1
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Ding X, Xue L, Wang M, Zhu S, Zhu K, Jiang S, Wu J, Miao L. Dynamics and implications of anti-drug antibodies against adalimumab using ultra-sensitive and highly drug-tolerant assays. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1429544. [PMID: 39238635 PMCID: PMC11374634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1429544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Adalimumab induces the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) that may lead to reduced drug concentration and loss-of-response, posing significant clinical challenges. However, traditional immunoassays have limitations in terms of sensitivity and drug-tolerance, hindering the insights of ADA response. Methods Herein, we developed an integrated immunoassay platform combining the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay with immunomagnetic separation strategy. A longitudinal cohort study involving 49 patients with ankylosing spondylitis was carried out to analyze the dynamic profiles of ADA and to investigate the impact of ADA on adalimumab pharmacokinetics using a population pharmacokinetic model. Additionally, cross-sectional data from 12 patients were collected to validate the correlation between ADA levels and disease relapse. Results The ADA assay demonstrated high sensitivity (0.4 ng/mL) and drug-tolerance (100 μg/mL), while the neutralizing antibodies (NAB) assay showed a sensitivity of 100 ng/mL and drug-tolerance of 20 μg/mL. Analysis of the longitudinal cohort revealed that a majority of patients (44/49, 90%) developed persistent ADA within the first 24 weeks of treatment. ADA levels tended to plateau over time after an initial increase during the early immune response phase. Further, nearly all of the tested patients (26/27, 96%) were classified as NAB positive, with a strong correlation between ADA levels and neutralization capacity (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.001). Population pharmacokinetic modeling revealed a significant positive association between model-estimated individual clearance and observed ADA levels. Higher ADA levels were associated with adalimumab clearance and disease relapse in a cross-sectional cohort, suggesting a promising ADA threshold of 10 for potential clinical application. Moreover, the IgG class was the primary contributor to ADA against adalimumab and the apparent affinity exhibited an increasing trend over time, indicating a T-cell dependent mechanism for ADA elicitation by adalimumab. Conclusion In summary, this integrated immunoassay platform shows promise for in-depth analysis of ADA against biologics, offering fresh insights into immunogenicity and its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengxiong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kouzhu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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2
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Rowe BA, Medina-Carle K, Chen K, Reese KJ, McCarthy KM, Concannon AA, Gunn GR, Gehman AP, Jiang Y, Meyer E. Unique challenges required reassessment and alterations to critical reagents to rescue a neutralizing antibody assay. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:735-745. [PMID: 38884331 PMCID: PMC11389750 DOI: 10.1080/17576180.2024.2360363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To redevelop a neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay to be much more drug tolerant, have a large dynamic range and have high inhibition when using high levels of positive control (PC).Materials & methods: Early assay data suggested that typical biotin labeling of the capture reagent (Drug 1, produced in a human cell line) was blocking it from binding with the PC or the detection target, and that the detection target was out competing the PC. Methodical biotin labeling experiments were performed at several challenge ratios and an Fc linker was added to the detection target.Results & conclusion: A larger dynamic range, high inhibition and higher drug tolerance were achieved by adding an acid dissociation step to the assay, performing atypical biotin labeling of Drug 1 and switching to a detection target that contained an Fc linker to increase steric hinderance and decrease its binding affinity to Drug 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Rowe
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Katie Medina-Carle
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Keguan Chen
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Kimberly J Reese
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Kenneth M McCarthy
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Amy A Concannon
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - George R Gunn
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Andrew P Gehman
- GSK Research Statistics, Biostatistics, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Lower Gwynedd Township, PA 19002,USA
| | - Erik Meyer
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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3
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Peek VL, Lemen DM, Konrad RJ, Wen Y. A competitive ligand binding assay for detection of neutralizing antibodies against an insulin analog. J Immunol Methods 2023; 523:113575. [PMID: 37844794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics have the potential to trigger undesired immune responses in the patients. For therapeutic proteins, immunogenicity is manifested as anti-drug antibodies (ADA). Because ADA could compromise pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety, regulatory agencies require immunogenicity assessment during clinical development. A tiered bioanalytical approach is recommended to monitor clinical immunogenicity, and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) are studied in Tier 4 if the molecule is immunogenic. Although cell-based assays, which reflect the pharmacological mechanism of action, are in some cases the preferred assay format for detecting NAbs, they are associated with operational complexity and sometimes suboptimal assay performance. Alternatively, non-cell-based assays have also been developed and implemented. In our current study, a competitive ligand binding assay (CLBA) was developed to detect NAbs for insulin efsitora alfa (efsitora, basal insulin Fc, LY3209590), a novel fusion protein being studied for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. The CLBA demonstrated acceptable sensitivity, drug tolerance, precision, and robustness, and thus provides a suitable approach for detecting NAbs against efsitora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Peek
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Deven M Lemen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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4
