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Patel K, Nguyen J, Shaha S, Brightwell A, Duan W, Zubkowski A, Domingo IK, Riddell M. Loss of polarity regulators initiates gasdermin-E-mediated pyroptosis in syncytiotrophoblasts. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301946. [PMID: 37468163 PMCID: PMC10355286 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The syncytiotrophoblast is a human epithelial cell that is bathed in maternal blood on the maternal-facing surface of the human placenta. It therefore acts as a barrier and exchange interface between the mother and fetus. Syncytiotrophoblast dysfunction is a feature of pregnancy pathologies, like preeclampsia. Dysfunctional syncytiotrophoblasts display a loss of microvilli, which is a marker of aberrant apical-basal polarization, but little data exist about the regulation of syncytiotrophoblast polarity. Atypical PKC isoforms are conserved polarity regulators. Thus, we hypothesized that aPKC isoforms regulate syncytiotrophoblast polarity. Using human placental explant culture and primary trophoblasts, we found that loss of aPKC activity or expression induces syncytiotrophoblast gasdermin-E-dependent pyroptosis, a form of programmed necrosis. We also establish that TNF-α induces an isoform-specific decrease in aPKC expression and gasdermin-E-dependent pyroptosis. Therefore, aPKCs are homeostatic regulators of the syncytiotrophoblast function and a pathogenically relevant pro-inflammatory cytokine leads to the induction of programmed necrosis at the maternal-fetal interface. Hence, our results have important implications for the pathobiology of placental disorders like preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushali Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jasmine Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sumaiyah Shaha
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Amy Brightwell
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Wendy Duan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ashley Zubkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ivan K Domingo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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2
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Shaha S, Patel K, Riddell M. Cell polarity signaling in the regulation of syncytiotrophoblast homeostasis and inflammatory response. Placenta 2023; 141:26-34. [PMID: 36443107 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of cell polarity and the structure of the apical surface of epithelial cells is a tightly regulated process necessary for tissue homeostasis. The syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta is an entirely unique epithelial layer. It is a single giant multinucleate syncytial layer that comprises the maternal-facing surface of the human placenta. Like other epithelia, the syncytiotrophoblast is highly polarized with the apical surface dominated by microvillar membrane protrusions. Syncytiotrophoblast dysfunction is a key feature of pregnancy complications like preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is commonly associated with a heightened maternal immune response and pro-inflammatory environment. Importantly, reports have observed disruption of syncytiotrophoblast apical microvilli in placentas from preeclamptic pregnancies, indicating a loss of apical polarity, but little is known about how the syncytiotrophoblast regulates polarity. Here, we review the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that regulate apical-basal polarization in epithelial cells, and the emerging evidence that PAR polarity complex components are critical regulators of syncytiotrophoblast homeostasis and apical membrane structure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to disrupt the expression of polarity regulating proteins. We also discuss initial data showing that syncytiotrophoblast apical polarity can be disrupted by the addition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, revealing that physiologically relevant signals can modulate syncytiotrophoblast polarization. Since disrupted polarity is a feature of preeclampsia, further elucidation of the syncytiotrophoblast-specific polarity signaling network and testing whether the disruption of polarity-factor signaling networks may contribute to the development of preeclampsia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiyah Shaha
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Khushali Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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3
