520481 PMCID: PMC10152101 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring and understanding functional fetal brain development in utero is critical for the study of the developmental foundations of our cognitive abilities, possible early detection of disorders, and their prevention. Thalamocortical connections are an intricate component of shaping the cortical layout, but so far, only ex-vivo studies provide evidence of how axons enter the sub-plate and cortex during this highly dynamic phase. Evidence for normal in-utero development of the functional thalamocortical connectome in humans is missing. Here, we modeled fetal functional thalamocortical connectome development using in-utero functional magnetic resonance imaging in fetuses observed from 19th to 40th weeks of gestation (GW). We observed a peak increase of thalamocortical functional connectivity strength between 29th and 31st GW, right before axons establish synapses in the cortex. The cortico-cortical connectivity increases in a similar time window, and exhibits significant functional laterality in temporal-superior, -medial, and -inferior areas. Homologous regions exhibit overall similar mirrored connectivity profiles, but this similarity decreases during gestation giving way to a more diverse cortical interconnectedness. Our results complement the understanding of structural development of the human connectome and may serve as the basis for the investigation of disease and deviations from a normal developmental trajectory of connectivity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Taymourtash
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Schwartz
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Nenning
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, 140, Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Daniel Sobotka
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roxane Licandro
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroimaging, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Bldg. 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Sarah Glatter
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariana Cardoso Diogo
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Radiology Department, Hospital CUF Tejo, Av. 24 de Julho 171A, 1350-352 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Polina Golland
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Ellen Grant
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300, Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Langs
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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Sırtbaş-Işık G, Yardımcı-Lokmanoğlu BN, Livanelioğlu A, Mutlu A. Sensory processing and sleep characteristics in preterm infants in the early period of life. Sleep Med 2023; 106:78-83. [PMID: 37054558 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the following: (i) differences in sensory processing and sleep characteristics between preterm infants born at < 32 weeks', vs. those born at ≥ 32 weeks' gestation; (ii) differences in sleep characteristics between preterm infants with typical vs. atypical sensory processing; and (iii) relationship between sensory processing and sleep characteristics in preterm infants at 3 months of age. METHODS A total of 189 preterm infants, 54 born at < 32 weeks' gestation (26 females; mean gestational age [standard deviation (SD)], 30.1 [1.7] weeks), and 135 born at ≥ 32 weeks' gestation (78 females; mean gestational age [SD], 34.9 [0.9] weeks) were included in the present study. Sleep characteristics were evaluated using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, and sensory processing was assessed using the Infant Sensory Profile-2. RESULTS There were no significant differences in sensory processing (P > 0.05) or sleep characteristics (P > 0.05) between the preterm groups; however, more infants snored in the <32 weeks' gestation group (P = 0.035). Preterm infants with atypical sensory processing showed lower nighttime (P = 0.027) and total sleep durations (P = 0.032), and higher rates of nocturnal wakefulness (P = 0.038) and snoring (P = 0.001) than preterm infants with typical sensory processing. A significant relationship, therefore, was observed between sensory processing and sleep characteristics (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sensory processing patterns may play an important role in understanding sleep problems in preterm infants. The early detection of sleep problems and sensory processing difficulties are necessary for early intervention.
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Martin MM, Baker NC, Boyes WK, Carstens KE, Culbreth ME, Gilbert ME, Harrill JA, Nyffeler J, Padilla S, Friedman KP, Shafer TJ. An expert-driven literature review of "negative" chemicals for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) in vitro assay evaluation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 93:107117. [PMID: 35908584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To date, approximately 200 chemicals have been tested in US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) guideline studies, leaving thousands of chemicals without traditional animal information on DNT hazard potential. To address this data gap, a battery of in vitro DNT new approach methodologies (NAMs) has been proposed. Evaluation of the performance of this battery will increase the confidence in its use to determine DNT chemical hazards. One approach to evaluate DNT NAM performance is to use a set of chemicals to evaluate sensitivity and specificity. Since a list of chemicals with potential evidence of in vivo DNT has been established, this study aims to develop a curated list of "negative" chemicals for inclusion in a "DNT NAM evaluation set". A workflow, including a literature search followed by an expert-driven literature review, was used to systematically screen 39 chemicals for lack of DNT effect. Expert panel members evaluated the scientific robustness of relevant studies to inform chemical categorizations. Following review, the panel discussed each chemical and made categorical determinations of "Favorable", "Not Favorable", or "Indeterminate" reflecting acceptance, lack of suitability, or uncertainty given specific limitations and considerations, respectively. The panel determined that 10, 22, and 7 chemicals met the criteria for "Favorable", "Not Favorable", and "Indeterminate", for use as negatives in a DNT NAM evaluation set. Ultimately, this approach not only supports DNT NAM performance evaluation but also highlights challenges in identifying large numbers of negative DNT chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Martin
- Rapid Assay Development Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, CCTE/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Nancy C Baker
- Leidos, Research Triangle Park, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - William K Boyes
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kelly E Carstens
- Rapid Assay Development Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, CCTE/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Megan E Culbreth
- Rapid Assay Development Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, CCTE/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Joshua A Harrill
- Rapid Assay Development Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, CCTE/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Johanna Nyffeler
- Rapid Assay Development Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, CCTE/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- Rapid Assay Development Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, CCTE/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- Computational Toxicology & Bioinformatics Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, CCTE/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Timothy J Shafer
- Rapid Assay Development Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, CCTE/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Alejandre-García T, Kim S, Pérez-Ortega J, Yuste R. Intrinsic excitability mechanisms of neuronal ensemble formation. eLife 2022; 11:77470. [PMID: 35506662 PMCID: PMC9197391 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ensembles are coactive groups of cortical neurons, found in spontaneous and evoked activity, that can mediate perception and behavior. To understand the mechanisms that lead to the formation of ensembles, we co-activated layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in brain slices from mouse visual cortex, in animals of both sexes, replicating in vitro an optogenetic protocol to generate ensembles in vivo. Using whole-cell and perforated patch-clamp pair recordings we found that, after optogenetic or electrical stimulation, coactivated neurons increased their correlated activity, a hallmark of ensemble formation. Coactivated neurons showed small biphasic changes in presynaptic plasticity, with an initial depression followed by a potentiation after a recovery period. Optogenetic and electrical stimulation also induced significant increases in frequency and amplitude of spontaneous EPSPs, even after single-cell stimulation. In addition, we observed unexpected strong and persistent increases in neuronal excitability after stimulation, with increases in membrane resistance and reductions in spike threshold. A pharmacological agent that blocks changes in membrane resistance reverted this effect. These significant increases in excitability can explain the observed biphasic synaptic plasticity. We conclude that cell-intrinsic changes in excitability are involved in the formation of neuronal ensembles. We propose an ‘iceberg’ model, by which increased neuronal excitability makes subthreshold connections suprathreshold, enhancing the effect of already existing synapses, and generating a new neuronal ensemble. In the brain, groups of neurons that are activated together – also known as neuronal ensembles – are the basic units that underpin perception and behavior. Yet, exactly how these coactive circuits are established remains under investigation. In 1949, Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb proposed that, when brains learn something new, the neurons which are activated together connect to form ensembles, and their connections become stronger each time this specific piece of knowledge is recalled. This idea that ‘neurons that fire together, wire together’ can explain how memories are acquired and recalled, by strengthening their wiring. However, recent studies have questioned whether strengthening connections is the only mechanism by which neural ensembles can be created. Changes in the excitability of neurons (how easily they are to fire and become activated) may also play a role. In other words, ensembles could emerge because certain neurons become more excitable and fire more readily. To solve this conundrum, Alejandre-García et al. examined both hypotheses in the same system. Neurons in slices of the mouse visual cortex were stimulated electrically or optically, via a technique that controls neural activity with light. The activity of individual neurons and their connections was then measured with electrodes. Spontaneous activity among connected neurons increased after stimulation, indicative of the formation of neuronal ensembles. Connected neurons also showed small changes in the strength of their connections, which first decreased and then rebounded after an initial recovery period. Intriguingly, cells also showed unexpected strong and persistent increases in neuronal excitability after stimulation, such that neurons fired more readily to the same stimulus. In other words, neurons maintained a cellular memory of having been stimulated. The authors conclude that ensembles form because connected neurons become more excitable, which in turn, may strengthen connections of the circuit at a later stage. These results provide fresh insights about the neural circuits underpinning learning and memory. In time, the findings could also help to understand disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia, which are characterised by memory impairments and disordered thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Jesús Pérez-Ortega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
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10
