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Grzeszczak K, Kapczuk P, Kupnicka P, Cecerska-Heryć E, Kwiatkowski S, Chlubek D, Kosik-Bogacka D. Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010153. [PMID: 36676102 PMCID: PMC9861628 DOI: 10.3390/life13010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) are the elements responsible for the fundamental metabolic and biochemical processes in the cells of the body. The demand for these elements increases significantly during pregnancy, where an adequate supply protects women from the hypertension common in pre-eclampsia and preterm labor. This study aimed to evaluate the association between macro-elements (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) in the placenta, fetal membrane, and umbilical cord and the morphometric parameters of newborns from multiple pregnancies. The study involved 57 pregnant European women with healthy uncomplicated twin pregnancies (n = 52) and triple pregnancies (n = 5); 40 pairs of dichorionic diamniotic twins, 11 pairs of monochorionic diamniotic twins, 1 pair of monochorionic monoamniotic twins, 3 trichorionic triamniotic triplets, and 2 dichorionic triamniotic triplets. Placentas (n = 107), umbilical cords (n = 114), and fetal membranes (n = 112) were collected immediately following delivery, and then weighed and measured. The levels of Ca, K, Na, and Mg were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in a Thermo Scientific ICAP 7400 Duo (Waltham, MA, USA). The respective mean concentrations of Ca, K, Na, and Mg (mg/kg-1 dry mass) were: 2466, 8873, 9323, and 436 in the placenta; 957, 6173, 26,757, and 326 in the umbilical cord, and 1252, 7460, 13,562, and 370 in the fetal membrane. In the studied materials from northwestern Poland, we found strong positive correlations between Ca and Mg concentrations in both the umbilical cord (r = 0.81, p = 0.00) and the fetal membrane (r = 0.73, p = 0.00); between K and Mg concentrations in the umbilical cord (r = 0.73, p = 0.00); between Ca and K concentrations in the fetal membrane (r = 0.73, p = 0.00), and we found moderately positive correlations between placental Ca concentration and placental weight (ρ = 0.42, p = 0.00) and between umbilical cord Mg concentrations and the length of the pregnancy (ρ = 0.42, p = 0.00). Negative correlations were found between Na and Ca concentrations in the fetal membrane (r = -0.40, p = 0.00) and Na concentrations in the fetal membrane and Mg concentrations in the placenta (r = -0.16, p = 0.02). Negative correlations were confirmed between the length of pregnancy and head circumference (ρ = -0.42; p = 0.00), infant weight (ρ = -0.42; p = 0.00), infant length (ρ = -0.49; p = 0.00), shoulder width (ρ = -0.49; p = 0.00); and between the infant weight and head circumference (ρ = -0.62; p = 0.00), weight before delivery (ρ = -0.36; p = 0.00), infant length (ρ = -0.45; p = 0.00), shoulder width (ρ = -0.63; p = 0.00), and weight gain during pregnancy (ρ = -0.31; p = 0.01). We found statistically significant correlations between cigarette smoking before pregnancy and the women's weight before delivery (ρ = 0.32, p = 0.00), and a negative correlation between the women's ages and infant head circumference (ρ = -0.20, p = 0.02). This is probably the first study to evaluate Ca, Na, K, and Mg concentrations in the afterbirth tissues of multiple pregnancies. It adds to the knowledge of elemental concentrations in multiple pregnancies and their possible effects on fetal morphometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Grzeszczak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1672
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Dos Santos Moreira MC, Naves LM, Marques SM, Silva EF, Rebelo AC, Colombari E, Pedrino GR. Neuronal circuits involved in osmotic challenges. Physiol Res 2017; 66:411-423. [PMID: 28248529 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of plasma sodium concentration within a narrow limit is crucial to life. When it differs from normal physiological patterns, several mechanisms are activated in order to restore body fluid homeostasis. Such mechanisms may be vegetative and/or behavioral, and several regions of the central nervous system (CNS) are involved in their triggering. Some of these are responsible for sensory pathways that perceive a disturbance of the body fluid homeostasis and transmit information to other regions. These regions, in turn, initiate adequate adjustments in order to restore homeostasis. The main cardiovascular and autonomic responses to a change in plasma sodium concentration are: i) changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate; ii) changes in sympathetic activity to the renal system in order to ensure adequate renal sodium excretion/absorption, and iii) the secretion of compounds involved in sodium ion homeostasis (ANP, Ang-II, and ADH, for example). Due to their cardiovascular effects, hypertonic saline solutions have been used to promote resuscitation in hemorrhagic patients, thereby increasing survival rates following trauma. In the present review, we expose and discuss the role of several CNS regions involved in body fluid homeostasis and the effects of acute and chronic hyperosmotic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dos Santos Moreira
