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Kulig K, Kowalik K, Surowiec M, Karnas E, Barczyk-Woznicka O, Zuba-Surma E, Pyza E, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. Isolation and Characteristics of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Probiotics: Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 and Bacterium Streptococcus salivarius K12. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:936-948. [PMID: 37209320 PMCID: PMC11126510 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous probiotic microorganisms have repeatedly been shown to produce nanometer-sized structures named extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recently, it has been suggested that similarly to whole microbial cells, EVs produced by probiotics may also demonstrate health benefits to the host, while their application does not involve the risk of infection caused by live microorganisms. In this work, we isolated EVs from two probiotic species originating from different taxonomic domains - yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 and bacterium Streptococcus salivarius K12. The diameters of S. boulardii EVs were about 142 nm and for S. salivarius EVs about 123 nm. For S. boulardii EVs, 1641 proteins and for S. salivarius EVs, 466 proteins were identified with a liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry and then functionally classified. In both microbial species, metabolic proteins significantly contributed to the cargo of EVs comprising 25% and 26% of all identified vesicular proteins for fungi and bacteria, respectively. Moreover, enzymes associated with cell wall rearrangement, including enzymatically active glucanases, were also identified in EVs. Furthermore, probiotic EVs were shown to influence host cells and stimulate the production of IL-1β and IL-8 by the human monocytic cell line THP-1, and, at the same time, did not cause any remarkable reduction in the survival rate of Galleria mellonella larvae in this invertebrate model commonly used to evaluate microbial EV toxicity. These observations suggest that the EVs produced by the investigated probiotic microorganisms may be promising structures for future use in pro-health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surowiec
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Karnas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woznicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Cultivable Yeast Microbiota from the Marine Fish Species Genypterus chilensis and Seriolella violacea. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070515. [PMID: 34203130 PMCID: PMC8305048 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its outstanding biological and industrial importance, many efforts have been made to characterize the mycobiota of new environments and their biochemical and biotechnological potentials. Gut mycobiota can be a source of novel yeasts with the potential to be used as probiotics or have industrial applications. In this work, we characterized two as-yet unexplored yeast communities from the intestinal content of the cultured marine Chilean fishes Genypterus chilensis (G. chilensis) and Seriolella violacea (S. violacea). Yeasts were isolated through culture, identified by sequencing their ITS region, and characterized their enzymatic profile with API®ZYM. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was identified in both fish species. For the first time, Candida palmioleophila, Candida pseudorugosa, Cystobasidium slooffiae, and a member of the Yamadazyma genus were also identified and described as part of the normal fish gut–microbiota. Furthermore, the diverse enzymatic profile exhibited by some of these isolates suggests that it may be possible to develop novel applications for them, such as new probiotics and other biotechnological applications.
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Fiers WD, Leonardi I, Iliev ID. From Birth and Throughout Life: Fungal Microbiota in Nutrition and Metabolic Health. Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:323-343. [PMID: 32680437 PMCID: PMC7529963 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-013120-043659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a vibrant, diverse ecosystem of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. The gut fungi (mycobiota) have recently risen to prominence due to their ability to modulate host immunity. Colonization of the gut occurs through a combination of vertical transmission from the maternal mycobiota and environmental and dietary exposure. Data from human and animal studies demonstrate that nutrition strongly affects the mycobiota composition and that changes in the fungal communities can aggravate metabolic diseases. The mechanisms pertaining to the mycobiota's influence on host health, pathology, and resident gastrointestinal communities through intrakingdom, transkingdom, and immune cross talk are beginning to come into focus, setting the stage for a new chapter in microbiota-host interactions. Herein, we examine the inception, maturation, and dietary modulation of gastrointestinal and nutritional fungal communities and inspect their impact on metabolic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Fiers
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine; The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Irina Leonardi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine; The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine; The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Saccharomyces boulardii: What Makes It Tick as Successful Probiotic? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020078. [PMID: 32512834 PMCID: PMC7344949 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast often used for the treatment of GI tract disorders such as diarrhea symptoms. It is genetically close to the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its classification as a distinct species or a S. cerevisiae variant has long been discussed. Here, we review the main genetic divergencies between S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae as a strategy to uncover the ability to adapt to the host physiological conditions by the probiotic. S. boulardii does possess discernible phenotypic traits and physiological properties that underlie its success as probiotic, such as optimal growth temperature, resistance to the gastric environment and viability at low pH. Its probiotic activity has been elucidated as a conjunction of multiple pathways, ranging from improvement of gut barrier function, pathogen competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial peptides, immune modulation, and trophic effects. This review summarizes the participation of S. boulardii in these mechanisms and the multifactorial nature by which this yeast modulates the host microbiome and intestinal function.