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Hashimoto K, Miyagawa Y, Watanabe S, Takasaki K, Nishizawa M, Yatsuki K, Takahashi Y, Kamata H, Kihira C, Hiraike H, Sasamori Y, Kido K, Ryo E, Nagasaka K. The TGF-β/UCHL5/Smad2 Axis Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Placenta Accreta. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13706. [PMID: 37762005 PMCID: PMC10530686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta accreta is a high-risk condition causing obstetric crisis and hemorrhage; however, its pathogenesis remains unknown. We aimed to identify the factors contributing to trophoblast invasiveness and angiogenic potential, which in turn drive the pathogenesis of placenta accreta. We focused on the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-Smad pathway and investigated the intrinsic relationship between the time- and dose-dependent inhibition of the ubiquitinating enzyme UCHL5 using bAP15, a deubiquitinase inhibitor, after TGF-β1 stimulation and the invasive and angiogenic potential of two cell lines, gestational choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 and trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo. UCHL5 inhibition negatively regulated TGF-β1-induced Smad2 activation, decreasing extravillous trophoblast invasiveness. Smad1/5/9 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were simultaneously activated, and vascular endothelial growth factor was secreted into the trophoblast medium. However, extravillous trophoblast culture supernatant severely impaired the vasculogenic potential of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results suggest that the downstream ERK pathway and Smad1/5/9 potentially regulate the TGF-β1-Smad pathway in extravillous trophoblasts, whereas Smad2 contributes to their invasiveness. The abnormal invasive and angiogenic capacities of extravillous cells, likely driven by the interaction between TGF-β1-Smad and ERK pathways, underlie the pathogenesis of placenta accreta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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4
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Matsukawa H, Ikezaki M, Nishioka K, Iwahashi N, Fujimoto M, Nishitsuji K, Ihara Y, Ino K. Calnexin Is Involved in Forskolin-induced Syncytialization in Cytotrophoblast Model BeWo Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081050. [PMID: 36008943 PMCID: PMC9405722 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX), a membrane-bound molecular chaperone, is involved in protein folding and quality control of nascent glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. We previously suggested critical roles of calreticulin, a functional paralogue of CNX, in placentation, including invasion of extravillous trophoblasts and syncytialization of cytotrophoblasts. However, the roles of CNX in placentation are unclear. In human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells, which serve as an experimental model of syncytialization, CNX knockdown suppressed forskolin-induced cell fusion and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) induction. Cell-surface luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor, a β-hCG receptor, was significantly down-regulated in CNX-knockdown cells, which suggested the presence of a dysfunctional autocrine loop of β-hCG up-regulation. In this study, we also found abundant CNX expression in normal human placentas. Collectively, our results revealed the critical role of CNX in the syncytialization-related signaling in a villous trophoblast model and suggest a link between CNX expression and placenta development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsukawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (H.M.); (K.N.); (N.I.); (K.I.)
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (K.N.)
| | - Kaho Nishioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (H.M.); (K.N.); (N.I.); (K.I.)
| | - Naoyuki Iwahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (H.M.); (K.N.); (N.I.); (K.I.)
| | - Masakazu Fujimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (K.N.)
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-73-441-0628
| | - Kazuhiko Ino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (H.M.); (K.N.); (N.I.); (K.I.)
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Renaud SJ, Jeyarajah MJ. How trophoblasts fuse: an in-depth look into placental syncytiotrophoblast formation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:433. [PMID: 35859055 PMCID: PMC11072895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, cell fusion is restricted to only a few cell types under normal conditions. In the placenta, cell fusion is a critical process for generating syncytiotrophoblast: the giant multinucleated trophoblast lineage containing billions of nuclei within an interconnected cytoplasm that forms the primary interface separating maternal blood from fetal tissue. The unique morphology of syncytiotrophoblast ensures that nutrients and gases can be efficiently transferred between maternal and fetal tissue while simultaneously restricting entry of potentially damaging substances and maternal immune cells through intercellular junctions. To maintain integrity of the syncytiotrophoblast layer, underlying cytotrophoblast progenitor cells terminate their capability for self-renewal, upregulate expression of genes needed for differentiation, and then fuse into the overlying syncytium. These processes are disrupted in a variety of obstetric complications, underscoring the importance of proper syncytiotrophoblast formation for pregnancy health. Herein, an overview of key mechanisms underlying human trophoblast fusion and syncytiotrophoblast development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada.
