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Greco A, Coperchini F, Croce L, Magri F, Teliti M, Rotondi M. Drug repositioning in thyroid cancer treatment: the intriguing case of anti-diabetic drugs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1303844. [PMID: 38146457 PMCID: PMC10749369 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents the main cause of death worldwide. Thyroid cancer (TC) shows an overall good rate of survival, however there is a percentage of patients that do not respond or are refractory to common therapies. Thus new therapeutics strategies are required. In the past decade, drug repositioning become very important in the field of cancer therapy. This approach shows several advantages including the saving of: i) time, ii) costs, iii) de novo studies regarding the safety (just characterized) of a drug. Regarding TC, few studies considered the potential repositioning of drugs. On the other hand, certain anti-diabetic drugs, were the focus of interesting studies on TC therapy, in view of the fact that they exhibited potential anti-tumor effects. Among these anti-diabetic compounds, not all were judjed as appropriate for repositioning, in view of well documented side effects. However, just to give few examples biguanides, DPP-4-inhibitors and Thiazolidinediones were found to exert strong anti-cancer effects in TC. Indeed, their effects spaced from induction of citotoxicity and inhibition of metastatic spread, to induction of de-differentiation of TC cells and modulation of TC microenvironment. Thus, the multifacial anti-cancer effect of these compounds would make the basis also for combinatory strategies. The present review is aimed at discuss data from studies regarding the anti-cancer effects of several anti-diabetic drugs recently showed in TC in view of their potential repositioning. Specific examples of anti-diabetic repositionable drugs for TC treatment will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Greco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Coperchini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Croce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Flavia Magri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marsida Teliti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Smith TJ. Fibrocyte Participation in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Suggests New Approaches to Therapy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 39:S9-S18. [PMID: 38054981 PMCID: PMC10703002 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Review the historical context of research and changing therapeutic landscape of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) by focusing on the relationship between TAO, CD34+ fibrocytes, thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR). METHODS A literature review using search terms, including fibrocytes, IGF-IR, TSHR, TAO, and thyroid eye disease. RESULTS The mechanisms involved in TAO have been partially identified. Substantial progress has been made over several decades, including 1) recognizing the interplay between the professional immune system and orbital tissues; 2) TSHR and IGF-IR act interdependently in mediating the pathogenesis of TAO; 3) Multiple cytokines and specific immune cells are involved in activating and remodeling orbital tissue; 4) Recognition of these mechanisms is allowing the development of target therapies such as teprotumumab, a monoclonal antibody IGF-IR inhibitor approved by the US Food and drug administration for treatment of TAO; and 5) It appears that teprotumumab acts on the systemic immune system peripheral to the orbit. CONCLUSION Additional molecules targeting IGF-IR and other plausible disease mechanisms are currently under development. This activity in the TAO therapeutic space portends even greater improvements in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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Davies TF. A Discussion with Leonard Wartofsky, MD: Teacher, Clinician, Investigator, Mentor of Many, a Medical Politician, and Guest Editor of Thyroid Volume 1 Number 1. Thyroid 2023; 33:1387-1392. [PMID: 37335070 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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4
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Danilowicz K, Sosa S. Acromegaly and Cancer: An Update. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:102914. [PMID: 38007382 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic and rare disease. The diagnosis usually takes several years. Multiple comorbidities are associated with acromegaly. Long-term exposure to growth factors may lead to complications such as the development of benign or malignant tumors. However, the association between acromegaly and cancer remains a matter of debate due to multiple limitations in epidemiological data. There is controversy between acromegaly and mortality, but evidence shows a significant improvement in mortality rates with disease control and careful management of comorbidities. Older age, increased growth hormone levels (GH) at last follow-up, higher insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels at diagnosis, malignancy and radiotherapy were proposed as independent predictors of mortality. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge in this field. Incidence of different cancer types is described. Rigorous surveillance of endocrine diseases may contribute to increased tumor detection. Personalized screening should probably be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Danilowicz
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Soledad Sosa
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ren Z, Zhang H, Yu H, Zhu X, Lin J. Roles of four targets in the pathogenesis of graves' orbitopathy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19250. [PMID: 37810014 PMCID: PMC10558314 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disease that involves complex immune systems. The mainstays of clinical management for this disease are surgery, targeted drugs therapy, and no-targeted drugs drug therapy. targeted drugs can improve therapeutic efficacy and enhance the quality of life for GO patients. However, as a second-line treatment for GO, targeted drugs such as tocilizumab and rituximab have very limited therapeutic effects and may be accompanied by side effects. The introduction of Teprotumumab, which targets IGF-IR, has made significant progress in the clinical management of GO. The pathophysiology of GO still remains uncertain as it involves a variety of immune cells and fibroblast interactions as well as immune responses to relevant disease targets of action. Therfore, learning more about immune response feedback pathways and potential targets of action will assist in the treatment of GO. In this discussion, we explore the pathogenesis of GO and relevant work, and highlight four potential targets for GO: Interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23 R), Leptin receptor (LepR), Orbital fibroblast activating factors, and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of GO and the role of potential target signaling pathways is crucial for effective treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, China
- Fengjin Biomedical Co., Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, China
| | - Haiwen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, China
| | - Xiqiang Zhu
- Fengjin Biomedical Co., Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, China
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6
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Jang JH, Park JW, Park KA, Kim YD, Woo KI. Early response to intravenous methylprednisolone therapy for restrictive myopathy in patients with thyroid eye disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2375-2382. [PMID: 36808229 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the therapeutic efficacy of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) in patients with restrictive myopathy caused by thyroid eye disease (TED). METHODS The present prospective uncontrolled study comprised 28 patients with TED and restrictive myopathy who presented with diplopia that had developed within 6 months before their visit. All patients were treated with IVMP for 12 weeks. Deviation angle, limitation of extraocular muscle (EOM) movement, binocular single vision score, Hess score, clinical activity score (CAS), modified NOSPECS score, exophthalmometric value, and the size of EOMs on computed tomography were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups: those whose deviation angle had decreased or remained unchanged 6 months after treatment (group 1; n = 17) and those whose deviation angle had increased in that time (group 2; n = 11). RESULTS The mean CAS of the whole cohort significantly decreased from baseline to 1 month and 3 months after treatment (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). The mean deviation angle significantly increased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months (P = 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). The deviation angle decreased in 10 (36%), remained constant in seven (25%), and increased in 11 (39%) of the 28 patients. When groups 1 and 2 were compared, no single variable was identified as a cause of deviation angle deterioration (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS When treating patients with TED who have restrictive myopathy, physicians should be aware that some patients show worsening of the strabismus angle despite inflammation control with IVMP therapy. Uncontrolled fibrosis can result in motility deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Jang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Park
- Seoul Eye Clinic, Anyang, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyung In Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Discoveries in Thyroid Autoimmunity in the Past Century. Thyroid 2023; 33:278-286. [PMID: 35765927 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review on the 100th anniversary of the American Thyroid Association summarizes the remarkable progress attained during the past century regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of thyroid autoimmune diseases. Indeed, the general concept of autoimmune diseases in humans was established 70 years ago by thyroid investigators. Graves' disease is a paradigm for the rare occurrence of how autoimmunity can cause disease by stimulating rather than destroying an organ system. Therapeutic advances in the mid 20th century involving administration of thyroid hormones, thionamide drugs, and radioiodine have been hugely beneficial for human health. However, these approaches can only treat, but not cure, thyroid autoimmunity. Investigation of these diseases is facilitated by the identification of a limited number of specific autoantigens, whose molecular cloning has provided much information on their structure. This knowledge has led to highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, provided insight into novel aspects regarding the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity, and has opened avenues for the development of new therapeutic agents. Immunotherapy for a cure as opposed to therapy of Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis remains the holy grail for the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M McLachlan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Basil Rapoport
