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Elgazzaz M, Woodham PC, Maher J, Faulkner JL. Implications of pregnancy on cardiometabolic disease risk: preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C646-C660. [PMID: 39010840 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00293.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension, prior to and within pregnancy are increasing in prevalence worldwide. Pregnancy-associated cardiometabolic disease poses a great risk to the short- and long-term well-being of the mother and offspring. Hypertensive pregnancy, notably preeclampsia, as well as gestational diabetes are the major diseases of pregnancy growing in prevalence as a result of growing cardiometabolic disease prevalence. The mechanisms whereby obesity, diabetes, and other comorbidities lead to preeclampsia and gestational diabetes are incompletely understood and continually evolving in the literature. In addition, novel therapeutic avenues are currently being explored in these patients to offset cardiometabolic-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes in preeclamptic and gestational diabetes pregnancies. In this review, we discuss the emerging pathophysiological mechanisms of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes in the context of cardiometabolic risk as well as the most recent preclinical and clinical updates in the pathogenesis and treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elgazzaz
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Padmashree C Woodham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - James Maher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jessica L Faulkner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Choi S, Kang JG, Tran YTH, Jeong SH, Park KY, Shin H, Kim YH, Park M, Nahmgoong H, Seol T, Jeon H, Kim Y, Park S, Kim HJ, Kim MS, Li X, Bou Sleiman M, Lee E, Choi J, Eisenbarth D, Lee SH, Cho S, Moore DD, Auwerx J, Kim IY, Kim JB, Park JE, Lim DS, Suh JM. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signalling coordinates adipose plasticity and energy balance by uncoupling leptin expression from fat mass. Nat Metab 2024; 6:847-860. [PMID: 38811804 PMCID: PMC11136666 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissues serve as an energy reservoir and endocrine organ, yet the mechanisms that coordinate these functions remain elusive. Here, we show that the transcriptional coregulators, YAP and TAZ, uncouple fat mass from leptin levels and regulate adipocyte plasticity to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Activating YAP/TAZ signalling in adipocytes by deletion of the upstream regulators Lats1 and Lats2 results in a profound reduction in fat mass by converting mature adipocytes into delipidated progenitor-like cells, but does not cause lipodystrophy-related metabolic dysfunction, due to a paradoxical increase in circulating leptin levels. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that YAP/TAZ-TEAD signalling upregulates leptin expression by directly binding to an upstream enhancer site of the leptin gene. We further show that YAP/TAZ activity is associated with, and functionally required for, leptin regulation during fasting and refeeding. These results suggest that adipocyte Hippo-YAP/TAZ signalling constitutes a nexus for coordinating adipose tissue lipid storage capacity and systemic energy balance through the regulation of adipocyte plasticity and leptin gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Gyeong Kang
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen T H Tran
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Jeong
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Young Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Nahmgoong
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Seol
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyon Jeon
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joo Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seob Kim
- Department of Fundamental Environment Research, Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maroun Bou Sleiman
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eries Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David Eisenbarth
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Cho
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Purnell JQ, le Roux CW. Hypothalamic control of body fat mass by food intake: The key to understanding why obesity should be treated as a disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26 Suppl 2:3-12. [PMID: 38351898 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic centres have been recognized to play a central role in body weight regulation for nearly 70 years. AIMS In this review, we will explore the current undersanding of the role the hypothalamus plays in controlling food intake behaviours. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of relevant literature from PubMed searches and review article citations. RESULTS Beginning with autopsy studies showing destructive hypothalamic lesions in patients manifesting hyperphagia and rapid weight gain, followed by animal lesioning studies pinpointing adjacent hypothalamic sites as the 'satiety' centre and the 'feeding' centre of the brain, the neurocircuitry that governs our body weight is now understood to consist of a complex, interconnected network, including the hypothalamus and extending to cortical sites, reward centres and brainstem. Neurons in these sites receive afferent signals from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue indicating food availability, calorie content, as well as body fat mass. DISCUSSION Integration of these complex signals leads to modulation of the two prime effector systems that defend a body fat mass set point: food intake and energy expenditure. CONCLUSION Understanding the hypothalamic control of food intake forms the foundation for understanding and managing obesity as a chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Q Purnell
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carel W le Roux
