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Wang K, Xue Y, Liu Y, Su X, Wei L, Lv C, Zhang X, Zhang L, Jia L, Zheng S, Ma Y, Yan H, Jiang G, Song H, Wang F, Lin Q, Hou Y. The detoxification ability of sex-role reversed seahorses determines the sexual dimorphism in immune responses to benzo[a]pyrene exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173088. [PMID: 38735333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in immune responses is an essential factor in environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms involved remain obscure owing to the scarcity of data from sex-role-reversed species in stressed conditions. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most pervasive and carcinogenic organic pollutants in coastal environments. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects on renal immunotoxicity of the sex-role-reversed lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) toward environmental concentrations BaP exposure. Our results discovered the presence of different energy-immunity trade-off strategies adopted by female and male seahorses during BaP exposure. BaP induced more severe renal damage in female seahorses in a concentration-dependent manner. BaP biotransformation and detoxification in seahorses resemble those in mammals. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide (BPDE) and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-BaP) formed DNA adducts and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis may together attribute the renal immunotoxicity. Sexual dimorphisms in detoxification of both BPDE and 9-OH-BaP, and in regulation of Ca2+, autophagy and inflammation, mainly determined the extent of renal damage. Moreover, the mechanism of sex hormones regulated sexual dimorphism in immune responses needs to be further elucidated. Collectively, these findings contribute to the understanding of sexual dimorphism in the immunotoxicity induced by BaP exposure in seahorses, which may attribute to the dramatic decline in the biodiversity of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiaolei Su
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chunhui Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Longwu Jia
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shiyi Zheng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yicong Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hansheng Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guangjun Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongce Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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Chambers BE, Weaver NE, Lara CM, Nguyen TK, Wingert RA. (Zebra)fishing for nephrogenesis genes. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2219605. [PMID: 37254823 PMCID: PMC11042071 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2219605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a devastating condition affecting millions of people worldwide, where over 100,000 patients in the United States alone remain waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant. Concomitant with a surge in personalized medicine, single-gene mutations, and polygenic risk alleles have been brought to the forefront as core causes of a spectrum of renal disorders. With the increasing prevalence of kidney disease, it is imperative to make substantial strides in the field of kidney genetics. Nephrons, the core functional units of the kidney, are epithelial tubules that act as gatekeepers of body homeostasis by absorbing and secreting ions, water, and small molecules to filter the blood. Each nephron contains a series of proximal and distal segments with explicit metabolic functions. The embryonic zebrafish provides an ideal platform to systematically dissect the genetic cues governing kidney development. Here, we review the use of zebrafish to discover nephrogenesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E. Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
| | - Nicole E. Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
| | - Caroline M. Lara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
| | - Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (IN), USA
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3
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Klykken C, Khan E, Karlsen C, Reed AK, Attramadal KJK, Olsen RE, Boissonnot L. Nephrocalcinosis in juvenile farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) may be linked to osmoregulatory stress. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:943-956. [PMID: 37269206 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nephrocalcinosis is a widespread challenge in intensive production of salmon smolt. There is however no consensus on its aetiology, which makes it problematic to implement proper measures to limit its development. We performed a survey of nephrocalcinosis prevalence and environmental factors in 11 different hatcheries in Mid-Norway as well as a 6-month monitoring in one of the hatcheries. A multivariate analysis indicated that the most influencing factor for the prevalence of nephrocalcinosis was the supplementation of sea water during smolt production. In the 6-month monitoring, the hatchery introduced salinity in the production water prior to the change in day length. Mismatch in those environmental signals may increase the risk for developing nephrocalcinosis. Salinity fluctuations prior to smoltification can cause osmotic stress and result in unbalanced levels of ions in fish blood. This was clearly illustrated in our study, as the fish experienced chronic hypercalcaemia and hypermagnesaemia. Both magnesium and calcium are excreted over the kidneys and it is possible that their prolonged, elevated levels in plasma resulted in an oversaturation of the urine when finally excreted. This again could have led to the aggregation of calcium deposits within the kidney. This study indicates a relationship between osmotic stress induced by salinity changes in juvenile Atlantic salmon and the development of nephrocalcinosis. Other factors that may affect the severity of nephrocalcinosis are currently subjects for discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klykken
- Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C Karlsen
- Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
| | - A K Reed
- Pharmaq Analytiq AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - K J K Attramadal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R E Olsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Wasilewska I, Majewski Ł, Adamek-Urbańska D, Mondal SS, Baranykova S, Gupta RK, Bielecki D, Winata CL, Kuznicki J. Lack of Stim2 Affects Vision-Dependent Behavior and Sensitivity to Hypoxia. Zebrafish 2023; 20:146-159. [PMID: 37590563 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2022.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) are endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteins that regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling by store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The different properties and functions of STIM1 and STIM2 have been described mostly based on work in vitro. STIM2 knockout mice do not survive until adulthood. Therefore, we generated and characterized stim2a and stim2b double-knockout zebrafish. The (stim2a;stim2b)-/- zebrafish did not have any apparent morphological phenotype. However, RNA sequencing revealed 1424 differentially expressed genes. One of the most upregulated genes was annexin A3a, which is a marker of activated microglia. This corresponded well to an increase in Neutral Red staining in the in vivo imaging of the (stim2a;stim2b)-/- zebrafish brain. The lack of Stim2 decreased zebrafish survival under low oxygen conditions. Behavioral tests, such as the visual-motor response test and dark-light preference test, indicated that (stim2a;stim2b)-/- larvae might have problems with vision. This was consistent with the downregulation of many genes that are related to light perception. The periodic acid-Schiff staining of retina sections from adult zebrafish revealed alterations of the stratum pigmentosum, suggesting the involvement of a Stim2-dependent process in visual perception. Altogether, these data reveal new functions for Stim2 in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Wasilewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Adamek-Urbańska
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shamba S Mondal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sofiia Baranykova
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rishikesh K Gupta
