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Weymann T, Achenbach J, Guevara JE, Bassler M, Karst M, Lambrecht A. EMG measured reaction time as a predictor of invalid symptom report in psychosomatic patients. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:1210-1226. [PMID: 37917133 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2276480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Symptom validity tests (SVTs) and performance validity tests (PVTs) are important tools in sociomedical assessments, especially in the psychosomatic context where diagnoses mainly depend on clinical observation and self-report measures. This study examined the relationship between reaction times (RTs) and scores on the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). It was proposed that slower RTs and larger standard deviations of reaction times (RTSDs) would be observed in participants who scored above the SIMS cut-off (>16). Methods: Direct surface electromyography (EMG) was used to capture RTs during a computer-based RT test in 152 inpatients from a psychosomatic rehabilitation clinic in Germany. Correlation analyses and Mann-Whitney U were used to examine the relationship between RTs and SIMS scores and to assess the potential impact of covariates such as demographics, medical history, and vocational challenges on RTs. Therefore, dichotomized groups based on each potential covariate were compared. Results: Significantly longer RTs and larger RTSDs were found in participants who scored above the SIMS cut-off. Current treatment with psychopharmacological medication, diagnosis of depression, and age had no significant influence on the RT measures. However, work-related problems had a significant impact on RTSDs. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between longer and more inconsistent RTs and indicators of exaggerated or feigned symptom report on the SIMS in psychosomatic rehabilitation inpatients. Findings from this study provide a basis for future research developing a new RT-based PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Weymann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rehazentrum Oberharz, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Johannes Achenbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Medicine, KRH Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin E Guevara
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Markus Bassler
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Applied Science Nordhausen, Nordhausen, Germany
| | - Matthias Karst
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Lambrecht
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rehazentrum Oberharz, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Ryszewska S, Pogge DL, Stokes J. Examination of Construct Validity of ANX and DEP Scales of the PAI-A. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:459-468. [PMID: 38358829 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2307880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are the two most common psychiatric problems of adolescence. The Personality Assessment Inventory, Adolescent Version (PAI-A) is a broadband instrument designed to assist in the detection and differential diagnosis of common psychiatric disorders in adolescents, and it includes a Depression scale (DEP) to detect the presence of major depressive episodes and an Anxiety scale (ANX) designed to detect clinically significant anxiety. However, there is limited research on this measure. The current study examined both the convergent and discriminant validities of the PAI-A Anxiety and Depression scales by observing their relationships to other self-report measures (e.g., PAI-A scales, MMPI-A), observer ratings (e.g., HPRS), and performance-based measures (e.g., Rorschach CS). The sample consisted of 352 records of the psychological assessments of adolescent inpatients between the ages of 13 to 17; the sample was about equally male (51.6%) and female with a mean age of 15.5 years. The sample was ethnically diverse with 48.7% of individuals identifying as Caucasian, 12.9% Black, 16% Hispanic, 2.6% Asian, 3.2% Other, and 16.6% unknown. There is strong evidence for convergent validity for the PAI-A ANX and DEP scales with r's ranging from .11 to .78. There is moderate evidence for discriminant validity for these scales. Results demonstrated that PAI-A scales correlated strongest with self-report, followed by therapist rating scale, and then performance-based measures. Various strengths of the PAI-A for the assessment of anxiety and depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Pogge
- School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University
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Rubenzer SJ. Ruling out feigned crime-related amnesia? A response to Acklin (2022). BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2023; 41:207-223. [PMID: 37071040 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In a recent paper, Acklin discussed a case of possible amnesia for a murder in terms of neurobiology, psychoanalysis, and personality assessment. Acklin accepted the defendant's claim of amnesia for the crime as genuine. The considerable literature that takes a skeptical view of crime-related amnesia was not cited, and the possibility of feigning or malingering was "ruled out" with a single sentence that does not withstand scrutiny. A review of the literature on feigned amnesia suggests that it may not be possible to rule out malingering even if the best available tools are used: There has been minimal investigation of most validity tests and estimates of base rates of feigned amnesia for a crime vary widely and make estimates of Negative Predictor Power highly unreliable. Although one cannot know from the information presented if Acklin's defendant legitimately experienced amnesia, feigning could not be ruled out using an interview and the test data cited by Acklin. I call for a moratorium on publication of further articles on crime specific amnesia that do not conscientiously examine other potential explanations and do not use current best practices for assessing negative response bias.