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Nguyen V, Cheung A, Hendricks R, Peng K, Chung S. An Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Assay for Detecting Ocrelizumab Neutralizing Antibody. AAPS J 2023; 25:97. [PMID: 37783946 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocrelizumab (OCREVUS®) is a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of adult patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) and primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). Here, we discuss the strategic and technical considerations needed to develop a robust antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-based neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay to detect anti-ocrelizumab NAb in patients enrolled in the ocrelizumab registered clinical trials. The NAb detection assay consisted of a two-tier assay that included a screening assay and a confirmation assay. In the screening assay, patient samples were analyzed in the presence of ocrelizumab. Samples that tested positive in the screening assay were subsequently analyzed in the confirmatory assay where another anti-CD20 mAb, obinutuzumab, was replaced by ocrelizumab, to verify NAb specificity. Both assays utilized MEC-2 cells, a chronic B cell leukemia cell line, pre-labeled with calcein AM as the target cells, and natural killer (NK) cells engineered to stably express Fc gamma receptor IIIa_ F158 as effector cells. Both cell lines were prepared to be thaw-and-use cells. The NAb assay measures fluorescence from the calcein AM released into the assay media upon the lysis of target cells by ADCC in the presence of ocrelizumab or obinutuzumab. Our validated NAb assay showed a relative sensitivity of 743 ng/mL and can detect 1500 ng/mL of a surrogate positive control antibody in the presence of 1500 ng/mL ocrelizumab. This ADCC assay is the first reported NAb assay that directly measures target cell lysis by using thaw-and-use target and effector cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Anthony Cheung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Robert Hendricks
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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5
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Luong M, Wang Y, Donnelly BB, Lepsy C. Addressing Domain Specificity in the Development of a Cell-Based Binding Assay for the Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies Against a CD47xPD-L1 Bispecific Antibody. AAPS J 2023; 25:91. [PMID: 37740131 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PF-07257876 is a bispecific antibody being developed for the treatment of certain advanced or metastatic solid tumors. To support clinical development of PF-07257876, neutralizing antibody (NAb) assays were developed as part of a tiered immunogenicity testing approach. Because PF-07257876 targets both CD47 and PD-L1, determination of domain specificity of a NAb response may provide additional insight relating to PK, efficacy, and safety. Due to limitations of functional cell systems, two cell-based binding assays were developed using electrochemiluminescence to detect domain-specific NAb. While both NAb assays utilized a cell-based binding approach and shared certain requirements, such as sensitivity and tolerance to potentially interfering substances, the development of each assay faced unique challenges. Among the hurdles encountered, achieving drug tolerance while preserving domain specificity for CD47 proved particularly challenging. Consequently, a sample pretreatment procedure to isolate NAb from potentially interfering substances was necessary. The sample pretreatment procedure developed was based on a bead-extraction and acid dissociation (BEAD) approach. However, the use of the standard BEAD approach with whole drug to capture NAb resulted in loss of NAb detection under certain circumstances. Specifically, mock samples containing a mixture of NAb positive controls against both binding domains of the bispecific antibody produced false-negative results in the cell-based binding assay. An adaptation made to the standard BEAD approach restored domain-specific NAb detection, while also contributing to an assay sensitivity of 1 µg/mL in the presence of a clinically relevant drug tolerance level of up to 400 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luong
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Brianna B Donnelly
- Janssen R&D, Lower Gwynedd Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Lepsy
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
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6
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Yin Z, Guerrero J, Melendez R, Andrews B, Peng K. Development of a Cell-based Neutralizing Antibody Assay for Zinpentraxin Alfa: Challenges and Mitigation Strategies. AAPS J 2023; 25:75. [PMID: 37468730 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic protein drugs can potentially induce immune responses in patients and result in the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), including a subset of ADAs called neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that might cause loss of efficacy by inhibiting clinical activities of the drug. Herein, we describe the unique challenges encountered during the development of a fit-for-purpose cell-based NAb assay for a new protein modality, zinpentraxin alfa, including our strategies for assay design to overcome various matrix interferences and improve assay drug tolerance. We demonstrated that a typical biotin-drug extraction with acid dissociation (BEAD) approach alone was not sufficient to eliminate matrix interferences in this assay. Instead, the combination of the BEAD and ZebaTM spin size exclusion plate (SEP) was required to achieve the desirable assay performance. We also demonstrated that appropriate acidic buffers were critical in sample pretreatment to improve assay drug tolerance, which not only dissociated the drug/NAb immune complex but also effectively and irreversibly denatured the free drug. The final assay performed well with confirmed assay robustness and suitability for the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Joyce Guerrero
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel Melendez
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ben Andrews
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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7
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Myler H, Pedras-Vasconcelos J, Lester T, Civoli F, Xu W, Wu B, Vainshtein I, Luo L, Hassanein M, Liu S, Ramaswamy SS, Mora J, Pennucci J, McCush F, Lavelle A, Jani D, Ambakhutwala A, Baltrukonis D, Barker B, Carmean R, Chung S, Dai S, DeWall S, Dholakiya SL, Dodge R, Finco D, Yan H, Hays A, Hu Z, Inzano C, Kamen L, Lai CH, Meyer E, Nelson R, Paudel A, Phillips K, Poupart ME, Qu Q, Abhari MR, Ryding J, Sheldon C, Spriggs F, Warrino D, Wu Y, Yang L, Pasas-Farmer S. Neutralizing Antibody Validation Testing and Reporting Harmonization. AAPS J 2023; 25:69. [PMID: 37421491 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolving immunogenicity assay performance expectations and a lack of harmonized neutralizing antibody validation testing and reporting tools have resulted in significant time spent by health authorities and sponsors on resolving filing queries. A team of experts within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists' Therapeutic Product Immunogenicity Community across industry and the Food and Drug Administration addressed challenges unique to cell-based and non-cell-based neutralizing antibody assays. Harmonization of validation expectations and data reporting will facilitate filings to health authorities and are described in this manuscript. This team provides validation testing and reporting strategies and tools for the following assessments: (1) format selection; (2) cut point; (3) assay acceptance criteria; (4) control precision; (5) sensitivity including positive control selection and performance tracking; (6) negative control selection; (7) selectivity/specificity including matrix interference, hemolysis, lipemia, bilirubin, concomitant medications, and structurally similar analytes; (8) drug tolerance; (9) target tolerance; (10) sample stability; and (11) assay robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Myler
- Bioanalytical and Biomarker Science and Technologies, Takeda, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- 25 Creekview Ln, Yardley, Pennsylvania, 19067, USA.