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Bielecki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Tostivint H, Girardot F, Parmentier C, Pézeron G. [The caudal neurosecretory system, the other "neurohypophysial" system in fish]. Biol Aujourdhui 2023; 216:89-103. [PMID: 36744974 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2022016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) is a neuroendocrine complex whose existence is specific to fishes. Structurally, it has many similarities with the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal complex of other vertebrates. However, it differs regarding its position at the caudal end of the spinal cord and the nature of the hormones it secretes, the most important being urotensins. The CNSS was first described more than 60 years ago, but its embryological origin is totally unknown and its role is still poorly understood. Paradoxically, it is almost no longer studied today. Recent developments in imaging and genome editing could make it possible to resume investigations on CNSS in order to solve the mysteries that still surround it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Tostivint
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7221, Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Girardot
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7221, Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Parmentier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, IBPS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Neuroplasticité des comportements de reproduction, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7221, Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation, 75005 Paris, France
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6
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Wan HT, Ng AH, Lee WK, Shi F, Wong CKC. Identification and characterization of a membrane receptor that binds to human STC1. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/11/e202201497. [PMID: 35798563 PMCID: PMC9263378 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A study using TriCEPS-based ligand–receptor methodology and surface plasmon resonance assays identified that human stanniocalcin-1 binds to insulin-like growth factor-2 receptors in human leukemia monocytic cells with high affinity. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a hypocalcemic hormone originally identified in bony fishes. The mammalian homolog is found to be involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis, among other physiological functions. In this study, we used the TriCEPS-based ligand–receptor methodology to identify the putative binding proteins of human STC1 (hSTC1) in the human leukemia monocytic cell line, ThP-1. LC–MS/MS analysis of peptides from shortlisted hSTC1-binding proteins detected 32 peptides that belong to IGF2/MPRI. Surface plasmon resonance assay demonstrated that hSTC1 binds to immobilized IGF2R/MPRI with high affinity (10–20 nM) and capacity (Rmax 70–100%). The receptor binding data are comparable with those of (CREG) cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated gene a known ligand of IGF2R/MPRI, with Rmax of 75–80% and affinity values of 1–2 nM. The surface plasmon resonance competitive assays showed CREG competed with hSTC1 in binding to IGF2R/MPRI. The biological effects of hSTC1 on ThP-1 cells were demonstrated via IGF2R/MPRI to significantly reduce secreted levels of IL-1β. This is the first study to reveal the high-affinity binding of hSTC1 to the membrane receptor IGF2R/MPRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin Ting Wan
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alice Hm Ng
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wang Ka Lee
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris Kong-Chu Wong
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Regulation of Stanniocalcin Secretion by Calcium and PTHrP in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060863. [PMID: 35741384 PMCID: PMC9219694 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium balance is of paramount importance for vertebrates. In fish, the endocrine modulators of calcium homeostasis include the stanniocalcin (STC), and some members of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) family, such as the PTH-related protein (PTHrP), acting as antagonists. STC is ubiquitously expressed in higher vertebrates. In turn, bony fish exhibit specific STC-producing glands named the corpuscles of Stannius (CS). Previous studies pointed to a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) involvement in the secretion of STC, but little is known of the involvement of other putative regulators. The CS provides a unique model to deepen the study of STC secretion. We developed an ex vivo assay to culture CS of fish and a competitive ELISA method to measure STC concentrations. As expected, STC released from the CS responds to CaSR stimulation by calcium, calcimimetics, and calcilytic drugs. Moreover, we uncover the presence (by PCR) of two PTHrP receptors in the CS, e.g., PTH1R and PTH3R. Thus, ex vivo incubations revealed a dose-response inhibition of STC secretion in response to PTHrP at basal Ca2+ concentrations. This inhibition is achieved through specific and reversible second messenger pathways (transmembrane adenylyl cyclases and phospholipase C), as the use of specific inhibitors highlights. Together, these results provide evidence for endocrine modulation between two antagonist hormones, STC and PTHrP.
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Klingbeil K, Nguyen TQ, Fahrner A, Guthmann C, Wang H, Schoels M, Lilienkamp M, Franz H, Eckert P, Walz G, Yakulov TA. Corpuscles of Stannius development requires FGF signaling. Dev Biol 2021; 481:160-171. [PMID: 34666023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The corpuscles of Stannius (CS) represent a unique endocrine organ of teleostean fish that secrets stanniocalcin-1 (Stc1) to maintain calcium homeostasis. Appearing at 20-25 somite stage in the distal zebrafish pronephros, stc1-expressing cells undergo apical constriction, and are subsequently extruded to form a distinct gland on top of the distal pronephric tubules at 50 h post fertilization (hpf). Several transcription factors (e.g. Hnf1b, Irx3b, Tbx2a/b) and signaling pathways (e.g. Notch) control CS development. We report now that Fgf signaling is required to commit tubular epithelial cells to differentiate into stc1-expressing CS cells. Inhibition of Fgf signaling by SU5402, dominant-negative Fgfr1, or depletion of fgf8a prevented CS formation and stc1 expression. Ablation experiments revealed that CS have the ability to partially regenerate via active cell migration involving extensive filopodia and lamellipodia formation. Activation of Wnt signaling curtailed stc1 expression, but had no effect on CS formation. Thus, our observations identify Fgf signaling as a crucial component of CS cell fate commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Klingbeil
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thanh Quang Nguyen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fahrner
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clara Guthmann
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schoels
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Lilienkamp
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henriette Franz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Priska Eckert
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toma Antonov Yakulov
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Salinity-dependent expression of calcium-sensing receptors in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:505-522. [PMID: 34114081 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple reports suggest that calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) are involved in calcium homeostasis, osmoregulation, and/or salinity sensing in fish (Loretz 2008, Herberger and Loretz 2013). We have isolated three unique full-length CaSR cDNAs from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) kidney that share many features with other reported CaSRs. Using anti-CaSR antibodies and PCR primers specific for individual salmon CaSR transcripts we show expression in osmoregulatory, neuroendocrine and sensory tissues. Furthermore, CaSRs are expressed in different patterns in salmon tissues where mRNA and protein expression are modified by freshwater or seawater acclimation. For example, in seawater, CaSR mRNA and protein expression is increased significantly in kidney as compared to freshwater. Electrophysiological recordings of olfactory responses produced upon exposure of salmon olfactory epithelium to CaSR agonists suggest a role for CaSRs in chemoreception in this species consistent with other freshwater, anadromous, and marine species where similar olfactory responses to divalent and polyvalent cations have been reported. These data provide further support for a role of CaSR proteins in osmoregulatory and sensory functions in Atlantic salmon, an anadromous species that experiences a broad range of environmental salinities in its life history.