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Shura RD, Ord AS, Worthen MD. Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology: a Psychometric Review. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-021-09432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Harris M, Merz ZC. High elevation rates of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) in neuropsychological patients. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2021; 29:1344-1351. [PMID: 33662216 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1875227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined characteristics of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) in a sample of 110 patients at an adult neuropsychology clinic. Subjects with especially high or low suspicion of invalid reporting were identified based on clinician-completed questions. SIMS elevation rates were examined at different cutoffs and between these groups and were correlated with other indicators of validity. High rates of SIMS elevations were found at the standard cutoff (>14) for the total sample (45.5%), low suspicion cases (24.4%), and high suspicion cases (95.7%). Other indicators of invalidity were low (secondary gain = 8.5%, clinical suspicion of exaggeration in interview M = 2.37/5, medical records concerning for invalidity = 2.4%, mixed/poor performance validity = 6.1%). Elevations correlated with clinician concern for over-reporting in interview, subject-reported cognitive concern (r = -.610) and psychological measures (BDI-II r = -.602, PROMIS r = -.409) but not with neuropsychological memory tests or performance validity measures (all p > .23). The SIMS should be interpreted with caution, as elevations appeared largely related to cognitive concern and psychiatric distress rather than true malingering. A cutoff of > 16 could be used in neuropsychological populations, although this is still of modest specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Harris
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary C Merz
- LeBauer Department of Neurology, Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Kirk JW, Baker DA, Kirk JJ, MacAllister WS. A review of performance and symptom validity testing with pediatric populations. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2020; 9:292-306. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1750118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Kirk
- Kirk Neurobehavioral Health, Louisville, CO, USA
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - William S. MacAllister
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Alberta Health Sciences, Alberta, Canada
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Merten T, Kaminski A, Pfeiffer W. Prevalence of overreporting on symptom validity tests in a large sample of psychosomatic rehabilitation inpatients. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:1004-1024. [PMID: 31775575 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1694073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Noncredible symptom claims, regularly expected in forensic contexts, may also occur in clinical and rehabilitation referral contexts. Hidden motives and secondary gain expectations may play a significant role in clinical patients. We studied the prevalence of noncredible symptom report in patients treated for minor mental disorders in an inpatient setting.Method: Five hundred and thirty seven clinical inpatients of a psychosomatic rehabilitation center were studied (mean age: 50.2 years; native speakers of German). They were referred for treatment of depression, anxiety, somatoform disorder, adjustment disorder, and neurasthenia. Results of two symptom validity tests (Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology, SIMS; Self-Report Symptom Inventory, SRSI) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were analyzed.Results: At screening level, 34.5% and 29.8% of the patients were found to presumably overreport symptoms on the SIMS and SRSI, respectively. At the standard cut score of the SRSI (maximum false positive rate: 5%), the proportion of diagnosed overreporting was 18.8%. SIMS and SRSI pseudosymptom endorsement correlated at .73. Highly elevated depressive symptom claims with BDI-II scores above 40, found in 9.3% of the patients, were associated with elevated pseudosymptom endorsement. Moreover, extended times of sick leave and higher expectations of disability pension were associated with elevated pseudosymptom endorsement.Conclusions: The prevalence of symptom overreporting in some clinical patient groups is a serious, yet underinvestigated problem. The current estimates yielded a high prevalence of distorted, noncredible symptom claims in psychosomatic rehabilitation patients. The challenges arising to health professionals working in such settings are immense and need more consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Merten
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
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Ardic FC, Kose S, Solmaz M, Kulacaoglu F, Balcioglu YH. Reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the Turkish version of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (Turkish SIMS). PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1599237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Can Ardic
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences University, Bagcilar Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Samet Kose
- Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addictions, University of Texas Medical School of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mustafa Solmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences University, Bagcilar Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kulacaoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences University, Bagcilar Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasin Hasan Balcioglu
