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Basirjafar P, Zandvakili R, Masoumi J, Zainodini N, Taghipour Z, Khorramdelazad H, Yousefi S, Tavakoli T, Vatanparast M, Safdel S, Gheitasi M, Ayoobi F, Naseri B, Jafarzadeh A. Leptin/lipopolysaccharide-treated dendritic cell vaccine improved cellular immune responses in an animal model of breast cancer. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:73-85. [PMID: 37647347 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2253989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In dendritic cells (DCs), leptin as an immune-regulating hormone, increases the IL-12 generation whereas it reduces the IL-10 production, thus contributing to TH1 cell differentiation. Using a murine model of breast cancer (BC), we evaluated the impacts of the Leptin and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated DC vaccine on various T-cell-related immunological markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumors were established in mice by subcutaneously injecting 7 × 105 4T1 cells into the right flank. Mice received the DC vaccines pretreated with Leptin, LPS, and both Leptin/LPS, on days 12 and 19 following tumor induction. The animals were sacrificed on day 26 and after that the frequency of the splenic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and TH1 cells; interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 12 (IL-12) and tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β) generation by tumor lysate-stimulated spleen cells, and the mRNA expression of T-bet, FOXP3 and Granzyme B in the tumors were measured with flow cytometry, ELISA and real-time PCR methods, respectively. RESULTS Leptin/LPS-treated mDC group was more efficient in blunting tumor growth (p = .0002), increasing survival rate (p = .001), and preventing metastasis in comparison with the untreated tumor-bearing mice (UT-control). In comparison to the UT-control group, treatment with Leptin/LPS-treated mDC also significantly increased the splenic frequencies of CTLs (p < .001) and TH1 cells (p < .01); promoted the production of IFN-γ (p < .0001) and IL-12 (p < .001) by splenocytes; enhanced the T-bet (p < .05) and Granzyme B (p < .001) expression, whereas decreased the TGF-β and FOXP3 expression (p < .05). CONCLUSION Compared to the Leptin-treated mDC and LPS-treated mDC vaccines, the Leptin/LPS-treated mDC vaccine was more effective in inhibiting BC development and boosting immune responses against tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Basirjafar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Zandvakili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Nahid Zainodini
- Immuology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Taghipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Soheila Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Tavakoli
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Vatanparast
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sepehr Safdel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahsa Gheitasi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ayoobi
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Center, NICICO, World Safety Organization and Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Bahar Naseri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Tsounis EP, Aggeletopoulou I, Mouzaki A, Triantos C. Creeping Fat in the Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease: An Orchestrator or a Silent Bystander? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:1826-1836. [PMID: 37260352 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the phenomenon of hypertrophied adipose tissue surrounding inflamed bowel segments in Crohn's disease has been described since 1932, the mechanisms mediating the creeping fat formation and its role in the pathogenesis of the disease have not been fully unraveled. Recent advances demonstrating the multiple actions of adipose tissue beyond energy storage have brought creeping fat to the forefront of scientific research. In Crohn's disease, dysbiosis and transmural injury compromise the integrity of the intestinal barrier, resulting in an excessive influx of intraluminal microbiota and xenobiotics. The gut and peri-intestinal fat are in close anatomic relationship, implying a direct reciprocal immunologic relationship, whereas adipocytes are equipped with an arsenal of innate immunity sensors that respond to invading stimuli. As a result, adipocytes and their progenitor cells undergo profound immunophenotypic changes, leading to adipose tissue remodeling and eventual formation of creeping fat. Indeed, creeping fat is an immunologically active organ that synthesizes various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, profibrotic mediators, and adipokines that serve as paracrine/autocrine signals and regulate immune responses. Therefore, creeping fat appears to be involved in inflammatory signaling, which explains why it has been associated with a higher severity or complicated phenotype of Crohn's disease. Interestingly, there is growing evidence for an alternative immunomodulatory function of creeping fat as a second barrier that prevents an abnormal systemic inflammatory response at the expense of an increasingly proliferating profibrotic environment. Further studies are needed to clarify how this modified adipose tissue exerts its antithetic effect during the course of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios P Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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Ren Z, Zhang H, Yu H, Zhu X, Lin J. Roles of four targets in the pathogenesis of graves' orbitopathy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19250. [PMID: 37810014 PMCID: PMC10558314 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disease that involves complex immune systems. The mainstays of clinical management for this disease are surgery, targeted drugs therapy, and no-targeted drugs drug therapy. targeted drugs can improve therapeutic efficacy and enhance the quality of life for GO patients. However, as a second-line treatment for GO, targeted drugs such as tocilizumab and rituximab have very limited therapeutic effects and may be accompanied by side effects. The introduction of Teprotumumab, which targets IGF-IR, has made significant progress in the clinical management of GO. The pathophysiology of GO still remains uncertain as it involves a variety of immune cells and fibroblast interactions as well as immune responses to relevant disease targets of action. Therfore, learning more about immune response feedback pathways and potential targets of action will assist in the treatment of GO. In this discussion, we explore the pathogenesis of GO and relevant work, and highlight four potential targets for GO: Interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23 R), Leptin receptor (LepR), Orbital fibroblast activating factors, and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of GO and the role of potential target signaling pathways is crucial for effective treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, China
- Fengjin Biomedical Co., Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, China
| | - Haiwen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, China
| | - Xiqiang Zhu
- Fengjin Biomedical Co., Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, China
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4
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Zhang W, Ruan L. Recent advances in poor HIV immune reconstitution: what will the future look like? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236460. [PMID: 37608956 PMCID: PMC10440441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy has demonstrated proved effectiveness in suppressing viral replication and significantly recovering CD4+ T cell count in HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, contributing to a dramatic reduction in AIDS morbidity and mortality. However, the factors affecting immune reconstitution are extremely complex. Demographic factors, co-infection, baseline CD4 cell level, abnormal immune activation, and cytokine dysregulation may all affect immune reconstitution. According to report, 10-40% of HIV-1-infected patients fail to restore the normalization of CD4+ T cell count and function. They are referred to as immunological non-responders (INRs) who fail to achieve complete immune reconstitution and have a higher mortality rate and higher risk of developing other non-AIDS diseases compared with those who achieve complete immune reconstitution. Heretofore, the mechanisms underlying incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV remain elusive, and INRs are not effectively treated or mitigated. This review discusses the recent progress of mechanisms and factors responsible for incomplete immune reconstitution in AIDS and summarizes the corresponding therapeutic strategies according to different mechanisms to improve the individual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianguo Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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5
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Abend Bardagi A, Dos Santos Paschoal C, Favero GG, Riccetto L, Alexandrino Dias ML, Guerra Junior G, Degasperi G. Leptin's Immune Action: A Review Beyond Satiety. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:117-133. [PMID: 36278927 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2129381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes adipokines such as leptin, which is one of the most important hormones for controlling satiety, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. This hormone acts in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses since immune cells have leptin receptors from which this hormone initiates its biological action. These receptors have been identified in hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and mature immune cells, inducing signaling pathways mediated by JAK/STAT, PI3K, and ERK 1/2. It is known that the bone marrow also contains leptin-producing adipocytes, which are crucial for regulating hematopoiesis through largely unknown mechanisms. Therefore, we have reviewed the roles of leptin inside and outside the bone marrow, going beyond its action in the control of satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Abend Bardagi
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Dos Santos Paschoal
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Ganem Favero
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luisa Riccetto
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Alexandrino Dias
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra Junior
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Degasperi
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
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High baseline body mass index predicts recovery of CD4+ T lymphocytes for HIV/AIDS patients receiving long-term antiviral therapy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279731. [PMID: 36584083 PMCID: PMC9803121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between baseline BMI and CD4+ T cells during follow-up in HIV patients in China requires further evaluation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study based on adult AIDS patients who underwent or received antiretroviral therapy from 2003 to 2019 in Guangxi, China. BMI was divided into categories and compared, and after adjusting for BMI being related to the change in CD4 lymphocyte count, with normal weight as the reference group, the BMI before treatment was positively correlated with the changes in CD4+ T cells at different time periods. Among them, obese patients had significant CD4+ cell gain. In patients with pretreatment CD4+ T lymphocyte counts <200 cells/μL, a higher BMI was associated with an increased likelihood of achieving immunologic reconstitution [≥350 cells/μL: AHR: 1.02(1.01, 1.04), P = 0.004; ≥500 cells/μL: AHR: 1.03 (1.01, 1.05), P = 0.004]. Underweight in HIV patients was a risk factor for poor viral suppression [AHR: 1.24 (1.04, 1.48), P = 0.016]. Our study demonstrated that HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART with higher baseline BMI had better immune reconstitution and that baseline BMI could be an important predictor of immune reconstitution in patients receiving ART. Baseline BMI was not associated with virological failure, but a lower baseline BMI indicated poor viral suppression during follow-up.