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Probiotic microorganisms- identification, metabolic and physiological impact on poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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[Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 - the medicinal yeast improves intestinal enzyme function]. MMW Fortschr Med 2019; 161:20-24. [PMID: 30895510 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-019-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 is a probiotic medicinal yeast used in the prevention and treatment of diarrhea. It has numerous effects, i. a. immunological and antitoxin effects, it binds pathogens and has a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota. In addition, pronounced trophic effects were detected. METHOD The focus of this review is on the effects of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 on digestive enzymes located in the brush border membrane. An important role in this context is attributed to polyamines which are synthesized and secreted by S. boulardii CNCM I-745. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Polyamines are essential for cell proliferation and differentiation. They enhance the expression of intestinal enzymes as well as nutrient transport systems and directly influence the nucleic acid binding capacity. S. boulardii CNCM I-745 induces signals via mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (MAP kinase pathway) and influences the PI3 kinase signaling pathway. Furthermore, S. boulardii CNCM I-745 secretes certain enzymes that promote nutrient delivery to both the yeast itself and the host organism. The increased presence of digestive enzymes obviously contributes significantly to the clinical effect of S. boulardii CNCM I-745.
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Moré MI, Vandenplas Y. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 Improves Intestinal Enzyme Function: A Trophic Effects Review. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 11:1179552217752679. [PMID: 29449779 PMCID: PMC5808955 DOI: 10.1177/1179552217752679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several properties of the probiotic medicinal yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 contribute to its efficacy to prevent or treat diarrhoea. Besides immunologic effects, pathogen-binding and anti-toxin effects, as well as positive effects on the microbiota, S boulardii CNCM I-745 also has pronounced effects on digestive enzymes of the brush border membrane, known as trophic effects. The latter are the focus of this review. Literature has been reviewed after searching Medline and PMC databases. All relevant non-clinical and clinical studies are summarized. S. boulardii CNCM I-745 synthesizes and secretes polyamines, which have a role in cell proliferation and differentiation. The administration of polyamines or S. boulardii CNCM I-745 enhances the expression of intestinal digestive enzymes as well as nutrient uptake transporters. The signalling mechanisms leading to enzyme activation are not fully understood. However, polyamines have direct nucleic acid–binding capacity with regulatory impact. S. boulardii CNCM I-745 induces signalling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In addition, effects on the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway have been reported. As an additional direct effect, S. boulardii CNCM I-745 secretes certain enzymes, which enhance nutrient acquisition for the yeast and the host. The increased availability of digestive enzymes seems to be one of the mechanisms by which S. boulardii CNCM I-745 counteracts diarrhoea; however, also people with certain enzyme deficiencies may profit from its administration. More studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of trophic activation by the probiotic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret I Moré
- analyze & realize GmbH, Department of Consulting and Strategic Innovation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Niamah A. Physicochemical and Microbial Characteristics of Yogurt with Added Saccharomyces Boulardii. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.5.3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of adding Saccharomyces boulardii on yogurt quality was studied. Yogurt control was made using whole cow’s milk and classic starter culture. Other three treatments of yogurt were made by adding 1%,2% and 3% of Saccharomyces boulardii with yogurt starter. pH values and proteolytic activity of all yogurt treatments were determined during fermentation time. Changes in physicochemical and microbial properties of yogurt product were observed during storage time (21 days at 4°C). Yogurt samples with added yeast to starter cultures showed a slight increase in pH values during the 6 hours of fermentation. After fermentation time, pH and proteolytic activity of yogurt with 3% yeast were 4.05 and 250 μg/ml while control sample was 4.22 and 200 μg/ml respectively. pH, TN, WSN, TVFA and WHC values of yogurt with Saccharomyces boulardii were slightly increased whereas decreased the STS percentage compare with control yogurt without yeast during storage time. The addition of Saccharomyces boulardii improved the survivability of bacterial starter culture. After 21 day, Saccharomyces boulardii counts were 5.78, 6.01 and 6.31 Log. CFU/gm for yogurt with 1%,2% and 3% yeast respectively whereas Log. lactic acid bacteria of yogurt with 3% yeast was 7.53 and 7.55 for Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Niamah
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq, 61004
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Saber A, Alipour B, Faghfoori Z, Yari Khosroushahi A. Cellular and molecular effects of yeast probiotics on cancer. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:96-115. [PMID: 27561003 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1179622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cancer is one of the main causes of human deaths worldwide. The exact mechanisms of initiation and progression of malignancies are not clear yet, but there is a common agreement about the role of colonic microbiota in the etiology of different cancers. Probiotics have been examined for their anti-cancer effects, and different mechanisms have been suggested about their antitumor functions. Nonpathogenic yeasts, as members of probiotics family, can be effective on gut microbiota dysbiosis. Generally safe yeasts have shown so many beneficial effects on human health. Probiotic yeasts influence physiology, metabolism, and immune homeostasis in the colon and contribute to cancer treatment due to possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-cancer properties. This study reviews some of the health-beneficial effects of probiotic yeasts and their biological substances like folic acid and β-glucan on cancer and focuses on the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of probiotic yeasts such as influencing pathogenic bacteria, inactivation of carcinogenic compounds, especially those derived from food, improvement of intestinal barrier function, modulation of immune responses, antitoxic function, apoptosis, and anti-proliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saber