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Düğer H, Kızılgül M, Akhanlı P, Çalapkulu M, Bostan H, Hepşen S, Gül Ü, Sencar ME, Çakal E, Uçan B. The role of elastography in the assessment of thyroid nodules in acromegaly. Turk J Med Sci 2023; 53:303-309. [PMID: 36945936 PMCID: PMC10388051 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular thyroid disease is a frequent finding seen in patients with acromegaly. Ultrasound-elastography (US-E) appears to be a helpful tool for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. The aims of this study were to evaluate thyroid nodules in acromegaly and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of US-E in detecting thyroid cancer in this population. METHODS US-E was applied to 166 nodules detected in 102 acromegalic patients and to 105 nodules found in 95 nonacromegalic subjects. The lesions were classified according to the elasticity scores (ES) as soft (ES 1-2) or hard (ES 3-4). RESULTS : Mean age was 55.1 ± 12.47 years [59 (58%) women]. The prevalence of hard nodules (ES 3 and 4) was significantly higher in the group of acromegalic patients than in control subjects (48% to 20%, p < 0.001). Mean ES was higher in patients with acromegaly (2.45 to 2.22, p: 0.001), however, the mean strain index (SI) was similar between groups (1.53 to 1.65, p: 0.204). DISCUSSION Thyroid nodules in acromegaly patients have a higher elasto score and the prevalence of hard nodules is higher in active disease. However, increased stiffness of nodules by US-E in patients with acromegaly does not seem to estimate the malignancy of the nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Düğer
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Kızılgül
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Akhanlı
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Çalapkulu
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayrı Bostan
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Hepşen
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ümran Gül
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Erkam Sencar
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erman Çakal
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Uçan
- Health Sciences University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
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Fallahi P, Ragusa F, Paparo SR, Elia G, Balestri E, Mazzi V, Patrizio A, Botrini C, Benvenga S, Ferrari SM, Antonelli A. Teprotumumab for the treatment of thyroid eye disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:123-131. [PMID: 36695097 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2172328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of orbital and extraocular muscles. It induces proptosis and diplopia, leading to a worsening of quality of life (QoL) because of its impact on physical appearance, and visual function. The natural history involves an 'active TED,' which is an autoimmune inflammatory response targeting orbital soft tissues, and 'inactive TED,' where there is tissue expansion remodeling. To date, glucocorticoids represent the main medical therapy, even if often ineffective and associated with side effects. AREAS COVERED In TED, the autoimmune process leads to production of TSH-R and IGF-1 R autoantibodies. This induces inflammatory changes in the orbital tissue, and activation of fibroblasts with accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, leading to consequent proptosis, and diplopia. In two previous randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trials, teprotumumab has been shown to be effective in improving proptosis, inflammation, diplopia, and QoL. More recently, it has been shown that teprotumumab is also effective in chronic-inactive TED. Teprotumumab was approved by the FDA on 21 January 2020 for the treatment of TED. EXPERT OPINION For the above-mentioned reasons teprotumumab represents a potential first line therapy for TED that could replace the use of steroids in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rosaria Paparo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eugenia Balestri
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Mazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Patrizio
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Botrini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital, Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Cui X, Wang F, Liu C. A review of TSHR- and IGF-1R-related pathogenesis and treatment of Graves' orbitopathy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1062045. [PMID: 36742308 PMCID: PMC9893276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1062045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. There are few review articles on GO research from the perspective of target cells and target antigens. A systematic search of PubMed was performed, focusing mainly on studies published after 2015 that involve the role of target cells, orbital fibroblasts (OFs) and orbital adipocytes (OAs), target antigens, thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and their corresponding antibodies, TSHR antibodies (TRAbs) and IGF-1R antibodies (IGF-1R Abs), in GO pathogenesis and the potentially effective therapies that target TSHR and IGF-1R. Based on the results, OFs may be derived from bone marrow-derived CD34+ fibrocytes. In addition to CD34+ OFs, CD34- OFs are important in the pathogenesis of GO and may be involved in hyaluronan formation. CD34- OFs expressing Slit2 suppress the phenotype of CD34+ OFs. β-arrestin 1 can be involved in TSHR/IGF-1R crosstalk as a scaffold. Research on TRAbs has gradually shifted to TSAbs, TBAbs and the titre of TRAbs. However, the existence and role of IGF-1R Abs are still unknown and deserve further study. Basic and clinical trials of TSHR-inhibiting therapies are increasing, and TSHR is an expected therapeutic target. Teprotumumab has become the latest second-line treatment for GO. This review aims to effectively describe the pathogenesis of GO from the perspective of target cells and target antigens and provide ideas for its fundamental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Futao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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11
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Davies TF. Thyroid Eye Disease: A New Name, A New Guide, and A New Era. Thyroid 2022; 32:1434-1436. [PMID: 36480286 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Zhang P, Zhu H. Cytokines in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2528046. [PMID: 36419958 PMCID: PMC9678454 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2528046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), also known as thyroid eye disease (TED) or Graves' orbitopathy (GO), is a complex autoimmune condition causing visual impairment, disfigurement, and harm to patients' physical and mental health. The pathogenesis of TAO has not been fully elucidated, and the mainstream view is that coantigens shared by the thyroid and orbit trigger remodeling of extraocular muscles and orbital connective tissues through an inflammatory response. In recent years, cytokines and the immune responses they mediate have been crucial in disease progression, and currently, common evidence has shown that drugs targeting cytokines, such as tocilizumab, infliximab, and adalimumab, may be novel targets for therapy. In this review, we summarize the research development of different cytokines in TAO pathogenesis in the hope of discovering new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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13
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Girnita L, Smith TJ, Janssen JAMJL. It Takes Two to Tango: IGF-I and TSH Receptors in Thyroid Eye Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:S1-S12. [PMID: 35167695 PMCID: PMC9359450 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune disease process. Orbital fibroblasts represent the central orbital immune target. Involvement of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in TED is not fully understood. IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is overexpressed in several cell types in TED, including fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts. IGF-IR may form a physical and functional complex with TSHR. OBJECTIVE Review literature relevant to autoantibody generation in TED and whether these induce orbital fibroblast responses directly through TSHR, IGF-IR, or both. EVIDENCE IGF-IR has traditionally been considered a typical tyrosine kinase receptor in which tyrosine residues become phosphorylated following IGF-I binding. Evidence has emerged that IGF-IR possesses kinase-independent activities and can be considered a functional receptor tyrosine kinase/G-protein-coupled receptor hybrid, using the G-protein receptor kinase/β-arrestin system. Teprotumumab, a monoclonal IGF-IR antibody, effectively reduces TED disease activity, proptosis, and diplopia. In addition, the drug attenuates in vitro actions of both IGF-I and TSH in fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts, including induction of proinflammatory cytokines by TSH and TED IgGs. CONCLUSIONS Although teprotumumab has been proven effective and relatively safe in the treatment of TED, many questions remain pertaining to IGF-IR, its relationship with TSHR, and how the drug might be disrupting these receptor protein/protein interactions. Here, we propose 4 possible IGF-IR activation models that could underlie clinical responses to teprotumumab observed in patients with TED. Teprotumumab is associated with several adverse events, including hyperglycemia and hearing abnormalities. Underpinning mechanisms of these are being investigated. Patients undergoing treatment with drug must be monitored for these and managed with best medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Terry J Smith
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Jeong S, Lee SG, Kim KH, Zhu X, Lee WK, Lee HY, Park S, Lee MS, Cheng SY, Lee J, Jo YS. Cell non-autonomous effect of hepatic growth differentiation factor 15 on the thyroid gland. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:966644. [PMID: 36046792 PMCID: PMC9420875 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.966644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland plays an essential role in the regulation of body energy expenditure to maintain metabolic homeostasis. However, to date, there are no studies investigating the morphological and functional changes of the thyroid gland due to mitochondrial stress in metabolic organs such as the liver. We used data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression portal to investigate RNA expression patterns of the thyroid gland according to the expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) such as the muscles and liver. To verify the effect of hepatic GDF15 on the thyroid gland, we compared the morphological findings of the thyroid gland from liver-specific GDF15 transgenic mice to that of wild type mice. High GDF15 expression in the muscles and liver was associated with the upregulation of genes related to hypoxia, inflammation (TGF-α via NFκB), apoptosis, and p53 pathway in thyroid glands. In addition, high hepatic GDF15 was related to epithelial mesenchymal transition and mTORC1 signaling. Electron microscopy for liver-specific GDF15 transgenic mice revealed short mitochondrial cristae length and small mitochondrial area, indicating reduced mitochondrial function. However, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level was not significantly different. In our human cohort, those with a high serum GDF15 level showed high fasting glucose, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase but no difference in TSH, similar to the data from our mice model. Additionally, high serum GDF15 increased the risk of lymph node metastasis to lateral neck. The hepatic GDF15 affected thyroid morphogenesis via a TSH-independent mechanism, affecting aggressive features of thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kook Hwan Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Woo Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hwa Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Open Nanotechnology Biotechnology Information technology Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunmi Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jandee Lee