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Graf N, Zanca RM, Song W, Zeldin E, Raj R, Sullivan RM. Neurobiology of Parental Regulation of the Infant and Its Disruption by Trauma Within Attachment. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:806323. [PMID: 35464143 PMCID: PMC9022471 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.806323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex process of regulating physiological functions and homeostasis during external and internal disruptions develops slowly in altricial species, with parental care functioning as a co-regulator of infant physiological and emotional homeostasis. Here, we review our current understanding of the infant's use of parental behaviors for neurobehavioral regulation and its disruption with harsh parental care. Taking a cross-species view, we briefly review the human developmental literature that highlights the importance of the caregiver in scaffolding the child's physiological and emotional regulation, especially under threat and stress. We then use emerging corresponding animal literature within the phylogenetically preserved attachment system to help define neural systems supporting caregiver regulation and its supporting causal mechanism to provide translational bridges to inform causation and mechanisms impossible to define in children. Next, we briefly review animal research highlighting the impact of specific sensory stimuli imbedded in parental care as important for infant physiological and emotion regulation. We then highlight the importance of parental sensory stimuli gaining hedonic value to go beyond simple sensory stimuli to further impact neurobehavioral regulation, with poor quality of care compromising the infant's ability to use these cues for regulation. Clinically, parental regulation of the infant is correlated with later-life neurobehavioral outcome and quality of life. We suggest an understanding of this parental regulation of the infant's immediate neurobehavioral functioning within the context of attachment quality, that may provide insights into the complex processes during early life, initiating the pathway to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Graf
- Psychology Department and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Nina Graf,
| | - Roseanna M. Zanca
- Emotional Brain Institute, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wei Song
- Psychology Department and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Zeldin
- Psychology Department and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roshni Raj
- Psychology Department and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Psychology Department and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Emotional Brain Institute, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Regina M. Sullivan,
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11
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Sato H, Hatakeyama J, Iwasato T, Araki K, Yamamoto N, Shimamura K. Thalamocortical axons control the cytoarchitecture of neocortical layers by area-specific supply of VGF. eLife 2022; 11:67549. [PMID: 35289744 PMCID: PMC8959604 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal abundance and thickness of each cortical layer are specific to each area, but how this fundamental feature arises during development remains poorly understood. While some of area-specific features are controlled by intrinsic cues such as morphogens and transcription factors, the exact influence and mechanisms of action by cues extrinsic to the cortex, in particular the thalamic axons, have not been fully established. Here, we identify a thalamus-derived factor, VGF, which is indispensable for thalamocortical axons to maintain the proper amount of layer 4 neurons in the mouse sensory cortices. This process is prerequisite for further maturation of the primary somatosensory area, such as barrel field formation instructed by a neuronal activity-dependent mechanism. Our results provide an actual case in which highly site-specific axon projection confers further regional complexity upon the target field through locally secreting signaling molecules from axon terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Sato
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Hatakeyama
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimamura
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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12
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Vo Van P, Alison M, Morel B, Beck J, Bednarek N, Hertz-Pannier L, Loron G. Advanced Brain Imaging in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review of Microstructural and Connectomic Disruption. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9030356. [PMID: 35327728 PMCID: PMC8947160 DOI: 10.3390/children9030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth disrupts the in utero environment, preventing the brain from fully developing, thereby causing later cognitive and behavioral disorders. Such cerebral alteration occurs beneath an anatomical scale, and is therefore undetectable by conventional imagery. Prematurity impairs the microstructure and thus the histological process responsible for the maturation, including the myelination. Cerebral MRI diffusion tensor imaging sequences, based on water’s motion into the brain, allows a representation of this maturation process. Similarly, the brain’s connections become disorganized. The connectome gathers structural and anatomical white matter fibers, as well as functional networks referring to remote brain regions connected one over another. Structural and functional connectivity is illustrated by tractography and functional MRI, respectively. Their organizations consist of core nodes connected by edges. This basic distribution is already established in the fetal brain. It evolves greatly over time but is compromised by prematurity. Finally, cerebral plasticity is nurtured by a lifetime experience at microstructural and macrostructural scales. A preterm birth causes a negative and early disruption, though it can be partly mitigated by positive stimuli based on developmental neonatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vo Van
- Department of Neonatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Femme Mère Enfant Hospital, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Marianne Alison
- Service d’Imagerie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, 75019 Paris, France;
- U1141 Neurodiderot, Équipe 5 inDev, Inserm, CEA, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Clocheville Hospital, CHRU of Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
- UMR 1253, iB-Rain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Jonathan Beck
- Department of Neonatology, Reims University Hospital Alix de Champagne, 51100 Reims, France; (J.B.); (N.B.); (G.L.)
- CReSTIC EA 3804, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Nathalie Bednarek
- Department of Neonatology, Reims University Hospital Alix de Champagne, 51100 Reims, France; (J.B.); (N.B.); (G.L.)
- CReSTIC EA 3804, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Lucie Hertz-Pannier
- U1141 Neurodiderot, Équipe 5 inDev, Inserm, CEA, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France;
- NeuroSpin, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gauthier Loron
- Department of Neonatology, Reims University Hospital Alix de Champagne, 51100 Reims, France; (J.B.); (N.B.); (G.L.)
- CReSTIC EA 3804, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
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13
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Comsa M, Anderson KN, Sharma A, Yadav VC, Watson S. The relationship between sleep and depression and bipolar disorder in children and young people. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e27. [PMID: 35027099 PMCID: PMC8811784 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2021.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep difficulties are often reported in practice, and are part of the diagnostic criteria for depression and bipolar disorder. AIMS To inform the understanding of the relationship between sleep and both depression and bipolar disorder. METHOD We conducted a narrative literature review of affective disorders and sleep difficulties in children and young people. RESULTS Specific sleep disorders, such as parasomnias, narcolepsy and sleep-related movement disorders, are associated with depression, whereas insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea and circadian rhythm disorders are associated with both depression and bipolar disorder in children and young people. Conversely, children and young people with depression can present with a number of sleep difficulties, and these are associated with higher depression severity and greater fatigue, suicidal ideation, physical complaints, pain and decreased concentration. Sleep disturbances among adolescents with bipolar disorder can affect the severity of depressive and manic symptoms, are a poor prognostic indicator and have been associated with social and academic impairment. Antidepressants and antipsychotics can directly affect sleep architecture, which clinicians need to be aware of. Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep problems could prevent and/or minimise the risk of relapse in affective disorders. CONCLUSIONS Sleep difficulties can occur before, during and after an episode of depression or bipolar disorder, and have a higher prevalence in affective disorders compared with the general population. A multi-modal approach would include the treatment of both the affective and specific sleep disorder. Further research is needed in this field to understand the impact of combined interventions on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Comsa
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Cumbria Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Aditya Sharma
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, UK; and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Vanishri C Yadav
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Stuart Watson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, UK; and Specialist Services, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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14
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Lennartsson F, Öhnell H, Jacobson L, Nilsson M. Pre- and Postnatal Damage to the Retro-Geniculate Visual Pathways Cause Retinal Degeneration Predictive for Visual Function. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:734193. [PMID: 34764861 PMCID: PMC8577566 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.734193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase the understanding of the relationship between structure and function in individuals with damage to the brain from different stages of maturation of the visual system, we examined 16 teenagers and young adults. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fiber tractography of the optic radiation (OR) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and the ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer (GC+IPL) in the macula. Visual field (VF) function was assessed with the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA). Injuries to the immature OR were associated with thinning of the pRNFL and GC+IPL, and corresponding VF defects irrespectively of timing of the lesion. However, in cases with bilateral white-matter damage of immaturity (WMDI) we noticed a well preserved central VF despite a very thin GC+IPL. We speculate that this is due to plasticity in the immature visual system. Similar results were not noticed among cases with unilateral damage, acquired pre- or postnatally, in which the central VF was affected in most cases. OCT has proved to be a valuable targeted tool in children with damage to the retro-geniculate visual pathways, and that focal thinning of the GC+IPL predicts VF defects. This brief research report includes a review of four previously published papers. In addition, we present one new case and apply a recently developed classification system for CVI. The classification was applied on cases with bilateral WMDI to investigate its relation to retinal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Lennartsson
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Center for Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - HannaMaria Öhnell
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Jacobson
- Section for Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Unit of Optometry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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McClelland VM, Lin JP. Sensorimotor Integration in Childhood Dystonia and Dystonic Cerebral Palsy-A Developmental Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:668081. [PMID: 34367047 PMCID: PMC8343097 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.668081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a disorder of sensorimotor integration, involving dysfunction within the basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum, or their inter-connections as part of the sensorimotor network. Some forms of dystonia are also characterized by maladaptive or exaggerated plasticity. Development of the neuronal processes underlying sensorimotor integration is incompletely understood but involves activity-dependent modeling and refining of sensorimotor circuits through processes that are already taking place in utero and which continue through infancy, childhood, and into adolescence. Several genetic dystonias have clinical onset in early childhood, but there is evidence that sensorimotor circuit development may already be disrupted prenatally in these conditions. Dystonic cerebral palsy (DCP) is a form of acquired dystonia with perinatal onset during a period of rapid neurodevelopment and activity-dependent refinement of sensorimotor networks. However, physiological studies of children with dystonia are sparse. This discussion paper addresses the role of neuroplasticity in the development of sensorimotor integration with particular focus on the relevance of these mechanisms for understanding childhood dystonia, DCP, and implications for therapy selection, including neuromodulation and timing of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity M McClelland