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Emhoff SM, Lynch JK, McCaffrey RJ. Performance and Symptom Validity Testing in Pediatric Assessment: A Review of the Literature. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:671-707. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1525612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Emhoff
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Julie K. Lynch
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Albany Neuropsychological Associates, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Robert J. McCaffrey
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Albany Neuropsychological Associates, Albany, New York, USA
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Martino V, Grattagliano I, Bosco A, Massaro Y, Lisi A, Campobasso F, Marchitelli MA, Catanesi R. A New Index for the MMPI-2 Test for Detecting Dissimulation in Forensic Evaluations: A Pilot Study. J Forensic Sci 2015; 61:249-53. [PMID: 26305512 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This pilot study is the starting point of a potentially broad research project aimed at identifying new strategies for assessing malingering during forensic evaluations. The forensic group was comprised of 67 males who were seeking some sort of certification (e.g., adoption, child custody, driver's license, issuance of gun permits, etc.); the nonforensic group was comprised of 62 healthy male volunteers. Each participant was administered the MMPI-2. Statistical analyses were conducted on obtained scores of 48 MMPI-2 scales. In the first step, parametric statistics were adopted to identify the best combination of MMPI-2 scales that differentiated the two groups of participants. In the second step, frequency-based, nonparametric methods were used for diagnostic purposes. RESULTS A model that utilized the best three predictors ("7-Pt", "L," and "1-Hs") was developed and used to calculate the Forensic Evaluation Dissimulation Index (FEDI), which features satisfactory diagnostic accuracy (0.9), sensitivity (0.82), specificity (0.81), and likelihood ratio indices (LR+ = 4.32; LR- = 0.22).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Martino
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesaze, Bari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Grattagliano
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesaze, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosco
- Department of Educational Science Psychology and Communication, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesaze, Bari, Italy
| | - Ylenia Massaro
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesaze, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Lisi
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesaze, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo Campobasso
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesaze, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Alessia Marchitelli
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesaze, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Catanesi
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesaze, Bari, Italy
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Keyvan A, Ger MC, Ertürk SG, Türkcan A. The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST). Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2015; 52:296-302. [PMID: 28360727 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.7587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to show the validity and reliability of the M-FAST Turkish Version. METHODS Translation and back-translation of the M-FAST was done, then the M-FAST Turkish Version was created with linguistic equivalence. The study was performed with 97 detainees and convicts sent from penal institutions who were internalized at our hospital forensic psychiatry service. M-FAST Turkish Version was applied to evaluees and as a result of clinical interview according to DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria and various data explorations the evaluee was examined for malingering. To investigate the internal consistency of the scale, Cronbach's alpha and test-retest methods were used. In order to check the validity of the scale, in addition to the clinician's diagnosis, participants were requested to fill the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) F and K validity scales. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 31.8±9.3 (SD) years. 47 evaluees (48.5%) were diagnosed as malingering. In the internal consistency analysis, Cronbach's alpha Coefficient was found to be .93. Test-retest relationship that was applied to 22 evaluees was found to be highly significant and strong (r=.89, p<.001). M-FAST scores were significantly high at the malingering group (n=47) (z=-8.02, p<.001). ROC curve analysis suggested a score of ≥7 points as the optimal cut-off for a malingering level for the M-FAST. Kappa coefficients of malingering ± groups were found to be, M-FAST≥7 Kappa: .83; F>16 Kappa: .29; F-K>16 Kappa: .30. For diagnosis of malingering, M-FAST Scale and the MMPI inventory scales were evaluated with the Binary Logistic Regression analysis and only M-FAST scores were found to be significant in prediction of malingering. CONCLUSION The findings of this study support that, M-FAST Turkish Form represents the structure of the original scale and can be used as a reliable and valid instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keyvan
- Clinic of Forensic Psychiatry, Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Can Ger
- Clinic of Forensic Psychiatry, Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Gül Ertürk
- Clinic of Forensic Psychiatry, Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Türkcan