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10
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Cranial Mandibular Fibrosis Syndrome in Adult Farmed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050542. [PMID: 33946332 PMCID: PMC8145062 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusual condition affecting market size rainbow trout was investigated. This condition was prevalent for several years at low levels but affected a large proportion of stock during 2018 and 2019. Chronic fibrosis affecting cranial tissues and the jaw was observed in samples collected in 2018. A larger sampling was then conducted in 2019 to investigate the presence of an infectious agent(s). An extensive inflammatory response in the mandibular region was the main finding, however infectious agents in the lesions were not identified through classical virology and bacteriology analysis. Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infection, calcinosis, and a Gram-positive bacterial infection of a single fish cardiac tissue was observed, however, a correlation of these pathologies and the cranial mandibular fibrosis (CMF) syndrome was not established. The gene expression of a panel of 16 immune-related genes was studied. Among these, tgf-b, sIgM, il11, hspa, and the antimicrobial peptides lys and cath1 were up-regulated in jaw sections of CMF-affected fish, showing a strong positive correlation with the severity of the lesions. Idiopathic chronic fibrosis with the activation of the Tfg-B pathway and local hyper-immunoglobulaemia was therefore diagnosed. Initiating factors and causative agent(s) (biotic or abiotic) of CMF remain, at present, unclear.
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11
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Bjørgen H, Koppang EO. Anatomy of teleost fish immune structures and organs. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:53-63. [PMID: 33426583 PMCID: PMC7862538 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The function of a tissue is determined by its construction and cellular composition. The action of different genes can thus only be understood properly when seen in the context of the environment in which they are expressed and function. We now experience a renaissance in morphological research in fish, not only because, surprisingly enough, large structures have remained un-described until recently, but also because improved methods for studying morphological characteristics in combination with expression analysis are at hand. In this review, we address anatomical features of teleost immune tissues. There are approximately 30,000 known teleost fish species and only a minor portion of them have been studied. We aim our review at the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and other salmonids, but when applicable, we also present information from other species. Our focus is the anatomy of the kidney, thymus, spleen, the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT), the newly discovered salmonid cloacal bursa and the naso-pharynx associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Bjørgen
- Section of Anatomy, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Section of Anatomy, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Jamieson L, Waters A, Ho KE, Chan HYS, Hung JT, Webb SE, Chan CM, Shipley AM, Williamson JG, Beer J, Angus C, Miller AL. Short-term homeostatic regulation of blood/interstitial fluid Ca 2+ concentration by the scales of anadromous sea trout Salmo trutta L. during smoltification and migration. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:17-32. [PMID: 32964432 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The elasmoid scales of anadromous sea trout Salmo trutta L. represent a significant internal reservoir of Ca2+ . Although more is known about long-term remodelling of scales in response to calciotropic challenges encountered during smoltification and migration, very little is known about the contribution made by scales to the short-term, minute-to-minute regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in the extracellular fluid (ECF) during these phases of the life cycle. This gap in the knowledge is partly due to the technical challenges involved in measuring small Ca2+ fluxes around the scales of live fish in real time. Here, this study describes exfoliating, mounting and culturing scales and their resident cells from parr, smolt and adult sea trout from a freshwater environment, as well as from adult sea trout caught in sea or brackish water. All the scales were then examined using an extracellular, non-invasive, surface-scanning Ca2+ -sensitive microelectrode. The authors quantified the Ca2+ fluxes, in the absence of any systemic or local regulators, into and out of scales on both the episquamal and hyposquamal sides under different extracellular calcemic challenges set to mimic a variety of ECF-Ca2+ concentrations. Scales from the life-cycle stages as well as from adult fish taken from sea, brackish or fresh water all showed a consistent efflux or influx of Ca2+ under hypo- or hypercalcemic conditions, respectively. What were considered to be isocalcemic conditions resulted in minimal flux of Ca2+ in either direction, or in the case of adult scales, a consistent but small influx. Indeed, adult scales appeared to display the largest flux densities in either direction. These new data extend the current understanding of the role played by fish scales in the short-term, minute-to-minute homeostatic regulation of ECF-Ca2+ concentration, and are similar to those recently reported from zebrafish Danio rerio scales. This suggests that this short-term regulatory response might be a common feature of teleost scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna Jamieson
- North Atlantic Fisheries College Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scalloway, UK
| | - Angel Waters
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Ho
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Harvey Y S Chan
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky T Hung
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Man Chan
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan M Shipley
- Applicable Electronics, LLC, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jon Beer
- The Wild Trout Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - Chevonne Angus
- North Atlantic Fisheries College Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scalloway, UK
| | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
The number of fish as pets far exceeds the populations of any other companion animal. As our knowledge of aquatic animal species and aquatic animal medicine continues to expand, veterinary expertise is becoming more critical to the client, researcher, fisheries biologist, aquarist, farmer, and fish hobbyist. Similar to other vertebrates, fish are susceptible to infectious and noninfectious renal disease. This article compares vertebrate renal anatomy and physiology and highlights some renal disease examples.