- a Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy , Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Beitollah Alipour
- c Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy , Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,d Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Zeinab Faghfoori
- e Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences , Semnan , Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- f Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,g Department of Pharmacognosy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Wu D, Teng D, Xi D, Wang X, Wang X, Mao R, Zhang Y, Dai H, Wang J. Rapid cloning, expression and purification of a novel high-activity alkaline phosphatase with detoxification of lipopolysaccharide. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kelesidis T, Pothoulakis C. Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012; 5:111-25. [PMID: 22423260 PMCID: PMC3296087 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x11428502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials and experimental studies strongly suggest a place for Saccharomyces boulardii as a biotherapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases. S. boulardii mediates responses resembling the protective effects of the normal healthy gut flora. The multiple mechanisms of action of S. boulardii and its properties may explain its efficacy and beneficial effects in acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases that have been confirmed by clinical trials. Caution should be taken in patients with risk factors for adverse events. This review discusses the evidence for efficacy and safety of S. boulardii as a probiotic for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Div. of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Moslehi-Jenabian S, Pedersen LL, Jespersen L. Beneficial effects of probiotic and food borne yeasts on human health. Nutrients 2010; 2:449-73. [PMID: 22254033 PMCID: PMC3257658 DOI: 10.3390/nu2040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides being important in the fermentation of foods and beverages, yeasts have shown numerous beneficial effects on human health. Among these, probiotic effects are the most well known health effects including prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases and immunomodulatory effects. Other beneficial functions of yeasts are improvement of bioavailability of minerals through the hydrolysis of phytate, folate biofortification and detoxification of mycotoxins due to surface binding to the yeast cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloomeh Moslehi-Jenabian
- Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Buts JP, De Keyser N. Transduction pathways regulating the trophic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in rat intestinal mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:175-85. [PMID: 19958054 DOI: 10.3109/00365520903453141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast that is widely prescribed in lyophilized form; it determines several effects in human and rat small intestine including endoluminal secretion of enzymes and of polyamines, stimulation of microvillous enzymes, of sIgA, increased production of the receptor for polymeric immunoglobulins by crypt cells, and enhanced d-glucose uptake. AIM The objective of this study was to determine the pathway(s) by which these effects generated by the yeast are transduced into mucosal cells. METHODS Litters of six growing Wistar rats each were treated with S. boulardii (50 microg/gram body weight) or with saline between days 30 and 34 postpartum. For each animal, the cytosol was prepared from the whole mucosa after the fat cake was discarded. Several known intestinal substrates were immunoprecipitated and immunoblotted using specific antibodies recognizing the non-, mono-, or diphosphorylated forms of these substrates. The signals were detected using Echochemiluminoscence (ECL) and were measured by optodensitometry. RESULTS Treatment with S. boulardii markedly enhanced the RAS-GAP-RAF-ERK(1,2) pathway with participation of growth receptor bound 2 protein, SHC, SOS, and CRKII. Unit p85alpha of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, tested in its phosphorylated form, was also enhanced by the probiotic compared to control samples. In rats treated with an inhibitor of RAF-1 and of ERK(1,2) (PD098059) the expression of mucosal disaccharidases was inhibited by about 50%. CONCLUSION The probiotic S. boulardii generates in vivo mitogen and metabolic signals that are transduced into intestinal mucosal cells, downstream from the apical membrane to the nuclei, using recruitment substrates and serine, threonine, or tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Buts
- Unit of Pediatric Research, Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Buts JP, Stilmant C, Bernasconi P, Neirinck C, De Keyser N. Characterization of alpha,alpha-trehalase released in the intestinal lumen by the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 43:1489-96. [PMID: 18777247 DOI: 10.1080/00365520802308862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trehalose intolerance due to alpha,alpha-trehalase deficiency has scarcely been studied. The purpose of this study was to measure alpha,alpha-trehalase activity in intestinal biopsy samples from 200 consecutive patients over a period of 6 months, and to characterize alpha,alpha-trehalase released by the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii). MATERIAL AND METHODS Enzyme activities were measured in human and rat intestinal mucosal samples using the micromethod of Messer & Dalqvist. alpha,alpha-trehalase from S. boulardii was immunoprecipitated and Western blotted using an IgG purified antibody raised against a 23 amino acid peptide of alpha,alpha-trehalase of S. cerevisiae. RESULTS Among 200 patients, most of whom complained of abdominal symptoms and diarrhoea, 18 (9%) had total alpha,alpha-trehalase deficiency (0-12 U/g mucosa) and 39 had partial deficiency (3-12 U/g mucosa). Only 4 patients (2%) presented selective alpha,alpha-trehalase deficiency with otherwise normal disaccharidases. Expressed per gram of powder, alpha,alpha-trehalase from S. boulardii delivered in vitro an activity 175 times higher than that of human trehalase per gram of intestinal mucosa. V(max) (22+/-0.43 micromol) and K(m) (5 mM) were close to that of the human enzyme, whereas Western blot revealed a signal of two subunits of 82 kDa. Finally, treatment of rats with S. boulardii resulted in increases in alpha,alpha-trehalase activities of 25 to 45% (p<0.01) in endoluminal fluid and intestinal mucosa compared with in controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that alpha,alpha-trehalase deficiency is more common than is believed and that oral administration of S. boulardii could be beneficial in patients with digestive symptoms caused by trehalose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Buts