| | - Mariyan J Jeyarajah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
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Jeong Y, Ock S, Yoo JG, Yu D, Choi I. The Cxadr–Adam10 complex plays pivotal roles in tight junction integrity and early trophoblast development in mice. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1628-1638. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesChungnam National UniversityDaejeon Republic of Korea
- Disease Model Research Laboratory, Genome Editing Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Sun‐A Ock
- National Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationJeollabuk‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Yoo
- National Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationJeollabuk‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Yeul Yu
- Disease Model Research Laboratory, Genome Editing Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional GenomicsUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Inchul Choi
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesChungnam National UniversityDaejeon Republic of Korea
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7
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Liu C, Zhu P, Fujino M, Zhu S, Ito H, Takahashi K, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Zhuang J, Li XK. 5-ALA/SFC Attenuated Binge Alcohol-Induced Gut Leakiness and Inflammatory Liver Disease in HIV Transgenic Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1651-1661. [PMID: 31141180 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) against binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness and inflammatory liver disease in HIV transgenic (TG) rats. METHODS TG rats were treated with 3 consecutive doses of binge ethanol (EtOH) with or without 5-ALA/SFC. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected at 6 hours following the last dose of EtOH. RESULTS Compared with the wild-type (WT) rats, the TG rats showed increased sensitivity to alcohol-mediated inflammation, as evidenced by the significantly elevated levels of serum endotoxin, AST, ALT, ED1, and ED2 staining in liver. In contrast, 5-ALA/SFC improved the above biochemical and histochemical profiles. 5-ALA/SFC also attenuated the up-regulated mRNA expression of leptin and CCL2. Furthermore, down-regulated intestinal ZO-1 protein expression was also inhibited by 5-ALA/SFC. Moreover, the expressions of HO-1, HO-2, Sirt1, and related signal transduction molecules in liver were increased by 5-ALA/SFC. These results demonstrated that 5-ALA/SFC treatment ameliorated binge alcohol exposure liver injury in a rat model of HIV-infected patients by reducing macrophage activation and expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and by inducing HO-1, HO-2, and Sirt1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggested that treatment with 5-ALA/SFC has a potential therapeutic effect for binge alcohol exposure liver injury in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuoji Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Zhuang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Farrell A, Alahari S, Ermini L, Tagliaferro A, Litvack M, Post M, Caniggia I. Faulty oxygen sensing disrupts angiomotin function in trophoblast cell migration and predisposes to preeclampsia. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127009. [PMID: 30996134 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placenta development and a successful pregnancy is incumbent upon precise oxygen-dependent control of trophoblast migration/invasion. Persistent low oxygen leading to failed trophoblast invasion promotes inadequate spiral artery remodeling, a characteristic of preeclampsia. Angiomotin (AMOT) is a multifaceted scaffolding protein involved in cell polarity and migration, yet its upstream regulation and significance in the human placenta remain unknown. Herein, we show that AMOT is primarily expressed in migratory extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) of the intermediate and distal anchoring column. Its expression increases after 10 weeks of gestation when oxygen tension rises and EVT migration/invasion peaks. Time-lapse imaging confirmed that the AMOT 80-kDa isoform promotes migration of trophoblastic JEG3 and HTR-8/SVneo cells. In preeclampsia, however, AMOT expression is decreased and its localization to migratory fetomaternal interface EVTs is disrupted. We demonstrate that Jumonji C domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6), an oxygen sensor, positively regulates AMOT via oxygen-dependent lysyl hydroxylation. Furthermore, in vitro and ex vivo studies show that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates AMOT expression, its interaction with polarity protein PAR6, and its subcellular redistribution from tight junctions to cytoskeleton. Our data reveal an oxygen- and TGF-β-driven migratory function for AMOT in the human placenta, and implicate its deficiency in impaired trophoblast migration that plagues preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Farrell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, and
| | - Sruthi Alahari
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Tagliaferro
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Litvack
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Institute of Medical Sciences, and.,Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabella Caniggia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, and.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Li J, Zhou J, Tian B, Chu Y, Zhang N, Hu X, Wan X, Ye Y. Activation of HO-1 protects placental cells function in oxidative stress via regulating ZO-1/occludin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:903-909. [PMID: 30851935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously confirmed that Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) play synergistic roles in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. To further explore the function of HO-1 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, we established oxidative stress models respectively with human first-trimester trophoblast/simian virus (HTR8/SVneo) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and then assessed the effect of HO-1 on the two cell lines in oxidative stress conditions. The cell oxidative stress models were incubated with Hemin (an inducer of HO-1), then, the HTR8/SVneo cells were transfected by ZO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA). The HTR-8/SVneo invasive abilities were detected, and the tube formation abilities of HUVECs were measured. HO-1 and tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in the cells were detected. In both the trophoblastic and HUVEC oxidative stress models, HO-1、ZO-1 and occludin were increased incubated with Hemin. Meanwhile, HTR-8/SVneo cells incubated with Hemin showed increased invasion function against the destruction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Similarly, the tube formation ability of HUVECs incubated with Hemin was increased. The above-mentioned effects were disappeared after HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected by ZO-1 siRNA. These results suggest that HO-1 protects the function of placental cells in oxidative stress via regulating ZO-1/occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baogang Tian