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia - GO - Brazil. or
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Seravalli P, de Oliveira IB, Zago BC, de Castro I, Veras MM, Alves-Rodrigues EN, Heimann JC. High and Low Salt Intake during Pregnancy: Impact on Cardiac and Renal Structure in Newborns. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161598. [PMID: 27560182 PMCID: PMC4999234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that dietary salt overload and salt restriction during pregnancy were associated with cardiac and renal structural and/or functional alterations in adult offspring. The present study evaluated renal and cardiac structure and the local renin-angiotensin system in newborns from dams fed high-, normal- or low-salt diets during pregnancy. METHODS Female Wistar rats were fed low- (LS, 0.15% NaCl), normal- (NS, 1.3% NaCl) or high- (HS, 8% NaCl) salt diets during pregnancy. Kidneys and hearts were collected from newborns (n = 6-8/group) during the first 24 hours after birth to evaluate possible changes in structure using stereology. Protein expression of renin-angiotensin system components was evaluated using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS No differences between groups were observed in total renal volume, volume of renal compartments or number of glomeruli. The transverse diameter of the nuclei of cardiomyocytes was greater in HS than NS males in the left and right ventricles. Protein expression of the AT1 receptor was lower in the kidneys of the LS than in those of the NS and HS males but not females. Protein expression of the AT2 receptor was lower in the kidneys of the LS males and females than in those of the NS males and females. CONCLUSION High salt intake during pregnancy induced left and right ventricular hypertrophy in male newborns. Salt restriction during pregnancy reduced the expression of renal angiotensin II receptors in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Seravalli
- Department of Internal Medicine of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivone Braga de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Calazans Zago
- Department of Internal Medicine of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isac de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Department of Internal Medicine of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Joel C. Heimann
- Department of Internal Medicine of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Sakuyama H, Katoh M, Wakabayashi H, Zulli A, Kruzliak P, Uehara Y. Influence of gestational salt restriction in fetal growth and in development of diseases in adulthood. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:12. [PMID: 26787358 PMCID: PMC4719732 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported the critical role of the intrauterine environment of a fetus in growth or the development of disease in adulthood. In this article we discussed the implications of salt restriction in growth of a fetus and the development of growth-related disease in adulthood. Salt restriction causes retardation of fatal growth or intrauterine death thereby leading to low birth weight or decreased birth rate. Such retardation of growth along with the upregulation of the renin angiotensin system due to salt restriction results in the underdevelopment of cardiovascular organs or decreases the number of the nephron in the kidney and is responsible for onset of hypertension in adulthood. In addition, gestational salt restriction is associated with salt craving after weaning. Moreover, salt restriction is associated with a decrease in insulin sensitivity. A series of alterations in metabolism due to salt restriction are probably mediated by the upregulation of the renin angiotensin system and an epigenetic mechanism including proinflammatory substances or histone methylation. Part of the metabolic disease in adulthood may be programmed through such epigenetic changes. The modification of gene in a fetus may be switched on through environment factors or life style after birth. The benefits of salt restriction have been assumed thus far; however, more precise investigation is required of its influence on the health of fetuses and the onset of various diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Sakuyama
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoritsu Women's University, 2-2-1 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8437, Japan
| | - Minami Katoh
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoritsu Women's University, 2-2-1 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8437, Japan
| | - Honoka Wakabayashi
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoritsu Women's University, 2-2-1 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8437, Japan
| | - Anthony Zulli
- The Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management (CCDPM), Western CHRE, Victoria University, St Albans, Australia
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Proteomics, Central Laboratories, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Yoshio Uehara
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoritsu Women's University, 2-2-1 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8437, Japan.