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Cainelli E, Vedovelli L, Wigley ILCM, Bisiacchi PS, Suppiej A. Neonatal spectral EEG is prognostic of cognitive abilities at school age in premature infants without overt brain damage. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:909-918. [PMID: 32989487 PMCID: PMC7886838 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prematurity is a prototype of biological risk that could affect the late neurocognitive outcome; however, the condition itself remains a non-specific marker. This longitudinal 6-year study aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of neonatal spectral EEG in premature infants without neurological complications. The study cohort was 26 children born 23-34 gestational ages; all neonates underwent multichannel EEG recordings at 35 weeks post-conception. EEG data were transformed into the frequency domain and divided into delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (5-7 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (14-20 Hz) frequency bands. At 6 years, a neuropsychological and behavioral evaluation was performed. Correlations between spectral bands and neuropsychological assessments were performed with a conservative and robust Bayesian correlation model using weakly informative priors. The correlation of neuropsychological tasks to spectral frequency bands highlighted a significant association with visual and auditory attention tests. The performance on the same tests appears to be mainly impaired.Conclusions: We found that spectral EEG frequencies are independent predictors of performance in attention tasks. We hypothesized that spectral EEG might reflect early circuitries' imbalance in the reticular ascending system and cumulative effect on ongoing development, pointing to the importance of early prognostic instruments. What is Known: • Prematurity is a non-specific marker of late neurocognitive risk. • Precise prognostic instruments are lacking, mostly in patients with low-grade conditions. What is New: • Longitudinal long-term studies are scarce but crucial for the inferential attributive process. • Spectral EEG frequencies are independent predictors of performance in attention tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cainelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Padua University Hospital, via Giustiniani 3, 35133 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Vedovelli
- Lab LeSexp, Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, via Loredan 18, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Silvia Bisiacchi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Centre, PNC, Padova, Italy
| | - Agnese Suppiej
- Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Padua University Hospital, via Giustiniani 3, 35133 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Cona, Fe Italy
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17
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Selective postnatal excitation of neocortical pyramidal neurons results in distinctive behavioral and circuit deficits in adulthood. iScience 2021; 24:102157. [PMID: 33665575 PMCID: PMC7907816 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In genetic and pharmacological models of neurodevelopmental disorders, and human data, neural activity is altered within the developing neocortical network. This commonality begs the question of whether early enhancement in excitation might be a common driver, across etiologies, of characteristic behaviors. We tested this concept by chemogenetically driving cortical pyramidal neurons during postnatal days 4–14. Hyperexcitation of Emx1-, but not dopamine transporter-, parvalbumin-, or Dlx5/6-expressing neurons, led to decreased social interaction and increased grooming activity in adult animals. In vivo optogenetic interrogation in adults revealed decreased baseline but increased stimulus-evoked firing rates of pyramidal neurons and impaired recruitment of inhibitory neurons. Slice recordings in adults from prefrontal cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons revealed decreased intrinsic excitability and increased synaptic E/I ratio. Together these results support the prediction that enhanced pyramidal firing during development, in otherwise normal cortex, can selectively drive altered adult circuit function and maladaptive changes in behavior. BL-OG allows chemogenetic activation and optogenetic interrogation in the same animal Developmental hyperexcitation in normal mice leads to neurodevelopmental disorders In these mice adult neurons show reduced baseline activity and increased excitability Reduced activity-triggered coherence and altered oscillations in cortex and striatum
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18
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Wallois F, Routier L, Heberlé C, Mahmoudzadeh M, Bourel-Ponchel E, Moghimi S. Back to basics: the neuronal substrates and mechanisms that underlie the electroencephalogram in premature neonates. Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 51:5-33. [PMID: 33162287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography is the only clinically available technique that can address the premature neonate normal and pathological functional development week after week. The changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) result from gradual structural and functional modifications that arise during the last trimester of pregnancy. Here, we review the structural changes over time that underlie the establishment of functional immature neural networks, the impact of certain anatomical specificities (fontanelles, connectivity, etc.) on the EEG, limitations in EEG interpretation, and the utility of high-resolution EEG (HR-EEG) in premature newborns (a promising technique with a high degree of spatiotemporal resolution). In particular, we classify EEG features according to whether they are manifestations of endogenous generators (i.e. theta activities that coalesce with a slow wave or delta brushes) or come from a broader network. Furthermore, we review publications on EEG in premature animals because the data provide a better understanding of what is happening in premature newborns. We then discuss the results and limitations of functional connectivity analyses in premature newborns. Lastly, we report on the magnetoelectroencephalographic studies of brain activity in the fetus. A better understanding of complex interactions at various structural and functional levels during normal neurodevelopment (as assessed using electroencephalography as a benchmark method) might lead to better clinical care and monitoring for premature neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Wallois
- INSERM U1105, Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux Pédiatrique, Amiens-Picardie Medical Center, Amiens, France.
| | - Laura Routier
- INSERM U1105, Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux Pédiatrique, Amiens-Picardie Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Claire Heberlé
- INSERM U1105, Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux Pédiatrique, Amiens-Picardie Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudzadeh
- INSERM U1105, Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux Pédiatrique, Amiens-Picardie Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Emilie Bourel-Ponchel
- INSERM U1105, Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux Pédiatrique, Amiens-Picardie Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Sahar Moghimi
- INSERM U1105, Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux Pédiatrique, Amiens-Picardie Medical Center, Amiens, France
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19
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Moghimi S, Shadkam A, Mahmoudzadeh M, Calipe O, Panzani M, Edalati M, Ghorbani M, Routier L, Wallois F. The intimate relationship between coalescent generators in very premature human newborn brains: Quantifying the coupling of nested endogenous oscillations. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4691-4703. [PMID: 33463873 PMCID: PMC7555093 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal theta slow-wave activity (TTA-SW) in premature infants is a specific neurobiomarker of the early neurodevelopment of perisylvian networks observed as early as 24 weeks of gestational age (wGA). It is present at the turning point between non-sensory driven spontaneous networks and cortical network functioning. Despite its clinical importance, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this spontaneous nested activity and its functional role have not yet been determined. The coupling between neural oscillations at different timescales is a key feature of ongoing neural activity, the characteristics of which are determined by the network structure and dynamics. The underlying mechanisms of cross-frequency coupling (CFC) are associated with several putative functions in adults. In order to show that this generic mechanism is already in place early in the course of development, we analyzed electroencephalography recordings from sleeping preterm newborns (24-27 wGA). Employing cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling analyses, we found that TTAs were orchestrated by the SWs defined by a precise temporal relationship. Notably, TTAs were synchronized to the SW trough, and were suppressed during the SW peak. Spontaneous endogenous TTA-SWs constitute one of the very early signatures of the developing temporal neural networks with key functions, such as language and communication. The presence of a fine-tuned relationship between the slow activity and the TTA in premature neonates emphasizes the complexity and relative maturity of the intimate mechanisms that shape the CFC, the disruption of which can have severe neurodevelopmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Moghimi
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentFerdowsi University of MashhadIran
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and BehaviorFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
- Inserm UMR1105, Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction CérébraleCentre Universitaire de Recherches en SanteAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Azadeh Shadkam
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentFerdowsi University of MashhadIran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudzadeh
- Inserm UMR1105, Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction CérébraleCentre Universitaire de Recherches en SanteAmiens CedexFrance
- Inserm UMR1105, EFSN PédiatriquesCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens sudAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Olivia Calipe
- Inserm UMR1105, Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction CérébraleCentre Universitaire de Recherches en SanteAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Marine Panzani
- Inserm UMR1105, Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction CérébraleCentre Universitaire de Recherches en SanteAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Mohammadreza Edalati
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentFerdowsi University of MashhadIran
- Inserm UMR1105, Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction CérébraleCentre Universitaire de Recherches en SanteAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Maryam Ghorbani
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentFerdowsi University of MashhadIran
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and BehaviorFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Laura Routier
- Inserm UMR1105, Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction CérébraleCentre Universitaire de Recherches en SanteAmiens CedexFrance
- Inserm UMR1105, EFSN PédiatriquesCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens sudAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Fabrice Wallois
- Inserm UMR1105, Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction CérébraleCentre Universitaire de Recherches en SanteAmiens CedexFrance
- Inserm UMR1105, EFSN PédiatriquesCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens sudAmiens CedexFrance
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20
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Abstract
Neurotransmitter switching is a form of brain plasticity in which an environmental stimulus causes neurons to replace one neurotransmitter with another, often resulting in changes in behavior. This raises the possibility of applying a specific environmental stimulus to induce a switch that can enhance a desirable behavior or ameliorate symptoms of a specific pathology. For example, a stimulus inducing an increase in the number of neurons expressing dopamine could treat Parkinson's disease, or one affecting the number expressing serotonin could alleviate depression. This may already be producing successful treatment outcomes without our knowing that transmitter switching is involved, with improvement of motor function through physical activity and cure of seasonal depression with phototherapy. This review presents prospects for future investigation of neurotransmitter switching, considering opportunities and challenges for future research and describing how the investigation of transmitter switching is likely to evolve with new tools, thus reshaping our understanding of both normal brain function and mental illness.