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhang F, Tan Y, Cai Z, An K, Liu Y, Su J. Two plants improve stress response of a subterranean herbivore by downregulating amphetamine addiction pathways. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1342630. [PMID: 38283372 PMCID: PMC10811048 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1342630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Captivity serves as the primary method for enhancing animal survival and productivity. However, the stress induced by confinement can hinder animal growth and reproduction. The administration of drugs to captive animals can effectively regulate their stress response and can also be used inartificial breeding, reproduction, and experimental animalization of wild species. The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a subterranean herbivore, experiences significant stress during the captive process owing to its unique habitat. Methods In our study, we utilized Radix astragali (RA) and Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) extracts to intervene in the stress response of plateau zokors. Results Our findings demonstrated that RA and AS treatment considerably improved food intake and reduced weight loss, stress-related behavior, and stress hormone levels in plateau zokors. Furthermore, the excitatory pathway of amphetamine addition in the hypothalamus was suppressed by RA and AS treatment, acting through the Grin and Prkc gene families. Notably, after RA treatment, the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway, enriched by the Col1a1/3a1/1a2/6a1 gene, was significantly upregulated, potentially enhancing the immune function of captive plateau zokors. Discussion In conclusion, our research demonstrates that RA and AS treatment can effectively alleviate the stress response of plateau zokors in captive environments. The downregulation of the excitation pathway and upregulation of the immune pathway offer valuable insights into the response and potential mechanisms of plant-based drugs in mitigating animal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Zhang
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Yuchen Tan
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cai
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Kang An
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Junhu Su
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Aisike G, Kuerbanjiang M, Muheyati D, Zaibibuli K, Lv MX, Han J. Correlation analysis of obesity phenotypes with leptin and adiponectin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17718. [PMID: 37853077 PMCID: PMC10584881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity can be categorized as metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). However, individuals with MHO are characterized by the absence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and appear to have lower inflammation levels compared to MUO. This study aimed to investigate the association of obesity phenotypes with leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADP). According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 178 subjects from the previous cross-sectional survey. Based on the body mass index (BMI) and diagnostic criteria of MS, we divided the individuals into three groups, including healthy control group (HC group), metabolically healthy obesity group (MHO group) and metabolically unhealthy obesity group (MUO group). The concentrations of LEP and ADP in serum were measured, and the association of these two cytokines with different obesity phenotypes were subsequently analyzed. Compared to both the HC and MHO groups, the MUO group showed significantly higher BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (Homa-IR) and blood pressure (P < 0.05). In contrast, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was notably lower in the MUO group (P < 0.05). ADP was found to have a positive correlation with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a negative correlation with FPG in the MHO group. In the MUO group, LEP demonstrated a positive correlation with fasting insulin (FINS) and Homa-IR, while ADP showed a positive correlation with TC and SBP. Linear regression analysis further indicated that SBP (β = 0.234, P = 0.043), TG (β = - 0.292, P = 0.001) and LDL-C (β = 0.626, P = 0.000) were independently correlated with ADP, and BMI (β = 0.398, P = 0.002) was independently correlated with LEP in obese individuals. In conclusion, ADP and LEP were closely related with glucose and lipid metabolism in obese individuals, these two cytokines might play critical roles in obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliqiekeran Aisike
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Maierheba Kuerbanjiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Dina Muheyati
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Kaibinuer Zaibibuli
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Mei-Xia Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Jia Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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Gancheva S, Kahl S, Herder C, Strassburger K, Sarabhai T, Pafili K, Szendroedi J, Schlensak M, Roden M. Metabolic surgery-induced changes of the growth hormone system relate to improved adipose tissue function. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:505-511. [PMID: 36959287 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Body weight loss improves insulin resistance and growth hormone secretion in obesity, which may be regulated by leptin according to preclinical studies. How changes in leptin, lipids and insulin sensitivity after bariatric (metabolic) surgery affect the human growth hormone system is yet unclear. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS People with obesity (OBE, n = 79, BMI 50.8 ± 6.3 kg/m2) were studied before, 2, 12, 24 and 52 weeks after metabolic surgery and compared to lean healthy humans (control; CON, n = 24, BMI 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2). Tissue-specific insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with D-[6,6-2H2]glucose. Fasting leptin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP1, IGFBP3) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS At baseline, OBE exhibited higher glycemia and leptinemia as well as pronounced peripheral, adipose tissue and hepatic insulin resistance compared to CON. GH and IGFBP1 were lower, while IGF1 was comparable between groups. At 52 weeks, OBE had lost 33% body weight and doubled their peripheral insulin sensitivity, which was paralleled by continuous increases in GH, IGF-1 and IGFBP1 as well as decrease in leptin. The rise in GH correlated with reductions in free fatty acids, adipose tissue insulin resistance and insulinemia, but not with changes in body weight, peripheral insulin sensitivity, glycemia or leptinemia. The rise in IGF-1 correlated with reduction in high-sensitive C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION Reversal of alterations of the GH-IGF-1 axis after surgically-induced weight loss is unlikely related to improved leptin secretion and/or insulin sensitivity, but is rather associated with restored adipose tissue function and reduced low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Kahl