| | - João Pedras-Vasconcelos
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, USA
| | - Todd Lester
- BioAgilytix Labs, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA
| | - Francesca Civoli
- Coherus BioSciences, 333 Twin Dolphin Drive, Redwood City, California, 94065, USA
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Regulated Global Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Bonnie Wu
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
| | - Inna Vainshtein
- Discovery and Translational Research, Exelixis, 1851 Harbor Bay Pkwy, Alameda, California, 94502, USA
| | - Linlin Luo
- Regulated Global Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Early Clinical Development, Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susana Liu
- Global Product Development, , Pfizer Inc, 17300 Trans Canada Hwy, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Swarna Suba Ramaswamy
- Regulated Bioanalysis Department, B2S Life Sciences, 97 East Monroe Street, Franklin, Indiana, 46131, USA
| | - Johanna Mora
- Non-Clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jason Pennucci
- Quantitative Bioanalytics, Moderna, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Fred McCush
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06379, USA
| | - Amy Lavelle
- Bioanalytical Lab, PPD Clinical Research, , 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, Virginia, 23230-3323, USA
| | - Darshana Jani
- Preclinical and Clinical Bioanalysis, , Moderna Tx, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Angela Ambakhutwala
- Immunology Sciences, Kriya Therapeutics, 4105 Hopson Road, Morrisville, North Carolina, 27560, USA
| | - Daniel Baltrukonis
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06379, USA
| | - Breann Barker
- Drug Metabolism and Biopharmaceuticals, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803, USA
| | - Rebecca Carmean
- Bioanalytical Lab, PPD Clinical Research, , 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, Virginia, 23230-3323, USA
| | - Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology & Translational Sciences (QCP), Daiichi Sankyo, Inc, 211 Mt. Airy Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, 07920, USA
| | - Stephen DeWall
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142-1071, USA
| | - Sanjay L Dholakiya
- Non-Clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Dodge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey, 07936, USA
| | - Deborah Finco
- Deborah Finco Consulting LLC, 101 Prospect Hill Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Haoheng Yan
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech. Inc, 430 N. McCarthy Blvd, Milpitas, California, 95035, USA
| | - Amanda Hays
- BioAgilytix Labs, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA
| | - Zheng Hu
- Translation Safety & Bioanalytical Science, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, 91360, USA
| | - Cynthia Inzano
- Non-Clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lynn Kamen
- BioAgilytix Labs, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA
| | - Ching-Ha Lai
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Erik Meyer
- Immunogenicity, GSK Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - Robert Nelson
- Bioanalytical Services, Labcorp Drug Development, Otley Road, Harrogate, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Kelli Phillips
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06379, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Poupart
- Immunology, Charles River Laboratories, Montreal ULC, Transcanada Highway, Senneville, Quebec, 22022, Canada
| | - Qiang Qu
- Quantitative Bioanalytics, Moderna, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Mohsen Rajabi Abhari
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Janka Ryding
- Bioanalysis-Biologics, Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Curtis Sheldon
- Technical Operations, , IVERIC Bio, Inc, 8 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, New Jersey, 07054, USA
| | - Franklin Spriggs
- Spriggs Bioanalytical Consulting LLC, 15632 W 83rd Terrace, Lenexa, Kansas, 66219, USA
| | - Dominic Warrino
- Bioanalytical and Biomarker Services, KCAS, 10830 S Clay Blair Blvd, Olathe, Kansas, 66061, USA
| | - Yuling Wu
- Integrated Bioanalysis, , AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Bioanalytical Sciences, REGENXBIO Inc, 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
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8
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Rathi A, Rinker S, Niu H, Carter C, Kumar S, Cowan K. Assay development considerations to improve drug tolerance in direct competitive ligand binding neutralizing antibody assays, pretreatment strategies. J Immunol Methods 2023; 517:113484. [PMID: 37116778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) may affect safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of a biotherapeutic drug and thus their assessment is of particular importance during immunogenicity testing. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) assays typically rely on NAbs ability to block the drug-target interaction. Higher NAb concentration and/or higher binding affinity of NAb to the drug, lowers the drug-target binding interaction. However, in the presence of high concentrations of residual circulating drug, as often seen for drugs with longer half-lives or in repeat-dose studies, NAbs may exist as drug bound complexes. In direct NAb assay formats, the NAb-drug complexes present in the sample could result in the NAb being unable to block the drug-target interaction eventually leading to a false negative response. The residual free circulating drug present in the sample may bind to the target in the NAb assay thereby competing with the drug used in the assay and inhibiting the assay signal, leading to a false positive response. For traditional ADA assays, multiple approaches involving acid treatment have been described to mitigate circulating drug interference issue. Here, we report two acid-treatment approaches that utilize the Dynabeads extraction with acid dissociation and Affinity Capture Elution (ACE) principle to improve drug tolerance in NAb assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Rathi
- Clinical Bioanalytical Sciences, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, United States of America
| | - Sherri Rinker
- B2S Life Sciences, 97 East Monroe Street, Franklin, Indiana 46131, USA
| | - Hongmei Niu
- Clinical Bioanalytical Sciences, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, United States of America
| | - Carina Carter
- Clinical Bioanalytical Sciences, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, United States of America
| | - Seema Kumar
- Clinical Bioanalytical Sciences, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, United States of America
| | - Kyra Cowan
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Postcode D50/225, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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9
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Dere RC, Beardsley RL, Lu D, Lu T, Ku GHW, Man G, Nguyen V, Kaur S. Integrated summary of immunogenicity of polatuzumab vedotin in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119510. [PMID: 37063860 PMCID: PMC10090561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polatuzumab vedotin, marketed under the trade name POLIVY®, is a CD79b-targeted antibody-drug conjugate that preferentially delivers a potent anti-mitotic agent (monomethyl auristatin E) to B cells, resulting in anti-cancer activity against B-cell malignancies. In 2019, polatuzumab vedotin in combination with rituximab and bendamustine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adult patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who have received at least two prior therapies. Recent Health Authority guidance recommendations for submitting an Integrated Summary of Immunogenicity were followed including a comprehensive immunogenicity risk assessment, bioanalytical strategy, and immunogenicity data to support the registration of polatuzumab vedotin. Key components of the polatuzumab vedotin Integrated Summary of Immunogenicity and data are presented. Validated semi-homogeneous bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to polatuzumab vedotin and characterize the immune response in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The overall incidence of ADA observed for polatuzumab vedotin was low across seven clinical trials. The low incidence of ADA is likely due to the mechanism of action of polatuzumab vedotin that involves targeting and killing of B cells, thereby limiting the development to plasma cells and ADA secretion. Furthermore, patients are co-medicated with rituximab, which also targets B cells and results in B-cell depletion. Therefore, the immunogenicity risk is considered low and not expected to impact the polatuzumab vedotin benefit/risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C. Dere
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Randall C. Dere,
| | - Richard L. Beardsley
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Grace H-W. Ku
- Department of Product Development Hematology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel Man