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14
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Kosiba AA, Wang Y, Chen D, Wong CKC, Gu J, Shi H. The roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity. Life Sci 2019; 242:117183. [PMID: 31874167 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is a vital organ responsible for regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance as well as eliminating toxic substances from the blood in the body. Exposure of humans to heavy metals in their natural and occupational environments, foods, water, and drugs has serious implications on the kidney's health. The accumulation of heavy metals in the kidney has been linked to acute or chronic renal injury, kidney stones or even renal cancer, at the expense of expensive treatment options. Therefore, unearthing novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic agents or targets against kidney injury for efficient treatment are imperative. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is typically expressed in the parathyroid glands and renal tubules. It modulates parathyroid hormone secretion according to the serum calcium (Ca2+) concentration. In the kidney, it modulates electrolyte and water excretion by regulating the function of diverse tubular segments. Notably, CaSR lowers passive and active Ca2+ reabsorption in distal tubules, which facilitates phosphate reabsorption in proximal tubules and stimulates proton and water excretion in collecting ducts. Moreover, at the cellular level, modulation of the CaSR regulates cytosolic Ca2+ levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades as well as autophagy and the suppression of apoptosis, an effect predominantly triggered by heavy metals. In this regard, we present a review on the CaSR at the cellular level and its potential as a therapeutic target for the development of new and efficient drugs against heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Kosiba
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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15
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Lu W, Zhu G, Chen A, Li X, McCrohan CR, Balment R. Gene expression and hormone secretion profile of urotensin I associated with osmotic challenge in caudal neurosecretory system of the euryhaline flounder, Platichthys flesus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 277:49-55. [PMID: 30633873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) is a part of stress response system, a neuroendocrine structure unique to fish. To gain a better understanding of the physiological roles of CNSS in fluid homeostasis, we characterized the tissue distribution of urotensin I (UI) expression in European flounder (Platichthys flesus), analyzed the effect chronic exposure to seawater (SW) or freshwater (FW), transfer from SW to FW, and reverse transfer on mRNA levels of UI, L-type Ca2+ channels and Ca-activated K+ channels transcripts in CNSS. The tissue distribution demonstrated that the CNSS is dominant sites of UI expression, and UI mRNA level in fore brain appeared greater than other non-CNSS tissues. There were no consistent differences in CNSS UI expression or urophysis UI content between SW- and FW-adapted fish in July and September. After transfer from SW to FW, at 8 h CNSS UI expression was significantly increased, but urophysis UI content was no significantly changes. At 24 h transfer from SW to FW, expression of CNSS UI was no apparent change and urophysis UI content was reduced. At 8 h and 24 h after transfer from FW to SW UI expression and urophysis UI content was no significantly effect. The expression of bursting dependent L-type Ca2+ channels and Ca-activated K+ channels in SW-adapted fish significantly decreased compared to those in FW-adapted. However, there were no differences in transfer from SW to FW or from FW to SW at 8 h and 24 h. Thus, these results suggest CNSS UI acts as a modulator in response to osmotic stress and plays important roles in the body fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Gege Zhu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Aqin Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Catherine R McCrohan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Richard Balment
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, UK
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16
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Lin LY, Yeh YH, Hung GY, Lin CH, Hwang PP, Horng JL. Role of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Mechanotransducer-Channel-Mediated Ca 2+ Influx in Hair Cells of Zebrafish Larvae. Front Physiol 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 29899708 PMCID: PMC5988855 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is an extracellular Ca2+ sensor that plays a critical role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in several organs, including the parathyroid gland and kidneys. In this study, through in situ hybridization, the expression of CaSR mRNA was found in the neuromasts of zebrafish larvae. Immunohistochemistry further demonstrated that the CaSR protein was present in neuromast hair cell stereocilia and basolateral membranes. Based on the expression and subcellular localization of the CaSR in hair cells, we hypothesized that the CaSR is expressed in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells to regulate mechanotransducer (MET)-channel-mediated Ca2+ entry. Using the scanning ion-selective electrode technique, MET-channel-mediated Ca2+ influx at the stereocilia of hair cells was measured in intact larvae. Ca2+ influx was suppressed after larvae were pretreated with a CaSR activator (R-568) or high-Ca2+ (HCa) medium. Gene knockdown by using morpholino oligonucleotides decreased CaSR expression in hair cells and eliminated the effects of R-568 and HCa on Ca2+ influx. In addition, we found that treatment with R-568 attenuated neomycin-induced hair cell death. This study is the first to demonstrate that the CaSR is involved in mechanotransduction in zebrafish hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Gregório SF, Fuentes J. Regulation of Bicarbonate Secretion in Marine Fish Intestine by the Calcium-Sensing Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1072. [PMID: 29617283 PMCID: PMC5979614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In marine fish, high epithelial intestinal HCO₃− secretion generates luminal carbonate precipitates of divalent cations that play a key role in water and ion homeostasis. The present study was designed to expose the putative role for calcium and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the regulation of HCO₃− secretion in the intestine of the sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Effects on the expression of the CaSR in the intestine were evaluated by qPCR and an increase was observed in the anterior intestine in fed fish compared with unfed fish and with different regions of intestine. CaSR expression reflected intestinal fluid calcium concentration. In addition, anterior intestine tissue was mounted in Ussing chambers to test the putative regulation of HCO₃− secretion in vitro using the anterior intestine. HCO₃− secretion was sensitive to varying calcium levels in luminal saline and to calcimimetic compounds known to activate/block the CaSR i.e., R 568 and NPS-2143. Subsequent experiments were performed in intestinal sacs to measure water absorption and the sensitivity of water absorption to varying luminal levels of calcium and calcimimetics were exposed as well. It appears, that CaSR mediates HCO₃− secretion and water absorption in marine fish as shown by responsiveness to calcium levels and calcimimetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia F Gregório
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Juan Fuentes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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18