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21
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Fore S, Acuña-Hinrichsen F, Mutlu KA, Bartoszek EM, Serneels B, Faturos NG, Chau KTP, Cosacak MI, Verdugo CD, Palumbo F, Ringers C, Jurisch-Yaksi N, Kizil C, Yaksi E. Functional properties of habenular neurons are determined by developmental stage and sequential neurogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eaaz3173. [PMID: 32917624 PMCID: PMC7473745 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The developing brain undergoes drastic alterations. Here, we investigated developmental changes in the habenula, a brain region that mediates behavioral flexibility during learning, social interactions, and aversive experiences. We showed that developing habenular circuits exhibit multiple alterations that lead to an increase in the structural and functional diversity of cell types, inputs, and functional modules. As the habenula develops, it sequentially transforms into a multisensory brain region that can process visual, olfactory, mechanosensory, and aversive stimuli. Moreover, we observed that the habenular neurons display spatiotemporally structured spontaneous activity that shows prominent alterations and refinement with age. These alterations in habenular activity are accompanied by sequential neurogenesis and the integration of distinct neural clusters across development. Last, we revealed that habenular neurons with distinct functional properties are born sequentially at distinct developmental time windows. Our results highlight a strong link between the functional properties of habenular neurons and their precise birthdate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fore
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Francisca Acuña-Hinrichsen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kadir Aytac Mutlu
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ewelina Magdalena Bartoszek
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bram Serneels
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicholas Guy Faturos
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Khac Thanh Phong Chau
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carmen Diaz Verdugo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fabrizio Palumbo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christa Ringers
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gata 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
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22
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Kostović I. The enigmatic fetal subplate compartment forms an early tangential cortical nexus and provides the framework for construction of cortical connectivity. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101883. [PMID: 32659318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent transient compartment of the primate fetal cortex is the deep, cell-sparse, synapse-containing subplate compartment (SPC). The developmental role of the SPC and its extraordinary size in humans remain enigmatic. This paper evaluates evidence on the development and connectivity of the SPC and discusses its role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. A synthesis of data shows that the subplate becomes a prominent compartment by its expansion from the deep cortical plate (CP), appearing well-delineated on MR scans and forming a tangential nexus across the hemisphere, consisting of an extracellular matrix, randomly distributed postmigratory neurons, multiple branches of thalamic and long corticocortical axons. The SPC generates early spontaneous non-synaptic and synaptic activity and mediates cortical response upon thalamic stimulation. The subplate nexus provides large-scale interareal connectivity possibly underlying fMR resting-state activity, before corticocortical pathways are established. In late fetal phase, when synapses appear within the CP, transient the SPC coexists with permanent circuitry. The histogenetic role of the SPC is to provide interactive milieu and capacity for guidance, sorting, "waiting" and target selection of thalamocortical and corticocortical pathways. The new evolutionary role of the SPC and its remnant white matter neurons is linked to the increasing number of associative pathways in the human neocortex. These roles attributed to the SPC are regulated using a spatiotemporal gene expression during critical periods, when pathogenic factors may disturb vulnerable circuitry of the SPC, causing neurodevelopmental cognitive circuitry disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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23
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Hartenstein V, Omoto JJ, Lovick JK. The role of cell lineage in the development of neuronal circuitry and function. Dev Biol 2020; 475:165-180. [PMID: 32017903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complex nervous systems have a modular architecture, whereby reiterative groups of neurons ("modules") that share certain structural and functional properties are integrated into large neural circuits. Neurons develop from proliferating progenitor cells that, based on their location and time of appearance, are defined by certain genetic programs. Given that genes expressed by a given progenitor play a fundamental role in determining the properties of its lineage (i.e., the neurons descended from that progenitor), one efficient developmental strategy would be to have lineages give rise to the structural modules of the mature nervous system. It is clear that this strategy plays an important role in neural development of many invertebrate animals, notably insects, where the availability of genetic techniques has made it possible to analyze the precise relationship between neuronal origin and differentiation since several decades. Similar techniques, developed more recently in the vertebrate field, reveal that functional modules of the mammalian cerebral cortex are also likely products of developmentally defined lineages. We will review studies that relate cell lineage to circuitry and function from a comparative developmental perspective, aiming at enhancing our understanding of neural progenitors and their lineages, and translating findings acquired in different model systems into a common conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jaison J Omoto
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lovick
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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24
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Milos RI, Jovanov-Milošević N, Mitter C, Bobić-Rasonja M, Pogledic I, Gruber GM, Kasprian G, Brugger PC, Weber M, Judaš M, Prayer D. Developmental dynamics of the periventricular parietal crossroads of growing cortical pathways in the fetal brain - In vivo fetal MRI with histological correlation. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116553. [PMID: 31972277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The periventricular crossroads have been described as transient structures of the fetal brain where major systems of developing fibers intersect. The triangular parietal crossroad constitutes one major crossroad region. By combining in vivo and post-mortem fetal MRI with histological and immunohistochemical methods, we aimed to characterize these structures. Data from 529 in vivo and 66 post-mortem MRI examinations of fetal brains between gestational weeks (GW) 18-39 were retrospectively reviewed. In each fetus, the area adjacent to the trigone of the lateral ventricles at the exit of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) was assessed with respect to signal intensity, size, and shape on T2-weighted images. In addition, by using in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the main fiber pathways that intersect in these areas were identified. In order to explain the in vivo features of the parietal crossroads (signal intensity and developmental profile), we analyzed 23 post-mortem fetal human brains, between 16 and 40 GW of age, processed by histological and immunohistochemical methods. The parietal crossroads were triangular-shaped areas with the base in the continuity of the PLIC, adjacent to the germinal matrix and the trigone of the lateral ventricles, with the tip pointing toward the subplate. These areas appeared hyperintense to the subplate, and corresponded to a convergence zone of the developing external capsule, the PLIC, and the fronto-occipital association fibers. They were best detected between GW 25-26, and, at term, they became isointense to the adjacent structures. The immunohistochemical results showed a distinct cellular, fibrillar, and extracellular matrix arrangement in the parietal crossroads, depending on the stage of development, which influenced the MRI features. The parietal crossroads are transient, but important structures in white matter maturation and their damage may be indicative of a poor prognosis for a fetus with regard to neurological development. In addition, impairment of this region may explain the complex neurodevelopmental deficits in preterm infants with periventricular hypoxic/ischemic or inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra-Iulia Milos
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Christian Mitter
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mihaela Bobić-Rasonja
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Pogledic
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde M Gruber
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter C Brugger
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miloš Judaš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Pai VP, Adams DS. Preventing Ethanol-Induced Brain and Eye Morphology Defects Using Optogenetics. Bioelectricity 2019; 1:260-272. [PMID: 32685918 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2019.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Embryonic exposure to the teratogen ethanol leads to dysmorphias, including eye and brain morphology defects associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Exposure of Xenopus laevis embryos to ethanol leads to similar developmental defects, including brain and eye dysmorphism, confirming our work and the work of others showing Xenopus as a useful system for studies of the brain and eye birth defects associated with FASD. Several targets of ethanol action have been hypothesized, one being regulation of Kir2.1 potassium channel. Endogenous ion fluxes and membrane voltage variation (bioelectric signals) have been shown to be powerful regulators of embryonic cell behaviors that are required for correct brain and eye morphology. Disruptions to these voltage patterns lead to spatially correlated disruptions in gene expression patterns and corresponding morphology. Materials and Methods: Here, we use controlled membrane voltage modulation to determine when and where voltage modulation is sufficient to rescue ethanol-induced brain and eye defects in Xenopus embryos. Results: We found (1) that modulating membrane voltage using light activation of the channelrhodopsin-2 variant D156A rescues ethanol exposed embryos, resulting in normal brain and eye morphologies; (2) hyperpolarization is required for the full duration of ethanol exposure; (3) hyperpolarization of only superficial ectoderm is sufficient for this effect; and(4) the rescue effect acts at a distance. Conclusions: These results, particularly the last, raise the exciting possibility of using bioelectric modulation to treat ethanol-induced brain and eye birth defects, possibly with extant ion channel drugs already prescribed to pregnant women. This may prove to be a simple and cost-effective strategy for reducing the impact of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P Pai
- Department of Biology, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Dany Spencer Adams
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.,Ion Diagnostics LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts
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26
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Abstract
Materials with complex appearances, like textiles and foodstuffs, pose challenges for conventional theories of vision. But recent advances in unsupervised deep learning provide a framework for explaining how we learn to see them. We suggest that perception does not involve estimating physical quantities like reflectance or lighting. Instead, representations emerge from learning to encode and predict the visual input as efficiently and accurately as possible. Neural networks can be trained to compress natural images or to predict frames in movies without 'ground truth' data about the outside world. Yet, to succeed, such systems may automatically discover how to disentangle distal causal factors. Such 'statistical appearance models' potentially provide a coherent explanation of both failures and successes in perception.