- Faculty of Medicine, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Laboratory of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium.
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Vandenplas Y, Brunser O, Szajewska H. Saccharomyces boulardii in childhood. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:253-65. [PMID: 19096876 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Probiotics are live microorganisms which confer a health benefit on the host. Saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast, has been found to be an effective probiotic in double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the established mechanisms of actions and clinical efficacy in children of S. boulardii. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms of action of S. boulardii depend mainly on the inhibition of some bacterial toxins, anti-inflammatory effects, and on stimulating effects on the intestinal mucosa such as trophic effects on the brush border enzymes and immunostimulatory effects. At present, in pediatric populations, there is evidence that S. boulardii is beneficial for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis and the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. More data are needed in other indications such as traveller's diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori eradication, and inflammatory bowel disease. S. boulardii is a yeast strain that has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo. Recent data have opened the door for new therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Kinderen Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeekl 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Buts JP. Twenty-five years of research on Saccharomyces boulardii trophic effects: updates and perspectives. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:15-8. [PMID: 18528758 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Buts
- Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Tour Pasteur +3, 53, Avenue Mounier, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Sezer A, Usta U, Cicin I. The effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on reducing irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis and diarrhea. Med Oncol 2008; 26:350-7. [PMID: 19067257 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-008-9128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the efficiency of Saccharomyces boulardii on irinotecan-induced mucosal damage and diarrhea in rats, fifty rats were randomized into three groups with 20 rats in two study groups and 10 rats in the control group. Control group did not receive any treatment. Irinotecan (60 mg/kg) alone was administered intravenously once a day for four consecutive days to the rats of Group A. Throughout the experiment, Group B rats were additionally given Saccharomyces boulardii (800 mg/kg) for 3 days before administration of irinotecan and 7 days throughout the experiment. Delayed diarrhea was more severe in Group A than Group B (P = 0.009). The weight loss was 34.7 +/- 3.8 mg for Group A, while it was 17.4 +/- 1.7 mg for Group B (P < 0.001). Findings of mucositis most clearly appeared in the jejunum. Regarding edema (P = 0.003), leukocyte migration (P = 0.038), and inflammation (P = 0.006) significant recovery was detected in the mucosa of rats receiving Saccharomyces boulardii. Villous thickness was significantly greater in Group A than Group B (P < 0.001). The results indicate that Saccharomyces boulardii provided significant improvement in irinotecan-induced diarrhea and mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Sezer
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Fidan I, Kalkanci A, Yesilyurt E, Yalcin B, Erdal B, Kustimur S, Imir T. Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on cytokine secretion from intraepithelial lymphocytes infected by Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Mycoses 2008; 52:29-34. [PMID: 18627477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) is a probiotic and used in the prevention or treatment of diarrhoea. Saccharomyces boulardii has many mechanisms to protect the host against diarrhoeal pathogens. It might modulate the immune system. In this study, the influence of S. boulardii on the secretion of cytokines from intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) was investigated in vitro. Cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta was decreased in the infected IELs incubated with S. boulardii, but different from it, anti-inflammatory cytokine levels such as IL-4 and IL-10, however, were found to be higher. These findings demonstrated that S. boulardii may have protective effects against diarrhoeal pathogens by reducing the proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Fidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Buts JP, De Keyser N. Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on intestinal mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:1485-92. [PMID: 16838119 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-9016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) is a non-pathogenic biotherapeutic agent, widely prescribed in a lyophilized form in many countries over the world. S. boulardii acts as a shuttle liberating effective enzymes, proteins and trophic factors during its intestinal transit that improve host immune defenses, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. In addition, S. boulardii secretes during its intestinal transit polyamines, mainly spermine and spermidine that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis. In this review, we will focus on the interactions of the yeast with the host intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Buts
- Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Unit of Pediatric Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium.