- Department of Surgery, Open Nanotechnology Biotechnology Information technology Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jandee Lee, ; Young Suk Jo,
| | - Young Suk Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jandee Lee, ; Young Suk Jo,
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Zhao J, Tian Y, Jia Z, Yao J, Liao L, Dong J. Abnormal Glucose Metabolism Parameters and the Aggressiveness of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Hospital-Based Cross-Section Study in China. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:806349. [PMID: 35299970 PMCID: PMC8921453 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.806349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The correlation of abnormal glucose metabolism and thyroid carcinoma, especially the aggressiveness of thyroid cancer, still remains controversial. We conducted this study to investigate the relationship between abnormal glucose metabolism parameters and differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in the Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was designed as a hospital-based case-control study and was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital and registered in the Clinical Trial Protocol Registration and Results System (Registration code: NCT03006289). From January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2021, a total of 377 DTC patients were enrolled in the study. Demographic and general characteristics, details of thyroid surgery and histopathological results, hematological test indicators were collected. Glucose metabolism parameters were calculated. Variables were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, chi-squared analysis and Fisher's exact test. Pearson bi-variate correlation and Spearman's correlation analysis were used for bi-variate analysis. RESULTS More than 40% of patients with DTC were multifocality, more than half were extra-glandular invasion, and nearly 85% complied by lymph node metastasis. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) was about 10.08% in DTC patients. It was found that the proportion of postprandial 2 h blood glucose ≥11.1mmol/L and HbA1c ≥6.5% was significantly higher than the known proportion of DM (17.8%, 16.7% vs. 10.08%). Additionally, 87.3% of the DTC patients in this study had varying degrees of insulin resistance. Further analysis found that higher T staging was associated with higher levels of area under curve of C-peptide (P = 0.029), insulin sensitivity index (P = 0.012) and C-peptide sensitivity index (P = 0.016). A delayed peak of insulin secretion was found to be positive related with capsule invasion (r = 0.206, P = 0.004). In patients without a DM history, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P = 0.017), insulin sensitivity index (P = 0.019) and C-peptide sensitivity index (P = 0.020) were statistic associated with T staging. Also, the glucose metabolism parameter at 3-hour after a meal was related to a larger number of metastatic lymph nodes. CONCLUSION Abnormal glucose metabolism, namely, DM, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, were significantly associated with the carcinogensis and aggressiveness of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yutian Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Liao, ; Jianjun Dong,
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Liao, ; Jianjun Dong,
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16
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Treatment of Periphlebitis of the Superior Ophthalmic Vein With Teprotumumab. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 37:389-390. [PMID: 34229334 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Teprotumumab in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Rationale for Therapeutic Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Inhibition. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 40:74-83. [PMID: 32040069 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune component of Graves' disease for which no currently available medical therapy provides reliable and safe benefit. Based on insights generated experimentally over the past several decades, the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of TAO. Furthermore, an IGF-IR inhibitor, teprotumumab, has emerged from 2 clinical trials as a promising treatment for active, moderate to severe TAO. This brief review intends to provide an overview of the rationale underlying the development of teprotumumab for this disease. It is possible that teprotumumab will soon take its place in our therapeutic armamentarium for active TAO.
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18
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Winn BJ, Kersten RC. Teprotumumab: Interpreting the Clinical Trials in the Context of Thyroid Eye Disease Pathogenesis and Current Therapies. Ophthalmology 2021; 128:1627-1651. [PMID: 33930408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Teprotumumab, a monoclonal antibody targeted against the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED). Phase 1 studies of teprotumumab for the treatment of malignancies demonstrated an acceptable safety profile but limited effectiveness. Basic research implicating the IGF-1 receptor on the CD-34+ orbital fibrocyte in the pathogenesis of TED renewed interest in the drug. Two multicenter, randomized, double-masked, clinical trials (phase 2 and 3) evaluated the efficacy of 8 infusions of teprotumumab every 3 weeks versus placebo in 170 patients with recent-onset active TED, as defined by a clinical activity score (CAS) of at least 4. Teprotumumab was superior to placebo for the primary efficacy end points in both studies: overall responder rate as defined by a reduction of 2 or more CAS points and a reduction of 2 mm or more in proptosis (69% vs. 20%; P < 0.001; phase 2 study) and proptosis responder rate as defined by a reduction of 2 mm or more in proptosis (83% vs. 10%; P < 0.001; phase 3 study). In both studies, treatment with teprotumumab compared with placebo achieved a significant mean reduction of proptosis (-3.0 mm vs. -0.3 mm, phase 2 study; -3.32 mm vs. -0.53 mm, phase 3 study) and CAS (-4.0 vs. -2.5, phase 2 study; -3.7 vs. -2.0, phase 3 study). Teprotumumab also resulted in a greater proportion of patients with a final CAS of 0 or 1, higher diplopia responder rate, and a larger improvement in the Graves' Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life overall score. More than half of patients (62%, phase 2 trial; 56%, phase 3 trial) who were primary end point responders maintained this response at 51 weeks after the last dose of therapy. The most common adverse events reported with teprotumumab included muscle spasms (25%), nausea (17%), alopecia (13%), diarrhea (13%), fatigue (10%), hearing impairment (10%), and hyperglycemia (8%). Teprotumumab is contraindicated for those with inflammatory bowel disease and who are pregnant. Although the current dosing regimen has proven effective for TED, dose-ranging studies including variable concentrations, infusion frequencies, and durations of teprotumumab therapy in the setting of TED have not been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Winn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Ophthalmology Section, Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
| | - Robert C Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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19
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Hwang CJ, Eftekhari K. Teprotumumab: The First Approved Biologic for Thyroid Eye Disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:53-61. [PMID: 33743528 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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20
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Ding Y, Yang S, Gao H. Teprotumumab: The Dawn of Therapies in Moderate-to-Severe Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Horm Metab Res 2021; 53:211-218. [PMID: 33853117 DOI: 10.1055/a-1386-4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a potentially sight-threatening ocular disease. About 3-5% of patients with TAO have severe disease with intense pain, inflammation, and sight-threatening corneal ulceration or compressive optic neuropathy. The current treatments of TAO are often suboptimal, mainly because the existing therapies do not target the pathogenesis of the disease. TAO mechanism is unclear. Ocular fibrocytes express relatively high levels of the functional TSH receptor (TSHR), and many indirect evidences support its participation. Over expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-IR) in fibroblasts, leading to inappropriate expression of inflammatory factors, production of hyaluronic acid and cell activation in orbital fibroblasts are also possible mechanisms. IGF-1R and TSHR form a physical and functional signaling complex. Inhibition of IGF-IR activity leads to the attenuation of signaling initiated at either receptor. Teprotumumab (TMB) is a human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody, binding to IGF-IR. Recently two TMB clinical trials had been implemented in TAO patients, indicating dramatic reductions in disease activity and severity, which approved its use for the treatment of TAO in the US. This review summarizes the treatments of TAO, focusing on the pathogenesis of IGF-1R in TAO and its application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoqin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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21
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Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway comprises two activating ligands (IGF-I and IGF-II), two cell-surface receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR), six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) and nine IGFBP related proteins. IGF-I and the IGF-IR share substantial structural and functional similarities to those of insulin and its receptor. IGF-I plays important regulatory roles in the development, growth, and function of many human tissues. Its pathway intersects with those mediating the actions of many cytokines, growth factors and hormones. Among these, IGFs impact the thyroid and the hormones that it generates. Further, thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) can influence the biological effects of growth hormone and IGF-I on target tissues. The consequences of this two-way interplay can be far-reaching on many metabolic and immunologic processes. Specifically, IGF-I supports normal function, volume and hormone synthesis of the thyroid gland. Some of these effects are mediated through enhancement of sensitivity to the actions of TSH while others may be independent of pituitary function. IGF-I also participates in pathological conditions of the thyroid, including benign enlargement and tumorigenesis, such as those occurring in acromegaly. With regard to Graves' disease (GD) and the periocular process frequently associated with it, namely thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), IGF-IR has been found overexpressed in orbital connective tissues, T and B cells in GD and TAO. Autoantibodies of the IgG class are generated in patients with GD that bind to IGF-IR and initiate the signaling from the TSHR/IGF-IR physical and functional protein complex. Further, inhibition of IGF-IR with monoclonal antibody inhibitors can attenuate signaling from either TSHR or IGF-IR. Based on those findings, the development of teprotumumab, a β-arrestin biased agonist as a therapeutic has resulted in the first medication approved by the US FDA for the treatment of TAO. Teprotumumab is now in wide clinical use in North America.