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7
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Wang Y, Hu C. Leptin and Asthma: What Are the Interactive Correlations? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121780. [PMID: 36551211 PMCID: PMC9775505 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine directly correlated with the proinflammatory obese-associated phenotype. Leptin has been demonstrated to inhibit adipogenesis, promote fat demarcation, promote a chronic inflammatory state, increase insulin sensitivity, and promote angiogenesis. Leptin, a regulator of the immune response, is implicated in the pathology of asthma. Studies involved in the key cell reaction and animal models of asthma have provided vital insights into the proinflammatory role of leptin in asthma. Many studies described the immune cell and related cellular pathways activated by leptin, which are beneficial in asthma development and increasing exacerbations. Subsequent studies relating to animal models support the role of leptin in increasing inflammatory cell infiltration, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammatory responses. However, the conclusive effects of leptin in asthma are not well elaborated. In the present study, we explored the general functions and the clinical cohort study supporting the association between leptin and asthma. The main objective of our review is to address the knowns and unknowns of leptin on asthma. In this perspective, the arguments about the different faces of leptin in asthma are provided to picture the potential directions, thus yielding a better understanding of asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Buonaiuto R, Napolitano F, Parola S, De Placido P, Forestieri V, Pecoraro G, Servetto A, Formisano L, Formisano P, Giuliano M, Arpino G, De Placido S, De Angelis C. Insight on the Role of Leptin: A Bridge from Obesity to Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101394. [PMID: 36291602 PMCID: PMC9599120 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a peptide hormone, mainly known for its role as a mediator of adipose tissue endocrine functions, such as appetite control and energy homeostasis. In addition, leptin signaling is involved in several physiological processes as modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and regulation of sex hormone levels. When adipose tissue expands, an imbalance of adipokines secretion may occur and increasing leptin levels contribute to promoting a chronic inflammatory state, which is largely acknowledged as a hallmark of cancer. Indeed, upon binding its receptor (LEPR), leptin activates several oncogenic pathways, such as JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT, and seems to affect cancer immune response by inducing a proinflammatory immune polarization and eventually enhancing T-cell exhaustion. In particular, obesity-associated hyperleptinemia has been related to breast cancer risk development, although the underlying mechanism is yet to be completely clarified and needs to be deemed in light of multiple variables, such as menopausal state and immune response. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the potential role of leptin as a bridge between obesity and breast cancer and to establish the physio-pathological basis of the linkage between these major health concerns in order to identify appropriate and novel therapeutic strategies to adopt in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Buonaiuto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Napolitano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Parola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Forestieri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pecoraro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Servetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Giuliano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Arpino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Misch M, Puthanveetil P. The Head-to-Toe Hormone: Leptin as an Extensive Modulator of Physiologic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105439. [PMID: 35628271 PMCID: PMC9141226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a well-known hunger-sensing peptide hormone. The role of leptin in weight gain and metabolic homeostasis has been explored for the past two decades. In this review, we have tried to shed light upon the impact of leptin signaling on health and diseases. At low or moderate levels, this peptide hormone supports physiological roles, but at chronically higher doses exhibits detrimental effects on various systems. The untoward effects we observe with chronically higher levels of leptin are due to their receptor-mediated effect or due to leptin resistance and are not well studied. This review will help us in understanding the non-anorexic roles of leptin, including their contribution to the metabolism of various systems and inflammation. We will be able to get an alternative perspective regarding the physiological and pathological roles of this mysterious peptide hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Misch
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Prasanth Puthanveetil
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-630-960-3935
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Gao M, Ge M, Huo J, Ren X, Li X, Shao Y, Huang J, Zhang J, Wang M, Nie N, Jin P, Zheng Y. Leptin-mediated proinflammatory bone marrow environment in acquired aplastic anemia. Cytokine 2022; 152:155829. [PMID: 35217430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acquired aplastic anemia (AA), a paradigm of bone marrow failure syndrome, is mainly caused by abnormal immune activation. The enhanced adipogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) results in a fatty marrow of AA. Leptin, an adipokine mainly generated by adipocytes, has powerful proinflammatory effects on immune cells and is associated with various autoimmune diseases. However, the role of leptin in the hyperimmune status of AA remains unknown. In this study, we firstly discovered the higher leptin concentration in AA-BM than that in healthy donors (HD)-BM and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-BM. Then, we found AA-MSC could express high amounts of leptin during the process of adipogenesis. Compared with HD, the leptin receptor was also highly expressed on T cells in AA-BM. Furthermore, leptin significantly accelerated the proliferation and activation of T cells in AA-BM. And, leptin promoted the production of interferon-γby T cells in AA-BM. However, leptin remarkably inhibited the conversion of CD4+CD25- T cells into CD4+Foxp3+ T cells. Finally, we detected the cell signaling pathway in T cells from AA patients and found leptin could activate the STAT3 pathway. In summary, our data revealed the high expression of adipokine leptin in AA-BM which shaped a proinflammatory environment for T cells in AA-BM by activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Meili Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Jiali Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xingxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yingqi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Jinbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Neng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yizhou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
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11
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Fuseini H, Smith R, Nochowicz CH, Simmons JD, Hannah L, Wanjalla CN, Gabriel CL, Mashayekhi M, Bailin SS, Castilho JL, Hasty AH, Koethe JR, Kalams SA. Leptin Promotes Greater Ki67 Expression in CD4 + T Cells From Obese Compared to Lean Persons Living With HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 12:796898. [PMID: 35111163 PMCID: PMC8801429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.796898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has proven effective in suppressing viremia and disease progression among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH), suboptimal CD4+ T cell reconstitution remains a major obstacle in nearly 30% of ART-treated individuals. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that obesity, or a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, is positively correlated with greater CD4+ T cell recovery in PLWH on ART. Leptin is a known immunomodulator that is produced in proportion to fat mass and is increased in obese individuals, including PLWH. We hypothesized that CD4+ T cells from obese PLWH have increased cell proliferation and cytokine production compared to cells from lean PLWH, potentially modulated by differential effects of leptin signaling. To test this hypothesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from obese and lean PLWH with long-term virologic suppression on the same ART regimen were pretreated with recombinant leptin and then stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 or PMA/ionomycin to measure Ki67 expression, leptin receptor (LepR) surface expression and cytokine production. In the absence of leptin, Ki67 expression and IL-17A production were significantly higher in CD4+ T cells from obese compared to lean PLWH. However, LepR expression was significantly lower on CD4+ T cells from obese compared to lean PLWH. After leptin treatment, Ki67 expression was significantly increased in CD4+ T cells from obese PLWH compared to the lean participants. Leptin also increased IL-17A production in CD4+ T cells from obese healthy controls. In contrast, leptin decreased IL-17A production in CD4+ T cells from both obese and lean PLWH. Combined, these results demonstrate that obesity is associated with greater CD4+ T cell proliferation among PLWH, and that higher circulating leptin levels in obesity may contribute to improved CD4+ T reconstitution in PLWH initiating ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubaida Fuseini
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rita Smith
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cindy H. Nochowicz
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Joshua D. Simmons
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - LaToya Hannah
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Curtis L. Gabriel
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Samuel S. Bailin
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica L. Castilho
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John R. Koethe
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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12