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27
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Adebimpe A, Routier L, Wallois F. Preterm Modulation of Connectivity by Endogenous Generators: The Theta Temporal Activities in Coalescence with Slow Waves. Brain Topogr 2019; 32:762-772. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Akhrif A, Romanos M, Domschke K, Schmitt-Boehrer A, Neufang S. Fractal Analysis of BOLD Time Series in a Network Associated With Waiting Impulsivity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1378. [PMID: 30337880 PMCID: PMC6180197 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractal phenomena can be found in numerous scientific areas including neuroscience. Fractals are structures, in which the whole has the same shape as its parts. A specific structure known as pink noise (also called fractal or 1/f noise) is one key fractal manifestation, exhibits both stability and adaptability, and can be addressed via the Hurst exponent (H). FMRI studies using H on regional fMRI time courses used fractality as an important characteristic to unravel neural networks from artificial noise. In this fMRI-study, we examined 103 healthy male students at rest and while performing the 5-choice serial reaction time task. We addressed fractality in a network associated with waiting impulsivity using the adaptive fractal analysis (AFA) approach to determine H. We revealed the fractal nature of the impulsivity network. Furthermore, fractality was influenced by individual impulsivity in terms of decreasing fractality with higher impulsivity in regions of top-down control (left middle frontal gyrus) as well as reward processing (nucleus accumbens and anterior cingulate cortex). We conclude that fractality as determined via H is a promising marker to quantify deviations in network functions at an early stage and, thus, to be able to inform preventive interventions before the manifestation of a disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atae Akhrif
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmitt-Boehrer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Neufang
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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29
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Zores C, Dufour A, Pebayle T, Dahan I, Astruc D, Kuhn P. Observational study found that even small variations in light can wake up very preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:1191-1197. [PMID: 29412484 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM This prospective observational study evaluated the behavioural responses of very preterm infants to spontaneous light variations. METHODS We measured spontaneous light variations in the incubators of 27 very preterm infants, with a median gestational age of 28 weeks (range 26-31 weeks), over 10 hours. All of them had been admitted to the neonatal care unit of the Strasbourg University Hospital, France, between April 2008 and July 2009. Two independent raters examined changes in the infants' behavioural states using video recordings. The percentage of awakenings was recorded when there were light variations and during control periods with no changes. RESULTS We analysed 275 periods following light variations and 275 control periods. The overall percentage of awakenings was greater during periods following a change in light than during control periods (16.3% vs 11%, p = 0.03). The extent of light protection affected the percentage of awakenings. In mild light protection, there were more awakenings following changes in light than in control periods (25.6% vs 6.7%, p = 0.01). This difference was not found in high light protection. CONCLUSION Very preterm infants can be woken up by small variations in light, when the light protection in their incubator is insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Zores
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives; UMR 7364 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- Médecine et Réanimation du nouveau-né; Service de Pédiatrie 2; Pôle Médico-Chirurgical Pédiatrique; Hôpital de Hautepierre; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - André Dufour
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives; UMR 7364 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Thierry Pebayle
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives; UMR 7364 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Ilana Dahan
- Médecine et Réanimation du nouveau-né; Service de Pédiatrie 2; Pôle Médico-Chirurgical Pédiatrique; Hôpital de Hautepierre; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Dominique Astruc
- Médecine et Réanimation du nouveau-né; Service de Pédiatrie 2; Pôle Médico-Chirurgical Pédiatrique; Hôpital de Hautepierre; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Pierre Kuhn
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives; UMR 7364 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives; UPR 3212 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
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30
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Hadders-Algra M. Early human brain development: Starring the subplate. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:276-290. [PMID: 29935204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes early human brain development on the basis of neuroanatomical data and functional connectomics. It indicates that the most significant changes in the brain occur during the second half of gestation and the first three months post-term, in particular in the cortical subplate and cerebellum. As the transient subplate pairs a high rate of intricate developmental changes and interactions with clear functional activity, two phases of development are distinguished: a) the transient cortical subplate phase, ending at 3 months post-term when the permanent circuitries in the primary motor, somatosensory and visual cortices have replaced the subplate; and subsequently, b) the phase in which the permanent circuitries dominate. In the association areas the subplate dissolves in the remainder of the first postnatal year. During both phases developmental changes are paralleled by continuous reconfigurations in network activity. The reviewed literature also suggests that disruption of subplate development may play a pivotal role in developmental disorders, such as cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijna Hadders-Algra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept. Pediatrics - Section Developmental Neurology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Laumann TO, Snyder AZ, Mitra A, Gordon EM, Gratton C, Adeyemo B, Gilmore AW, Nelson SM, Berg JJ, Greene DJ, McCarthy JE, Tagliazucchi E, Laufs H, Schlaggar BL, Dosenbach NUF, Petersen SE. On the Stability of BOLD fMRI Correlations. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4719-4732. [PMID: 27591147 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of correlations between brain regions (functional connectivity) using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI has proven to be a powerful tool for studying the functional organization of the brain. Recently, dynamic functional connectivity has emerged as a major topic in the resting-state BOLD fMRI literature. Here, using simulations and multiple sets of empirical observations, we confirm that imposed task states can alter the correlation structure of BOLD activity. However, we find that observations of "dynamic" BOLD correlations during the resting state are largely explained by sampling variability. Beyond sampling variability, the largest part of observed "dynamics" during rest is attributable to head motion. An additional component of dynamic variability during rest is attributable to fluctuating sleep state. Thus, aside from the preceding explanatory factors, a single correlation structure-as opposed to a sequence of distinct correlation structures-may adequately describe the resting state as measured by BOLD fMRI. These results suggest that resting-state BOLD correlations do not primarily reflect moment-to-moment changes in cognitive content. Rather, resting-state BOLD correlations may predominantly reflect processes concerned with the maintenance of the long-term stability of the brain's functional organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O Laumann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anish Mitra
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Evan M Gordon
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX 76711, USA.,Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Babatunde Adeyemo
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adrian W Gilmore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven M Nelson
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX 76711, USA.,Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Jeff J Berg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deanna J Greene
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John E McCarthy
- Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- Departmen of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helmut Laufs
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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32
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Inkelis SM, Thomas JD. Sleep in Infants and Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:10.1111/acer.13803. [PMID: 29852534 PMCID: PMC6274610 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in a range of neurobehavioral impairments and physical abnormalities. The term "fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)" encompasses the outcomes of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), the most severe of which is fetal alcohol syndrome. These effects have lifelong consequences, placing a significant burden on affected individuals, caregivers, and communities. Caregivers of affected children often report that their child has sleep problems, and many symptoms of sleep deprivation overlap with the cognitive and behavioral deficits characteristic of FASD. Alcohol-exposed infants and children demonstrate poor sleep quality based on measures of electroencephalography, actigraphy, and questionnaires. These sleep studies indicate a common theme of disrupted sleep pattern, more frequent awakenings, and reduced total sleep time. However, relatively little is known about circadian rhythm disruption and the neurobehavioral correlates of sleep disturbance in individuals with PAE. Furthermore, there is limited information available to healthcare providers about identification and treatment of sleep disorders in patients with FASD. This review consolidates the findings from studies of infant and pediatric sleep in this population, providing an overview of typical sleep characteristics, neurobehavioral correlates of sleep disruption, and potential avenues for intervention in the context of PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Inkelis
- Center for Behavioral Teratology (SMI, JDT), San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Jennifer D Thomas
- Center for Behavioral Teratology (SMI, JDT), San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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33
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Lennartsson F, Nilsson M, Flodmark O, Jacobson L, Larsson J. Injuries to the Immature Optic Radiation Show Correlated Thinning of the Macular Ganglion Cell Layer. Front Neurol 2018; 9:321. [PMID: 29867730 PMCID: PMC5950728 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the immature optic radiation (OR) are associated with thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and corresponding visual field (VF) defects. The aim of the current study was to seek evidence for causal retrograde trans-synaptic degeneration by exploring the correspondence between the localization and extension of the injury to the OR and the structure of the macular ganglion cell complex, and the relation to VF function. Seven adults (age range 18–35) with visual dysfunction secondary to white-matter damage of immaturity and six healthy adults (age range 22–33) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fiber tractography was used to generate the geniculate projections to the dorsal and ventral striate cortex, delineated by retinotopic functional MRI mapping. The structure of the macular ganglion cell complex was measured with optical coherence tomography. The tractography showed overlaps between the dorsal and ventral geniculo-striate projections. However, in four patients with inferior VF defects, the dorsal projections were to a large extent traversing the space normally solely occupied by ventral projections. This is consistent with structural changes to the OR and suggests of re-organization upon injury. Diffusion parameters were significantly different between patients and controls, and most pronounced in the dorsal geniculo-striate projections, with a pattern indicating primary injury. The macular ganglion cell complex was significantly thinner in the patients and most pronounced in the superior sectors; a pattern particularly evident in the four patients with inferior VF defects. The ratio of the mean thickness of the macular ganglion cell complex in the superior and inferior sectors significantly correlated with the axial and mean diffusivities in the contra- and ipsilateral dorsal striate projections. The results suggest a causal link between injuries to the superior portion of the immature OR and secondary thinning in the macular ganglion cell complex, resulting in inferior VF defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Lennartsson