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22
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Men CJ, Kossler AL, Wester ST. Updates on the understanding and management of thyroid eye disease. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211027760. [PMID: 34263138 PMCID: PMC8252358 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211027760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex disease associated with myriad clinical presentations, including facial disfigurement, vision loss, and decreased quality of life. Traditionally, steroid therapy and/or radiation therapy were commonly used in the treatment of active TED. While these therapies can help reduce inflammation, they often do not have a sustainable, significant long-term effect on disease outcomes, including proptosis and diplopia. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of TED have shifted the focus of treatment toward targeted biologic therapies. Biologics have the advantage of precise immune modulation, which can have better safety profiles and greater efficacy compared to traditional approaches. For instance, the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been found to be upregulated in TED patients and to colocalize with the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), forming a signaling complex. Teprotumumab is an antibody targeted against IGF-1R. By inhibiting the IGF-1R/TSHR signaling pathway, teprotumumab may reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines, hyaluronan secretion, and orbital fibroblast activation in patients with TED. Due to promising phase II and III clinical trial results, teprotumumab has become the first biologic US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of TED. In addition, there are currently ongoing studies looking at the use of antibodies targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in various autoimmune diseases, including TED. FcRn functions to transport immunoglobulin G (IgG) and prevent their lysosomal degradation. By blocking the recycling of IgG, this approach may dampen the body's immune response, in particular the pathogenic IgG implicated in some autoimmune diseases. Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of TED, therefore, are leading to more targeted therapeutic options, and we are entering an exciting new phase in the management of TED. This review will cover recent insights into the understanding of TED pathophysiology and novel treatment options as well as ongoing studies of new potential treatment options for TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J. Men
- Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L. Kossler
- Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 2452 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
- Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sara T. Wester
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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23
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Smith TJ. Teprotumumab Treatment for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:31-39. [PMID: 33511083 PMCID: PMC7802439 DOI: 10.1159/000507992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune process affecting the tissues surrounding the eye, most commonly develops in individuals with Graves' disease. It is disfiguring, can cause vision loss, and dramatically lessens the quality of life in patients. There has been an absence of approved medical therapies for TAO with proven effectiveness and safety in multicenter, placebo-controlled, and adequately powered clinical trials. SUMMARY The following is a brief overview of the rationale for developing a monoclonal antibody inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor into a treatment for TAO. This area of fundamental research has yielded an effective and safe medication, namely teprotumumab, based on two multicenter, placebo-controlled trials. Teprotumumab, marketed as Tepezza, has been approved recently by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of TAO. Given its remarkable effectiveness, Tepezza is poised to become the first-line standard of care for TAO. KEY MESSAGES Introduction of Tepezza into our armamentarium of therapeutic strategies for TAO represents a paradigm shift in the management of the disease. I proffer that the drug will replace glucocorticoids as a first-line treatment for TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- *Terry J. Smith, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (USA),
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Danilowicz K, Sosa S, Gonzalez Pernas MS, Bamberger E, Diez SM, Fainstein-Day P, Furioso A, Glerean M, Guitelman M, Katz D, Lemaitre N, Lowenstein A, Del Valle Luna M, Martínez MP, Miragaya K, Moncet D, Ortuño MV, Pignatta A, Ramacciotti CF, Reyes A, Rogozinski AS, Slavinsky P, Tkatch J, Pitoia F. Acromegaly and thyroid cancer: analysis of evolution in a series of patients. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 6:24. [PMID: 33292786 PMCID: PMC7672811 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-020-00113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acromegaly is associated with higher morbidity and mortality mainly due to cardiovascular disease. Data on the incidence and evolution of thyroid cancer in acromegaly are controversial. Our objective was to describe the characteristics of a group of acromegalic patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and analyze their evolution. Methods This is a retrospective multicenter study of 24 acromegalic patients with DTC. The AJCC Staging System 8th Edition was used for TNM staging, and the initial risk of recurrence (RR), initial response and response at the end of follow-up (RFU) were defined according to the 2015 ATA Guidelines. As a control group, 92 patients with DTC without acromegaly were randomly included. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS Statistics 20.0. Results Median age of patients at diagnosis of acromegaly was 49.5 years (range 12–69). The median delay in diagnosis of acromegaly was 3 years (range 0.5–23). Mean baseline IGF-1 level was 2.9 ± 1.1 ULN. Median age at DTC diagnosis was 51.5 years (18–69). At the moment of diagnosis of DTC, 58.3% of the patients had active acromegaly. Median time from DTC diagnosis to acromegaly control was 1.25 years (0.5–7). Mean DTC tumor diameter of the biggest lesion was 14.6 ± 9.2 mm, being multifocal in 37.5%. All tumors were papillary carcinomas, two cases being of an aggressive variety. Lymph node dissection was performed in 8 out of 24 patients and 62.5% had metastases. Only one patient had distant metastases. Radioiodine ablation was given to 87.5% of patients. Nineteen patients (79%) were stage I, four (17%) stage II and one (4%) stage IVb. Initial RR was low in 87% (21/24), intermediate in 9% (2/24) and high in 4% (1/24) patient. RFU was: 83% (19/23) patients with no evidence of disease, 9% (2/23) with indeterminate response, 4% (1/23) with biochemical incomplete response and 4% (1/23) with structural incomplete response, at a median time of FU of 36.5 months. When comparing RFU between acromegalics and controls no statistically significant differences were found. Conclusions Patients with acromegaly and DTC mostly had a low initial RR. When compared with the control group, we found that DTC patients with acromegaly did not have a worse evolution. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40842-020-00113-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Danilowicz
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Soledad Sosa
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Soledad Gonzalez Pernas
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Bamberger
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro Privado de Endocrinología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Mara Diez
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, Hospital Pirovano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Fainstein-Day
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Furioso
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Glerean
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirtha Guitelman
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, Hospital Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Débora Katz
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicole Lemaitre
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital Ángel C. Padilla, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Alicia Lowenstein
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Karina Miragaya
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Moncet
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital Privado de Comunidad, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Analía Pignatta
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital Interzonal San Juan Bautista, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina
| | | | - Adriana Reyes
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amelia Susana Rogozinski
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Slavinsky
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Tkatch
- Neuroendocrine Department, Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Endocrinology Division, Hospital Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián Pitoia
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Krieger CC, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Is There Evidence for IGF1R-Stimulating Abs in Graves' Orbitopathy Pathogenesis? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6561. [PMID: 32911689 PMCID: PMC7555308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the evidence against direct stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (IGF1Rs) by autoantibodies in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) pathogenesis. We describe a model of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR)/IGF1R crosstalk and present evidence that observations indicating IGF1R's role in GO could be explained by this mechanism. We evaluate the evidence for and against IGF1R as a direct target of stimulating IGF1R antibodies (IGF1RAbs) and conclude that GO pathogenesis does not involve directly stimulating IGF1RAbs. We further conclude that the preponderance of evidence supports TSHR as the direct and only target of stimulating autoantibodies in GO and maintain that the TSHR should remain a major target for further development of a medical therapy for GO in concert with drugs that target TSHR/IGF1R crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.C.K.); (S.N.)