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Rossella C, Laura F, Grazia MM, Raffaele B, Antonio T, Maria P, Francesco DV, Giovanni G. The crosstalk between gut microbiota, intestinal immunological niche and visceral adipose tissue as a new model for the pathogenesis of metabolic and inflammatory diseases: the paradigm of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:3189-3201. [PMID: 34986766 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220105121124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) comprises more than one thousand microorganisms between bacterial species, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and represents the main actor of a wide net of molecular interactions, involving, among others, the endocrine system, immune responses, and metabolism. GM influences many endocrine functions such as adrenal steroidogenesis, thyroid function, sexual hormones, IGF-1 pathway and peptides produced in gastrointestinal system. It is fundamental in glycaemic control and obesity, while also exerting an important function in modulating the immune system and associated inflammatory disease. The result of this crosstalk in gut mucosa is the formation of the intestinal immunological niche. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) produces about 600 different peptides, it is involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and in some immune reactions through several adipokines. GM and VAT interact in a bidirectional fashion: while gut dysbiosis can modify VAT adipokines and hormone secretion, VAT hyperplasia modifies GM composition. Acquired or genetic factors leading to gut dysbiosis or increasing VAT (i.e., Western diet) induce a proinflammatory condition, which plays a pivotal role in the development of dysmetabolic and immunologic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is clearly associated with specific patterns of GM alterations, with an abundance or reduction of GM species involved in controlling mucosal barrier status, glycaemic levels and exerting a pro- or anti-inflammatory activity. All these factors could explain the higher incidence of several inflammatory conditions in Western countries; furthermore, besides the specific alterations observed in diabetes, this paradigm could represent a common pathway acting in many metabolic conditions and could pave the way to a new, interesting therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cianci Rossella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Franza Laura
- Emergency Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massaro Maria Grazia
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Borriello Raffaele
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Tota Antonio
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pallozzi Maria
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - De Vito Francesco
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gambassi Giovanni
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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13
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García-Estevez L, González-Martínez S, Moreno-Bueno G. The Leptin Axis and Its Association With the Adaptive Immune System in Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:784823. [PMID: 34868066 PMCID: PMC8634160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes various peptides, including leptin. This hormone acts through the leptin receptor (Ob-R), which is expressed ubiquitously on the surface of various cells, including breast cancer cells and immune cells. Increasing evidence points to an interaction between the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells, and the immune system. Leptin plays an important role in breast cancer tumorigenesis and may be implicated in activation of the immune system. While breast cancer cannot be considered an immunogenic cancer, the triple-negative subtype is an exception. Specific immune cells - tumor infiltrating lymphocytes - are involved in the immune response and act as predictive and prognostic factors in certain breast cancer subtypes. The aim of this article is to review the interaction between adipose tissue, through the expression of leptin and its receptor, and the adaptive immune system in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Estevez
- Breast Cancer Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,MD Anderson International Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Martínez
- Pathology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Contigo Contra el Cáncer de la Mujer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,MD Anderson International Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Biochemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Toki S, Newcomb DC, Printz RL, Cahill KN, Boyd KL, Niswender KD, Peebles RS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist inhibits aeroallergen-induced activation of ILC2 and neutrophilic airway inflammation in obese mice. Allergy 2021; 76:3433-3445. [PMID: 33955007 PMCID: PMC8597133 DOI: 10.1111/all.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for the development of asthma. However, pharmacologic therapeutic strategies that specifically target obese asthmatics have not been identified. We hypothesize that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) treatment inhibits aeroallergen-induced early innate airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma in the setting of obesity. METHODS SWR (lean) and TALLYHO (obese) mice were challenged intranasally with Alternaria alternata extract (Alt-Ext) or PBS for 4 consecutive days concurrent with GLP-1RA or vehicle treatment. RESULTS TALLYHO mice had greater Alt-Ext-induced airway neutrophilia and lung protein expression of IL-5, IL-13, CCL11, CXCL1, and CXCL5, in addition to ICAM-1 expression on lung epithelial cells compared with SWR mice, and all endpoints were reduced by GLP-1RA treatment. Alt-Ext significantly increased BALF IL-33 in both TALLYHO and SWR mice compared to PBS challenge, but there was no difference in the BALF IL-33 levels between these two strains. However, TALLYHO, but not SWR, mice had significantly higher airway TSLP in BALF following Alt-Ext challenge compared to PBS, and BALF TSLP was significantly greater in TALLYHO mice compared to SWR mice following airway Alt-Ext challenge. GLP-1RA treatment significantly decreased the Alt-Ext-induced TSLP and IL-33 release in TALLYHO mice. While TSLP or ST2 inhibition with a neutralizing antibody decreased airway eosinophils, they did not reduce airway neutrophils in TALLYHO mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GLP-1RA treatment may be a novel pharmacologic therapeutic strategy for obese persons with asthma by inhibiting aeroallergen-induced neutrophilia, a feature not seen with either TSLP or ST2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Toki
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Dawn C. Newcomb
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Richard L. Printz
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Katherine N. Cahill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Kelli L. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Kevin D. Niswender
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- United States Department of Veterans AffairsTennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashvilleTNUSA
| | - R. Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- United States Department of Veterans AffairsTennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashvilleTNUSA
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15
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by tumor-like hyperplasia and inflammation of the synovium, which causes synovial cell invasion into the bone and cartilage. In RA pathogenesis, various molecules in effector cells (i.e., immune cells and mesenchymal cells) are dysregulated by genetic and environmental factors. Consistent with the early stages of RA, these pathogenic cells cooperate and activate each other directly by cell-to-cell contact or indirectly via humoral factors. Recently, growing evidence has revealed essential role of adipokines, which are multifunctional signal transduction molecules, in the immune system. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cross-talk between leptin, one of the most well-known and best-characterized adipokines, and osteoimmunology. Furthermore, we discuss the contribution of leptin to the pathogenesis of RA and its potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tsuchiya
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Wang Y, Wang M, Wu HX, Xu RH. Advancing to the era of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:803-829. [PMID: 34165252 PMCID: PMC8441060 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer greatly affects the quality of life of humans worldwide and the number of patients suffering from it is continuously increasing. Over the last century, numerous treatments have been developed to improve the survival of cancer patients but substantial progress still needs to be made before cancer can be truly cured. In recent years, antitumor immunity has become the most debated topic in cancer research and the booming development of immunotherapy has led to a new epoch in cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the relationships between tumors and the immune system, and the rise of immunotherapy. Then, we summarize the characteristics of tumor‐associated immunity and immunotherapeutic strategies with various molecular mechanisms by showing the typical immune molecules whose antibodies are broadly used in the clinic and those that are still under investigation. We also discuss important elements from individual cells to the whole human body, including cellular mutations and modulation, metabolic reprogramming, the microbiome, and the immune contexture. In addition, we also present new observations and technical advancements of both diagnostic and therapeutic methods aimed at cancer immunotherapy. Lastly, we discuss the controversies and challenges that negatively impact patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Xiang Wu
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
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17
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Fuseini H, Gyan BA, Kyei GB, Heimburger DC, Koethe JR. Undernutrition and HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Health Outcomes and Therapeutic Interventions. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:87-97. [PMID: 33606196 PMCID: PMC8404370 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is disproportionately burdened by the twin epidemics of food insecurity and HIV infection, and protein-calorie undernutrition is common among persons with HIV (PWH) initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the region. In this review, we discuss the intersection of HIV infection and undernutrition, health outcomes among undernourished PWH starting ART, and the demonstrated and potential benefits of therapeutic interventions such as micro/macronutrient supplementation and pharmacological agents. RECENT FINDINGS A low body mass index (BMI), used as a general indicator of poor nutrition in most studies, is associated with impaired immune recovery and increased mortality in the early ART period. The increased risk of mortality is multifactorial, and contributors include undernutrition-related immune system dysfunction, increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and metabolic and cardiovascular dysregulation. Clinical trials of micro/macronutrient supplementary feeding, appetite stimulants (hormones and anabolic agents), and recombinant adipokines have shown a benefit for weight gain and metabolic health, but there are few data on mortality or immune recovery. A substantial proportion of PWH in SSA are undernourished, and undernutrition contributes to an increased risk of mortality and other adverse health outcomes. To date, there have been few prospective trials of nutritional supplementation and/or pharmacologic therapy among undernourished PWH in SSA, though findings from other settings suggest a potential benefit in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubaida Fuseini
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana.
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana.