- Clinic of Forensic Psychiatry, Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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van Impelen A, Merckelbach H, Jelicic M, Merten T. The Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Neuropsychol 2014; 28:1336-65. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2014.984763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfons van Impelen
- Forensic Psychology Section, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Merckelbach
- Forensic Psychology Section, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Jelicic
- Forensic Psychology Section, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Merten
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
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Rogers R, Robinson EV, Gillard ND. The SIMS Screen for feigned mental disorders: the development of detection-based scales. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2014; 32:455-466. [PMID: 25060144 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Time-efficient screens for feigned mental disorders (FMDs) constitute important tools in forensic assessments. The Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) is a 75-item true-false questionnaire that has been extensively studied as an FMD screen. However, the SIMS scales are not based on established detection strategies, and only its total score is utilized as a feigning screen. This investigation develops two new feigning scales based on well-established detection-strategies: rare symptoms (RS) and symptom combinations (SC). They are studied in a between-subjects simulation design using inpatients with partial-malingering (i.e., patients with genuine disorders asked to feign greater disabilities) conditions. Subject to future cross-validation, the SC scale evidenced the highest effect size (d=2.01) and appeared the most effective at ruling out examinees, who have a high likelihood of genuine responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rogers
- Doctoral student, Clinical Psychology Program, University of North Texas, TX
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Seron X. Lying in neuropsychology. Neurophysiol Clin 2014; 44:389-403. [PMID: 25306079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of lying occurs in neuropsychology especially when examinations are conducted in a forensic context. When a subject intentionally either presents non-existent deficits or exaggerates their severity to obtain financial or material compensation, this behaviour is termed malingering. Malingering is discussed in the general framework of lying in psychology, and the different procedures used by neuropsychologists to evidence a lack of collaboration at examination are briefly presented and discussed. When a lack of collaboration is observed, specific emphasis is placed on the difficulty in unambiguously establishing that this results from the patient's voluntary decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Seron
- Université catholique de Louvain, institut de psychologie, 70, avenue du Cor-de-Chasse, 1170 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Kirk JW, Hutaff-Lee CF, Connery AK, Baker DA, Kirkwood MW. The Relationship Between the Self-Report BASC-2 Validity Indicators and Performance Validity Test Failure After Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Assessment 2014; 21:562-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191114520626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In adult populations, research on methodologies to identify noncredible performance and exaggerated symptoms during neuropsychological evaluations has grown exponentially in the past two decades. Far less work has focused on methods appropriate for children. Although several recent studies have used stand-alone performance validity tests with younger populations, a near absence of pediatric work has investigated other indices to identify response bias. The present study examined the relationship between the validity scales from the self-report Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) and performance on the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT), a stand-alone performance validity test. The sample consisted of 274 clinically referred patients with mild traumatic brain injuries aged 8 through 17 years. Fifty patients failed the MSVT based on actuarial criteria. The majority of these patients (92%) provided valid self-report BASC-2 profiles, with only three patients (6%) producing an invalid profile due to an elevated F index. Analysis of valid/invalid self-report BASC-2 profiles and MSVT pass/fail did not reveal a significant relationship ( p = 0.471, two-tailed Fisher’s exact test). These findings suggest that performance validity tests like the MSVT provide substantively different information about the validity of a neuropsychological profile than that provided by the self-report validity scales of the BASC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Kirk
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christa F. Hutaff-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amy K. Connery
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael W. Kirkwood
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Abstract
Research has established that children can make efforts to deceive others and that malingering or underperformance in psychiatric and psychological evaluations is common. Clinicians often resist the idea that children can successfully fake mental disorders and formal assessment for malingering is rare in clinical practice. The author suggests that screening tests be performed during the initial evaluation of all children to identify deceptive behavior. Children who behave in a suspect fashion and children who have known motivations to present as more pathologic than they are should be formally assessed with psychological techniques to rule out the presence of malingering.