- Department of Product Development Safety, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South, San Francisco, CA, United States
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10
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Huang K, Chu N, Ding Y, Que L, Qian Z, Shi Y, Qin W, He Q. Comparative Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Immunogenicity Study of the Prefilled Syringe and Lyophilized Formulation of a Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor II:lgG Fc Fusion Protein in Healthy Chinese Male Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:1116-1123. [PMID: 35419986 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics, safety, and immunogenicity of the prefilled syringe (PFS) with lyophilized (LYO) recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α receptor II:lgG Fc fusion protein (rhTNFR:Fc) in healthy Chinese male subjects. A single-center, randomized, open-label, 2-period, crossover study was performed in healthy Chinese male subjects. Subjects were randomly assigned into 2 sequences and received a subcutaneous injection of 25 mg rhTNFR:Fc PFS or rhTNFR:Fc LYO (Anbainuo), with a 35-day washout between the 2 periods. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals, and then serum concentrations of rhTNFR:Fc were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The maximum serum concentration, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration, and AUC from time 0 to infinity were all calculated and evaluated. Meanwhile, safety and immunogenicity were also assessed. A total of 82 subjects completed the study, and six subjects withdrew for various reasons. The 90%CIs for geometric mean ratios of maximum serum concentration, AUC from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration, and AUC from time 0 to infinity were all within the equivalence range of 80% to 125%. Safety was comparable between the 2 formulations with low immunogenicity. rhTNFR:Fc PFS exhibited similar pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of rhTNFR:Fc LYO (Anbainuo) in healthy Chinese male subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Nannan Chu
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Linglin Que
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenzhong Qian
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunfei Shi
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qing He
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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11
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Yang TY, Braun M, Lembke W, McBlane F, Kamerud J, DeWall S, Tarcsa E, Fang X, Hofer L, Kavita U, Upreti VV, Gupta S, Loo L, Johnson AJ, Chandode RK, Stubenrauch KG, Vinzing M, Xia CQ, Jawa V. Immunogenicity assessment of AAV-based gene therapies: An IQ consortium industry white paper. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:471-494. [PMID: 36092368 PMCID: PMC9418752 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity has imposed a challenge to efficacy and safety evaluation of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based gene therapies. Mild to severe adverse events observed in clinical development have been implicated with host immune responses against AAV gene therapies, resulting in comprehensive evaluation of immunogenicity during nonclinical and clinical studies mandated by health authorities. Immunogenicity of AAV gene therapies is complex due to the number of risk factors associated with product components and pre-existing immunity in human subjects. Different clinical mitigation strategies have been employed to alleviate treatment-induced or -boosted immunogenicity in order to achieve desired efficacy, reduce toxicity, or treat more patients who are seropositive to AAV vectors. In this review, the immunogenicity risk assessment, manifestation of immunogenicity and its impact in nonclinical and clinical studies, and various clinical mitigation strategies are summarized. Last, we present bioanalytical strategies, methodologies, and assay validation applied to appropriately monitor immunogenicity in AAV gene therapy-treated subjects.
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12
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Lotz GP, Benstein K, Bloem K, Buddiger H, Calonder C, Elm S, Fernandez E, Goodman J, Gorovits B, Grudzinska-Goebel J, Janssen M, Jawa V, Kramer D, Luo L, Malisauskas M, Michaut L, Schäfer M, Spindeldreher S, Ullmann M, Nana Weldingh K, Kromminga A, Snoeck V. When to Extend Monitoring of Anti-drug Antibodies for High-risk Biotherapeutics in Clinical Trials: an Opinion from the European Immunogenicity Platform. AAPS J 2022; 24:68. [PMID: 35554731 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of a tailored anti-drug antibody (ADA) testing strategy is based on the immunogenicity risk assessment to allow a correlation of ADAs with changes to pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. The clinical impact of ADA formation refines the immunogenicity risk assessment and defines appropriate risk mitigation strategies. Health agencies request for high-risk biotherapeutics to extend ADA monitoring for patients that developed an ADA response to the drug until ADAs return to baseline levels. However, there is no common understanding in which cases an extension of ADA follow-up sampling beyond the end of study (EOS) defined in the clinical study protocol is required. Here, the Immunogenicity Strategy Working Group of the European Immunogenicity Platform (EIP) provides recommendations on requirements for an extension of ADA follow-up sampling in clinical studies where there is a high risk of serious consequences from ADAs. The importance of ADA evaluation during a treatment-free period is recognized but the decision whether to extend ADA monitoring at a predefined EOS should be based on evaluation of ADA data in the context of corresponding clinical signals. If the clinical data set shows that safety consequences are minor, mitigated, or resolved, further ADA monitoring may not be required despite potentially detectable ADAs above baseline. Extended ADA monitoring should be centered on individual patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor P Lotz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Karin Benstein
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karien Bloem
- Biologics Lab, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Buddiger
- Genmab B.V., Uppsalalaan 15, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elena Fernandez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Goodman
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Biotherapeutics and Bioanalysis Non-Clinical Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Linlin Luo
- Regulated BA, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Schäfer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Arno Kromminga
- Kromminga Consulting, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Veerle Snoeck
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Translational Biomarkers and Bioanalysis, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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13
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2021 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: Mass Spec of Proteins, Extracellular Vesicles, CRISPR, Chiral Assays, Oligos; Nanomedicines Bioanalysis; ICH M10 Section 7.1; Non-Liquid & Rare Matrices; Regulatory Inputs ( Part 1A - Recommendations on Endogenous Compounds, Small Molecules, Complex Methods, Regulated Mass Spec of Large Molecules, Small Molecule, PoC & Part 1B - Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine). Bioanalysis 2022; 14:505-580. [PMID: 35578993 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The 15th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (15th WRIB) was held on 27 September to 1 October 2021. Even with a last-minute move from in-person to virtual, an overwhelmingly high number of nearly 900 professionals representing pharma and biotech companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and multiple regulatory agencies still eagerly convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 15th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on biomarker assay development and validation (BAV) (focused on clarifying the confusion created by the increased use of the term "Context of Use - COU"); mass spectrometry of proteins (therapeutic, biomarker and transgene); state-of-the-art cytometry innovation and validation; and, critical reagent and positive control generation were the special features of the 15th edition. This 2021 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2021 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 1A) covers the recommendations on Endogenous Compounds, Small Molecules, Complex Methods, Regulated Mass Spec of Large Molecules, Small Molecule, PoC. Part 1B covers the Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine. Part 2 (ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry) and Part 3 (TAb/NAb, Viral Vector CDx, Shedding Assays; CRISPR/Cas9 & CAR-T Immunogenicity; PCR & Vaccine Assay Performance; ADA Assay Comparabil ity & Cut Point Appropriateness) are published in volume 14 of Bioanalysis, issues 10 and 11 (2022), respectively.