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Glucose metabolism and hepatic Igf1 DNA methylation are altered in the offspring of dams fed a low-salt diet during pregnancy. Physiol Behav 2015; 154:68-75. [PMID: 26596702 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A low-salt (LS) diet during pregnancy has been linked to insulin resistance in adult offspring, at least in the experimental setting. However, it remains unclear if this effect is due to salt restriction during early or late pregnancy. To better understand this phenomenon, 12-week-old female Wistar rats were fed a LS or normal-salt (NS) diet during gestation or a LS diet during either the first (LS10) or second (LS20) half of gestation. Glucose tolerance test, HOMA-IR, gene expression analysis and DNA methylation measurements were conducted for the Insr, Igf1, Igf1r, Ins1 and Ins2 genes in the livers of neonates and in the liver, white adipose tissue and muscle of 20-week-old male offspring. Birth weight was lower in the LS20 and LS animals compared with the NS and LS10 rats. In the liver, the Igf1 levels in the LS10, LS20 and LS neonates were lower than those in the NS neonates. Methylation of the Insr, Igf1r, Ins1 and Ins2 genes was influenced in a variable manner by low salt intake during pregnancy. Increased liver Igf1 methylation was observed in the LS and LS20 neonates compared with their NS and LS10 counterparts. Glucose intolerance was observed in adult offspring as an effect of low salt intake over the duration of pregnancy. Compared to the NS animals, the HOMA-IR was higher in the 12-week-old LS and 20-week-old LS-10 rats. Based on these results, it appears that the reason a LS diet during pregnancy induces a low birth weight is its negative correlation with Igf1 DNA methylation in neonates.
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Moreira MCDS, Pinto ISDJ, Mourão AA, Fajemiroye JO, Colombari E, Reis ÂADS, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Ferreira-Neto ML, Pedrino GR. Does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome? Front Physiol 2015; 6:234. [PMID: 26379553 PMCID: PMC4548210 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS), formally known as syndrome X, is a clustering of several risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dislypidemia which could lead to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The frequent changes in the definition and diagnostic criteria of MS are indications of the controversy and the challenges surrounding the understanding of this syndrome among researchers. Obesity and insulin resistance are leading risk factors of MS. Moreover, obesity and hypertension are closely associated to the increase and aggravation of oxidative stress. The recommended treatment of MS frequently involves change of lifestyles to prevent weight gain. MS is not only an important screening tool for the identification of individuals at high risk of CVD and diabetes but also an indicator of suitable treatment. As sympathetic disturbances and oxidative stress are often associated with obesity and hypertension, the present review summarizes the role of sympathetic nervous system and oxidative stress in the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Dos Santos Moreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Izabella S de Jesus Pinto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Aline A Mourão
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - James O Fajemiroye
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ângela A da Silva Reis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - André H Freiria-Oliveira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Ferreira-Neto
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Pedrino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
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Mecawi AS, Macchione AF, Nuñez P, Perillan C, Reis LC, Vivas L, Arguelles J. Developmental programing of thirst and sodium appetite. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gois PHF, Canale D, Luchi WM, Volpini RA, Veras MM, Costa NDSX, Shimizu MHM, Seguro AC. Tenofovir during pregnancy in rats: a novel pathway for programmed hypertension in the offspring. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:1094-105. [PMID: 25492393 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the occurrence of systemic and renal abnormalities in the offspring of Wistar rats exposed to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) during pregnancy. METHODS Female Wistar rats received a standard diet, with or without addition of tenofovir DF (100 mg/kg diet), 1 week before mating and during pregnancy. Offspring from the tenofovir DF group were placed with an untreated foster mother during breastfeeding and compared with offspring from rats maintained on a standard diet during mating and pregnancy (control). Control and tenofovir DF were followed up at 3 and 6 months of age. Monthly body weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP), glomerular counts, renal function, biochemical parameters, angiotensin II, renal renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and renal sodium transporters were analysed. RESULTS Tenofovir DF offspring showed lower birth weight compared with the control group. After the third month, growth among the tenofovir DF group experienced a rapid catch-up. SBP increased progressively after the second month of age in the tenofovir DF group. Nephron number did not differ between the groups; however, the tenofovir DF group showed glomerular structural changes. Plasma aldosterone was higher in the tenofovir DF group, associated with a significant increase in renal expression of RAAS. The tenofovir DF rats showed up-regulation of renal sodium transporters and consequently lower urinary sodium excretion. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration using an experimental model that maternal exposure to tenofovir DF during gestation results in overactivation of RAAS, up-regulation of renal sodium transporters and hypertension in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique França Gois
- Laboratory for Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Canale
- Laboratory for Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Weverton Machado Luchi
- Laboratory for Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rildo Aparecido Volpini
- Laboratory for Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution-LIM05, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália de Souza Xavier Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution-LIM05, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Heloisa Massola Shimizu
- Laboratory for Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Seguro
- Laboratory for Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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High sodium intake during postnatal phases induces an increase in arterial blood pressure in adult rats. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1923-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic studies suggest that diseases that develop in adulthood are related to certain conditions to which the individual is exposed during the initial stages of life. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that offspring born to mothers maintained on high-Na diets during pregnancy have higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) in adulthood. Although these studies have demonstrated the importance of prenatal phases to hypertension development, no evidence regarding the role of high Na intake during postnatal phases in the development of this pathology has been reported. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of Na overload during childhood on induced water and Na intakes and on cardiovascular parameters in adulthood were evaluated. Experiments were carried out in two groups of 21-d-old rats: experimental group, maintained on hypertonic saline (0·3 m-NaCl) solution and food for 60 d, and control group, maintained on tap water and food. Later, both groups were given water and food for 15 d (recovery period). After the recovery period, chronic cannulation of the right femoral artery was performed in unanaesthetised rats to record baseline MAP and heart rate (HR). The experimental group was found to have increased basal MAP (98·6 (sem 2·6) v. 118·3 (sem 2·7) mmHg, P< 0·05) and HR (365·4 (sem 12·2) v. 398·2 (sem 7·5) beats per min, P< 0·05). There was a decrease in the baroreflex index in the experimental group when compared with that in the control group. A water and Na intake test was performed using furosemide. Na depletion was found to induce an increase in Na intake in both the control and experimental groups (12·1 (sem 0·6) ml and 7·8 (sem 1·1), respectively, P< 0·05); however, this increase was of lower magnitude in the experimental group. These results demonstrate that postnatal Na overload alters behavioural and cardiovascular regulation in adulthood.
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Low-Salt Intake during Mating or Gestation in Rats Is Associated with Low Birth and Survival Rates of Babies. J Nutr Metab 2014; 2014:212089. [PMID: 25197564 PMCID: PMC4150484 DOI: 10.1155/2014/212089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of maternal salt restriction during mating or gestation on birth rate and offspring growth in Dahl salt-sensitive rats (DS). DS were divided into 5 groups: DS fed a low-salt (0.3% NaCl, w/w) (DS-low) or high-salt (4% NaCl, w/w) diet (DS-high) during mating and DS-high or DS-low during gestation, and DS fed regular chow (0.75% NaCl, w/w) (DS-regular) throughout mating and gestation. During the unspecified periods, the rats were given regular chow. DS-low during mating delivered fewer infants than high-salt mothers (P < 0.05). The birth rate on regular chow was 87%. Six out of 11 DS-low rats during pregnancy produced pups while the rats fed a high-salt diet all delivered pups (P < 0.025). The pup survival rate was 67% for high-salt mothers during mating and 54% for mothers on a low-salt diet. The pup survival rate was 95% for mothers on a high-salt diet during pregnancy and 64% for mothers on a low-salt diet (P < 0.0001). Seven out of 8 DS-regular rats during mating delivered 59 neonates. However, 66% of the neonates survived. A low-salt diet during mating or pregnancy lowers birth rate and the neonates from low-salt mothers during pregnancy were more likely to die than those from high-salt mothers.