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2582, USA.
| | - Ben A Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - John R Koethe
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2582, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, USA
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18
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Impact of Obesity and Being Overweight on the Immunogenicity to Live Attenuated Hepatitis A Vaccine in Children and Young Adults. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020130. [PMID: 33562009 PMCID: PMC7915133 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior results investigating a correlation between obesity and hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine response have been inconclusive, with limited data involving live attenuated HAV vaccines. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of overweight and obesity on the response to live attenuated HAV vaccine in children and young adults. This prospective cohort study was conducted in Thailand with subjects ranging in age from seven to twenty-five years. The subjects were administered 0.5 mL of MEVAC™-A and tested for anti-HAV antibodies before and at 8–9 weeks after vaccination. Baseline seronegative subjects (anti-HAV antibodies < 20 mIU/mL) were divided into non-obese (underweight/normal weight) and obese (overweight/obesity/severe obesity) groups. A total of 212 (117 non-obese and 95 obese) subjects completed the study (mean age (SD) = 13.95 (3.90) years). The seroprotection rates were 100%. Postvaccination geometric mean titers (95% CI) were 429.51 (401.97, 458.94) and 467.45 (424.47, 514.79) mIU/mL in the non-obese and obese groups, respectively. Females (p = 0.013) and subjects with truncal obesity (p = 0.002) had significantly higher titers than other participants. Live attenuated HAV vaccine is safe and has comparably high immunogenicity in both underweight/normal weight and overweight/obese persons.
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19
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Tsai YW, Fu SH, Dong JL, Chien MW, Liu YW, Hsu CY, Sytwu HK. Adipokine-Modulated Immunological Homeostasis Shapes the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249564. [PMID: 33334069 PMCID: PMC7765468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory colon diseases, which are a global health concern, include a variety of gastrointestinal tract disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. The pathogenesis of these colon disorders involves immune alterations with the pronounced infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells into the intestines and the augmented expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by commensal microbiota. Epidemiological studies during the past half century have shown that the proportion of obese people in a population is associated with the incidence and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract disorders. The advancement of understanding of the immunological basis of colon disease has shown that adipocyte-derived biologically active substances (adipokines) modulate the role of innate and adaptive immune cells in the progress of intestinal inflammation. The biomedical significance in immunological homeostasis of adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, apelin and resistin, is clear. In this review, we highlight the existing literature on the effect and contribution of adipokines to the regulation of immunological homeostasis in inflammatory colon diseases and discuss their crucial roles in disease etiology and pathogenesis, as well as the implications of these results for new therapies in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Tsai
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, No. 222, Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Huei Fu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (S.-H.F.); (M.-W.C.)
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (J.-L.D.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Jia-Ling Dong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (J.-L.D.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Ming-Wei Chien
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (S.-H.F.); (M.-W.C.)
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (J.-L.D.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (J.-L.D.); (Y.-W.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Hsu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (S.-H.F.); (M.-W.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.H.); (H.-K.S.)
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (S.-H.F.); (M.-W.C.)
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (J.-L.D.); (Y.-W.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Min Chuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.H.); (H.-K.S.)
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20
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Żelechowska P, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Kusowska A, Kozłowska E. The role of adipokines in the modulation of lymphoid lineage cell development and activity: An overview. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13055. [PMID: 32638520 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines are predominantly known to play a vital role in the control of food intake, energy homeostasis and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, evidence supporting the concept of their extensive involvement in immune system defence mechanisms and inflammatory processes continues to grow. Some of the adipokines, that is, leptin and resistin, have been recognized to exhibit mainly pro-inflammatory properties, whereas others such as visfatin, chemerin, apelin and vaspin have been found to exert regulatory effects. In contrast, adiponectin or omentin are known for their anti-inflammatory activities. Hence, adipokines influence the activity of various cells engaged in innate immune response and inflammatory processes mainly by affecting adhesion molecule expression, chemotaxis, apoptosis and phagocytosis, as well as mediators production and release. However, much less is known about the role of adipokines in processes involving lymphoid lineage cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the importance of different adipokines in the lymphopoiesis, recirculation, differentiation and polarization of lymphoid lineage cells. It also provides insight into the influence of selected adipokines on the activity of those cells in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Żelechowska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzezińska-Błaszczyk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Kozłowska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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21
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Leptin Promoted IL-17 Production from ILC2s in Allergic Rhinitis. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9248479. [PMID: 32963497 PMCID: PMC7499316 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9248479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-17 plays important roles in allergic diseases. Several studies proved that leptin promoted Th17 immune responses by inducing RORγt transcription. ILC2 is an important member of the early stage of immune response. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect of leptin on the IL-17 production by ILC2 in AR in this study. Methods Fifteen AR patients and fifteen healthy controls were enrolled. Serum leptin levels were measured, and their correlation with the frequency of IL-17+ ILC2 cells was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. ILC2 was stimulated by leptin, and the expression of IL-17, IL-5, and IL-13 was detected by ELISA. The correlated pathways were confirmed by real-time PCR. Results We found that serum leptin and the frequency of IL-17-producing ILC2s in AR were significantly higher compared with those in controls. After being incubated with leptin, the frequency of IL-17+ ILC2 cells and IL-17 production from ILC2 was upregulated compared with that in controls. We also found that leptin induced RORγt and Ahr expression by ILC2. Moreover, leptin-induced IL-17-producing ILC2 concomitantly expressed IL-5 and IL-13. Conclusions Our data provide preliminary evidence that leptin-induced IL-17 production from ILC2 cells is dependent on RORγt and Ahr expression and the blockade of leptin may be a promising target for the treatment of AR.
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22
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Piantedosi D, Palatucci AT, Giovazzino A, Ruggiero G, Rubino V, Musco N, Carriero F, Farina F, Attia YAEW, Terrazzano G, Lombardi P, Cortese L. Effect of a Weight Loss Program on Biochemical and Immunological Profile, Serum Leptin Levels, and Cardiovascular Parameters in Obese Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:398. [PMID: 32851001 PMCID: PMC7424025 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a weight loss program (WLP) on biochemical and immunological profile, and cardiovascular parameters in a cohort of dogs with naturally occurring obesity. Eleven obese dogs [body condition scoring (BCS), ≥7/9] were enrolled into the study and underwent clinical and cardiovascular examination, and blood testing before (T0) and after 6 months (T1) of WLP. Eleven normal weight (BCS, 4/5) healthy dogs were used as a control (CTR) group. Compared to the CTR group, at T0 obese dogs expressed higher serum leptin concentrations (p < 0.0005) that significantly decreased after weight loss (p < 0.005) but remained higher than the CTR group. Furthermore, obese dogs showed considerably lower levels (p < 0.0005) of regulatory T cell (Treg) compared to the CTR group, but they did not change after weight loss at T1. In obese dogs, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were substantially reduced at T1 (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.005). Regarding the cardiovascular parameters, only one obese dog was hypertensive at T0, and systolic blood pressure values showed no significant differences at the end of the WLP. The ratio of interventricular septal thickness in diastole to left ventricle internal diameter in diastole (IVSd/LVIDd) was significantly greater in obese dogs at T0 than in the CTR group (p < 0.005). It decreased after weight loss (p < 0.05). In obese dogs, troponin I level significantly reduced with weight loss (p < 0.05), while endothelin-1 level did not differ statistically. The results suggest that the immune dysregulation in the presence of high leptin levels and reduced number of Treg could affect obese dogs as well as humans. Based on our findings, we may speculate that a more complete immune-regulation restore could be obtained by a greater reduction in fat mass and a longer-term WLP. Finally, left ventricular remodeling may occur in some obese dogs. However, in canine species, further studies are needed to investigate the impact of obesity and related WLP on cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Piantedosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angela Giovazzino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ruggiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rubino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Carriero
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Youssef Abd El Wahab Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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23
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Mastellone V, Musco N, Vassalotti G, Piantedosi D, Vastolo A, Cutrignelli MI, Britti D, Cortese L, Lombardi P. A Nutritional Supplement (DìLsh TM) Improves the Inflammatory Cytokines Response, Oxidative Stress Markers and Clinical Signs in Dogs Naturally Infected by Leishmania infantum. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E938. [PMID: 32485886 PMCID: PMC7341525 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility to associate nutraceuticals, as immune-modulating tools, to the treatment of visceral leishmaniosis is a matter of great interest. In this study, we investigated whether the administration of a nutritional supplement (DìLshTM, Dynamopet SRL, Verona, Italy) was able to exert beneficial effects on the inflammatory state and oxidative stress of the dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. To this purpose, specific parameters, namely Tumor Necrosis Factor -alpha (TNF), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Inteleukin-10 (IL-10), leptin, derivates of Reactive Oxigen Metabolites (d-Roms) and Biological Antioxidant Potential (BAP), as well as the haematological and biochemical profiles of the infected dogs, were investigated upon the treatment with the nutritional supplement and compared with the conventional pharmacological anti-Leishmania therapy. The animals underwent complete clinical examination and blood sample collection before (T0) and 3 months after (T90) the onset of the two treatments. The two treatments showed similar results: significant clinical improvement, ELISA positivity and IgG decrease, an increase in IL-10, and a decrease in IL-6 were observed in animals treated with the nutritional supplement. A decrease in d-Roms and an increase in BAP were also detected in both groups. On the whole, the nutritional supplement possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, suggesting that it may support animals' health and be useful to extend the time a drug therapy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mastellone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.M.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.I.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.M.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.I.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Vassalotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Diego Piantedosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.M.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.I.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Alessandro Vastolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.M.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.I.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Monica Isabella Cutrignelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.M.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.I.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.M.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.I.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.M.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.I.C.); (P.L.)