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14
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Zhou Y, Penny HL, Kroenke MA, Bautista B, Hainline K, Chea LS, Parnes J, Mytych DT. Immunogenicity assessment of bispecific antibody-based immunotherapy in oncology. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004225. [PMID: 35444060 PMCID: PMC9024276 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing numbers of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) and multispecific products entering the clinic, recent data highlight immunogenicity as an emerging challenge in the development of such novel biologics. This review focuses on the immunogenicity risk assessment (IgRA) of BsAb-based immunotherapies for cancer, highlighting several risk factors that need to be considered. These include the novel scaffolds consisting of bioengineered sequences, the potentially synergistic immunomodulating mechanisms of action (MOAs) from different domains of the BsAb, as well as several other product-related and patient-related factors. In addition, the clinical relevance of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) against selected BsAbs developed as anticancer agents is reviewed and the advances in our knowledge of tools and strategies for immunogenicity prediction, monitoring, and mitigation are discussed. It is critical to implement a drug-specific IgRA during the early development stage to guide ADA monitoring and risk management strategies. This IgRA may include a combination of several assessment tools to identify drug-specific risks as well as a proactive risk mitigation approach for candidate or format selection during the preclinical stage. The IgRA is an on-going process throughout clinical development. IgRA during the clinical stage may bridge the gap between preclinical immunogenicity prediction and clinical immunogenicity, and retrospectively guide optimization efforts for next-generation BsAbs. This iterative process throughout development may improve the reliability of the IgRA and enable the implementation of effective risk mitigation strategies, laying the foundation for improved clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Zhou
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Mark A Kroenke
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Bianca Bautista
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kelly Hainline
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Lynette S Chea
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jane Parnes
- Early Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Daniel T Mytych
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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15
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Hammer C, Ruppel J, Kamen L, Hunkapiller J, Mellman I, Quarmby V. Allelic Variation in HLA-DRB1 is Associated with Development ofAnti-Drug Antibodies in Cancer Patients Treated with Atezolizumab that are Neutralizing in Vitro. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1393-1399. [PMID: 35263013 PMCID: PMC9199883 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of diseases with biologic agents can result in the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA). Although drivers for ADA formation are unknown, a role for antigen presentation is likely, and variation in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes has been shown to be associated with occurrence of ADA for several biologics. Here, we performed an HLA-wide association study in 1,982 patients treated with the anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab across 8 clinical trials. On average, 29.8% of patients were ADA positive (N=591, range of 13.5% - 38.4% per study), and 14.6% of patients were positive for ADA that were neutralizing in vitro (NAb, N=278, range of 6.4% - 21.9% per study). In a meta-analysis of logistic regression coefficients, we found statistically significant associations between HLA class II alleles and ADA status. The top-associated alleles were HLA-DRB1*01:01 in a comparison of ADA-positive versus ADA-negative patients (p=3.4*10-5 , odds ratio=1.96, 95% confidence interval=1.64-2.28), and HLA-DQA1*01:01 when comparing NAb-positive with ADA-negative patients (p=2.8 x 10-7 , OR=2.31, 95% CI=1.98-2.66). Both alleles occur together on a common HLA haplotype, and analyses considering only NAb-negative, ADA-positive patients did no yield significant results, suggesting that the genetic association is mainly driven by NAb status. In conclusion, our study showed that HLA class II genotype is associated with the risk of developing ADA, and specifically NAb, in patients treated with atezolizumab, but the effect estimates suggest that immunogenetic factors are not sufficient as clinically meaningful predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Ruppel
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lynn Kamen
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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16
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Sun L, Xu Y, Dube N, Anderson M, Breidinger S, Vaddady P, Thornton B, Morrow L, Matthews RP, Stoch SA, Woolf EJ. Incorporating protein precipitation to resolve hybrid IP-LC-MS assay interference for ultrasensitive quantification of intact therapeutic insulin dimer in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 212:114639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Zhang XT, Chen H, Shao W, Lin ZJ, Melhem M, Lu S. A competitive ligand-binding assay for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against dostarlimab (TSR-042). AAPS OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41120-021-00039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDostarlimab is a humanized anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody. Dostarlimab (JEMPERLI; TSR-042) was recently approved in the USA and in the EU. The presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is a cause for concern because they block the therapeutic function of the antibody and reduce drug efficacy. Therefore, programs developing therapeutic biologics need to develop and validate assays that adequately assess the presence of NAbs in the serum of patients treated with biologic therapies. Presented here is the development and validation of a competitive ligand-binding assay that specifically detects anti-dostarlimab NAbs in human serum. Precision, sensitivity, hook effect, selectivity, assay robustness, stabilities, and system suitability were evaluated. In addition, drug tolerance of the assay with the implementation of a drug removal process was investigated. The cut point factor for the detection of NAbs in human serum at a 1% false-positive rate was determined. The assay’s precision, sensitivity, hook effect, selectivity, robustness, and drug interference were tested and found to be acceptable. With system suitability and stability established, this assay has been used to evaluate NAbs to guide the development of dostarlimab.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02715284. Registered 9 March 2016
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18
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A competitive ligand-binding assay to detect neutralizing antibodies to a bispecific drug using a multiplex Meso Scale Discovery platform. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1659-1669. [PMID: 34743610 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Monitoring appearance of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to multidomain large molecule drugs is a challenging task. Materials & methods: Here, we report development of a competitive ligand-binding assay for detection of NAbs to a bispecific candidate drug using a multiplex Meso Scale Discovery platform, which allows for detection of NAbs to both drug arms in the same sample. Results: The assay has sensitivity better than 250 ng/ml and is tolerant to the presence of drug at concentration >600 μg/ml and to the level of soluble target(s) >400 ng/ml. Conclusion: Our data suggest that multiplex approach can be successfully used for development of NAb assays in competitive ligand-binding assay format.
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19
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Abstract
Background: Anti-Drug Antibody assays (ADA) are developed and constructed with biological and chemical reagents. Capture and detector reagents as well as ADA standard are considered critical for the performance's characteristics of a bridging assay. Current literature well describes theoretical considerations to manage critical reagents (CR) life cycle management. Nevertheless, those recommendations must be completed by a pragmatic approach which have to be exemplified. Methodology: This article intends to present and describe two study cases of bioanalytical challenge coming from the practical experience of dealing with ADA CR and offers a concrete explanation of how to solve issues. Conclusion: An appropriate management of ADA CR goes through availability anticipation, characterization and by a scientific understanding process of assay and reagents inconsistency.