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Hara A, Chow R, Du DD, Sakuyama H, Uehara Y. Low Salt Diet in Pregnant Mothers Is Associated with Enhanced Salt Appetite in Their Offspring of Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.519202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Koleganova N, Piecha G, Ritz E, Becker LE, Müller A, Weckbach M, Nyengaard JR, Schirmacher P, Gross-Weissmann ML. Both high and low maternal salt intake in pregnancy alter kidney development in the offspring. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F344-54. [PMID: 21593188 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00626.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, low glomerular numbers are related to hypertension, cardiovascular, and renal disease in adult life. The present study was designed 1) to explore whether above- or below-normal dietary salt intake during pregnancy influences nephron number and blood pressure in the offspring and 2) to identify potential mechanisms in kidney development modified by maternal sodium intake. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed low (0.07%)-, intermediate (0.51%)-, or high (3.0%)-sodium diets during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were weaned at 4 wk and subsequently kept on a 0.51% sodium diet. The kidney structure was assessed at postnatal weeks 1 and 12 and the expression of proteins of interest at term and at week 1. Blood pressure was measured in male offspring by telemetry from postnatal month 2 to postnatal month 9. The numbers of glomeruli at weeks 1 and 12 were significantly lower and, in males, telemetrically measured mean arterial blood pressure after month 5 was higher in offspring of dams on a high- or low- compared with intermediate-sodium diet. A high-salt diet was paralleled by higher concentrations of marinobufagenin in the amniotic fluid and an increase in the expression of both sprouty-1 and glial cell-derived neutrophic factor in the offspring's kidney. The expression of FGF-10 was lower in offspring of dams on a low-sodium diet, and the expression of Pax-2 and FGF-2 was lower in offspring of dams on a high-sodium diet. Both excessively high and excessively low sodium intakes during pregnancy modify protein expression in offspring kidneys and reduce the final number of glomeruli, predisposing the risk of hypertension later in life.
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Cardoso HD, Cabral EV, Vieira-Filho LD, Vieyra A, Paixão ADO. Fetal development and renal function in adult rats prenatally subjected to sodium overload. Pediatr Nephrol 2009; 24:1959-65. [PMID: 19603192 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate two factors that affect fetal development--placental oxidative stress (Ox) and plasma volume (PV)--in dams with sodium overload and (2) to correlate possible alterations in these factors with subsequent modifications in the renal function of adult offspring. Wistar dams were maintained on 0.17 M NaCl instead of water from 20 days before mating until either the twentieth pregnancy day/parturition or weaning. Colorimetric methods were used to measure Ox in maternal and offspring tissues, PV, 24-h urinary protein (U(Prot24 h)) and serum triacylglycerols (TG) and cholesterol (Chol). Renal hemodynamics was evaluated in the offspring at 90 days of age using a blood pressure transducer, a flow probe and inulin clearance to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), respectively. The number of nephrons (NN) was counted in kidney suspensions. Dams showed unchanged PV, placental Ox and fetal weight but increased U(Prot24 h) (150%, P < 0.05). Prenatally sodium-overloaded pups showed increased U(Prot24 h) (45%, P < 0.05) but unchanged MAP, renal hemodynamics, NN and kidney Ox. Prenatally and postnatally sodium-overloaded rats showed increased U(Prot24 h) (27%, P < 0.05) and kidney Ox (44%, P < 0.05), reduced GFR (12%, P < 0.05), increased PV (26%, P < 0.05) and unchanged MAP and NN. The TG increased in both groups of treated offspring (21%, P < 0.05), whereas Chol increased only in the postnatally sodium-overloaded group. We conclude that salt overload from the prenatal stage until weaning leads to alterations in lipid metabolism and in the renal function of the pups, which are additional to those alterations seen in rats only overloaded prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriqueta D Cardoso
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Chadwick M, Vercoe P, Williams I, Revell D. Dietary exposure of pregnant ewes to salt dictates how their offspring respond to salt. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:437-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The relation between diarrhoeal episodes in infancy and both blood pressure and sodium intake in later life: The Newcastle Thousand Families Study. J Hum Hypertens 2008; 22:582-4. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2008.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Leandro SM, Furukawa LNS, Shimizu MHM, Casarini DE, Seguro AC, Patriarca G, Coelho MS, Dolnikoff MS, Heimann JC. Low birth weight in response to salt restriction during pregnancy is not due to alterations in uterine-placental blood flow or the placental and peripheral renin-angiotensin system. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:145-51. [PMID: 18572207 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies conducted in humans and in animals have observed that events occurring early in life are associated with the development of diseases in adulthood. Salt overload and restriction during pregnancy and lactation are responsible for functional (hemodynamic and hormonal) and structural alterations in adult offspring. Our group observed that lower birth weight and insulin resistance in adulthood is associated with salt restriction during pregnancy. On the other hand, perinatal salt overload is associated with higher blood pressure and higher renal angiotensin II content in adult offspring. Therefore, we hypothesised that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) function is altered by changes in sodium intake during pregnancy. Such changes may influence fetoplacental blood flow and thereby fetal nutrient supply, with effects on growth in utero and, consequently, on birth weight. Female Wistar rats were fed low-salt (LS), normal-salt (NS), or high-salt (HS) diet, starting before conception and continuing until day 19 of pregnancy. Blood pressure, heart rate, fetuses and dams' body weight, placentae weight and litter size were measured on day 19 of pregnancy. Cardiac output, uterine and placental blood flow were also determined on day 19. Expressions of renin-angiotensin system components and of the TNF-alpha gene were evaluated in the placentae. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, as well as plasma and placental levels of angiotensins I, II, and 1-7 were measured. Body weight and kidney mass were greater in HS than in NS and LS dams. Food intake did not differ among the maternal groups. Placental weight was lower in LS dams than in NS and HS dams. Fetal weight was lower in the LS group than in the NS and HS groups. The PRA was greater in LS dams than in NS and HS dams, although ACE activity (serum, cardiac, renal, and placental) was unaffected by the level of sodium intake. Placental levels of angiotensins I and II were lower in the HS group than in the NS and LS groups. Placental angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT(1)) gene expression and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were higher in HS dams, as were uterine blood flow and cardiac output. The degree of salt intake did not influence plasma sodium, potassium or creatinine. Although fractional sodium excretion was higher in HS dams than in NS and LS dams, fractional potassium excretion was unchanged. In conclusion, findings from this study indicate that the reduction in fetal weight in response to salt restriction during pregnancy does not involve alterations in uterine-placental perfusion or the RAS. Moreover, no change in fetal weight is observed in response to salt overload during pregnancy. However, salt overload did lead to an increase in placental weight and uterine blood flow associated with alterations in maternal plasma and placental RAS. Therefore, these findings indicate that changes in salt intake during pregnancy lead to alterations in uterine-placental perfusion and fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Márcia Leandro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lopes KL, Furukawa LN, de Oliveira IB, Dolnikoff MS, Heimann JC. Perinatal salt restriction: A new pathway to programming adiposity indices in adult female Wistar rats. Life Sci 2008; 82:728-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nakandakare ER, Charf AM, Santos FC, Nunes VS, Ortega K, Lottenberg AMP, Mion D, Nakano T, Nakajima K, D'Amico EA, Catanozi S, Passarelli M, Quintão ECR. Dietary salt restriction increases plasma lipoprotein and inflammatory marker concentrations in hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis 2008; 200:410-6. [PMID: 18262533 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary salt restriction has been reported to adversely modify the plasma lipoprotein profile in hypertensive and in normotensive subjects. We investigated the effects of the low sodium intake (LSI) on the plasma lipoprotein profile and on inflammation and thrombosis biomarkers during the fasting and postprandial periods. METHODS Non-obese, non-treated hypertensive adults (n=41) were fed strictly controlled diets. An initial week on a control diet (CD, Na=160 mmol/day) was followed by 3 weeks on LSI (Na=60 mmol/day). At admission and on the last day of each period, the 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was monitored and blood was drawn after an overnight fasting period and after a fat-rich test meal. RESULTS The dietary adherence was confirmed by 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Fasting triglyceride (TG), chylomicron-cholesterol, hsC-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations, renin activity, aldosterone, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values were higher, but non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were lower on LSI than on CD. For LSI, areas under the curve (AUC) of TG, chylomicron-cholesterol, apoB and the cholesterol/apoB ratio were increased, whereas AUC-NEFA was lowered. LSI did not modify body weight, hematocrit, fasting plasma cholesterol, glucose, adiponectin, leptin, fibrinogen and factor VII (FVII), and AUC of lipoprotein lipase and of lipoprotein remnants. CONCLUSION LSI induced alterations in the plasma lipoproteins and in inflammatory markers that are common features of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna R Nakandakare