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Unit of Optometry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Flodmark
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Jacobson
- Ophthalmology and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Larsson
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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Marques Abramov D, Saad T, Gomes-Junior SC, de Souza E Silva D, Araújo I, Lopes Moreira ME, Lazarev VV. Auditory brainstem function in microcephaly related to Zika virus infection. Neurology 2018; 90:e606-e614. [PMID: 29352094 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of prenatal Zika virus (ZV) infection on brainstem function reflected in brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs). METHODS In a cross-sectional study in 19 children (12 girls) with microcephaly related to ZV infection, aged between 12 and 62 weeks, the brainstem function was examined through BAEPs. The latencies of wave peaks I, III, and V of the left and right ears (n = 37) were standardized according to normative data, and compared between them by 2-tailed t test. The confounding variables (cephalic perimeter at the born and chronological age) were correlated with the normalized latencies using Pearson test. RESULTS All patients showed, in general, clear waveforms, with latencies within 3 SDs of the normative values. However, statistically increased latencies of waves I and III (I > III, p = 0.031) were observed, relative to wave V (p < 0.001), the latter being closer to respective normative value. The latency of wave I was observed to increase with age (r = 0.45, p = 0.005). The waves, in turn, did not depend on cephalic perimeter. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the functional normality of the brainstem structure and its lack of correlation with microcephaly, suggesting that the disruption produced by the ZV infection does not act in the cell proliferation phase, but mostly in the processes of neuronal migration and differentiation in the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Marques Abramov
- From the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Clinical Neurophysiology (D.M.A., T.S., D.d.S.e.S., I.A., V.V.L.) and Unit of Clinical Research (S.-C.G.-J., M.E.L.M.), National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents, Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania Saad
- From the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Clinical Neurophysiology (D.M.A., T.S., D.d.S.e.S., I.A., V.V.L.) and Unit of Clinical Research (S.-C.G.-J., M.E.L.M.), National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents, Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Saint-Clair Gomes-Junior
- From the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Clinical Neurophysiology (D.M.A., T.S., D.d.S.e.S., I.A., V.V.L.) and Unit of Clinical Research (S.-C.G.-J., M.E.L.M.), National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents, Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Souza E Silva
- From the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Clinical Neurophysiology (D.M.A., T.S., D.d.S.e.S., I.A., V.V.L.) and Unit of Clinical Research (S.-C.G.-J., M.E.L.M.), National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents, Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Izabel Araújo
- From the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Clinical Neurophysiology (D.M.A., T.S., D.d.S.e.S., I.A., V.V.L.) and Unit of Clinical Research (S.-C.G.-J., M.E.L.M.), National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents, Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Elizabeth Lopes Moreira
- From the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Clinical Neurophysiology (D.M.A., T.S., D.d.S.e.S., I.A., V.V.L.) and Unit of Clinical Research (S.-C.G.-J., M.E.L.M.), National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents, Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vladimir V Lazarev
- From the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Clinical Neurophysiology (D.M.A., T.S., D.d.S.e.S., I.A., V.V.L.) and Unit of Clinical Research (S.-C.G.-J., M.E.L.M.), National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents, Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Grossberg S. Desirability, availability, credit assignment, category learning, and attention: Cognitive-emotional and working memory dynamics of orbitofrontal, ventrolateral, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818772179. [PMID: 32166139 PMCID: PMC7058233 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818772179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prefrontal cortices play an essential role in cognitive-emotional and working memory processes through interactions with multiple brain regions. METHODS This article further develops a unified neural architecture that explains many recent and classical data about prefrontal function and makes testable predictions. RESULTS Prefrontal properties of desirability, availability, credit assignment, category learning, and feature-based attention are explained. These properties arise through interactions of orbitofrontal, ventrolateral prefrontal, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices with the inferotemporal cortex, perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortices; ventral bank of the principal sulcus, ventral prearcuate gyrus, frontal eye fields, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and visual cortical areas V1, V2, V3A, V4, middle temporal cortex, medial superior temporal area, lateral intraparietal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. Model explanations also include how the value of visual objects and events is computed, which objects and events cause desired consequences and which may be ignored as predictively irrelevant, and how to plan and act to realise these consequences, including how to selectively filter expected versus unexpected events, leading to movements towards, and conscious perception of, expected events. Modelled processes include reinforcement learning and incentive motivational learning; object and spatial working memory dynamics; and category learning, including the learning of object categories, value categories, object-value categories, and sequence categories, or list chunks. CONCLUSION This article hereby proposes a unified neural theory of prefrontal cortex and its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Grossberg
- Center for Adaptive Systems, Graduate Program in Cognitive and Neural Systems, Departments of Mathematics & Statistics, Psychological & Brain Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Friedrichs-Maeder CL, Griffa A, Schneider J, Hüppi PS, Truttmann A, Hagmann P. Exploring the role of white matter connectivity in cortex maturation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177466. [PMID: 28545040 PMCID: PMC5435226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation of the cortical gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) are described as sequential processes following multiple, but distinct rules. However, neither the mechanisms driving brain maturation processes, nor the relationship between GM and WM maturation are well understood. Here we use connectomics and two MRI measures reflecting maturation related changes in cerebral microstructure, namely the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and the T1 relaxation time (T1), to study brain development. We report that the advancement of GM and WM maturation are inter-related and depend on the underlying brain connectivity architecture. Particularly, GM regions and their incident WM connections show corresponding maturation levels, which is also observed for GM regions connected through a WM tract. Based on these observations, we propose a simple computational model supporting a key role for the connectome in propagating maturation signals sequentially from external stimuli, through primary sensory structures to higher order functional cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Griffa
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTSS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Schneider
- Clinic of Neonatology and Follow-up, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Petra Susan Hüppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anita Truttmann
- Clinic of Neonatology and Follow-up, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patric Hagmann
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTSS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Suppiej A, Cainelli E, Cappellari A, Trevisanuto D, Balao L, Di Bono MG, Bisiacchi PS. Spectral analysis highlight developmental EEG changes in preterm infants without overt brain damage. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:112-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mongerson CRL, Jennings RW, Borsook D, Becerra L, Bajic D. Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Infant Brain: Methods, Pitfalls, and Potentiality. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:159. [PMID: 28856131 PMCID: PMC5557740 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early brain development is characterized by rapid growth and perpetual reconfiguration, driven by a dynamic milieu of heterogeneous processes. Postnatal brain plasticity is associated with increased vulnerability to environmental stimuli. However, little is known regarding the ontogeny and temporal manifestations of inter- and intra-regional functional connectivity that comprise functional brain networks. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has emerged as a promising non-invasive neuroinvestigative tool, measuring spontaneous fluctuations in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal at rest that reflect baseline neuronal activity. Over the past decade, its application has expanded to infant populations providing unprecedented insight into functional organization of the developing brain, as well as early biomarkers of abnormal states. However, many methodological issues of rs-fMRI analysis need to be resolved prior to standardization of the technique to infant populations. As a primary goal, this methodological manuscript will (1) present a robust methodological protocol to extract and assess resting-state networks in early infancy using independent component analysis (ICA), such that investigators without previous knowledge in the field can implement the analysis and reliably obtain viable results consistent with previous literature; (2) review the current methodological challenges and ethical considerations associated with emerging field of infant rs-fMRI analysis; and (3) discuss the significance of rs-fMRI application in infants for future investigations of neurodevelopment in the context of early life stressors and pathological processes. The overarching goal is to catalyze efforts toward development of robust, infant-specific acquisition, and preprocessing pipelines, as well as promote greater transparency by researchers regarding methods used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler R L Mongerson
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Russell W Jennings
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lino Becerra