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Dandachi-FitzGerald B, Ponds RWHM, Peters MJV, Merckelbach H. Cognitive Underperformance and Symptom Over-Reporting in a Mixed Psychiatric Sample. Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 25:812-28. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2011.583280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kunst M, Winkel FW, Bogaerts S. Recalled peritraumatic reactions, self-reported PTSD, and the impact of malingering and fantasy proneness in victims of interpersonal violence who have applied for state compensation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2011; 26:2186-2210. [PMID: 21459889 DOI: 10.1177/0886260510383032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the associations between three types of peritraumatic reactions (dissociation, distress, and tonic immobility) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of 125 victims of interpersonal violence who had applied for compensation with the Dutch Victim Compensation Fund (DCVF). In addition, the confounding roles of malingering and fantasy proneness are examined. Results indicate that tonic immobility did not predict PTSD symptom levels when adjusting for other forms of peritraumatic reactions, whereas peritraumatic dissociation and distress did. However, after the effects of malingering and fantasy proneness had been controlled for, malingering is the only factor associated with increased PTSD symptomatology. Implications for policy practice as well as study strengths and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Kunst
- Institute for Criminal Law & Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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Wisdom NM, Callahan JL, Shaw TG. Diagnostic Utility of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology to Detect Malingering in a Forensic Sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 25:118-25. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acp110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Baum LJ, Archer RP, Forbey JD, Handel RW. A review of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) with an emphasis on juvenile justice samples. Assessment 2009; 16:384-400. [PMID: 19762519 DOI: 10.1177/1073191109338264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) and Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) are frequently used objective personality self-report measures. Given their widespread use, the purpose of the current study was to examine and compare the literature base for the two instruments. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted between the years 1992 and 2007 using the PsycINFO Database. Results indicate the publication of 277 articles, books, book chapters, monographs, and dissertation abstracts on the MMPI-A. This was compared with the results of a comparable search for the MACI, which yielded 84 citations. The literature was further explored by determining the content of the topic areas addressed for both instruments. A particular focus was placed on the utility of the instruments with juvenile justice populations; scale means, standard deviations, and effect sizes calculated from this literature were examined. Results indicate that the use of the MMPI-A is supported by a substantial literature and a growing research base is also available for the MACI. Both instruments appear to provide useful results in juvenile justice settings.
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Toomey JA, Kucharski LT, Duncan S. The utility of the MMPI-2 malingering discriminant function index in the detection of malingering: a study of criminal defendants. Assessment 2008; 16:115-21. [PMID: 18607009 DOI: 10.1177/1073191108319713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2's (MMPI-2) malingering discriminant function index (M-DFI), recently developed by Bacchiochi and Bagby, in the detection of malingering in a forensic sample. Criminal defendants were divided into "malingering" and "not malingering" groups using the structured interview of reported symptoms (SIRS) criteria proposed by Rogers. Logistic regression analysis (LRA) revealed that the MMPI-2 infrequency (F) scale had the best predictive utility of the traditional infrequency scales. Although the M-DFI did significantly differentiate the malingering from the not malingering groups, it did not add significantly to the predictive utility of the MMPI-2 F scale. Receiver operating characteristics analyses demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the MMPI-2 F scale, but poor sensitivity for the M-DFI scale. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of the M-DFI in detecting malingering and problems of extending the findings of simulation studies to the forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Toomey
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Forensic Psychology Department, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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22
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Green D, Rosenfeld B, Dole T, Pivovarova E, Zapf PA. Validation of an abbreviated version of the structured interview of reported symptoms in outpatient psychiatric and community settings. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2008; 32:177-86. [PMID: 17558482 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-007-9089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of an abbreviated version of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS-A) in identifying malingered mental illness. The SIRS-A is comprised of 69 items drawn from the SIRS (R. Rogers et al. 1992, SIRS: Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.), substantially reducing the administration time. A simulation design was used with three samples; 87 psychiatric outpatients who responded honestly were compared to 29 community-dwelling adults and 24 psychiatric patients instructed to malinger psychopathology. The SIRS-A generated sensitivity comparable to or exceeding that of the SIRS normative data, but specificity was poorer; many genuinely impaired patients were misclassified as malingering. Although these findings suggest the SIRS-A may be an effective means to assess malingering in psychiatric populations, further research assessing the reasons for the elevated false positive rates is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Green