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20
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2020 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: Vaccine Assay Validation, qPCR Assay Validation, QC for CAR-T Flow Cytometry, NAb Assay Harmonization and ELISpot Validation ( Part 3 - Recommendations on Immunogenicity Assay Strategies, NAb Assays, Biosimilars and FDA/EMA Immunogenicity Guidance/Guideline, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine Assays). Bioanalysis 2021; 13:415-463. [PMID: 33533276 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (14th WRIB) was held virtually on June 15-29, 2020 with an attendance of over 1000 representatives from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations, and regulatory agencies worldwide. The 14th WRIB included three Main Workshops, seven Specialized Workshops that together spanned 11 days in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy and vaccine. Moreover, a comprehensive vaccine assays track; an enhanced cytometry track and updated Industry/Regulators consensus on BMV of biotherapeutics by LCMS were special features in 2020. As in previous years, this year's WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues. This 2020 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the Global Bioanalytical Community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2020 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations on Vaccine, Gene/Cell Therapy, NAb Harmonization and Immunogenicity). Part 1 (Innovation in Small Molecules, Hybrid LBA/LCMS & Regulated Bioanalysis), Part 2A (BAV, PK LBA, Flow Cytometry Validation and Cytometry Innovation) and Part 2B (Regulatory Input) are published in volume 13 of Bioanalysis, issues 4 and 5 (2020), respectively.
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21
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Wu Q, Lin Z, Wu J, Qian K, Shao H, Ye J, Qin A. Peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA) as a possible alternative to the neutralization test for evaluating the immune response to IBV vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:51. [PMID: 33494765 PMCID: PMC7830047 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, is one of the most important poultry pathogens worldwide due to its multiple serotypes and poor cross-protection. Vaccination plays a vital role in controlling the disease. The efficacy of vaccination in chicken flocks can be evaluated by detecting neutralizing antibodies with the neutralization test. However there are no simple and rapid methods for detecting the neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS In this study, a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA) as a possible alternative to the neutralization test for evaluating the immune response to IBV vaccine was developed. The pELISA could indirect evaluate neutralizing antibody titers against different types of IBV in all tested sera. The titers measured with the pELISA had a coefficient of 0.83 for neutralizing antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS The pELISA could detect antibodies against different types of IBV in all tested sera. The pELISA has the potential to evaluate samples for IBV-specific neutralizing antibodies and surveillance the infection of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhixian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jinsen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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22
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Coddens A, Snoeck V, Bontinck L, Buyse MA, Pine SO. An innovative method for characterizing neutralizing antibodies against antibody-derived therapeutics. J Immunol Methods 2020; 487:112896. [PMID: 33065122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Detection of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) that have a neutralizing capacity is an important aspect of immunogenicity evaluation during development of biotherapeutics, but developing and validating neutralizing antibody (NAb) assays that show direct interference of a biologic function is a challenging and resource-intensive activity. In particular, the need for adequate drug and target tolerance often requires extensive pre-treatment steps that limit assay sensitivity compared with a typical bridging-format assay used to detect binding ADA. Such limitations may complicate data interpretation as a positive ADA followed by a negative NAb result could be due to the presence of non-neutralizing antibodies or could be a false-negative for NAbs due to methodology differences. To address such issues, we developed a novel assay for Nanobodies® and other antibody-derived therapeutics that solely detects ADA directed against the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) involved in drug-target interactions. This was achieved by creating a "null variant" of the therapeutic drug, which has mutated CDRs rendering it non-functional for target binding but is otherwise identical to the drug compound. Non-CDR-binding antibodies are pre-complexed with the null variant of the Nanobody leaving only CDR-binding ADA with neutralizing potential (ANP) to be detected in this assay, which is called a NAb Epitope Characterization Assay (NECA). Method qualification results confirmed highly comparable assay characteristics (sensitivity, drug tolerance, selectivity and precision) of both the NECA and a validated ADA assay for the same Nanobody. A panel of purified neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies as well as non-clinical and clinical samples were used to further substantiate the fit-for-purpose and advantages of this novel assay format to detect ANP. In the clinical case study, a 20 to 40-fold difference in assay sensitivity existed between the validated ADA assay and NAb assay, which complicated data interpretation. Implementation of the NECA allowed unambiguous comparison of the levels of binding ADA and ANP in study samples which enabled us to delineate the true neutralizing capacity of the responses. Depending on the risk of the therapeutic, this method could be a valuable alternative for NAb testing by enabling earlier detection of ADA with neutralizing potential and ensuring adequate immunogenicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Coddens
- Work performed at Ablynx NV, currently affiliated with argenx BV, Belgium
| | - Veerle Snoeck
- Work performed at Ablynx NV, currently affiliated with UCB Biopharma SRL, Belgium
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Strategies to develop highly drug-tolerant cell-based neutralizing antibody assay: neutralizing antidrug antibodies extraction and drug depletion. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1279-1293. [PMID: 32945693 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Drug interference poses great analytical challenges for cell-based neutralizing antidrug antibodies (NAb) assay. The work aimed to improve assay drug tolerance through biotin-drug extraction with acid dissociation method optimization and developing new approach. Results: The NAb extraction with biotin-drug extraction with acid dissociation approach has been optimized by reducing biotinylated drug leaching and improving NAb elution efficiency, resulting in drug tolerance of up to 160 μg/ml. To circumvent the low acid elution efficiency of NAb from drug, a novel drug depletion approach was developed, which combined acid dissociation and drug targeted crosslinked capture, achieved drug tolerance up to 400 μg/ml. At last, a strategy workflow for sample pretreatment approach selection and optimization was established for improving drug tolerance of NAb assay. Conclusion: We demonstrated that reduced biotinylated drug leaching and the high NAb elution efficiency was critical for improving assay drug tolerance. Drug depletion offers an alternative approach to overcome low NAb elution efficiency.
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Partridge MA, Karayusuf EK, Shyu G, Georgaros C, Torri A, Sumner G. Drug Removal Strategies in Competitive Ligand Binding Neutralizing Antibody (NAb) Assays: Highly Drug-Tolerant Methods and Interpreting Immunogenicity Data. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:112. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Harmonization and standardization of immunogenicity assessment of biotherapeutic products. Bioanalysis 2020; 11:1593-1604. [PMID: 31697206 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the determinants of immunogenicity, the testing paradigm, the impact of antibody attributes on clinical outcomes and regulatory guidance is leading to harmonized practices for immunogenicity assessment of biotherapeutics. However, generation of robust immunogenicity data for inclusion in product labels to support clinical practice continues to be a challenge. Assays, protocols and antibody positive controls/standards need to be developed in sufficient time to allow assessment of clinical immunogenicity using validated methods and optimized protocols. Standardization and harmonization play a significant role in achieving acceptable results. Harmonization in the postapproval setting is crucial for a valid interpretation of the product's immunogenicity and its clinical effects. Efforts are ongoing to standardize assays where possible for antibody measurement and for measuring product/drug levels by producing reference standards. Provision of such standards will help toward personalized treatment strategies with better patient outcomes.