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TSH/IGF1 receptor crosstalk: Mechanism and clinical implications. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107502. [PMID: 32061922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence of interdependence between G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways has prompted reevaluation of crosstalk between these receptors in disease and therapy. Investigations into thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor crosstalk, and its application to the clinic have in particular shown recent progress. In this review, we summarize current insights into the mechanism of TSH/IGF1 receptor crosstalk. We discuss evidence that crosstalk is one of the underlying causes of TSHR-based disease and the feasibility of using combinations of TSH receptor and IGF1 receptor antagonists to increase the therapeutic index for the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
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Paik JS, Kim SE, Kim JH, Lee JY, Yang SW, Lee SB. Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances the expression of functional TSH receptor in orbital fibroblasts from thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151902. [PMID: 31899052 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.151902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune disease, occurs in approximately 50 % of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) that is expressed in orbital fibroblasts is the autoimmune target in the development of TAO. In addition to thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is also involved in the development of TAO. IGF-1 has been reported to potentiate the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and TSI on TSHR signaling. In the current study, we investigated the effects of IGF-1 on the cell surface expression of the functional TSHR and its possible mechanism of action in human orbital fibroblasts. Our results show that orbital fibroblasts from the TAO patients expressed higher levels of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-R), compared to control subjects. Treatment with IGF-1 enhanced the expression of surface TSHR in orbital fibroblasts from TAO patients, but not from control subjects. In addition, treatment with IGF-1 increased the level of TSHR at both the protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, pre-treatment with IGF-1 potentiated TSH-induced cAMP production, compared to cells that were treated with only TSH. Our results also show that pre-treatment with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of mRNA translation, partially, but not completely, inhibited the expression of TSHR on the cell surfaces of orbital fibroblasts from TAO patients. These collective results show that IGF-1enhances the cell surface expression of functional TSHR, not only by increasing TSHR expression, but also by inducing TSHR translocation to the plasma membrane in orbital fibroblasts from TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Woo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chen Z, Jiang X, Feng Y, Li X, Chen D, Mao Z, He D, Zhu Y, Wang H. DECREASE IN ACROMEGALY-ASSOCIATED THYROID ENLARGEMENT AFTER NORMALIZATION OF IGF-1 LEVELS: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATION AND IN VITRO STUDY. Endocr Pract 2019; 26:369-377. [PMID: 31859554 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2019-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Goiter occurs at high frequency in acromegaly patients. Whether normalization of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels could decrease goiter and thyroid volume remains unclear. Methods: Thyroid hormone levels and ultrasound measurements were assessed in 101 acromegaly patients, compared with 108 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) and 55 healthy controls. Thirty-four acromegaly patients underwent repeat evaluation 1 year post-transsphenoidal surgery. The effect of IGF-1 on thyroid cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis was evaluated in vitro. Results: Acromegaly patients showed larger thyroid volume than those with NFPAs (18.32 mL vs. 9.91 mL; P<.001) and healthy controls (18.32 mL vs. 9.63 mL; P<.001). Duration of acromegaly was shown to be independently associated with thyroid volume enlargement (B = 0.259; 95% confidence interval, 0.162 to 0.357) in multivariate analysis. At follow-up, the median thyroid volume decreased from 22.74 to 17.87 mL in the cured group (n = 20; P = .003), but the number of nodular goiters showed no significant change. Serum free thyroxine levels decreased from 13.76 to 10.08 pmol/L in the cured group (P = .006) but increased from 9.28 to 12.09 pmol/L in the active group (P = .013). Change in thyroid volume was significantly correlated with IGF-1 level (r = 0.37; P = .029). In vitro, IGF-1 time- and dose-dependently promoted proliferation and secretory function of thyroid cells by enhancing cell cycle shift from the G1/S to G2/M phase and suppressing apoptosis. Conclusion: Acromegaly-associated thyroid volume increase, but not nodular goiter, could be reversed in cured acromegaly. IGF-1 time- and dose-dependently promoted the proliferation and secretory function of thyroid cells. Abbreviations: CCK-8 = Cell Counting Kit-8; fT3 = free triiodothyronine; fT4 = free thyroxine; GH = growth hormone; IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor 1; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; NFPA = nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma; qRT-PCR = quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone.
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Smith TJ, Bartalena L. Will biological agents supplant systemic glucocorticoids as the first-line treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy? Eur J Endocrinol 2019; 181:D27-D43. [PMID: 31370005 PMCID: PMC7398270 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the two authors present their opposing points of view concerning the likelihood that glucocorticoids will be replaced by newly developed biological agents in the treatment of active, moderate-to-severe thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). TAO is a vexing, disfiguring and potentially blinding autoimmune manifestation of thyroid autoimmunity. One author expresses the opinion that steroids are nonspecific, frequently fail to improve the disease and can cause sometimes serious side effects. He suggests that glucocorticoids should be replaced as soon as possible by more specific and safer drugs, once they become available. The most promising of these are biological agents. The other author argues that glucocorticoids are proven effective and are unlikely to be replaced by biologicals. He reasons that while they may not uniformly result in optimal benefit, they have been proven effective in many reports. He remains open minded about alternative therapies such as biologicals but remains skeptical that they will replace steroids as the first-line therapy for active, moderate-to-severe TAO without head-to-head comparative clinical trials demonstrating superiority. Despite these very different points of view, both authors are optimistic about the availability of improved medical therapies for TAO, either as single agents or in combination. Further, both agree that better treatment options are needed to improve the care of our patients with active moderate-to-severe TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Division of metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Luigi Bartalena
- Department of Medicine & Surgery,University of Insubria, Endocrine Unit, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Viale Borri, 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Kim JA, Ahn D, Kim BY, Choi YJ, Shin HJ, Jang SY. Characterisation of human orbital fibroblasts cultivated from intraconal, nasal and central adipose tissues. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 105:290-296. [PMID: 31488432 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the characteristics of human orbital fibroblasts (OFs) cultivated from intraconal, nasal and central adipose tissues. METHODS Intraconal adipose tissues were obtained during orbital decompression surgery for severe proptosis in nine patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO). Nasal and central adipose tissues were obtained during upper eyelid blepharoplasty in nine patients with no history of GO. Human OFs were separately cultured from GO intraconal, non-GO nasal, non-GO central orbital adipose deposits. Human dermal fibroblasts were also cultured from redundant resected skin tissue obtained during upper eyelid blepharoplasty in normal controls. Expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors were investigated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Protein levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammatory cytokines and generated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. RESULTS IGF-1 and TSH receptor RNA expressions of GO intraconal OFs and non-GO nasal OFs were higher than non-GO central OFs and dermal fibroblasts. The expression of IL-1β induced the IL-6, IL-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 of GO intraconal OFs, and non-GO nasal OFs were higher than non-GO central OFs and dermal fibroblasts. Intracellular ROS generation in GO intraconal OFs and non-GO nasal OFs were higher than in non-GO central OFs and dermal fibroblasts, although the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Non-GO nasal OFs had similar characteristics to GO intraconal OFs. We recommend the use of nasal adipose tissue in order to culture OFs as a normal control involving in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuck Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Jang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Sheng X, Yao K, Shao A, Tu S, Zhang X, Chen T, Yao D. The Role of Insulin Glargine and Human Insulin in the Regulation of Thyroid Proliferation Through Mitogenic Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:594. [PMID: 31555212 PMCID: PMC6723759 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate whether human insulin (HI) or insulin glargine treatment could promote the proliferation of thyroid cells and determine the association between type 2 diabetes and thyroid disease. Rats were treated with different doses of HI and insulin glargine. Plasma glucose and the phosphorylation levels of the insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were measured. A total of 105 rats were randomly assigned to three groups as follows: control group, HI group, and glargine group. Both drugs promoted the phosphorylation of IR, Akt, and ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), and the effect of glargine persisted for longer period. Treatment with ultra-therapeutic doses of HI or glargine (p < 0.05) increased the expression of Ki-67 in thyroid cells. The results demonstrated that therapeutic doses of glargine have a longer-lasting hypoglycemic control than HI. Based on the results, HI or glargine did not stimulate thyroid cell proliferation at therapeutic doses, but high doses did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kannan Yao
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinxia Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingguo Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Osher E, Macaulay VM. Therapeutic Targeting of the IGF Axis. Cells 2019; 8:E895. [PMID: 31416218 PMCID: PMC6721736 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin like growth factor (IGF) axis plays a fundamental role in normal growth and development, and when deregulated makes an important contribution to disease. Here, we review the functions mediated by ligand-induced IGF axis activation, and discuss the evidence for the involvement of IGF signaling in the pathogenesis of cancer, endocrine disorders including acromegaly, diabetes and thyroid eye disease, skin diseases such as acne and psoriasis, and the frailty that accompanies aging. We discuss the use of IGF axis inhibitors, focusing on the different approaches that have been taken to develop effective and tolerable ways to block this important signaling pathway. We outline the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and discuss progress in evaluating these agents, including factors that contributed to the failure of many of these novel therapeutics in early phase cancer trials. Finally, we summarize grounds for cautious optimism for ongoing and future studies of IGF blockade in cancer and non-malignant disorders including thyroid eye disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Osher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Kan S, Kizilgul M, Celik B, Beysel S, Caliskan M, Apaydin M, Ucan B, Cakal E. The effect of disease activity on thyroid nodules in patients with acromegaly. Endocr J 2019; 66:301-307. [PMID: 30745501 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodular thyroid disease is a very common disorder in patients with acromegaly. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a thyroid growth factor, and there is a correlation between IGF-1 levels and thyroid volume (TV) in patients with acromegaly. There is no study investigating the impact of somatostatin analog (SSA) treatment on thyroid nodule volume in patients with acromegaly. We aimed to assess thyroid nodule volume change with SSA treatment in patients with persistent acromegaly. We retrospectively analyzed data from 108 consecutive patients with acromegaly who were followed up by our clinic after undergoing surgery between 2002 and 2014. Patients who were cured after surgery were excluded. We only selected 43 patients (21 males, 22 females, mean age 52.8 ± 11.9 years) who did not meet the criteria of remission postoperatively, who were treated with SSA for at least six months and had normal thyroid function. Patients were divided into three groups (well-controlled, controlled, and active) according to their IGF-1 and growth hormone (GH) levels. All patients underwent an evaluation of TV and total thyroid nodule volume (TTNV) by ultrasound. TTNV decreased significantly in patients with well-controlled acromegaly (0.44 [0.75] to 0.23 [0.73], p < 0.001). TTNV did not change in controlled patients (0.18 [1.28] to 0.13 [1.54], p = 0.959); however TTNV increased in patients with active acromegaly (0.77 [1.46] to 1.03 [1.88], p = 0.028). Successful medical treatment of patients with active acromegaly decreases thyroid nodule volume. Sustained exposure to IGF-1 may cause an increase in thyroid nodule volume in patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyfullah Kan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Kizilgul