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
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Alwes YR, Clark JA, Berry DTR, Granacher RP. Screening for feigning in a civil forensic setting. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2008; 30:133-40. [DOI: 10.1080/13803390701260363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kucharski LT, Toomey JP, Fila K, Duncan S. Detection of Malingering of Psychiatric Disorder With the Personality Assessment Inventory: An Investigation of Criminal Defendants. J Pers Assess 2007; 88:25-32. [PMID: 17266411 DOI: 10.1080/00223890709336831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) Validity scales for the detection of malingered psychiatric disorders, we divided a sample of criminal defendants referred for forensic evaluation by the federal courts into malingering and not malingering groups based on their performance on the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (Rogers, Gillis, & Bagby, 1990). Logistic regression analyses (LGAs) revealed that there were no differences between the malingering and not malingering groups with respect to age, race, years of education, history of drug abuse, or number of previous felony convictions. LGA with malingering versus not malingering as the criterion revealed that the PAI Negative Impression Management (NIM) scale but not the Rogers Discriminant Function (RDF; Rogers, Sewell, Morey & Ustad, 1996) nor the Malingering index (MAL; Morey, 1996) significantly differentiated the malingering from the not malingering group. Receiver operating characteristics analyses demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the NIM scale but not the RDF scale or the MAL index. We discuss the results in terms of the suggested cutoff scores for the PAI Validity scales in detecting criminal defendants who are attempting to feign psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thomas Kucharski
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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25
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Edens JF, Poythress NG, Watkins-Clay MM. Detection of Malingering in Psychiatric Unit and General Population Prison Inmates: A Comparison of the PAI, SIMS, and SIRS. J Pers Assess 2007; 88:33-42. [PMID: 17266412 DOI: 10.1080/00223890709336832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the utility of three instruments, the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991), the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (Smith & Burger, 1997), and the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992) to detect malingering among prisoners. We examined 4 inmate samples: (a) prisoners instructed to malinger, (b) "suspected malingerers" identified by psychiatric staff, (c) general population control inmates, and (d) psychiatric patients. Intercorrelations among the measures for the total sample (N = 115) were quite high, and receiver operating characteristic analyses suggested similar rates of overall predictive accuracy across the measures. Despite this, commonly recommended cut scores for these measures resulted in widely differing rates of sensitivity and specificity across the subsamples. Moreover, although all instruments performed well in the nonpsychiatric samples (i.e., simulators and controls), classification accuracy was noticeably poorer when attempting to differentiate between psychiatric patients and suspected malingerers, with only 2 PAI indicators significantly discriminating between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Edens
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
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Jelicic M, Peters MJV, Leckie V, Merckelbach H. Basic knowledge of psychopathology does not undermine the efficacy of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) to detect feigned psychosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03061071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Geraerts E, Jelicic M, Merckelbach H. Symptom overreporting and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2006; 30:621-30. [PMID: 16967328 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-006-9043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The authenticity of recovered memories is a much debated issue. Surprisingly, no study has systematically looked at symptom overreporting in people claiming recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). In a first sample we administered the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) to individuals who said they had recovered CSA memories (n=66), individuals who said their CSA had always been accessible (continuous CSA memory group; n=119), and controls who said they had no CSA experiences (n=83). In a second sample individuals reporting recovered (n=45) or continuous (n=45) CSA memories completed the Morel Emotional Numbing Test (MENT). Our aim was to compare these groups with regard to their tendency to overreport symptoms. The results indicate that people with recovered memories do not score higher on the SIMS and the MENT than other CSA survivors suggesting that symptom overreporting is not typical for people reporting recovered memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Geraerts
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands.