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Kernstock R, Sperinde G, Finco D, Davis R, Montgomery D. Clinical Immunogenicity Risk Assessment Strategy for a Low Risk Monoclonal Antibody. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:60. [PMID: 32185565 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a theoretical case-study risk assessment report for a low-risk monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutic. In terms of risk, there are considerations around risks to safety, but also risks regarding effects on pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and efficacy. Much of the discussion in this document is around the risk of immunogenicity incidence. A higher incidence of immunogenicity would necessitate a detailed review of the PK, efficacy and safety in anti-drug antibody (ADA) positive and ADA negative subjects, in order to evaluate potential effects. The publication is intended to provide a framework of some the current thought processes around assessing immunogenicity risk and for building strategies to mitigate those risks. For this example, we have created a hypothetical antibody, ABC-123, targeting a membrane protein on antigen presenting cells, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This hypothetical antibody therapeutic is provided as an example for the purposes of risk assessment for a low risk molecule, although any application of similar approach would be case by case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gizette Sperinde
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Diana Montgomery
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
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Luong M, Wang Y, Berasi SP, Buhlmann JE, Yang H, Gorovits B. Development of a Cell-Based Assay for the Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies to PF-06730512 Using Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:56. [PMID: 32166588 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The administration of biotherapeutics has the potential to induce potent immune responses. Among these responses, the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADA), including a subset of ADA referred to as neutralizing antibodies (NAb), is of heightened concern. Aside from their capacity to alter the pharmacological profile of a given biotherapeutic, NAb can also pose significant safety risks, especially in instances where an endogenous counterpart to the drug exists. As such, the inclusion of an assay to detect NAb in clinical samples is critical to the effectiveness of a tiered approach to immunogenicity assessment. PF-06730512 is a biotherapeutic protein being developed for the treatment of primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). To support the immunogenicity assessment of PF-06730512, a cell-based assay was developed for the detection of NAb in FSGS serum samples. Herein, we describe the development of the assay with a focus on the challenges faced, including drug and blood collection tube interferences in NAb detection. The outcome of our efforts was a robust assay capable of detecting 1 μg/mL of a NAb positive control in the presence of clinically relevant drug concentrations up to 30 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luong
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Stephen P Berasi
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janet E Buhlmann
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hongying Yang
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Boris Gorovits
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
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Bharadwaj P, Riekofski C, Lin S, Seaman MS, Garber DA, Montefiori D, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Ackerman ME, Weiner JA. Implementation of a three-tiered approach to identify and characterize anti-drug antibodies raised against HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2020; 479:112764. [PMID: 32070674 PMCID: PMC7103756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect, quantify, and interrogate the properties of immune responses raised against biological therapeutics is not only important to our understanding of these molecules, but also to their success in the clinic. A tiered assay approach to identify the presence, specificity, and titer of anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses has been adopted as a gold standard by industry leaders, the FDA, and the EMA. In order to support pre-clinical and clinical trials, these assays must be standardized, and their performance sufficiently characterized to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of results under relevant testing conditions. Here we present implementation of electrochemiluminiscence assays that fit into the tiered paradigm of ADA testing for five HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (3BNC117, 3BNC117-LS, 10–1074, PGT121, and PGDM1400) in compliance with Good Clinical Laboratory practices. Assay sensitivities and matrix effects were evaluated and used to inform the development of positivity cut points. Once cut points were established, assay precision, specificity, free-drug tolerance, and robustness were defined. In all cases, assay characteristics met or surpassed recommendations set forth by the FDA. To further evaluate the performance of these assays and the tiered approach, samples from non-human primates that had received a subset of the five therapeutics were evaluated. In sum, this study reports qualification of a set of ADA assays available to the scientific community as pre-clinical and clinical trials of broadly HIV-neutralizing antibodies proceed, and a framework that is easily adapted as new drug products are advanced in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Bharadwaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Shu Lin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Garber
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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29
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Seaman MS, Bilska M, Ghantous F, Eaton A, LaBranche CC, Greene K, Gao H, Weiner JA, Ackerman ME, Garber DA, Rosenberg YJ, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Montefiori DC. Optimization and qualification of a functional anti-drug antibody assay for HIV-1 bnAbs. J Immunol Methods 2020; 479:112736. [PMID: 31917969 PMCID: PMC7103754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent identification of human monoclonal antibodies with broad and potent neutralizing activity against HIV-1 (bnAbs) has resulted in substantial efforts to develop these molecules for clinical use in the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. As with any protein therapeutic drug product, it is imperative to have qualified assays that can accurately detect and quantify anti-drug antibodies (ADA) that may develop in patients receiving passive administration of HIV-1 bnAbs. Here, we have optimized and qualified a functional assay to assess the potential of ADA to inhibit the neutralizing function of HIV-1 bnAbs. Using a modified version of the validated TZM-bl HIV-1 neutralization assay, murine anti-idiotype antibodies were utilized to optimize and evaluate parameters of linearity, range, limit of detection, specificity, and precision for measuring inhibitory ADA activity against multiple HIV-1 bnAbs that are in clinical development. We further demonstrate the utility of this assay for detecting naturally occurring ADA responses in non-human primates receiving passive administration of human bnAbs. This functional assay format complements binding-antibody ADA strategies being developed for HIV-1 bnAbs, and when utilized together, will support a multi-tiered approach for ADA testing that is compliant with Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) procedures and FDA guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Miroslawa Bilska
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fadi Ghantous
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - David A Garber
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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30
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Allard-Chamard H. Laboratory Testing in the Context of Biologics and Cellular Therapies. Clin Lab Med 2019; 39:657-668. [PMID: 31668276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
"With the increasing application of biotechnology to the realm of pharmacology and therapeutics, the types of biological treatments available have significantly expanded. Currently, recombinant proteins, humanized antibodies, or rationally engineered monoclonal antibodies are used on a regular basis in the clinical setting. Moreover, cell-based therapeutics with molecularly rewired antigenic specificities are becoming increasingly common in oncology and are actively being developed for a broad range of diseases. Nonetheless, there has been a significant lag between the development of these technologies and the emergence of assays that can monitor these novel interventions."