- Department of Radiology, Zhangqiu People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yijing Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanhua Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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10
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Alahari S, Post M, Rolfo A, Weksberg R, Caniggia I. Compromised JMJD6 Histone Demethylase Activity Affects VHL Gene Repression in Preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1545-1557. [PMID: 29373688 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein is a key executor of the cellular hypoxic response that is compromised in preeclampsia, a serious disorder complicating 5% to 7% of pregnancies. To date, the mechanisms controlling VHL gene expression in the human placenta remain elusive. OBJECTIVE We examined VHL epigenetic regulation in normal pregnancy and in preeclampsia, a pathology characterized by placental hypoxia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Placentae were obtained from early-onset preeclampsia (n = 56; <34 weeks of gestation) and late-onset preeclampsia (n = 19; ≥34 weeks of gestation). Placentae from healthy normotensive age-matched preterm control (n = 43) and term control (n = 23) pregnancies were included as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We measured the activity of Jumonji domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6), a ferrous iron (Fe2+)- and oxygen-dependent histone demethylase, and examined its function in the epigenetic control of VHL. RESULTS JMJD6 regulates VHL gene expression in the human placenta. VHL downregulation in preeclampsia is dependent on decreased JMJD6 demethylase activity due to hypoxia and reduced Fe2+ bioavailability. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed decreased association of JMJD6 and its histone targets with the VHL promoter. Findings in preeclampsia were corroborated in a murine model of pharmacological hypoxia using FG-4592. Placentae from FG-4592-treated mice exhibited reduced VHL levels, accompanied by placental morphological alterations and reduced pup weights. Notably, Fe2+ supplementation rescued JMJD6 histone demethylase activity in histone from E-PE and FG-4592-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovers epigenetic regulation of VHL and its functional consequences for altered oxygen and iron homeostasis in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Alahari
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Rolfo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabella Caniggia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Zuckerwise L, Li J, Lu L, Men Y, Geng T, Buhimschi CS, Buhimschi IA, Bukowski R, Guller S, Paidas M, Huang Y. H19 long noncoding RNA alters trophoblast cell migration and invasion by regulating TβR3 in placentae with fetal growth restriction. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38398-38407. [PMID: 27223264 PMCID: PMC5122399 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a well-recognized risk factor for perinatal mortality and morbidity, as well as neurodevelopmental impairment and adulthood onset disorders. Here we report that the H19 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is significantly decreased in placentae from pregnancies with FGR. Downregulation of H19 leads to reduced migration and invasion of extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells in vitro. This is consistent with reduced trophoblast invasion that has been observed in FGR. Genome-scale transcriptome profiling of EVT cells reveals significantly decreased expression of the type III TGF-β receptor (TβR3) following H19 knockdown. Decreased TβR3 expression is also seen in FGR placentae. TβR3 repression decreases EVT cell migration and invasion, owing to impaired TGF-β signaling through a non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathway. Further, we identify TβR3 as a novel regulatory target of microRNA let-7. We propose that dysregulation of this newly identified H19/TβR3-mediated regulatory pathway may contribute to the molecular mechanism of FGR. Our findings are the first to show a lncRNA-based mechanism of FGR, holding promise for the development of novel predictive, diagnostic, and therapeutic modalities for FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zuckerwise
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yi Men
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Catalin S Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Irina A Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Radek Bukowski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Women and Children's Center for Blood Disorders and Preeclampsia Advancement, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yingqun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Ausman J, Abbade J, Ermini L, Farrell A, Tagliaferro A, Post M, Caniggia I. Ceramide-induced BOK promotes mitochondrial fission in preeclampsia. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:298. [PMID: 29463805 PMCID: PMC5833856 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are in a constant balance of fusing and dividing in response to cellular cues. Fusion creates healthy mitochondria, whereas fission results in removal of non-functional organelles. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics typify several human diseases. However, the contribution of mitochondrial dynamics to preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by placental cell autophagy and death, remains unknown. Herein, we show that the mitochondrial dynamic balance in preeclamptic placentae is tilted toward fission (increased DRP1 expression/activation and decreased OPA1 expression). Increased phosphorylation of DRP1 (p-DRP1) in mitochondrial isolates from preeclamptic placentae and transmission electron microscopy corroborated augmented mitochondrial fragmentation in cytotrophoblast cells of PE placentae. Increased fission was accompanied by build-up of ceramides (CERs) in mitochondria from preeclamptic placentae relative to controls. Treatment of human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cells and primary isolated cytrophoblast cells with CER 16:0 enhanced mitochondrial fission. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments showed that Bcl-2 member BOK, whose expression is increased by CER, positively regulated p-DRP1/DRP1 and MFN2 expression, and localized mitochondrial fission events to the ER/MAM compartments. We also identified that the BH3 and transmembrane domains of BOK were vital for BOK regulation of fission. Moreover, we found that full-length PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin, were elevated in mitochondria from PE placentae, implicating mitophagy as the process that degrades excess mitochondria fragments produced from CER/BOK-induced fission in preeclampsia. In summary, our study uncovered a novel CER/BOK-induced regulation of mitochondrial fission and its functional consequence for heightened trophoblast cell autophagy in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ausman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joelcio Abbade
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada
| | - Abby Farrell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Tagliaferro
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Isabella Caniggia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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13
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Sallais J, Alahari S, Tagliaferro A, Bhattacharjee J, Post M, Caniggia I. Factor inhibiting HIF1-A novel target of SUMOylation in the human placenta. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114002-114018. [PMID: 29371964 PMCID: PMC5768381 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptations to changes in oxygen are critical to ensure proper placental development, and impairments in oxygen sensing mechanisms characterize placental pathologies such as preeclampsia. In this study, we examined the involvement of SUMOylation, a reversible posttranslational modification, in the regulation of the asparaginyl hydroxylase Factor Inhibiting Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (FIH1) in the human placenta in development and in disease status. FIH1 protein abundance and spatial distribution in the developing placenta directly correlated with oxygen tension in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that early on FIH1 primarily localized to nuclei of cytotrophoblast cells, while after 10 weeks of gestation it was present in nuclei and cytoplasm of both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells. Exposure of choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells to hypoxia induced FIH1 SUMOylation by promoting its association to SUMO2/3. Transfection of JEG-3 cells with FIH1 constructs containing SUMO-mutated sites revealed that SUMOylation of FIH1 by SUMO2/3 targeted it for proteasomal degradation, particularly in hypoxia. SUMOylation of FIH1 directly impacted on HIF1A activity as determined by HIF-responsive luciferase assay. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed enhanced FIH1-SUMO2/3 associations early in development, when FIH1 levels are low, while deSUMOylation of FIH1 by SENP3 increased later in gestation, when FIH1 levels are rising. In preeclampsia, decreased FIH1 protein expression associated with impaired deSUMOylation by SENP3 and increased association with the ubiquitin ligase RNF4. We propose a novel mode of regulation of FIH1 stability by dynamic SUMOylation and deSUMOylation in the human placenta in response to changing oxygen tension, thereby mediating HIF1A transcriptional activity in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sallais
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sruthi Alahari
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Tagliaferro
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayonta Bhattacharjee
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabella Caniggia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Augmented trophoblast cell death in preeclampsia can proceed via ceramide-mediated necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2590. [PMID: 28151467 PMCID: PMC5386461 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, is characterized by elevated ceramide (CER) content that is responsible for heightened trophoblast cell death rates via apoptosis and autophagy. Whether trophoblast cells undergo necroptosis, a newly characterized form of regulated necrosis, and the potential role of CER in this process remain to be established. Herein, we report that exposure of both JEG3 cells and primary isolated cytotrophoblasts to C16:0 CER in conjunction with a caspase-8 inhibitor (Q-VD-OPh) promoted necroptotic cell death, as evidenced by increased expression and association of receptor-interacting protein kinases RIP1 and RIP3, as well as phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein. MLKL activation and oligomerization could be abrogated by pretreatment with the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1). CER+Q-VD-OPH-treated primary trophoblasts displayed striking necrotic morphology along with disrupted fusion processes as evidenced by maintenance of E-cadherin-stained membrane boundaries and reduced glial cell missing-1 expression, but these events were effectively reversed using Nec-1. Of clinical relevance, we established an increased susceptibility to necroptotic cell death in preeclamptic placentae relative to normotensive controls. In preeclampsia, increased necrosome (RIP1/RIP3) protein levels, as well as MLKL activation and oligomerization associated with necrotic cytotrophoblast morphology. In addition, caspase-8 activity was reduced in severe early-onset preeclampsia cases. This study is the first to report that trophoblast cells undergo CER-induced necroptotic cell death, thereby contributing to the increased placental dysfunction and cell death found in preeclampsia.