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Geyik MF, Aldemir M, Hosoglu S, Ayaz C, Satilmis S, Buyukbayram H, Kokoglu OF. The effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on bacterial translocation in rats with obstructive jaundice. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006; 88:176-80. [PMID: 16551414 PMCID: PMC1964040 DOI: 10.1308/003588406x94986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii treatment on preventing bacterial translocation in an obstructive jaundice animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty adult rats were divided into five groups: group 1 - the sham-operated group; group 2 - the common bile duct ligation group; group 3 - the S. boulardii group; group 4 - the ampicillin-sulbaktam group; and group 5 - the S. boulardii plus ampicillin-sulbaktam group. The saline, antibiotics and S. boulardii were given, respectively, for a 7-day period as a single dose per day via temporary orogastric intubation. Seven days following the obstructive jaundice, the animal had laparatomy under sterile conditions. Segments of ileum were removed for histopathological examination. Blood, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were taken for microbiological culture. RESULTS Bacterial translocation rates were 0% in the sham-operated group, 83% in group 2, 42% in group 3, 42% in group 4 and 33% in group 5. Bacterial translocation significantly increased in group 2 compared to groups 3, 4 and 5 (P = 0.001). The bacterial counts (CFU/g) of group 2 were significantly higher than those of groups 3, 4 and 5 (P = 0.001). Histopathological examination of ileum specimens revealed a significant decrease in the heights of villi in groups 2-5 compared to the sham-operated group (P = 0.001). The mean villus height in groups 3 and 5 was significantly higher than that of group 4 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS S. boulardii was found to be effective in the successful control of translocation and improvement of intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Faruk Geyik
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
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Buts JP, Dekeyser N, Stilmant C, Delem E, Smets F, Sokal E. Saccharomyces boulardii produces in rat small intestine a novel protein phosphatase that inhibits Escherichia coli endotoxin by dephosphorylation. Pediatr Res 2006; 60:24-9. [PMID: 16690953 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000220322.31940.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a polyclonal antibody raised against a highly conserved sequence of 38 amino acids containing the activation site (VTDSAAGAT) common to mammalian and yeast alkaline phosphatases (AP), we identified in decapsidated Saccharomyces boulardii a protein phosphatase detected by autoradiography as a single signal (63 kD). Using an affinity chromatography column, the protein phosphatase could be concentrated 39.1-fold and presented as a doublet of two subunits. Compared with rat and bovine purified intestinal AP, the enzyme from S. boulardii had a greater ability to dephosphorylate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli 055B5. When tested in vivo, intraperitoneal injection of intact LPS to rats produced, after 9 h, 100 ng/mL of circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha with inflammatory lesions and apoptotic bodies in the liver and the heart, whereas rats injected with partially dephosphorylated LPS produced only 40 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-alpha without organic lesions. In conclusion, S. boulardii is able to inhibit toxicity of E. coli surface endotoxins by the release of a protein phosphatase exhibiting a great capacity of dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Buts
- Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterolgy and Nutrition, Université Catholic de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Buts JP, Bernasconi P. Saccharomyces boulardii: basic science and clinical applications in gastroenterology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2005; 34:515-32, x. [PMID: 16084311 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Buts
- Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Catholic University of Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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