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Detection of Feigned Psychosis with the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS): A Study of Coached and Uncoached Simulators. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-006-4535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Factitious Psychological Disorders: The Overlooked Response Style in Forensic Evaluations. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j158v05n01_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Lewis JL, Simcox AM, Berry DTR. Screening for feigned psychiatric symptoms in a forensic sample by using the MMPI-2 and the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology. Psychol Assess 2002; 14:170-6. [PMID: 12056079 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.14.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-five men undergoing pretrial psychological evaluations for competency to stand trial or criminal responsibility in the federal justice system were administered the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2), and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). On the basis of results from the SIRS, 31 were classified as honest responders and 24 as feigning. Significant differences between the 2 groups were found on all SIMS scales as well as on all tested MMPI-2 fake bad validity scales. The SIMS total score and the MMPI-2 Backpage Infrequency (Fb) scale had relatively high negative predictive power (100% and 92%, respectively). On the basis of this clinically relevant methodology, both tests have potential usefulness as screens for malingering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA
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32
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Lucio E, Duran C, Graham JR, Ben-Porath YS. Identifying faking bad on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent with Mexican adolescents. Assessment 2002; 9:62-9. [PMID: 11911236 DOI: 10.1177/1073191102009001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent identified Mexican adolescents who were instructed to fake bad. Validity scales data were used to differentiate between nonclinical adolescents instructed to fake bad and both clinical and nonclinical adolescents who received standard instructions. Participants were 59 male and 87 female Mexican high school students and 59 male and 87 female Mexican adolescents from clinical settings. This is the first study onfaking with adolescents in Mexico. The F, Fl, and F2 Scales and the F-K index discriminated adequately between the three different groups. Results were similar to those previously reportedfor adults and adolescents in Mexico and the United States. High positive and negative predictive powers and overall hit rates were obtained in this study. Higher cut scores were needed to discriminate between the groups of girls than between the groups of boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Lucio
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, México, DF.
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Abstract
Although substantial research literature on the effects of random responding on the MMPI-2 exists, there is very limited data available on this issue with the MMPI-A. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of selected MMPI-A validity scales in detecting differences in response patterns between protocols produced by 354 adolescents assessed in clinical settings and a group of 354 randomly produced MMPI-A protocols. Results indicate that MMPI-A validity and basic clinical scales differ significantly between random and clinical groups and that MMPI-A validity Scales F, F1, F2, and VRIN appear to be most useful in correctly identifying protocols from actual clinical participants versus randomly generated response patterns. Findings are discussed in terms of the dramatic effects of the sample base rate for random responding on overall classification accuracy results. Furthermore, it was noted that the optimal cutting scores for MMPI-A Scales F, F1, F2, and VRIN were largely consistent with interpretive recommendations found in the test manual (Butcher et al., 1992) when the relative frequency of random response protocols to clinical protocols was evaluated at a ratio of 1:10. Finally, future recommendations for evaluation of the F1-F2 difference score and the TRIN scale are offered in terms of the most relevant research designs to evaluate these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Archer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA.
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Wrobel TA, Lachar D, Wrobel NH, Morgan ST, Gruber CP. Performance of the Personality Inventory for Youth validity scales. Assessment 1999; 6:367-80. [PMID: 10539983 DOI: 10.1177/107319119900600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Response sets as well as cognitive and academic deficits compromise the validity of child and adolescent self-report of emotional adjustment. Three studies using clinical and asymptomatic samples of 4th to 12th grade students detail applications of the four validity scales of the Personality Inventory for Youth (PIY), namely, (a) Validity (VAL) a scale of six highly improbable statements, (b) Inconsistency (INC) consisting of pairs of highly correlated statements, (c) Dissimulation (FB) constructed of statements that were infrequent and characteristic of intentional distortion, and (d) Defensiveness (DEF) an extension of the Lie scale of the parent-report Personality Inventory for Children. The effects of minimizing, malingering, and random response sets on the PIY validity scales are reported. The importance of such validity scales derived from child and adolescent response is discussed.
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