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24
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Malik IA, Durairajanayagam D, Singh HJ. Leptin and its actions on reproduction in males. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:296-299. [PMID: 30539926 PMCID: PMC6498734 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_98_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, serves numerous physiological functions in the body, particularly during puberty and reproduction. The exact mechanism by which leptin activates the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons to trigger puberty and reproduction remains unclear. Given the widespread distribution of leptin receptors in the body, both central and peripheral mechanisms involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis have been hypothesized. Leptin is necessary for normal reproductive function, but when present in excess, it can have detrimental effects on the male reproductive system. Human and animal studies point to leptin as a link between infertility and obesity, a suggestion that is corroborated by findings of low sperm count, increased sperm abnormalities, oxidative stress, and increased leptin levels in obese men. In addition, daily leptin administration to normal-weight rats has been shown to result in similar abnormalities in sperm parameters. The major pathways causing these abnormalities remain unidentified; however, these adverse effects have been attributed to leptin-induced increased oxidative stress because they are prevented by concurrently administering melatonin. Studies on leptin and its impact on sperm function are highly relevant in understanding and managing male infertility, particularly in overweight and obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Alam Malik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Damayanthi Durairajanayagam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Harbindar Jeet Singh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.,2I-PPerForM, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
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25
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Pereira FV, Melo ACL, Silva MB, de Melo FM, Terra FF, Castro IA, Perandini LA, Miyagi MT, Sato FT, Origassa CST, Hiyane MI, Donato J, Wasinski F, Araujo RC, Festuccia WTL, da Silva JS, Camara NOS. Interleukin-6 and the Gut Microbiota Influence Melanoma Progression in Obese Mice. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:642-651. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1764982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe V. Pereira
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda C. L. Melo
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina B. Silva
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe M. de Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F. Terra
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris A. Castro
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Perandini
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelli T. Miyagi
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio T. Sato
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice S. T. Origassa
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire I. Hiyane
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C. Araujo
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T. L. Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen S. Camara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Turbitt WJ, Rosean CB, Weber KS, Norian LA. Obesity and CD8 T cell metabolism: Implications for anti-tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:203-219. [PMID: 32157710 PMCID: PMC7416819 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for many cancers and has recently been found to alter the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapies. Currently, however, the effects of obesity on immunometabolism remain unclear. Understanding these associations is critical, given the fact that T cell metabolism is tightly linked to effector function. Thus, any obesity-associated changes in T cell bioenergetics are likely to drive functional changes at the cellular level, alter the metabolome and cytokine/chemokine milieu, and impact cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Here, we provide a brief overview of T cell metabolism in the presence and absence of solid tumor growth and summarize current literature regarding obesity-associated changes in T cell function and bioenergetics. We also discuss recent findings related to the impact of host obesity on cancer immunotherapy outcomes and present potential mechanisms by which T cell metabolism may influence therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we describe promising pharmaceutical therapies that are being investigated for their ability to improve CD8 T cell metabolism and enhance cancer immunotherapy outcomes in patients, regardless of their obesity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Turbitt
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - K. Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Lyse A. Norian
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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27
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Friston D, Junttila S, Lemes JBP, Laycock H, Torres-Perez JV, Want E, Gyenesei A, Nagy I. Leptin and fractalkine: novel subcutaneous cytokines in burn injury. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042713. [PMID: 32127397 PMCID: PMC7197715 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn injury is a pathology underpinned by progressive and aberrant inflammation. It is a major clinical challenge to survival and quality of life. Although the complex local and disseminating pathological processes of a burn injury ultimately stem from local tissue damage, to date relatively few studies have attempted to characterise the local inflammatory mediator profile. Here, cytokine content and associated transcriptional changes were measured in rat skin for three hours immediately following induction of a scald-type (60°C, 2 min) burn injury model. Leptin (P=0.0002) and fractalkine (P=0.0478) concentrations were significantly elevated post-burn above pre-burn and control site values, coinciding with the development of burn site oedema and differential expression of leptin mRNA (P=0.0004). Further, gene sequencing enrichment analysis indicated cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (P=1.45×10-6). Subsequent behavioural studies demonstrated that, following subcutaneous injection into the dorsum of the paw, both leptin and fractalkine induced mechanical allodynia, heat hyperalgesia and the recruitment of macrophages. This is the first report of leptin elevation specifically at the burn site, and the first report of fractalkine elevation in any tissue post-burn which, together with the functional findings, calls for exploration of the influence of these cytokines on pain, inflammation and burn wound progression. In addition, targeting these signalling molecules represents a therapeutic potential as early formative mediators of these pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Friston
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Sini Junttila
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Borges Paes Lemes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Helen Laycock
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Jose Vicente Torres-Perez
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Want
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4012, Hungary
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28
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Leptin Regulated ILC2 Cell through the PI3K/AKT Pathway in Allergic Rhinitis. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4176082. [PMID: 32214904 PMCID: PMC7081033 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4176082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest that leptin is involved in Th2 response in allergic rhinitis (AR). However, the effect of leptin on type II innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in AR is not well characterized. Methods Twenty-six AR patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum leptin levels were measured, and their correlation with ILC2 and type II cytokines were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. ILC2 differentiation and cytokine production stimulated by human recombinant leptin were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ELISA. AR mouse models were also established to verify the effect of leptin on ILC2 cell regulation. Results Our results showed that elevated serum leptin in AR patients was correlated with the percentage of ILC2 and the expression of type II cytokines. The recombinant leptin enhanced the expression of ILC2 cell transcription factors and type II cytokine through the PI3K/AKT pathway. The AR mice treated with leptin showed as stronger ILC2 inflammation and symptoms compared with control mice. Conclusions Our data provide evidence that upregulation of leptin promotes ILC2 responses in AR and this process was achieved through the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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29
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Ziegler JF, Böttcher C, Letizia M, Yerinde C, Wu H, Freise I, Rodriguez-Sillke Y, Stoyanova AK, Kreis ME, Asbach P, Kunkel D, Priller J, Anagnostopoulos I, Kühl AA, Miehle K, Stumvoll M, Tran F, Fredrich B, Forster M, Franke A, Bojarski C, Glauben R, Löscher BS, Siegmund B, Weidinger C. Leptin induces TNFα-dependent inflammation in acquired generalized lipodystrophy and combined Crohn's disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5629. [PMID: 31822667 PMCID: PMC6904732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin has been shown to modulate intestinal inflammation in mice. However, clinical evidence regarding its immune-stimulatory potential in human Crohn’s disease remains sparse. We here describe a patient with the unique combination of acquired generalized lipodystrophy and Crohn’s disease (AGLCD) featuring a lack of adipose tissue, leptin deficiency and intestinal inflammation. Using mass and flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and functional metabolic analyses, the AGLCD patient was compared to healthy individuals and Crohn’s disease patients regarding immune cell composition, function and metabolism and the effects of recombinant N-methionylleptin (rLeptin) were evaluated. We provide evidence that rLeptin exerts diverse pro-inflammatory effects on immune cell differentiation and function, including the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells and the induction of TNFα, ultimately aggravating Crohn’s disease in the AGLCD patient, which can be reversed by anti-TNFα therapy. Our results indicate that leptin is required for human immune homeostasis and contributes to autoimmunity in a TNFα-dependent manner. The adipokine leptin modulates intestinal inflammation in mice. Here the authors describe a patient with inflammatory bowel disease and lipodystrophy, providing evidence that leptin aggravates intestinal inflammation with proinflammatory effects on leukocytes that are reversible by TNFα blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn F Ziegler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Department of Neuropsychiatry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marilena Letizia