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Lu W, Jin Y, Xu J, Greenwood MP, Balment RJ. Molecular characterisation and expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the caudal neurosecretory system of the euryhaline flounder, Platichthys flesus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 249:24-31. [PMID: 28242308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a hypercalcemic factor in fish, but the source of circulating PTHrP remains unclear. In this study investigation of the caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS), considered one of major sources of PTHrP in fish, provided valuable insights into this regulatory system. We report pthrpa and pthrpb gene cloning, characterization, expression, and responses to low salinity and hypocalcemia challenge in flounder. The pthrpa and pthrpb precursors, isolated from a European flounder CNSS library, consist of 166 and 192 amino acid residues, respectively, with an overall homology of approximately 59.2%. Both precursors contain a signal peptide and a mature peptide with cleavage and amidation sites. The flounder PTHrPA and PTHrPB peptides share only 41% sequence identity with human PTHrPA. Quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that the bone and bladder, are respectively major sites of pthrpa and pthrpb expression in flounder. Urophysectomy confirmed the CNSS as a likely contributor to circulating PTHrP peptides. There were no significant differences in CNSS pthrpa and pthrpb mRNA expression or plasma PTHrP levels between seawater (SW) and freshwater (FW)-adapted fish, though plasma total calcium concentrations were higher in FW animals. The intraperitonial administration of EGTA rapidly induced hypocalcemia and concomitant elevation in plasma PTHrP accompanied by increases in both pthrpa and pthrpb expression in the CNSS. Together, these findings support an evolutionary conserved role for PTHrP in the endocrine regulation of calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yingying Jin
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jinling Xu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Michael P Greenwood
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Balment
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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19
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Lin CH, Hu HJ, Hwang PP. Molecular Physiology of the Hypocalcemic Action of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Endocrinology 2017; 158:1347-1358. [PMID: 28323996 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a hormone required for phosphorus metabolism, was recently proposed to act on Ca2+ uptake; however, the available evidence of how FGF23 controls the body fluid Ca2+ homeostasis needs to be further clarified. The use of zebrafish as a model system revealed that FGF23 is specifically expressed in the corpuscles of Stannius (CS), an organ involved in Ca2+ homeostasis in fish, and that its expression is stimulated by ambient water with a high Ca2+ level. The overexpression of FGF23 inhibited Ca2+ uptake by downregulating the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of epithelium calcium channel. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which senses changes in extracellular Ca2+ levels and modulates calciotropic hormones in organs controlling Ca2+ homeostasis in vertebrates, was found to be coexpressed with FGF23 in the CS. In addition, upregulated expression of FGF23 mRNA was detected in morphants of stanniocalcin 1 (stc1, another hypocalcemic factor synthesized in the CS), and knockdown of CaSR suppressed such upregulation and enhanced Ca2+ uptake. Taken together, our data indicate that FGF23 functions as a hypocalcemic hormone in zebrafish and that the CaSR/STC1-FGF23 axis is involved in body fluid Ca2+ homeostasis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lin
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Huei-Jyun Hu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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20
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Green JM, Metz J, Lee O, Trznadel M, Takesono A, Brown AR, Owen SF, Kudoh T, Tyler CR. High-Content and Semi-Automated Quantification of Responses to Estrogenic Chemicals Using a Novel Translucent Transgenic Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6536-45. [PMID: 27227508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid embryogenesis, together with genetic similarities with mammals, and the desire to reduce mammalian testing, are major incentives for using the zebrafish model in chemical screening and testing. Transgenic zebrafish, engineered for identifying target gene expression through expression of fluorophores, have considerable potential for both high-content and high-throughput testing of chemicals for endocrine activity. Here we generated an estrogen responsive transgenic zebrafish model in a pigment-free "Casper" phenotype, facilitating identification of target tissues and quantification of these responses in whole intact fish. Using the ERE-GFP-Casper model we show chemical type and concentration dependence for green fluorescent protein (GFP) induction and both spatial and temporal responses for different environmental estrogens tested. We also developed a semiautomated (ArrayScan) imaging and image analysis system that we applied to quantify whole body fluorescence responses for a range of different estrogenic chemicals in the new transgenic zebrafish model. The zebrafish model developed provides a sensitive and highly integrative system for identifying estrogenic chemicals, their target tissues and effect concentrations for exposures in real time and across different life stages. It thus has application for chemical screening to better direct health effects analysis of environmental estrogens and for investigating the functional roles of estrogens in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Green
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Metz
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Okhyun Lee
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Trznadel
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Aya Takesono
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - A Ross Brown
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Tetsuhiro Kudoh
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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21
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Guh YJ, Lin CH, Hwang PP. Osmoregulation in zebrafish: ion transport mechanisms and functional regulation. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:627-59. [PMID: 26600749 PMCID: PMC4650948 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fish, like mammals, have to maintain their body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis through sophisticated iono-/osmoregulation mechanisms, which are conducted mainly by ionocytes of the gill (the skin in embryonic stages), instead of the renal tubular cells in mammals. Given the advantages in terms of genetic database availability and manipulation, zebrafish is an emerging model for research into regulatory and integrative physiology. At least five types of ionocytes, HR, NaR, NCC, SLC26, and KS cells, have been identified to carry out Na(+) uptake/H(+) secretion/NH4 (+) excretion, Ca(2+) uptake, Na(+)/Cl(-) uptake, K(+) secretion, and Cl(-) uptake/HCO3 (-) secretion, respectively, through distinct sets of transporters. Several hormones, namely isotocin, prolactin, cortisol, stanniocalcin-1, calcitonin, endothelin-1, vitamin D, parathyorid hormone 1, catecholamines, and the renin-angiotensin-system, have been demonstrated to positively or negatively regulate ion transport through specific receptors at different ionocytes stages, at either the transcriptional/translational or posttranslational level. The knowledge obtained using zebrafish answered many long-term contentious or unknown issues in the field of fish iono-/osmoregulation. The homology of ion transport pathways and hormone systems also means that the zebrafish model informs studies on mammals or other animal species, thereby providing insights into related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey Guh