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15
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Xu J, Sivasubramaniyam T, Yinon Y, Tagliaferro A, Ray J, Nevo O, Post M, Caniggia I. Aberrant TGFβ Signaling Contributes to Altered Trophoblast Differentiation in Preeclampsia. Endocrinology 2016; 157:883-99. [PMID: 26653761 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
TGFβ has been implicated in preeclampsia, but its intracellular signaling via phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic (SMADs) and SMAD-independent proteins in the placenta remains elusive. Here we show that TGFβ receptor-regulated SMAD2 was activated (Ser(465/467) phosphorylation) in syncytiotrophoblast and proliferating extravillous trophoblast cells of first-trimester placenta, whereas inhibitory SMAD7 located primarily to cytotrophoblast cells. SMAD2 phosphorylation decreased with advancing gestation, whereas SMAD7 expression increased and shifted to syncytiotrophoblasts toward term. Additionally, we found that the TGFβ SMAD-independent signaling via partitioning defective protein 6 (PARD6)/Smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor was activated at approximately 10-12 weeks of gestation in cytotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast cells comprising the anchoring column. Placentae from early-onset, but not late-onset, preeclampsia exhibited elevated SMAD2 phosphorylation and SMAD7 levels. Whereas PARD6 expression increased and SMURF1 levels decreased in preeclamptic placentae, their association increased. SMAD2 phosphorylation by TGFβ in villous explants and BeWo cells resulted in a reduction of Glial cell missing-1 (GCM1) and fusogenic protein syncytin-1 while increasing cell cycle regulators cyclin E-1 (CCNE1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. SMAD7 abrogated the proliferative effects of TGFβ. CCNE1 levels were increased in preeclamptic placentae, whereas GCM1 was markedly reduced. In addition, TGFβ treatment increased the association of PARD6 and SMURF1 and down-regulated Ras homolog gene family, member A (RHOA) GTPase in JEG3 cells. In a wound assay, TGFβ treatment increased the association of PARD6 and SMURF1 and triggered JEG3 cell migration through increased cellular protrusions. Taken together, our data indicate that TGFβ signaling via both SMAD2/7 and PARD6/SMURF1 pathways plays a role in trophoblast growth and differentiation. Altered SMAD regulation of GCM1 and CCNE1 and aberrant expression/activation of PARD6/SMURF1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia by affecting cellular pathways associated with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Y., O.N., I.C.), Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), and Pediatrics (M.P.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science (M.P.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Tharini Sivasubramaniyam
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Y., O.N., I.C.), Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), and Pediatrics (M.P.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science (M.P.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Yoav Yinon
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Y., O.N., I.C.), Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), and Pediatrics (M.P.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science (M.P.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Andrea Tagliaferro
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Y., O.N., I.C.), Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), and Pediatrics (M.P.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science (M.P.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Jocelyn Ray
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Y., O.N., I.C.), Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), and Pediatrics (M.P.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science (M.P.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Ori Nevo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Y., O.N., I.C.), Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), and Pediatrics (M.P.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science (M.P.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Martin Post
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Y., O.N., I.C.), Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), and Pediatrics (M.P.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science (M.P.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Isabella Caniggia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Y., O.N., I.C.), Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), and Pediatrics (M.P.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science (M.P.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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16
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Costa MA. Scrutinising the regulators of syncytialization and their expression in pregnancy-related conditions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:180-93. [PMID: 26586208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is important for the success of gestation and foetal development. In fact, this specialized pregnancy organ is essential for foetal nourishment, support, and protection. In the placenta, there are different cell populations, including four subtypes of trophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts fuse and differentiate into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (syncytialization). Syncytialization is a hallmark of placentation and is highly regulated by numerous molecules with distinct roles. Placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction or trisomy 21 have been associated with a defective syncytialization and an altered expression of its modulators. This work proposes to review the molecules that promote or inhibit both fusion and biochemical differentiation of cytotrophoblasts. Moreover, it will also analyse the syncytialization modulators abnormally expressed in pathological placentas, highlighting the molecules that may contribute to the aetiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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17
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c-Met-dependent multipotent labyrinth trophoblast progenitors establish placental exchange interface. Dev Cell 2014; 27:373-86. [PMID: 24286824 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The placenta provides the interface for gas and nutrient exchange between the mother and the fetus. Despite its critical function in sustaining pregnancy, the stem/progenitor cell hierarchy and molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of the placental exchange interface are poorly understood. We identified an Epcam(hi) labyrinth trophoblast progenitor (LaTP) in mouse placenta that at a clonal level generates all labyrinth trophoblast subtypes, syncytiotrophoblasts I and II, and sinusoidal trophoblast giant cells. Moreover, we discovered that hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling is required for sustaining proliferation of LaTP during midgestation. Loss of trophoblast c-Met also disrupted terminal differentiation and polarization of syncytiotrophoblasts, leading to intrauterine fetal growth restriction, fetal liver hypocellularity, and demise. Identification of this c-Met-dependent multipotent LaTP provides a landmark in the poorly defined placental stem/progenitor cell hierarchy and may help us understand pregnancy complications caused by a defective placental exchange.
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