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Huang CH, Huang YT, Chen CC, Chan CK. Propagation and synchronization of reverberatory bursts in developing cultured networks. J Comput Neurosci 2016; 42:177-185. [PMID: 27942935 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-016-0634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developing networks of neural systems can exhibit spontaneous, synchronous activities called neural bursts, which can be important in the organization of functional neural circuits. Before the network matures, the activity level of a burst can reverberate in repeated rise-and-falls in periods of hundreds of milliseconds following an initial wave-like propagation of spiking activity, while the burst itself lasts for seconds. To investigate the spatiotemporal structure of the reverberatory bursts, we culture dissociated, rat cortical neurons on a high-density multi-electrode array to record the dynamics of neural activity over the growth and maturation of the network. We find the synchrony of the spiking significantly reduced following the initial wave and the activities become broadly distributed spatially. The synchrony recovers as the system reverberates until the end of the burst. Using a propagation model we infer the spreading speed of the spiking activity, which increases as the culture ages. We perform computer simulations of the system using a physiological model of spiking networks in two spatial dimensions and find the parameters that reproduce the observed resynchronization of spiking in the bursts. An analysis of the simulated dynamics suggests that the depletion of synaptic resources causes the resynchronization. The spatial propagation dynamics of the simulations match well with observations over the course of a burst and point to an interplay of the synaptic efficacy and the noisy neural self-activation in producing the morphology of the bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsu Huang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China.,Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, 320, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chung Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China.
| | - C K Chan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China.,Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, 320, Republic of China
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40
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Cui J, Tymofiyeva O, Desikan R, Flynn T, Kim H, Gano D, Hess CP, Ferriero DM, Barkovich AJ, Xu D. Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 38:343-348. [PMID: 28059709 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diffusion and fMRI has been providing insights to brain development in addition to anatomic imaging. This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure of white matter tracts underlying the default mode network in premature infants by using resting-state functional MR imaging in conjunction with diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of 44 preterm infants underwent structural T1-weighted imaging, resting-state fMRI, and DTI at 3T, including 21 infants with brain injuries and 23 infants with normal-appearing structural imaging as controls. Neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12 months' adjusted age. Probabilistic independent component analysis was applied to resting-state fMRI data to explore resting-state networks. The localized clusters of the default mode network were used as seeding for probabilistic tractography. The DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) of the reconstructed primary tracts within the default mode network-cingula were measured. RESULTS Results revealed decreased fractional anisotropy (0.20 ± 0.03) and elevated radial diffusivity values (1.24 ± 0.16) of the cingula in the preterm infants with brain injuries compared with controls (fractional anisotropy, 0.25 ± 0.03; P < .001; radial diffusivity, 1.06 ± 0.16; P = .001). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development cognitive scores were significantly associated with cingulate fractional anisotropy (P = .004) and radial diffusivity (P = .021); this association suggests that the microstructural properties of interconnecting axonal pathways within the default mode network are of critical importance in the early neurocognitive development of infants. CONCLUSIONS This study of combined resting-state fMRI and DTI at rest suggests that such studies may allow the investigation of key functional brain circuits in premature infants, which could function not only as diagnostic tools but also as biomarkers for long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cui
- From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)
| | - O Tymofiyeva
- From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)
| | - R Desikan
- From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)
| | - T Flynn
- From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)
| | - H Kim
- From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)
| | - D Gano
- Pediatrics and Neurology (D.G., D.M.F.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - C P Hess
- From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)
| | - D M Ferriero
- Pediatrics and Neurology (D.G., D.M.F.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - A J Barkovich
- From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)
| | - D Xu
- From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)
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Molchanova SM, Huupponen J, Lauri SE, Taira T. Gap junctions between CA3 pyramidal cells contribute to network synchronization in neonatal hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Lin EP, Lee JR, Loepke AW. Anesthetics and the Developing Brain: The Yin and Yang. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-015-0107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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44
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Raichle ME. The restless brain: how intrinsic activity organizes brain function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140172. [PMID: 25823869 PMCID: PMC4387513 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally studies of brain function have focused on task-evoked responses. By their very nature such experiments tacitly encourage a reflexive view of brain function. While such an approach has been remarkably productive at all levels of neuroscience, it ignores the alternative possibility that brain functions are mainly intrinsic and ongoing, involving information processing for interpreting, responding to and predicting environmental demands. I suggest that the latter view best captures the essence of brain function, a position that accords well with the allocation of the brain's energy resources, its limited access to sensory information and a dynamic, intrinsic functional organization. The nature of this intrinsic activity, which exhibits a surprising level of organization with dimensions of both space and time, is revealed in the ongoing activity of the brain and its metabolism. As we look to the future, understanding the nature of this intrinsic activity will require integrating knowledge from cognitive and systems neuroscience with cellular and molecular neuroscience where ion channels, receptors, components of signal transduction and metabolic pathways are all in a constant state of flux. The reward for doing so will be a much better understanding of human behaviour in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Raichle
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, Room 2116, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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45
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Striem-Amit E, Ovadia-Caro S, Caramazza A, Margulies DS, Villringer A, Amedi A. Functional connectivity of visual cortex in the blind follows retinotopic organization principles. Brain 2015; 138:1679-95. [PMID: 25869851 PMCID: PMC4614142 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although early visual experience is essential for the proper development of visual cortex, Striem-Amit et al. show that the underlying connectivity structure of retinotopic mapping is retained even in congenitally blind individuals. This basic organisational principle emerges independently of visual input and persists despite lifelong experience-dependent plasticity. Is visual input during critical periods of development crucial for the emergence of the fundamental topographical mapping of the visual cortex? And would this structure be retained throughout life-long blindness or would it fade as a result of plastic, use-based reorganization? We used functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging based on intrinsic blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations to investigate whether significant traces of topographical mapping of the visual scene in the form of retinotopic organization, could be found in congenitally blind adults. A group of 11 fully and congenitally blind subjects and 18 sighted controls were studied. The blind demonstrated an intact functional connectivity network structural organization of the three main retinotopic mapping axes: eccentricity (centre-periphery), laterality (left-right), and elevation (upper-lower) throughout the retinotopic cortex extending to high-level ventral and dorsal streams, including characteristic eccentricity biases in face- and house-selective areas. Functional connectivity-based topographic organization in the visual cortex was indistinguishable from the normally sighted retinotopic functional connectivity structure as indicated by clustering analysis, and was found even in participants who did not have a typical retinal development in utero (microphthalmics). While the internal structural organization of the visual cortex was strikingly similar, the blind exhibited profound differences in functional connectivity to other (non-visual) brain regions as compared to the sighted, which were specific to portions of V1. Central V1 was more connected to language areas but peripheral V1 to spatial attention and control networks. These findings suggest that current accounts of critical periods and experience-dependent development should be revisited even for primary sensory areas, in that the connectivity basis for visual cortex large-scale topographical organization can develop without any visual experience and be retained through life-long experience-dependent plasticity. Furthermore, retinotopic divisions of labour, such as that between the visual cortex regions normally representing the fovea and periphery, also form the basis for topographically-unique plastic changes in the blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Striem-Amit
- 1 Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel 2 Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Smadar Ovadia-Caro
- 3 Mind and Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 4 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alfonso Caramazza
- 2 Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 5 Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trento, Polo di Rovereto, Italy
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- 3 Mind and Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 4 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- 3 Mind and Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 4 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amir Amedi
- 1 Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel 6 The Edmond and Lily Safra Centre for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel 7 Cognitive Sciences Program, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel 8 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, UMR_S 968, Paris, F-75012, France
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Abstract
It has been widely reported that intrinsic brain activity, in a variety of animals including humans, is spatiotemporally structured. Specifically, propagated slow activity has been repeatedly demonstrated in animals. In human resting-state fMRI, spontaneous activity has been understood predominantly in terms of zero-lag temporal synchrony within widely distributed functional systems (resting-state networks). Here, we use resting-state fMRI from 1,376 normal, young adults to demonstrate that multiple, highly reproducible, temporal sequences of propagated activity, which we term "lag threads," are present in the brain. Moreover, this propagated activity is largely unidirectional within conventionally understood resting-state networks. Modeling experiments show that resting-state networks naturally emerge as a consequence of shared patterns of propagation. An implication of these results is that common physiologic mechanisms may underlie spontaneous activity as imaged with fMRI in humans and slowly propagated activity as studied in animals.