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Gu J, Law AYS, Yeung BHY, Wong CKC. Activation of gill Ca2+-sensing receptor as a protective pathway to reduce Ca2+-induced cytotoxicity. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:155-64. [PMID: 25180251 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the Ca(2) (+)-sensing receptor (Casr) in the endocrine gland known as the corpuscle of Stannius (CS) regulates the secretion of the hypocalcemic hormone stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) to inhibit gill Ca(2) (+) uptake. Although numerous studies have reported the branchial expression of Casr and Stc1, the functions of these proteins in gills have not been elucidated yet. On the basis of recent findings regarding the autocrine/paracrine functions of STC1 in mammalian models, we proposed the hypothesis that branchial CaSR has an in situ 'sensing' function to regulate STC1 that maintains local Ca(2) (+) homeostasis. In this study, we investigated Casr-mediated signaling and its regulation of Stc1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) expression/function using a primary gill-cell culture model. The biochemical responses of gill cells isolated from Japanese eels to an increasing concentration of extracellular Ca(2) (+) (0.1-1 mM) were tested. This stimulation led to a transient increase in phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity, followed by activation of ERK and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-Ca(2) (+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK2) signaling pathways. Cotreatment with the calcimimetic R467 caused synergistic effects on Ca(2) (+)-stimulated PC-PLC activity, ERK signaling, and CaMK2 signaling. The activation of the CaSR-PLC-ERK pathway was associated with increased expression levels of Stc1 and Cox2 as confirmed by the inhibition of Erk using a chemical inhibitor, PD98059. Functionally, Ca(2) (+)/R-467 pretreatment was found to protect cells from thapsigargin-induced cell death. Inhibition of COX2 activity using NS398 abolished this protection, while transduction of STC1 lentiviral particles in the gill cells increased the protective effects. Collectively, our data revealed the expression of functional CaSR in gill tissues. The identification of the CaSR-STC1/COX2-mediated protective pathway in gill cells sheds light on a possible cellular protective mechanism against an increase in intracellular Ca(2) (+) levels associated with transepithelial Ca(2) (+) transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gu
- Department of BiologyCroucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - A Y S Law
- Department of BiologyCroucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - B H Y Yeung
- Department of BiologyCroucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C K C Wong
- Department of BiologyCroucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Lin CH, Su CH, Hwang PP. Calcium-sensing receptor mediates Ca(2+) homeostasis by modulating expression of PTH and stanniocalcin. Endocrinology 2014; 155:56-67. [PMID: 24169558 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the synthesis and/or secretion of hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic hormones by the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is believed to be a major pathway for maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis in vertebrates, based primarily on findings in mammals. However, understanding the evolution of this physiological process requires that it be described in nonmammalian species. Here, we describe the use of zebrafish as a model to investigate whether CaSR contributes to body fluid Ca(2+) homeostasis by regulating synthesis of hypercalcemic (PTH1 and PTH2) and hypocalcemic (stanniocalcin [STC]) hormones. We report that PTH1, but not PTH2, increases Ca(2+) uptake through stimulation of the expression of the gene encoding the epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ecac). Furthermore, we demonstrate that CaSR, as a Ca(2+) sensor, may affect stc-1 and pth1 expressions differently, thereby suppressing ecac expression and Ca(2+) uptake. Finally, we show that CaSR knockdown has time-dependent effects on STC-1 and PTH1 expression, and these 2 hormones have mutual effects on the expression, thus forming a possible counterbalance. These findings enhance our understanding of CaSR-PTH-STC control of Ca(2+) homeostasis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (C.-H.L., C.-H.S., P.-P.H), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China; and Institute of Fishery Science (C.-H.S., P.-P.H), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kwong RWM, Auprix D, Perry SF. Involvement of the calcium-sensing receptor in calcium homeostasis in larval zebrafish exposed to low environmental calcium. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 306:R211-21. [PMID: 24381181 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00350.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in Ca(2+) homeostasis was investigated in larval zebrafish, Danio rerio. The expression of CaSR mRNA was first observed at 3 h posfertilization (hpf) and increased with development until plateauing at ∼48 hpf. At 4 dpf, CaSR mRNA was increased in fish acclimated to low Ca(2+) water (25 μM vs. 250 μM in normal water). Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that the CaSR is expressed in the olfactory epithelium, neuromasts, ionocytes on the yolk sac epithelium, and corpuscles of Stannius. Results of double immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization indicated that the CaSR is localized to a subset of mitochondrion-rich ionocytes enriched with Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ecac). Translational knockdown of the CaSR prevented 4 dpf larvae from regulating whole body Ca(2+) levels when exposed to a low Ca(2+) environment. Further, the increases in ecac mRNA expression and Ca(2+) influx, normally associated with exposure to low-Ca(2+) water, were prevented by CaSR knockdown. These findings demonstrate that larval zebrafish lacking the CaSR lose their ability to regulate Ca(2+) when confronted with a low-Ca(2+) environment. Results from real-time PCR suggested that the mRNA expression of the hypocalcemic hormone stanniocalcin (stc-1) remained elevated in the CaSR morphants following acclimation to low-Ca(2+) water. Overall, the results suggest that the CaSR is critical for Ca(2+) homeostasis in larval zebrafish exposed to low environmental Ca(2+) levels, possibly owing to its modulation of stanniocalcin mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Organisms exposed to altered salinity must be able to perceive osmolality change because metabolism has evolved to function optimally at specific intracellular ionic strength and composition. Such osmosensing comprises a complex physiological process involving many elements at organismal and cellular levels of organization. Input from numerous osmosensors is integrated to encode magnitude, direction, and ionic basis of osmolality change. This combinatorial nature of osmosensing is discussed with emphasis on fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, Physiological Genomics Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Yeung BHY, Law AYS, Wong CKC. Evolution and roles of stanniocalcin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:272-80. [PMID: 22115958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In fish, stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a key endocrine factor that acts on gill, intestine and kidney to regulate serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. The recent identification and study of mammalian STCs (STC1 and STC2) revealed that the hormones are made in virtually all tissues and they act primarily as paracrine/autocrine factors to regulate various biological functions. Based on their ubiquitous expression patterns and generally undetectable levels in blood serum, it is unlikely that the mammalian STCs play important roles in serum Ca(2+)/P(i) homeostasis. However current evidences still support the local action of STCs in Ca(2+) and P(i) transport, probably via their action on Ca(2+)-channels and Na(+)/P(i) co-transporter. At present, information about the sequence, expression and distribution of the STC receptor(s) is lacking. However, recent emerging evidence hints the involvement of STC1 and STC2 in the sub-cellular functions of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum respectively, particularly responding to oxidative stress and unfolded protein response. With increasing evidence that demonstrates the local actions of STCs, the focus of the research has been moved to cellular inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review integrates the information available on STCs in fish and mammals, focusing mainly on their embryonic origin, tissue distribution, their potential regulatory mechanisms and the modes of action, and their physiological and pathophysiological functions, particularly in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Y Yeung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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Richards TDJ, Fenton AL, Syed R, Wagner GF. Characterization of stanniocalcin-1 receptors in the rainbow trout. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 2012:257841. [PMID: 22474594 PMCID: PMC3302014 DOI: 10.5402/2012/257841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1) is one of several ligands targeted to mitochondria. High affinity STC-1 receptors are present on the mitochondrial membranes of nephron cells, myocytes, and hepatocytes, to enable ligand sequestration within the matrix. However, STC-1 receptors have not been characterized in fish. Nor is it known if mitochondrial targeting occurs in fish. The aim of the study was to address these questions. Saturation binding assays were carried out to obtain estimates of KD