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cansu Yerinde
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hao Wu
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inka Freise
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasmina Rodriguez-Sillke
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ani K Stoyanova
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin E Kreis
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Asbach
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Desiree Kunkel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,BIH Cytometry Core, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Department of Neuropsychiatry, Berlin, Germany.,BIH Berlin, DZNE Berlin and University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ioannis Anagnostopoulos
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,iPATH.Berlin-Immunopathology for Experimental Models, Core Facility of the Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstanze Miehle
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Broder Fredrich
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britt-Sabina Löscher
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. .,Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Almabhouh FA, Md Mokhtar AH, Malik IA, Aziz NAAA, Durairajanayagam D, Singh HJ. Leptin and reproductive dysfunction in obese men. Andrologia 2019; 52:e13433. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ifrah Alam Malik
- Faculty of Medicine Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Malaysia
| | | | | | - Harbindar Jeet Singh
- Faculty of Medicine Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Malaysia
- I‐PerFForm Faculty of Medicine Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Malaysia
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The Role of Adipose Tissue in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Outcomes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060628. [PMID: 31234447 PMCID: PMC6627060 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though historically regarded as an inert energy store, adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ, which is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Accumulating evidence points to visceral adipose tissue and specifically to its mesenteric component, or “creeping fat” as impacting on the disease course through its immunomodulatory properties. On the one hand, mesenteric fat acts as a physical barrier to inflammation and is involved in controlling host immune response to translocation of gut bacteria. On the other hand, however, there exists a strong link between visceral fat and complicated course of the disease with unfavorable therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, “creeping fat” appears to play different roles in different IBD phenotypes, with the greatest pathogenetic contribution probably to an ileal form of Crohn’s disease. In this review, we summarize and discuss the existing literature on the subject and identify high-priority areas for future research. It may be that a better understanding of the role of mesenteric fat in IBD will determine new therapeutic targets and translate into improved clinical outcomes.
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Yin X, Yang J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xin C, Zhao H, Wang W, Shi X, Cui Z, Li G, Zhao C, Liu X. Altered expression of leptin and leptin receptor in the development of immune-mediated aplastic anemia in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1047-1056. [PMID: 31316601 PMCID: PMC6601404 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the levels of leptin (LEP) and LEP receptor (LEP-R) on the progression of aplastic anemia (AA) with bone marrow fat conversion. An AA model was developed by infusing C57BL/6 lymph node cells into BALB/c mice. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days after modeling, routine blood counts, bone marrow biopsy slides, lymphocyte subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) and cytokine levels [including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5 and interferon-γ] were assessed. LEP and LEP-R levels in peripheral blood serum, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and bone marrow were also analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The relevance of LEP, LEP-R and other factors was analyzed by Pearson's correlation analysis. Peripheral pancytopenia (reduced count of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets), abnormal immune factor levels and histological changes in bone marrow sections were detected in the AA model mice, suggesting that these mice mimicked the pathological changes commonly observed in AA. In addition, following the establishment of AA, the LEP level was gradually increased and the LEP-R level was reduced in the mice over time (P<0.05). The expression of adipogenic genes, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α, C/EBPβ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, was markedly increased, while the expression of the osteogenic gene runt-related transcription factor 2 was reduced compared with the levels in the control group (P<0.05). Taken together, damage to LEP-R may lead to dysregulation of LEP and the enhancement of MSCs to differentiate into adipocytes, resulting in excessive fat in bone marrow of AA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcong Yin
- Hematology Diagnosis Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Hematology Diagnosis Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Liu
- Department of Medicine, Qingzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Xin
- Department of Hematology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Hongguo Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xue Shi
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Zhongguang Cui
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Guanglun Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Chunting Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Michalska-Jakubus M, Sawicka K, Potembska E, Kowal M, Krasowska D. Clinical associations of serum leptin and leptin/adiponectin ratio in systemic sclerosis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36:325-338. [PMID: 31333350 PMCID: PMC6640022 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2018.75809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptin and adiponectin have recently received the attention of researchers as attractive biomarkers in systemic sclerosis (SSc) because of their role in the inflammatory process, vascular function and fibrosis. We hypothesized that leptin and adiponectin may be associated with disease activity and severity in patients with SSc. AIM To compare serum leptin, adiponectin and leptin/adiponectin levels in patients with SSc and healthy controls and to evaluate their possible relationship with frequently used laboratory markers and clinical findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 48 Caucasian female patients with SSc and 38 healthy controls. Serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were measured in patients and controls using commercially available ELISA Kits (Quantikine ELISA Kit R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The results were assessed by the Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's correlation test. RESULTS Leptin and adiponectin levels correlated with body mas index in SSc patients (r = 0.495, p = 0.000398 and r = -0.306; p = 0.0342) in contrast to healthy controls (p = 0.070 and p = 0.256, respectively), and, in SSc patients only, a strong negative correlation was observed between leptin and adiponectin serum levels (r = -0.314; p = 0.0312). Diffuse form of the disease (dcSSc) was associated with significantly lower serum adiponectin levels (8638.62 ±10382.62). Active disease was associated with significantly lower leptin concentration (13700.49 ±18293.32) and there was a significant negative correlation between leptin serum level and activity index score (r = -0.342; p = 0.0185). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate that leptin levels might correlate with disease activity and subtype in SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Sawicka
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilia Potembska
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Cortese L, Terrazzano G, Pelagalli A. Leptin and Immunological Profile in Obesity and Its Associated Diseases in Dogs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2392. [PMID: 31091785 PMCID: PMC6566566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing scientific evidence has unveiled increased incidences of obesity in domestic animals and its influence on a plethora of associated disorders. Leptin, an adipokine regulating body fat mass, represents a key molecule in obesity, able to modulate immune responses and foster chronic inflammatory response in peripheral tissues. High levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers suggest an association between inflammatory state and obesity in dogs, highlighting the parallelism with humans. Canine obesity is a relevant disease always accompanied with several health conditions such as inflammation, immune-dysregulation, insulin resistance, pancreatitis, orthopaedic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and neoplasia. However, leptin involvement in many disease processes in veterinary medicine is poorly understood. Moreover, hyperleptinemia as well as leptin resistance occur with cardiac dysfunction as a consequence of altered cardiac mitochondrial metabolism in obese dogs. Similarly, leptin dysregulation seems to be involved in the pancreatitis pathophysiology. This review aims to examine literature concerning leptin and immunological status in obese dogs, in particular for the aspects related to obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Stressed: The Unfolded Protein Response in T Cell Development, Activation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071792. [PMID: 30978945 PMCID: PMC6479341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved pathway that allows cells to respond to stress in the endoplasmic reticulum caused by an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded protein. This is of great importance to secretory cells because, in order for proteins to traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), they need to be folded appropriately. While a wealth of literature has implicated UPR in immune responses, less attention has been given to the role of UPR in T cell development and function. This review discusses the importance of UPR in T cell development, homeostasis, activation, and effector functions. We also speculate about how UPR may be manipulated in T cells to ameliorate pathologies.