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Sao Paulo, Lipids Lab LIM10, Hospital das Clínicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Gibson KJ, Boyce AC, Karime BM, Lumbers ER. Maternal renal insufficiency alters plasma composition and renal function in the fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 292:R1204-11. [PMID: 17068164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00188.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of chronic maternal renal insufficiency on fetal renal function, we studied nine fetuses whose mothers underwent subtotal nephrectomy at least 2 mo before mating (STNxF) and seven fetuses from intact ewes (IntF) (126-128 days of gestation, term 150 days). STNxF had lower hematocrit (P < 0.05), plasma chloride (P < 0.01), and creatinine levels (P < 0.01), and the length-to-width ratio of their kidneys was reduced (P < 0.05). They excreted twice as much urine (P < 0.05) and sodium (P < 0.01). Total (P = 0.01) and proximal fractional sodium reabsorptions (P < 0.05) were lower in STNxF; distal delivery of sodium (P < 0.05) and distal fractional sodium reabsorption (P < 0.05) were higher. They tended to have suppressed renin levels (P = 0.06). Infusions of amino acids (alanine, glycine, proline, and serine at 0.32 mmol/min for 1 h and 0.64 mmol/min for 2 h intravenously), known to stimulate renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in fetal sheep, did so in IntF (P < 0.01). Arterial pressure also increased (P < 0.01). These effects were not observed in STNxF. In summary, chronic maternal renal insufficiency was associated with profound alterations in fetal renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes and impaired renal hemodynamic and glomerular responses to amino acid infusion. Whether these marked changes in the renal function of fetuses carried by STNx ewes are associated with alterations in renal function in postnatal or adult life remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gibson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Schreuder M, Delemarre-van de Waal H, van Wijk A. Consequences of Intrauterine Growth Restriction for the Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2006; 29:108-25. [PMID: 16837795 DOI: 10.1159/000094538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight due to intrauterine growth restriction is associated with various diseases in adulthood, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and end-stage renal disease. The purpose of this review is to describe the effects of intrauterine growth restriction on the kidney. Nephrogenesis requires a fine balance of many factors that can be disturbed by intrauterine growth restriction, leading to a low nephron endowment. The compensatory hyperfiltration in the remaining nephrons results in glomerular and systemic hypertension. Hyperfiltration is attributed to several factors, including the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and nitric oxide. Data from human and animal studies are presented, and suggest a faltering IGF-I and an inhibited RAS in intrauterine growth restriction. Hyperfiltration makes the kidney more vulnerable during additional kidney disease, and is associated with glomerular damage and kidney failure in the long run. Animal studies have provided a possible therapy with blockage of the RAS at an early stage in order to prevent the compensatory glomerular hyperfiltration, but this is far from being applicable to humans. Research is needed to further unravel the effect of intrauterine growth restriction on the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Demigné C, Bloch-Faure M, Picard N, Sabboh H, Besson C, Rémésy C, Geoffroy V, Gaston AT, Nicoletti A, Hagège A, Ménard J, Meneton P. Mice chronically fed a westernized experimental diet as a model of obesity, metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis. Eur J Nutr 2006; 45:298-306. [PMID: 16649091 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-006-0599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies in animals use diets with several features (for example low-fat, rich in micronutriments), likely to be strongly protective against chronic diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study, performed in wild type outbred mice, was designed to evaluate the validity of a model of 'westernized' (W) diet reproducing, as closely as possible, the overall composition of an average human regime in western countries RESULTS In contrast to the standard (S) diet, the W diet triggered a marked increase in adiposity with some characteristics of metabolic syndrome (hypercholesterolemia, hyperinsulinemia...). There was an heterogeneity in the propensity to become obese upon exposure to the W diet in female mice. Overweight mice also presented some disturbances of renal function, such as hyperalbuminuria and hypocitraturia. Mice adapted to the W diet showed a reduction of bone mineral density, especially the non-obese ones. CONCLUSION These data suggest that a model of westernized diet could be appropriate for exploring the effects of mutations, drugs, or specific nutritional factors in animals and could be more relevant for human situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Demigné
- UMMM Unité des Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France.
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