and
Bmax. They revealed the presence of saturable, high-affinity receptors on both membranes and mitochondria of liver, muscle, and gill filament. In situ ligand binding (ISLB) was used to localize receptors at the histological level and revealed some unexpected findings. In cranium, for instance, receptors were found mainly in the cartilage matrix, as opposed to the chondrocytes. In brain, the majority of receptors were located on neuropil areas as opposed to neuronal cell bodies. In skeletal muscle, receptors were confined to periodic striations, tentatively identified as the Z lines. Receptors were even found on STC-1 producing corpuscles of Stannius cells, raising the possibility of there being an autocrine feedback loop or, perhaps, a soluble binding protein that is released with the ligand to regulate its bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D J Richards
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
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Schein V, Cardoso JCR, Pinto PIS, Anjos L, Silva N, Power DM, Canário AVM. Four stanniocalcin genes in teleost fish: structure, phylogenetic analysis, tissue distribution and expression during hypercalcemic challenge. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:344-56. [PMID: 22154646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Stanniocalcin (STC), first isolated from the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of teleost fishes and a systemic regulator of mineral metabolism, is present in all vertebrates as two isoforms, STC1 and STC2, encoded by separate genes. Here we show that the genome of Tetraodon nigroviridis, and other teleosts, possess duplicate genes for each STC isoform, designated stc1-a and -b, and stc2-a and -b. Stc1-a was cloned from CS, stc2-a from muscle and the two novel cDNAs, stc1-b and stc2-b, from brain. However, stc2-b was isolated as a conjoined (read-through) transcript with bod1 (bi-orientation defective 1, or FAM44B), and two additional alternative conjoined transcripts were also isolated. The predicted STC products shared the typical vertebrate 10 conserved cysteine residues and N-linked glycosylation motifs, in addition to specific features. Gene structure was generally conserved with four exons and three introns with the exception of stc1-a which gained an extra intron in exon three, originating one extra exon. Gene order and synteny is also maintained across vertebrates and the cpeb4 gene identified in the homologue region of the chordate Ciona was linked to vertebrate stc2 but not stc1. Immunohistochemistry in different species revealed that STC1-A was found only in CS and in a few cells in kidney. STC1-B had a restricted expression and was more prominent in the gills. STC2-A was detected in a variety of tissues, including pituitary, with most abundant immunoreaction in kidney cells and gill rakers and the CS was negative. Expression of stc1-a in CS of Tetraodon was 15-fold (p<0.05) up-regulated 2 h after transfer from 2.9 mM Ca(2+) to 10 mM Ca(2+) water and down-regulated after 12 hours to 11-fold lower than 2.9 mM Ca(2+) fish (p<0.05). With the exception of stc1-a in CS, low expression levels and high individual variation were generally found for the expression of stc transcripts in kidney and gills, with no statistically significant changes in response to the hypercalcemic shock. In conclusion, both stc1 and stc2 genes are represented by paralogues in teleosts genomes and the analysis performed suggests that only stc1-a in the CS is involved in extracellular calcium regulation. The widespread distribution of stcs in fish tissues supports pleiotropic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schein
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR-CIMAR Associate Laboratory, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Vanoevelen J, Janssens A, Huitema LFA, Hammond CL, Metz JR, Flik G, Voets T, Schulte-Merker S. Trpv5/6 is vital for epithelial calcium uptake and bone formation. FASEB J 2011; 25:3197-207. [PMID: 21670068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-183145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is an essential ion serving a multitude of physiological roles. Aside from its role as a second messenger, it is an essential component of the vertebrate bone matrix. Efficient uptake and storage of calcium are therefore indispensable for all vertebrates. Transient receptor potential family, vanilloid type (TRPV)5 and TRPV6 channels are known players in transcellular calcium uptake, but the exact contribution of this pathway is unclear. We used forward genetic screening in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to identify genes essential in bone formation and identified a lethal zebrafish mutant (matt-und-schlapp) with severe defects in bone formation, including lack of ossification of the vertebral column and craniofacial structures. Mutant embryos show a 68% reduction in calcium content, and systemic calcium homeostasis is disturbed when compared with siblings. The phenotype can be partially rescued by increasing ambient calcium levels to 25 mM. We identified the mutation as a loss-of-function mutation in the single orthologue of TRPV5 and 6, trpv5/6. Expression in HEK293 cells showed that Trpv5/6 is a calcium-selective channel capable of inward calcium transport at physiological concentrations whereas the mutant channel is not. Taken together, this study provides both genetic and functional evidence that transcellular epithelial calcium uptake is vital to sustain life and enable bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Vanoevelen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Investigations of the in vivo requirements of transient receptor potential ion channels using frog and zebrafish model systems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 704:341-57. [PMID: 21290305 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0265-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are cation channels that serve as cellular sensors on the plasma membrane, and have other less-well defined roles in intracellular compartments. The first TRP channel was identified upon molecular characterization of a fly mutant with abnormal photoreceptor function. More than 20 TRP channels have since been identified in vertebrates and invertebrate model systems, and these are divided into subfamilies based on structural similarities. The biophysical properties of TRP channels have primarily been explored in tissue culture models. The in vivo requirements for TRPs have been studied in invertebrate models like worm and flies, and also in vertebrate models, primarily mice and rats. Frog and zebrafish model systems offer certain experimental advantages relative to mammalian systems, and here a selection of papers which capitalize on these advantages to explore vertebrate TRP channel biology are reviewed. For instance, frog oocytes are useful for biochemistry and for electrophysiology, and these features were exploited in the identifcation TRPC1 as a candidate vertebrate mechanoreceptor. Also, the spinal neurons from frog embryos can be readily grown in culture. This feature was used to establish a role for TRPC1 in axon pathfinding in these neurons, and to explore how TRPC1 activity is regulated in this context. Zebrafish embryos are transparent making them well suited for in vivo imaging studies. This quality was exploited in a study in which the trpc2 gene promoter was used to label and trace the axon pathway of a subset of olfactory sensory neurons. Another experimental advantage of zebrafish is the speed and low cost of manipulating gene expression in embryos. Using these methods, it has been shown that TRPN1 is necessary for mechanosensation in zebrafish hair cells. Frogs and fish genomes have been mined to make inferences regarding evolutionary diversification of the thermosensitive TRP channels. Finally, TRPM7 is required for early morphogenesis in mice but not in fish; the reason for this difference is unclear, but it has caused zebrafish to be favored for exploration of TRPM7's role in later events in embryogenesis. The special experimental attributes of frogs and zebrafish suggest that these animals will continue to play an important role as models in future explorations of TRP channel biology.