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36
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Leptin and adiponectin supplementation modifies mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte composition and functionality in suckling rats. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:486-495. [PMID: 29508690 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At birth, when immune responses are insufficient, there begins the development of the defence capability against pathogens. Leptin and adiponectin, adipokines that are present in breast milk, have been shown to play a role in the regulation of immune responses. We report here, for the first time, the influence of in vivo adipokine supplementation on the intestinal immune system in early life. Suckling Wistar rats were daily supplemented with leptin (0·7 μg/kg per d, n 36) or adiponectin (35 μg/kg per d, n 36) during the suckling period. The lymphocyte composition, proliferation and cytokine secretion from mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (on days 14 and 21), as well as intestinal IgA and IgM concentration (day 21), were evaluated. At day 14, leptin supplementation significantly increased the TCRαβ + cell proportion in mesenteric lymph nodes, in particular owing to an increase in the TCRαβ + CD8+ cell population. Moreover, the leptin or adiponectin supplementation promoted the early development CD8+ cells, with adiponectin being the only adipokine capable of enhancing the lymphoproliferative ability at the end of the suckling period. Although leptin decreased intestinal IgA concentration, it had a trophic effect on the intestine in early life. Supplementation of both adipokines modulated the cytokine profile during (day 14) and at the end (day 21) of the suckling period. These results suggest that leptin and adiponectin during suckling play a role in the development of mucosal immunity in early life.
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37
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Van Herck MA, Weyler J, Kwanten WJ, Dirinck EL, De Winter BY, Francque SM, Vonghia L. The Differential Roles of T Cells in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:82. [PMID: 30787925 PMCID: PMC6372559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a spectrum of disease states characterized by hepatic steatosis and is closely associated to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), additionally, inflammatory changes and hepatocellular damage are present, representing a more severe condition, for which the treatment is an unmet medical need. Pathophysiologically, the immune system is one of the main drivers of NAFLD progression and other obesity-related comorbidities, and both the innate and adaptive immune system are involved. T cells form the cellular component of the adaptive immune system and consist of multiple differentially active subsets, i.e., T helper (Th) cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, as well as several innate T-cell subsets. This review focuses on the role of these T-cell subsets in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, as well as the association with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, reviewing the available evidence from both animal and human studies. Briefly, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22 cells seem to have an attenuating effect on adiposity. Th2, Th22, and Treg cells seem to decrease insulin resistance, whereas Th1, Th17, and Tc cells have an aggravating effect. Concerning NAFLD, both Th22 and Treg cells appear to have an overall tempering effect, whereas Th17 and Tc cells seem to induce more liver damage and fibrosis progression. The evidence regarding the role of the innate T-cell subsets is more controversial and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhaïl A Van Herck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonas Weyler
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus J Kwanten
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline L Dirinck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven M Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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38
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Kredel LI, Jödicke LJ, Scheffold A, Gröne J, Glauben R, Erben U, Kühl AA, Siegmund B. T-cell Composition in Ileal and Colonic Creeping Fat - Separating Ileal from Colonic Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:79-91. [PMID: 30272118 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Creeping fat [CF] is a hyperplasia of adipose tissue adjacent to inflamed intestine in Crohn's disease [CD]. Data from genome-wide association studies [GWAS] distinguished Crohn's colitis from ileal CD and ulcerative colitis [UC]. This study analysed the T-cell compartments of ileal and colonic mesenteric fat and corresponding mucosa to provide cellular proof for the suggested GWAS classification. METHODS Samples were obtained from 34 CD or UC patients. Cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, and tissue cytokine release was assessed by cytometric bead array. RESULTS Only ileal CF revealed the distinct adipocyte hyperplasia combined with dense T-cell infiltration and fibrosis; colonic fat from CD and UC patients lacked these findings. T-cell subpopulations differed between mesenteric fat in ileal CD, colonic CD and UC: ileal CF had nearly 10 times more T-cells than colonic fat. The proportions of regulatory and central memory T-cells were significantly higher in ileal CF compared with colonic fat in CD and UC. In all groups, the mucosal T-cell compartment was distinct from the mesenteric fat. Remarkably, correlation between disease activity and proportion of pro- and anti-inflammatory T-cell subpopulations was inverse, comparing ileal and colonic fat in CD. CONCLUSIONS This first in-depth analysis of the T-cell compartment in ileal and colonic mesenteric adipose tissue in CD and UC identifies a unique T-cell niche in the ileal mesenteric fat tissue in CD. From a clinical point of view, our findings underscore the novel concept of colonic and ileal CD as distinct IBD entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea I Kredel
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa J Jödicke
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Medical Department [Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology], Department of Cellular Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Gröne
- Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Rotes Kreuz Krankenhaus Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Erben
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,iPATH, Core Unit/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,iPATH, Core Unit/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Weidinger C, Ziegler JF, Letizia M, Schmidt F, Siegmund B. Adipokines and Their Role in Intestinal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1974. [PMID: 30369924 PMCID: PMC6194904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat tissue was initially described for its endocrine and metabolic function. Over the last two decades increasing evidence indicated a close interaction with the immune system. Partly responsible for this immune modulatory function are soluble factors released by the fat tissue, most prominently the so-called adipokines. These discoveries led to the question how adipokines influence inflammatory diseases. Linking inflammation and adipose tissue, Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is of particular interest for studying the immune modulatory properties of adipokines since it is characterized by a hyperplasia of the mesenteric fat that subsequently is creeping around the inflamed segments of the small intestine. Thus, the role of several adipokines in the creeping fat as well as in intestinal inflammation was recently explored. The present review selected the four adipokines adiponectin, apelin, chemerin, and leptin and provides a working model based on the available literature how these factors participate in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Weidinger
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn F. Ziegler
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marilena Letizia
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Zheng H, Wu D, Wu X, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Luo Y, Yang X, Chock CJ, Liu M, Yang XO. Leptin Promotes Allergic Airway Inflammation through Targeting the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8905. [PMID: 29891850 PMCID: PMC5995879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma and obesity are major public health problems in the world. Recent Meta-analysis studies implicated a positive relationship between serum leptin, which is elevated in obese individuals, and the risk of asthma. However, it is not well understood how obesity-associated elevation of leptin increases the risk of asthma. In the current study, we have found that leptin induces the unfolded protein response factor XBP1s in an mTOR- and MAPK-dependent manner in pro-allergic TH2 cells; in vivo, mice fed with high fat diet had increased serum leptin as observed in human obese population and exacerbated asthmatic symptoms, associated with increased XBP1s expression in splenic CD4+ T cells. XBP1s is required for leptin-mediated pro-allergic TH2 cell survival and cytokine production. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated insight that obesity-associated hyperleptinemia contributes to enhanced pro-allergic lymphocyte responses through induction of XBP1s, leading to exacerbation of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Zheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Cameron J Chock
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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41
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Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Obesity, Fat Mass and Immune System: Role for Leptin. Front Physiol 2018; 9:640. [PMID: 29910742 PMCID: PMC5992476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation associated with a dysfunctional fat mass. Adipose tissue is now considered an extremely active endocrine organ that secretes cytokine-like hormones, called adipokines, either pro- or anti-inflammatory factors bridging metabolism to the immune system. Leptin is historically one of most relevant adipokines, with important physiological roles in the central control of energy metabolism and in the regulation of metabolism-immune system interplay, being a cornerstone of the emerging field of immunometabolism. Indeed, leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system and leptin has been shown to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the latest data regarding the role of leptin as a mediator of immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effects on obesity-associated metabolic disorders and autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Francisco
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Victor Campos-Cabaleiro
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- Servizo Galego de Saude, Division of Rheumatology, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Changes of Plasma FABP4, CRP, Leptin, and Chemerin Levels in relation to Different Dietary Patterns and Duodenal-Jejunal Omega Switch Surgery in Sprague-Dawley Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2151429. [PMID: 29849871 PMCID: PMC5937382 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2151429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathophysiological links between inflammation, obesity, and adipokines can be used for the treatment of metabolic dysregulation. Aims To examine the influence of duodenal-jejunal omega switch surgery in combination with different diet patterns on plasma concentrations of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and chemerin. Methods After 8 weeks on a high-fat diet (HF) or control diet (CD), rats underwent surgery. Duodenal-jejunal omega switch (DJOS) with an exclusion of one-third of intestinal length and SHAM surgery were performed. For the next 8 weeks, 50% of DJOS/SHAM animals were kept on the same diet as before (HF/DJOS/HF, HF/SHAM/HF, CD/DJOS/CD, and CD/SHAM/CD), and 50% had a changed diet (HF/DJOS/CD, HF/SHAM/CD, CD/DJOS/HF, and CD/SHAM/HF). FABP4, CRP, leptin, and chemerin were assessed using ELISA kits. Results FABP4: significant differences between DJOS and SHAM were observed in animals maintained on CD/CD; CRP: varied between DJOS and SHAM groups maintained on HF/HF, CD/CD, and CD/HF; leptin and chemerin levels: DJOS lowered leptin and chemerin plasma levels versus SHAM, while HF/HF, CD/HF, and HF/CD significantly increased leptin and chemerin plasma levels when compared to CD/CD. Conclusions The beneficial effect of DJOS surgery is stronger than proinflammatory conditions caused by an HF obesogenic diet.