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Celik
- Department of Statistics, Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selvihan Beysel
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Caliskan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Apaydin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Ucan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erman Cakal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Smith TJ. The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and its role in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:200-205. [PMID: 30385883 PMCID: PMC6367397 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune component of Graves' disease, remains a disfiguring and potentially blinding condition. Here, the author reviews the role of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor pathway in TAO and how it might be therapeutically targeted. METHODS The recent literature is reviewed. RESULTS TAO involves reactivity of orbital connective tissues and their remodeling. While many of the details concerning the pathogenesis of TAO remain to be determined, several insights have come to light recently. Among them is the apparent involvement of IGF-IR. This receptor protein, a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase receptor can form both physical and functional complexes with the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). This is notable because TSHR is the established primary autoantigen in Graves' disease. IGF-IR activity is critical to signaling downstream from both IGF-IR and TSHR. In addition, antibodies against IGF-IR have been detected in patients with Graves' disease and in rodent models of TAO. Evidence has been put forward that these antibodies may act directly on IGF-IR, perhaps in some manner activating the receptor. These experimental observations have led to the development of a novel therapy for active TAO, utilizing a monoclonal anti-IGF-IR inhibitory antibody which had been produced originally as treatment for cancer. The agent, teprotumumab was recently evaluated in a clinical trial and found to be highly effective and relatively well-tolerated. It is currently undergoing assessment in a follow-up trial. CONCLUSIONS Should the current study yield similarly encouraging results, it is possible that teprotumumab will emerge as a paradigm-shifting medical therapy for TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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Smith TJ, Janssen JAMJL. Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor and Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:236-267. [PMID: 30215690 PMCID: PMC6338478 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the eye. There are currently no medical therapies proven capable of altering the clinical outcome of TAO in randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trials. The orbital fibroblast represents the central target for immune reactivity. Recent identification of fibroblasts that putatively originate in the bone marrow as monocyte progenitors provides a plausible explanation for why antigens, the expressions of which were once considered restricted to the thyroid, are detected in the TAO orbit. These cells, known as fibrocytes, express relatively high levels of functional TSH receptor (TSHR) through which they can be activated by TSH and the GD-specific pathogenic antibodies that underpin thyroid overactivity. Fibrocytes also express insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) with which TSHR forms a physical and functional signaling complex. Notably, inhibition of IGF-IR activity results in the attenuation of signaling initiated at either receptor. Some studies suggest that IGF-IR-activating antibodies are generated in GD, whereas others refute this concept. These observations served as the rationale for implementing a recently completed therapeutic trial of teprotumumab, a monoclonal inhibitory antibody targeting IGF-IR in TAO. Results of that trial in active, moderate to severe disease revealed dramatic and rapid reductions in disease activity and severity. The targeting of IGF-IR with specific biologic agents may represent a paradigm shift in the therapy of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ruchala M, Wolinski K. Health-Related Complications of Acromegaly-Risk of Malignant Neoplasms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:268. [PMID: 31114546 PMCID: PMC6502963 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The issue of increased risk of benign and malignant neoplasms in patients with acromegaly remains the topic of debate from many years and was addressed by numerous studies. Many of them have shown increase in the cancer incidence. Among particular types of malignancies, thyroid, colorectal, and breast cancer are most commonly indicated as associated with acromegaly. Single reports denoted increase in prevalence of neoplasms of other organs such as kidney, bone or central nervous system. Cardiovascular and respiratory tract disorders were traditionally consider as main causes of mortality in acromegalic patients, accounting for about 60 and 25% of deaths, respectively. However, according to a number of studies published over the current decade cancer became the most important cause of deaths. Aim of the current article was to review the literature concerning the risk of malignant neoplasms in acromegaly and its clinical implications.
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Krieger CC, Morgan SJ, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)/Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) Receptor Cross-talk in Human Cells. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2018; 2:29-33. [PMID: 30547142 PMCID: PMC6287758 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (TSHRs and IGF1Rs, respectively) interact leading to additive or synergistic stimulation of cellular responses. Recent findings provide evidence that the interaction between TSHRs and IGF1Rs is similar to that described for other G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. These types of interactions occur at or proximal to the receptors and are designated "receptor cross-talk." Herein, we describe our studies in human thyrocytes, human retro-orbital fibroblasts from Graves' orbitopathy patients and a model cell line that support the concept of TSHR/IGF1R cross-talk. We also discuss how receptor cross-talk is involved in stimulation by a monoclonal TSHR-stimulating antibody and how targeting both receptors may lead to novel treatments of Graves' orbitopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Krieger
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah J. Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Smith TJ. Challenges in Orphan Drug Development: Identification of Effective Therapy for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 59:129-148. [PMID: 30044728 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), the ocular manifestation of Graves' disease, is a process in which orbital connective tissues and extraocular muscles undergo inflammation and remodeling. The condition seems to result from autoimmune responses to antigens shared by the thyroid and orbit. The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), expressed at low levels in orbital tissues, is a leading candidate antigen. Recent evidence suggests that another protein, the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), is overexpressed in TAO, and antibodies against IGF-IR have been detected in patients with the disease. Furthermore, TSHR and IGF-IR form a physical and functional complex, and signaling initiated at TSHR requires IGF-IR activity. Identification of therapy for this rare disease has proven challenging and currently relies on nonspecific and inadequate agents, thus representing an important unmet need. A recently completed therapeutic trial suggests that inhibiting IGF-IR activity with a monoclonal antibody may be an effective and safe treatment for active TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA;
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Mohyi M, Smith TJ. IGF1 receptor and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T29-T43. [PMID: 29273685 PMCID: PMC6561656 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a vexing and poorly understood autoimmune process involving the upper face and tissues surrounding the eyes. In TAO, the orbit can become inflamed and undergo substantial remodeling that is disfiguring and can lead to loss of vision. There are currently no approved medical therapies for TAO, the consequence of its uncertain pathogenic nature. It usually presents as a component of the syndrome known as Graves' disease where loss of immune tolerance to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) results in the generation of activating antibodies against that protein and hyperthyroidism. The role for TSHR and these antibodies in the development of TAO is considerably less well established. We have reported over the past 2 decades evidence that the insulin-like growth factorI receptor (IGF1R) may also participate in the pathogenesis of TAO. Activating antibodies against IGF1R have been detected in patients with GD. The actions of these antibodies initiate signaling in orbital fibroblasts from patients with the disease. Further, we have identified a functional and physical interaction between TSHR and IGF1R. Importantly, it appears that signaling initiated from either receptor can be attenuated by inhibiting the activity of IGF1R. These findings underpin the rationale for therapeutically targeting IGF1R in active TAO. A recently completed therapeutic trial of teprotumumab, a human IGF1R inhibiting antibody, in patients with moderate to severe, active TAO, indicates the potential effectiveness and safety of the drug. It is possible that other autoimmune diseases might also benefit from this treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mohyi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of MetabolismEndocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy and Biomarkers: Where We Are and What We Can Hope for the Future. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:7010196. [PMID: 29736194 PMCID: PMC5875031 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is the most common autoimmune disease of the orbit. It occurs more often in patients presenting with hyperthyroidism, characteristic of Graves' disease, but may be associated with hypothyroidism or euthyroidism. The diagnosis of TAO is based on clinical orbital features, radiological criteria, and the potential association with thyroid disease. To date, there is no specific marker of the orbital disease, making the early diagnosis difficult, especially if the orbital involvement precedes the thyroid dysfunction. Summary The goal of this review is to present the disease and combine the available data in the literature concerning investigation of TAO biomarkers. Conclusions Despite the progress done in the understanding of TAO disease, some important pieces are still missing. Typically, for the future, major efforts have to be done in the discovery of new biomarkers, validation of the suspected candidates on multicenter cohorts with standardized methodologies, and establishment of their clinical performances on the specific clinical application fields in order to improve not only the management of the TAO patients but also the therapeutic options and follow-up.