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Elizondo MR, Budi EH, Parichy DM. trpm7 regulation of in vivo cation homeostasis and kidney function involves stanniocalcin 1 and fgf23. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5700-9. [PMID: 20881241 PMCID: PMC2999483 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (trpm7) channel kinase is a primary regulator of magnesium homeostasis in vitro. Here we show that trpm7 is an important regulator of cation homeostasis as well as kidney function in vivo. Using zebrafish trpm7 mutants, we show that early larvae exhibit reduced levels of both total magnesium and total calcium. Accompanying these deficits, we show that trpm7 mutants express higher levels of stanniocalcin 1 (stc1), a potent regulator of calcium homeostasis. Using transgenic overexpression and morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown, we demonstrate that stc1 modulates both calcium and magnesium levels in trpm7 mutants and in the wild type and that levels of these cations are restored to normal in trpm7 mutants when stc1 activity is blocked. Consistent with defects in both calcium and phosphate homeostasis, we further show that trpm7 mutants develop kidney stones by early larval stages and exhibit increased levels of the anti-hyperphosphatemic factor, fibroblast growth factor 23 (fgf23). Finally, we demonstrate that elevated fgf23 expression contributes to kidney stone formation by morpholino knockdown of fgf23 in trpm7 mutants. Together, these analyses reveal roles for trpm7 in regulating cation homeostasis and kidney function in vivo and implicate both stc1 and fgf23 in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Elizondo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Pinto PI, Matsumura H, Thorne MA, Power DM, Terauchi R, Reinhardt R, Canário AV. Gill transcriptome response to changes in environmental calcium in the green spotted puffer fish. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:476. [PMID: 20716350 PMCID: PMC3091672 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium ion is tightly regulated in body fluids and for euryhaline fish, which are exposed to rapid changes in environmental [Ca2+], homeostasis is especially challenging. The gill is the main organ of active calcium uptake and therefore plays a crucial role in the maintenance of calcium ion homeostasis. To study the molecular basis of the short-term responses to changing calcium availability, the whole gill transcriptome obtained by Super Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SuperSAGE) of the euryhaline teleost green spotted puffer fish, Tetraodon nigroviridis, exposed to water with altered [Ca2+] was analysed. Results Transfer of T. nigroviridis from 10 ppt water salinity containing 2.9 mM Ca2+ to high (10 mM Ca2+ ) and low (0.01 mM Ca2+) calcium water of similar salinity for 2-12 h resulted in 1,339 differentially expressed SuperSAGE tags (26-bp transcript identifiers) in gills. Of these 869 tags (65%) were mapped to T. nigroviridis cDNAs or genomic DNA and 497 (57%) were assigned to known proteins. Thirteen percent of the genes matched multiple tags indicating alternative RNA transcripts. The main enriched gene ontology groups belong to Ca2+ signaling/homeostasis but also muscle contraction, cytoskeleton, energy production/homeostasis and tissue remodeling. K-means clustering identified co-expressed transcripts with distinct patterns in response to water [Ca2+] and exposure time. Conclusions The generated transcript expression patterns provide a framework of novel water calcium-responsive genes in the gill during the initial response after transfer to different [Ca2+]. This molecular response entails initial perception of alterations, activation of signaling networks and effectors and suggests active remodeling of cytoskeletal proteins during the initial acclimation process. Genes related to energy production and energy homeostasis are also up-regulated, probably reflecting the increased energetic needs of the acclimation response. This study is the first genome-wide transcriptome analysis of fish gills and is an important resource for future research on the short-term mechanisms involved in the gill acclimation responses to environmental Ca2+ changes and osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Is Pinto
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Novel Ca receptor signaling pathways for control of renal ion transport. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19:106-12. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328332e7b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Riccardi D, Finney BA, Wilkinson WJ, Kemp PJ. Novel regulatory aspects of the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor, CaR. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:1007-22. [PMID: 19484257 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to sense and adapt to changes in environmental cues is of paramount importance for every living organism. From yeast to man, cells must be able to match cellular activities to growth environment and nutrient availability. Key to this process is the development of membrane-bound systems that can detect modifications in the extracellular environment and to translate these into biological responses. Evidence gathered over the last 15 years has demonstrated that many of these cell surface "sensors" belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Crucial to our understanding of nutrient sensing in mammalian species has been the identification of the extracellular Ca(2+)/cation-sensing receptor, CaR. CaR was the first ion-sensing molecule identified in man and genetic studies in humans have revealed the importance of the CaR in mineral ion metabolism. Latter, it has become apparent that the CaR also plays an important role outside the Ca(2+) homeostatic system, as an integrator of multiple environmental signals for the regulation of many vital cellular processes, from cell-to-cell communication to secretion and cell survival/cell death. Recently, novel aspects of receptor function reveal an unexpected role for the CaR in the regulation of growth and development in utero.
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