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de service sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS), 3001, 12th Avenue North, Room 3853, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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31
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Approaches to improve drug tolerance and target tolerance in the assessment of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:2061-2074. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Neutralizing anti-drug antibody (NAb) assays are inherently prone to the interference from drug and its soluble target, potentially resulting in erroneous results. An effective approach to improve drug tolerance of an NAb assay is pretreatment of samples with acid to dissociate immune complexes of NAb and drug, followed by separating NAbs from circulating drug before testing them in the assay. Methods and Results: The acid pretreatment conditions were optimized to improve drug tolerance of cell-based and non-cell-based NAb assays. NAbs were further separated from circulating drug either through direct drug removal or purification of NAb from the sample. In addition, an integrated experimental strategy was implemented to simultaneously improve drug and its soluble target tolerance for reliable NAb assessment. Conclusion: The approaches described herein would enable the development of reliable NAb assays that overcome drug and its target interference for more precise and sensitive NAb assessment.
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Discrimination of Anti-drug Antibodies With Neutralizing Capacity in Infliximab- and Adalimumab-Treated Patients: Comparison of the Homogeneous Mobility Shift Assay and the Affinity Capture and Elution Assay. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 40:705-715. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Cherukuri A, Cahan H, de Hart G, Van Tuyl A, Slasor P, Bray L, Henshaw J, Ajayi T, Jacoby D, O'Neill CA, Schweighardt B. Immunogenicity to cerliponase alfa intracerebroventricular enzyme replacement therapy for CLN2 disease: Results from a Phase 1/2 study. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Groell F, Jordan O, Borchard G. In vitro models for immunogenicity prediction of therapeutic proteins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:128-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wu Y, Akhgar A, Li JJ, Yu B, Chen C, Lee N, White WI, Roskos LK. Selection of a Ligand-Binding Neutralizing Antibody Assay for Benralizumab: Comparison with an Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Cell-Based Assay. AAPS JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Feedback from the European Bioanalysis Forum: focus workshop on current analysis of immunogenicity: best practices and regulatory hurdles. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:197-204. [PMID: 29345496 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-4971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
European Bioanalysis Forum Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal, September 2016: At the recent European Bioanalysis Forum Focus Workshop, 'current analysis of immunogenicity: best practices and regulatory hurdles', several important challenges facing the bioanalytical community in relation to immunogenicity assays were discussed through a mixture of presentations and panel sessions. The main areas of focus were the evolving regulatory landscape, challenges of assay interferences from either drug or target, cut-point setting and whether alternative assays can be used to replace neutralizing antibody assays. This workshop report captures discussions and potential solutions and/or recommendations made by the speakers and delegates.
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Immunogenicity considerations for antibody–drug conjugates: a focus on neutralizing antibody assays. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:65-70. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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40
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Gouty D, Cai CC, Cai XY, Kasinath A, Kumar V, Alvandkouhi S, Yang J, Pederson S, Babbitt B, Peritt D, Rudy A, Koppenburg V, Dasilva A, Ullmann M, Liu S, Satterwhite C. Recommendations for the Development and Validation of Neutralizing Antibody Assays in Support of Biosimilar Assessment. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:25. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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2017 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: a global perspective on immunogenicity guidelines & biomarker assay performance (Part 3 – LBA: immunogenicity, biomarkers and PK assays). Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1967-1996. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2017 11th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis took place in Los Angeles/Universal City, California, on 3–7 April 2017 with participation of close to 750 professionals from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide. WRIB was once again a 5-day, week-long event – a full immersion week of bioanalysis, biomarkers and immunogenicity. As usual, it was specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest including both small- and large-molecule analysis involving LC–MS, hybrid ligand-binding assay (LBA)/LC–MS and LBA approaches. This 2017 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2017 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations for large-molecule bioanalysis, biomarkers and immunogenicity using LBA. Part 1 (LC–MS for small molecules, peptides and small molecule biomarkers) and Part 2 (hybrid LBA/LC–MS for biotherapeutics and regulatory agencies’ inputs) are published in volume 9 of Bioanalysis, issues 22 and 23 (2017), respectively.
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Zhong ZD, Clements-Egan A, Gorovits B, Maia M, Sumner G, Theobald V, Wu Y, Rajadhyaksha M. Drug Target Interference in Immunogenicity Assays: Recommendations and Mitigation Strategies. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1564-1575. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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2016 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: focus on biomarker assay validation (BAV): (Part 3 – LBA, biomarkers and immunogenicity). Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2475-2496. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 10th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (10th WRIB) took place in Orlando, Florida with participation of close to 700 professionals from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations, and regulatory agencies worldwide. WRIB was once again a weeklong event – A Full Immersion Week of Bioanalysis for PK, Biomarkers and Immunogenicity. As usual, it is specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest including both small and large molecules involving LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, and LBA approaches, with the focus on PK, biomarkers and immunogenicity. This 2016 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. This White Paper is published in 3 parts due to length. This part (Part 3) discusses the recommendations for large molecule bioanalysis using LBA, biomarkers and immunogenicity. Parts 1 (small molecule bioanalysis using LCMS) and Part 2 (Hybrid LBA/LCMS and regulatory inputs from major global health authorities) have been published in the Bioanalysis journal, issues 22 and 23, respectively.
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An innovative and highly drug-tolerant approach for detecting neutralizing antibodies directed to therapeutic antibodies. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2157-68. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Immunogenicity testing of biotherapeutic drugs is a regulatory requirement. Herein, we describe a drug-tolerant assay for detecting neutralizing antibodies against a therapeutic antibody. Results: Excess target of the therapeutic antibody was incorporated into the detection step of an affinity capture elution assay. Signal generated from binding of antidrug antibody (ADA) to the therapeutic antibody was compared with signal from binding of ADA to the therapeutic antibody preincubated with its target. The results demonstrated that the target blocked binding of the therapeutic antibody to neutralizing monkey ADA and to two anti-idiotypic antibodies. Conclusion: This highly drug-tolerant novel approach enables the detection of neutralizing antibodies and allows for one basic assay format to achieve complete characterization of ADA responses.
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