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Smith TJ. New advances in understanding thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and the potential role for insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. F1000Res 2018; 7:134. [PMID: 29744034 PMCID: PMC5795270 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12787.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), a localized periocular manifestation of the autoimmune syndrome known as Graves’ disease, remains incompletely understood. Discussions of its pathogenesis are generally focused on the thyrotropin receptor, the proposed role for which is supported by substantial evidence. Considerations of any involvement of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) in the disease are frequently contentious. In this brief, topically focused review, I have attempted to provide a balanced perspective based entirely on experimental results that either favor or refute involvement of IGF-IR in TAO. Discussion in this matter seems particularly timely since the currently available treatments of this disfiguring and potentially sight-threatening disease remain inadequate. Importantly, no medical therapy has thus far received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. Results from a very recently published clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of teprotumumab, an inhibitory human anti–IGF-IR monoclonal antibody, in active, moderate to severe TAO are extremely encouraging. That double-masked, placebo-controlled study involved 88 patients and revealed unprecedented clinical responses in the improvement of proptosis and clinical activity as well as a favorable safety profile. Should those results prove reproducible in an ongoing phase III trial, therapeutic inhibition of IGF-IR could become the basis for paradigm-shifting treatment of this vexing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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McLachlan SM, Aliesky HA, Rapoport B. Aberrant Iodine Autoregulation Induces Hypothyroidism in a Mouse Strain in the Absence of Thyroid Autoimmunity. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:63-76. [PMID: 29379895 PMCID: PMC5779109 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated factors underlying the varying effects of a high dietary iodide intake on serum T4 levels in a wide spectrum of mouse strains, including thyroiditis-susceptible NOD.H2h4, NOD.H2k, and NOD mice, as well as other strains (BALB/c, C57BL/6, NOD.Lc7, and B10.A4R) not previously investigated. Mice were maintained for up to 8 months on control or iodide-supplemented water (NaI 0.05%). On iodized water, serum T4 was reduced in BALB/c (males and females) in association with colloid goiters but was not significantly changed in mice that developed thyroiditis, namely NOD.H2h4 (males and females) or male NOD.H2k mice. Neither goiters nor decreased T4 developed in C57BL/6, NOD, NOD.Lc7, or B10.A4R female mice. In further studies, we focused on males in the BALB/c and NOD.H2h4 strains that demonstrated a large divergence in the T4 response to excess iodide. Excess iodide ingestion increased serum TSH levels to the same extent in both strains, yet thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) revealed greatly divergent responses. NOD.H2h4 mice that remained euthyroid displayed a physiological NIS iodine autoregulatory response, whereas NIS mRNA was inappropriately elevated in BALB/c mice that became hypothyroid. Thus, autoimmune thyroiditis-prone NOD.H2h4 mice adapted normally to a high iodide intake, presumably by escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff block. In contrast, BALB/c mice that did not spontaneously develop thyroiditis failed to escape from this block and became hypothyroid. These data in mice may provide insight into the mechanism by which iodide-induced hypothyroidism occurs in some humans without an underlying thyroid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 90048
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Holly A. Aliesky
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Basil Rapoport
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 90048
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Krieger CC, Perry JD, Morgan SJ, Kahaly GJ, Gershengorn MC. TSH/IGF-1 Receptor Cross-Talk Rapidly Activates Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases in Multiple Cell Types. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3676-3683. [PMID: 28938449 PMCID: PMC5659693 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that thyrotropin (TSH)/insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1 receptor cross-talk appears to be involved in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) pathogenesis and upregulation of thyroid-specific genes in human thyrocytes. In orbital fibroblasts from GO patients, coadministration of TSH and IGF-1 induces synergistic increases in hyaluronan secretion. In human thyrocytes, TSH plus IGF-1 synergistically increased expression of the sodium-iodide symporter that appeared to involve ERK1/2 activation. However, the details of ERK1/2 activation were not known, nor was whether ERK1/2 was involved in this synergism in other cell types. Using primary cultures of GO fibroblasts (GOFs) and human thyrocytes, as well as human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells overexpressing TSH receptors (HEK-TSHRs), we show that simultaneous activation of TSHRs and IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1Rs) causes rapid, synergistic phosphorylation/activation of ERK1 and ERK2 in all three cell types. This effect is partially inhibited by pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of TSHR coupling to Gi/Go proteins. In support of a role for Gi/Go proteins in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, we found that knockdown of Gi(1-3) and Go in HEK-TSHRs inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation stimulated by TSH and TSH plus IGF-1. These data demonstrate that the synergistic effects of TSH plus IGF-1 occur early in the TSHR signaling cascade and further support the idea that TSHR/IGF-1R cross-talk is an important mechanism for regulation of human GOFs and thyrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Krieger
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joseph D. Perry
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Sarah J. Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - George J. Kahaly
- Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstreet 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Di Cerbo A, Pezzuto F, Di Cerbo A. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 affect the severity of Graves' disease. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2017; 2017:17-0061. [PMID: 28620496 PMCID: PMC5467652 DOI: 10.1530/edm-17-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete countries, is associated with the presence of immunoglobulins G (IgGs) that are responsible for thyroid growth and hyperfunction. In this article, we report the unusual case of a patient with acromegaly and a severe form of Graves' disease. Here, we address the issue concerning the role of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in influencing thyroid function. Severity of Graves' disease is exacerbated by coexistent acromegaly and both activity indexes and symptoms and signs of Graves' disease improve after the surgical remission of acromegaly. We also discuss by which signaling pathways GH and IGF1 may play an integrating role in regulating the function of the immune system in Graves' disease and synergize the stimulatory activity of Graves' IgGs. LEARNING POINTS Clinical observations have demonstrated an increased prevalence of euthyroid and hyperthyroid goiters in patients with acromegaly.The coexistence of acromegaly and Graves' disease is a very unusual event, the prevalence being <1%.Previous in vitro studies have showed that IGF1 synergizes the TSH-induced thyroid cell growth-activating pathways independent of TSH/cAMP/PKA cascade.We report the first case of a severe form of Graves' disease associated with acromegaly and show that surgical remission of acromegaly leads to a better control of symptoms of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Di Cerbo
- Endocrinology, ‘Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza’, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, FoggiaItaly
| | - Federica Pezzuto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University ‘G. d’Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara, ChietiItaly
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University ‘G. d’Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara, ChietiItaly
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Smith TJ, Kahaly GJ, Ezra DG, Fleming JC, Dailey RA, Tang RA, Harris GJ, Antonelli A, Salvi M, Goldberg RA, Gigantelli JW, Couch SM, Shriver EM, Hayek BR, Hink EM, Woodward RM, Gabriel K, Magni G, Douglas RS. Teprotumumab for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:1748-1761. [PMID: 28467880 PMCID: PMC5718164 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1614949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, a condition commonly associated with Graves' disease, remains inadequately treated. Current medical therapies, which primarily consist of glucocorticoids, have limited efficacy and present safety concerns. Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) is a new therapeutic strategy to attenuate the underlying autoimmune pathogenesis of ophthalmopathy. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy and safety of teprotumumab, a human monoclonal antibody inhibitor of IGF-IR, in patients with active, moderate-to-severe ophthalmopathy. A total of 88 patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo or active drug administered intravenously once every 3 weeks for a total of eight infusions. The primary end point was the response in the study eye. This response was defined as a reduction of 2 points or more in the Clinical Activity Score (scores range from 0 to 7, with a score of ≥3 indicating active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy) and a reduction of 2 mm or more in proptosis at week 24. Secondary end points, measured as continuous variables, included proptosis, the Clinical Activity Score, and results on the Graves' ophthalmopathy-specific quality-of-life questionnaire. Adverse events were assessed. RESULTS In the intention-to-treat population, 29 of 42 patients who received teprotumumab (69%), as compared with 9 of 45 patients who received placebo (20%), had a response at week 24 (P<0.001). Therapeutic effects were rapid; at week 6, a total of 18 of 42 patients in the teprotumumab group (43%) and 2 of 45 patients in the placebo group (4%) had a response (P<0.001). Differences between the groups increased at subsequent time points. The only drug-related adverse event was hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes; this event was controlled by adjusting medication for diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In patients with active ophthalmopathy, teprotumumab was more effective than placebo in reducing proptosis and the Clinical Activity Score. (Funded by River Vision Development and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01868997 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - George J Kahaly