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2017; 253:43-48. [PMID: 28346888 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the acute phase of schizophrenia (SCZ) is accompanied by specific changes in oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) biomarkers. There are, however, no firm data regarding these biomarkers in chronic SCZ. Therefore, this study aimed to delineate O&NS biomarkers in patients with chronic SCZ. 125 outpatients with SCZ and 118 controls were enrolled. The markers included lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity. Immune-inflammatory markers known to be altered in SCZ were also measured: leptin, IL-6, soluble TNF receptors (sTNF-Rs) and the chemokines CCL-11 and CCL-3. There were no significant associations between chronic SCZ and the O&NS markers (AOPP, NOx, LOOH) and the anti-oxidants PON-1 and TRAP. Leptin, sTNF-R, CCL-3 and CCL-11 were significantly higher in SCZ. There were significant associations between pro-inflammatory and O&NS biomarkers (leptin/CCL-8 and AOPP; IL-6 and NOx; CCL-3 and LOOH; CCL-3/IL-6/NOx and TRAP). In conclusion, there were significant intercorrelations between inflammatory and O&NS pathways, which play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic SCZ. O&NS markers and the enzyme PON-1 are not useful as biomarkers in chronic stable polymedicated SCZ patients.
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Singh S, Dulai PS, Zarrinpar A, Ramamoorthy S, Sandborn WJ. Obesity in IBD: epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease course and treatment outcomes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:110-121. [PMID: 27899815 PMCID: PMC5550405 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of IBD is rising in parallel with overweight and obesity. Contrary to conventional belief, about 15-40% of patients with IBD are obese, which might contribute to the development of IBD. Findings from cross-sectional and retrospective cohort studies are conflicting on the effect of obesity on natural history and course of IBD. Most studies are limited by small sample size, low event rates, non-validated assessment of disease activity and lack robust longitudinal follow-up and have incomplete adjustment for confounding factors. The effect of obesity on the efficacy of IBD-related therapy remains to be studied, though data from other autoimmune diseases suggests that obesity results in suboptimal response to therapy, potentially by promoting rapid clearance of biologic agents leading to low trough concentrations. These data provide a rationale for using weight loss interventions as adjunctive therapy in patients with IBD who are obese. Obesity also makes colorectal surgery technically challenging and might increase the risk of perioperative complications. In this Review, we highlight the existing literature on the epidemiology of obesity in IBD, discuss its plausible role in disease pathogenesis and effect on disease course and treatment response, and identify high-priority areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Parambir S. Dulai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Sonia Ramamoorthy
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92193, USA
| | - William J. Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
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Abella V, Scotece M, Conde J, Pino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez-Reino JJ, Mera A, Lago F, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:100-109. [PMID: 28053336 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is one of the most relevant factors secreted by adipose tissue and the forerunner of a class of molecules collectively called adipokines. Initially discovered in 1994, its crucial role as a central regulator in energy homeostasis has been largely described during the past 20 years. Once secreted into the circulation, leptin reaches the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts by binding and activating the long form of leptin receptor (LEPR), regulating appetite and food intake, bone mass, basal metabolism, reproductive function and insulin secretion, among other processes. Research on the regulation of different adipose tissues has provided important insights into the intricate network that links nutrition, metabolism and immune homeostasis. The neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bi-directionally through common ligands and receptors during stress responses and inflammation, and control cellular immune responses in several pathological situations including immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This Review discusses the latest findings regarding the role of leptin in the immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effect on autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abella
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Morena Scotece
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Javier Conde
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Juan J Gómez-Reino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, CIBERCV (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The composition of activated adipose tissue with adipocytes secreting a broad spectrum of immune-modulatory adipokines next to adipose tissue-derived stromal cells and professional immune effector cells in the visceral fat creates a complex network of inflammatory processes shaping local immune responses in the adjacent inflamed intestinal mucosa. RECENT FINDINGS In Crohn's disease a particular phenomenon called 'creeping fat' can be observed. Here the hyperplastic mesenteric fat tissue not only grows around inflamed small intestinal segments but also furthermore affects the regulation of the mucosal immune system. Diverticular disease is highly prevalent in the western world but the knowledge about its immunopathology remains incomplete. Interestingly, adipose tissue also frequently covers the basolateral site of inflamed diverticula, hence locally reflecting the phenomenon seen in Crohn's disease. SUMMARY This review aims to summarize the current knowledge in which measures this intraabdominal fat participates in the regulation of intestinal inflammation with a particular focus on differences and possible parallels in Crohn's disease and diverticulitis. The available data allow for suggesting that each inflamed diverticula mechanistically reflects Crohn's disease on a miniature scale.
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Procaccini C, La Rocca C, Carbone F, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Matarese G. Leptin as immune mediator: Interaction between neuroendocrine and immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:120-129. [PMID: 27288847 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone/cytokine that links nutritional status with neuroendocrine and immune functions. Initially described as an anti-obesity hormone, leptin has subsequently been shown to exert pleiotropic effects, being also able to influence haematopoiesis, thermogenesis, reproduction, angiogenesis, and more importantly immune homeostasis. As a cytokine, leptin can affect both innate and adaptive immunity, by inducing a pro-inflammatory response and thus playing a key role in the regulation of the pathogenesis of several autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances on the role of leptin as immune-modulator in mammals and we also provide an overview on its main functions in non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Karrasch T, Schaeffler A. Adipokines and the role of visceral adipose tissue in inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Gastroenterol 2016; 29:424-438. [PMID: 27708507 PMCID: PMC5049548 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2016.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, adipocytes have been recognized as actively participating in local and systemic immune responses via the secretion of peptides detectable in relevant levels in the systemic circulation, the so-called "adipo(cyto)kines". Multiple studies appearing within the last 10-15 years have focused on the possible impact of adipose tissue depots on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Consequently, various hypotheses regarding the role of different adipokines in inflammatory diseases in general and in intestinal inflammatory processes in particular have been developed and have been further refined in recent years. After a focused summary of the data reported concerning the impact of visceral adipose tissue on IBD, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, our review focuses on recent developments indicating that adipocytes as part of the innate immune system actively participate in antimicrobial host defenses in the context of intestinal bacterial translocation, which are of utmost importance for the homeostasis of the whole organism. Modulators of adipose tissue function and regulators of adipokine secretion, as well as modifiers of adipocytic pattern recognition molecules, might represent future potential drug targets in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Germany
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50
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Zheng H, Zhang X, Castillo EF, Luo Y, Liu M, Yang XO. Leptin Enhances TH2 and ILC2 Responses in Allergic Airway Disease. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22043-22052. [PMID: 27566543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma and obesity are the leading health problems in the world. Many studies have shown that obesity is a risk factor of development of asthma. However, the underlying mechanism has not been well established. In this study, we demonstrate that leptin, an adipokine elevated in obese individuals, promoted proliferation and survival of pro-allergic type 2 helper T cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells and production of type 2 cytokines, which together contribute to allergic responses. Leptin activates mTORC1, MAPK, and STAT3 pathways in TH2 cells. The effects of leptin on TH2 cell proliferation, survival, and cytokine production are dependent on the mTORC1 and MAPK pathways as revealed by specific inhibitors. In vivo, leptin-deficiency led to attenuated experimental allergic airway inflammation. Our results thus support that obesity-associated elevation of leptin contributes to the increased susceptibility of asthma via modulation of pro-allergic lymphocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Zheng
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pathology, and
| | - Xing Zhang
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pathology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pathology, and
| | - Yan Luo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Meilian Liu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pathology, and
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