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Pai VP, Lemire JM, Paré JF, Lin G, Chen Y, Levin M. Endogenous gradients of resting potential instructively pattern embryonic neural tissue via Notch signaling and regulation of proliferation. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4366-85. [PMID: 25762681 PMCID: PMC4355204 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1877-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical forces play important roles throughout embryogenesis, but the roles of spatial differences in cellular resting potentials during large-scale brain morphogenesis remain unknown. Here, we implicate endogenous bioelectricity as an instructive factor during brain patterning in Xenopus laevis. Early frog embryos exhibit a characteristic hyperpolarization of cells lining the neural tube; disruption of this spatial gradient of the transmembrane potential (Vmem) diminishes or eliminates the expression of early brain markers, and causes anatomical mispatterning of the brain, including absent or malformed regions. This effect is mediated by voltage-gated calcium signaling and gap-junctional communication. In addition to cell-autonomous effects, we show that hyperpolarization of transmembrane potential (Vmem) in ventral cells outside the brain induces upregulation of neural cell proliferation at long range. Misexpression of the constitutively active form of Notch, a suppressor of neural induction, impairs the normal hyperpolarization pattern and neural patterning; forced hyperpolarization by misexpression of specific ion channels rescues brain defects induced by activated Notch signaling. Strikingly, hyperpolarizing posterior or ventral cells induces the production of ectopic neural tissue considerably outside the neural field. The hyperpolarization signal also synergizes with canonical reprogramming factors (POU and HB4), directing undifferentiated cells toward neural fate in vivo. These data identify a new functional role for bioelectric signaling in brain patterning, reveal interactions between Vmem and key biochemical pathways (Notch and Ca(2+) signaling) as the molecular mechanism by which spatial differences of Vmem regulate organogenesis of the vertebrate brain, and suggest voltage modulation as a tractable strategy for intervention in certain classes of birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P Pai
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243 and
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243 and
| | - Jean-François Paré
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243 and
| | - Gufa Lin
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ying Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243 and
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Adams JN, Feldman HM, Huffman LC, Loe IM. Sensory processing in preterm preschoolers and its association with executive function. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91:227-33. [PMID: 25706317 PMCID: PMC4392005 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of abnormal sensory processing have been related to preterm birth, but have not yet been studied specifically in preterm preschoolers. The degree of association between sensory processing and other domains is important for understanding the role of sensory processing symptoms in the development of preterm children. AIMS To test two related hypotheses: (1) preterm preschoolers have more sensory processing symptoms than full term preschoolers and (2) sensory processing is associated with both executive function and adaptive function in preterm preschoolers. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Preterm children (≤34weeks of gestation; n=54) and full term controls (≥37weeks of gestation; n=73) ages 3-5years. OUTCOME MEASURES Sensory processing was assessed with the Short Sensory Profile. Executive function was assessed with (1) parent ratings on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool version and (2) a performance-based battery of tasks. Adaptive function was assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II. RESULTS Preterm preschoolers showed significantly more sensory symptoms than full term controls. A higher percentage of preterm than full term preschoolers had elevated numbers of sensory symptoms (37% vs. 12%). Sensory symptoms in preterm preschoolers were associated with scores on executive function measures, but were not significantly associated with adaptive function. CONCLUSIONS Preterm preschoolers exhibited more sensory symptoms than full term controls. Preterm preschoolers with elevated numbers of sensory symptoms also showed executive function impairment. Future research should further examine whether sensory processing and executive function should be considered independent or overlapping constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N. Adams
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Heidi M. Feldman
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Lynne C. Huffman
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Irene M. Loe
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
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Abstract
Advances in methodology have led to expanded application of resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) to the study of term and prematurely born infants during the first years of life, providing fresh insight into the earliest forms of functional cerebral development. In this review, we detail our evolving understanding of the use of rs-fMRI for studying neonates. We initially focus on the biological processes of cortical development related to resting-state network development. We then review technical issues principally affecting neonatal investigations, including the effects of subject motion during acquisition and image distortions related to magnetic susceptibility effects. We next summarize the literature in which rs-fMRI is used to study normal brain development during the early postnatal period, the effects of prematurity, and the effects of cerebral injury. Finally, we review potential future directions for the field, such as the use of complementary imaging modalities and advanced analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Smyser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jeffrey J. Neil
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Corresponding author. Jeff Neil, MD, PhD, Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Avenue, LO 450, Boston, MA 02115, phone (617) 355-6388, fax (617) 730-0284,
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50
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Özkucur N, Quinn KP, Pang JC, Du C, Georgakoudi I, Miller E, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Membrane potential depolarization causes alterations in neuron arrangement and connectivity in cocultures. Brain Behav 2015; 5:24-38. [PMID: 25722947 PMCID: PMC4321392 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disruption of neuron arrangement is associated with several pathologies. In contrast to action potentials, the role of resting potential (Vmem) in regulating connectivity remains unknown. METHODS Neuron assemblies were quantified when their Vmem was depolarized using ivermectin (Ivm), a drug that opens chloride channels, for 24 h in cocultures with astrocytes. Cell aggregation was analyzed using automated cluster analysis methods. Neural connectivity was quantified based on the identification of isolated somas in phase-contrast images using image processing. Vmem was measured using voltage-sensitive dyes and whole-cell patch clamping. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect changes in the distribution and production of the proteins. RESULTS Data show that Vmem regulates cortical tissue shape and connectivity. Automated cluster analysis methods revealed that the degree of neural aggregation was significantly increased (0.26 clustering factor vs. 0.21 in controls, P ≤ 0.01). The number of beta-tubulin III positive neural projections was also significantly increased in the neural aggregates in cocultures with Ivm. Hyperpolarized neuron cells formed fewer connections (33% at 24 h, P ≤ 0.05) compared to control cells in 1-day cultures. Glia cell densities increased (33.3%, P ≤ 0.05) under depolarizing conditions. CONCLUSION Vmem can be a useful tool to probe neuronal cells, disease tissues models, and cortical tissue arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Özkucur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155 ; Biology Department, Tufts University 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Kyle P Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Jin C Pang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University 161 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Chuang Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155 ; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Eric Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University 161 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Tufts University 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
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