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Daniel G Ezra
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - James C Fleming
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Roger A Dailey
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Rosa A Tang
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Gerald J Harris
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Mario Salvi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Robert A Goldberg
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - James W Gigantelli
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Steven M Couch
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Erin M Shriver
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Brent R Hayek
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Eric M Hink
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Richard M Woodward
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Kathleen Gabriel
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Guido Magni
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
| | - Raymond S Douglas
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center (T.J.S., R.S.D.), and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.S.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; the Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (G.J.K.); Moorfields Eye Hospital, London (D.G.E.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (J.C.F.); the Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.A.D.); Eye Wellness Center, Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, Houston (R.A.T.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (G.J.H.); the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (A.A.), and the Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan, Milan (M.S.) - both in Italy; the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (R.A.G.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.W.G.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (S.M.C.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (E.M.S.); the Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta (B.R.H.); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora (E.M.H.); and River Vision Development, New York (R.M.W., K.G., G.M.)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Graves' disease (GD) and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) are thought to result from actions of pathogenic antibodies mediated through the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). This leads to the unregulated consequences of the antibody-mediated receptor activity in the thyroid and connective tissues of the orbit. Recent studies reveal antibodies that appear to be directed against the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR). Areas covered: In this brief article, I attempt to review the fundamental characteristics of the TSHR, its role in GD and TAO, and its relationship to IGF-IR. Strong evidence supports the concept that the two receptors form a physical and functional complex and that IGF-IR activity is required for some of the down-stream signaling initiated through TSHR. Recently developed small molecules and monoclonal antibodies that block TSHR and IGF-IR signaling are also reviewed in the narrow context of their potential utility as therapeutics in GD and TAO. The Pubmed database was searched from its inception for relevant publications. Expert opinion: Those agents that can interrupt the TSHR and IGF-IR pathways possess the potential for offering more specific and better tolerated treatments of both hyperthyroidism and TAO. This would spare patients exposure to toxic drugs, ionizing radiation and potentially hazardous surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Smith
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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48
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Malaguarnera R, Vella V, Nicolosi ML, Belfiore A. Insulin Resistance: Any Role in the Changing Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:314. [PMID: 29184536 PMCID: PMC5694441 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC), namely of its papillary hystotype (PTC), has shown a steady increase worldwide, which has been attributed at least in part to the increasing diagnosis of early stage tumors. However, some evidence suggests that environmental and lifestyle factors can also play a role. Among the potential risk factors involved in the changing epidemiology of TC, particular attention has been drawn to insulin-resistance and related metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which have been also rapidly increasing worldwide due to widespread dietary and lifestyle changes. In accordance with this possibility, various epidemiological studies have indeed gathered substantial evidence that insulin resistance-related metabolic disorders might be associated with an increased TC risk either through hyperinsulinemia or by affecting other TC risk factors including iodine deficiency, elevated thyroid stimulating hormone, estrogen-dependent signaling, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and others. This review summarizes the current literature evaluating the relationship between metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance and the risk for TC as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. The potential implications of such association in TC prevention and therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Veronica Vella
- School of Human and Social Sciences, “Kore” University of Enna, Enna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Veronica Vella, ; Antonino Belfiore,
| | - Maria Luisa Nicolosi
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Veronica Vella, ; Antonino Belfiore,
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49
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Altas A, Kuzu F, Arpaci D, Unal M, Can M, Barut F, Kokturk F, Ilikhan SU, Bayraktaroglu T. The Clinical Values of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Levels in Blood and Thyroid Nodules. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:3145234. [PMID: 29081797 PMCID: PMC5610865 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3145234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a potent mitogen for many cells. IGF-1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of various tumors with its mutagenic and antiapoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to determine both the serum and intranodular levels of IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 80 subjects who performed fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) were required in order to investigate the effects of serum and intranodular IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the pathogenesis of nodules. After performing FNAB, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were determined in blood and aspiration samples. RESULTS The serum levels of IGF-1 (232.8 ± 12.9 ng/ml) and IGFBP-3 (4.8 μg/ml) were found significantly higher than that of the intranodular IGF-1 (39.1 ng/ml) and intranodular IGFBP-3 levels (0.173 μg/ml) (p < 0.01). Intranodular levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were higher in subjects with multinodular thyroid gland than those of subjects with solitary nodules (p = 0.043). A positive correlation between the nodule size and the serum IGFBP-3 levels was detected (p = 0.042, r = 0.23). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the possible role of both IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the growth and the formation of multinodularity of thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Altas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kuzu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Dilek Arpaci
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Unal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Murat Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Figen Barut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Furuzan Kokturk
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevil Uygun Ilikhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Taner Bayraktaroglu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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50
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Morgan SJ, Neumann S, Marcus-Samuels B, Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Crosstalk Upregulates Sodium-Iodide Symporter Expression in Primary Cultures of Human Thyrocytes. Thyroid 2016; 26:1794-1803. [PMID: 27638195 PMCID: PMC5175432 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major regulation of thyroid gland function is mediated by thyrotropin (TSH) activating the TSH receptor (TSHR) and inducing upregulation of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. Evidence suggests that the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor (IGF-1R) may play a role in regulating TSHR functional effects. This study examined the potential role of TSHR/IGF-1R crosstalk in primary cultures of human thyrocytes. RESULTS TSH/IGF-1 co-treatment elicited additive effects on thyroglobulin (TG), thyroperoxidase (TPO), and deiodinase type 2 (DIO2) mRNA levels but synergistic effects on sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) mRNA. Similar cooperativity was seen on the level of TG protein secretion (additive) and NIS protein expression (synergistic). The IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor linsitinib inhibited TSH-stimulated upregulation of NIS but not TG, indicating that NIS regulation is in part IGF-1R dependent and occurs via receptor crosstalk. Cooperativity was not seen at the level of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, IGF-1R phosphorylation, or Akt activation. However, TSH and IGF-1 synergistically activated ERK1/2. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 and of Akt by MK-2206 virtually abolished NIS stimulation by TSH and the synergistic effect of IGF-1. CONCLUSION As linsitinib inhibited upregulation of NIS stimulated by TSH alone, it is concluded that crosstalk between TSHR and IGF-1R, without agonist activation of IGF-1R, plays a role in NIS regulation in human thyrocytes via a mechanism involving ERK1/2 and/or Akt. Fully understanding the nature of this crosstalk has clinical implications for the treatment of thyroid diseases, including thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bernice Marcus-Samuels
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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