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Theresia Sarabhai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pafili
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Fernández-Foren A, Sosa C, Abecia JA, Meneses C, Meikle A. Metabolic memory determines oviductal gene expression of underfed ewes during early gestation. Theriogenology 2023; 198:123-130. [PMID: 36584633 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the oviduct environment by studying oviduct gene expression after undernutrition in day-5 pregnant ewes with different initial (i) BCS, and its association with the number of embryos recovered. Thirty-six ewes were divided into 2 groups with different iBCS: iBCS ≥2.75 (n = 19; high, H) and iBCS ≤2.25 (n = 17; low, L), and were randomly assigned to two nutritional treatments for 20 days: 1.5 (control, C) or 0.5 (underfed, U) times the daily maintenance requirements. Thus, the final four groups were: high-iBCS control (HC, n = 9), high-iBCS underfed (HU, n = 10), low-iBCS control (LC, n = 9) and low-iBCS underfed (LU, n = 8). Samples of oviduct were collected and the expression of target genes was quantified using real-time PCR. While high-iBCS control ewes presented more ADIPOR1 mRNA than the high-iBCS underfed group (P < 0.05) and low-iBCS control ewes (P = 0.01), high-iBCS underfed group presented higher ADIPOR2 gene expression than low-iBCS underfed ewes (P < 0.01) evidencing a differential oviductal gene expression for these receptors. In high-iBCS ewes, control animals presented higher IGFBP2 gene expression than underfed ewes (P < 0.05), associated these results with a poor oviductal environment. High-iBCS underfed ewes presented higher IGFBP4 gene expression than high-iBCS control ewes (P < 0.05). Stepwise regression models, using various combinations of data on metabolic and reproductive hormones, and oviduct gene expression as independent variables, identified a set of variables that accounted for 75% of the variation in the number of embryos recovered. In conclusion, the oviductal gene expression depends on body reserves and nutritional treatment, and the effect is gene-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Foren
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - C Sosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - J A Abecia
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - C Meneses
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Meikle
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Murawska-Ciałowicz E, Kaczmarek A, Kałwa M, Oniszczuk A. Influence of Training and Single Exercise on Leptin Level and Metabolism in Obese Overweight and Normal-Weight Women of Different Age. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12168. [PMID: 36231470 PMCID: PMC9565933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is one of the important hormones secreted by adipose tissue. It participates in the regulation of energy processes in the body through central and peripheral mechanisms. The aim of this study was to analyse the anthropological and physical performance changes during 9 month training in women of different age and body mass. The additional aim was the analysis of leptin levels in the fasting stage and after a control exercise. Obese (O), overweight (OW), and normal-weight (N) women participated in the study. Additional subgroups of premenopausal (PRE) (<50 years) and postmenopausal (POST) (50+) women were created for leptin level analysis. The main criterion of the division into subgroups was the age of menopause in the population. The control submaximal test and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) according to Astrand-Rhyming procedures was performed at baseline and after 3, 6, and 9 months. Before each control test, body weight (BM), body mass index (BMI), percentage of adipose tissue (% FAT), and mass (FAT (kg)) were measured. Moreover, before and after each test, leptin level was measured. After 9 months, there was a significant decrease in BM in the O (p < 0.05) and OW (p < 0.05) groups with no significant changes in the N group. There was a decrease in BMI in both the O (p < 0.05) and the OW (p < 0.05) groups, with no changes in the N group. The % FAT reduction was noted only in the O group (p < 0.05). VO2max increased in each of the measured groups (p < 0.05). The fasting leptin level at 0, 3, 6, and 9 months were the highest in the O group. The fasting leptin level before training was highest in the O group compared to the OW group (p < 0.01) and the N group (p < 0.01). It was also higher in the OW group compared to the N group at baseline (0) (p < 0.01) and after 3 and 6 months (p < 0.01). After 9 months, the leptin concentration decreased by 20.2% in the O group, 40.7% in the OW group, and 33% in the N group. Moreover, the fasting leptin level was higher in the POST subgroup compared to the PRE group in the whole group of women (p < 0.05). After a single exercise, the level of leptin in the whole study group decreased (p < 0.05). This was clearly seen, especially in the POST group. The 9 month training had a reducing effect on the blood leptin concentration in groups O, OW, and N. This may have been a result of weight loss and the percentage of fat in the body, as well as systematically disturbed energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz
- Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczmarek
- Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kałwa
- Sport Didactics Department, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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Pavithra S, Kishor Kumar DG, Ramesh G, Panigrahi M, Sahoo M, Singh TU, Madhu CL, Manickam K, Shyamkumar TS, Kumar D, Parida S. Fat augments leptin-induced uterine contractions by decreasing JAK2 and BKCa channel expressions in late pregnant rats. Cytokine 2022; 157:155966. [PMID: 35905625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism in obesity causes pregnancy complications in humans and animals. Leptin levels increase in pregnancy, as well as obesity. However, the effect of obesity on uterine leptin receptors and its distal signaling is not clear. The present study aimed to understand the effect of increased fat on leptin signaling in rat uterus. Wistar female rats were fed with an HF diet (40% Fat, 17% Sucrose, 1.25% Cholesterol, 0.75% Cholic acid) for 6 weeks before the mating and during pregnancy. HF diet significantly increased the fat depots, liver weight, serum, and tissue cholesterol levels. It produced fatty degeneration in the liver and caused infiltration of inflammatory cells, cystic endometrial glands, and sub endometrial fibrosis of the uterus. In isometric tension experiments, leptin caused a significant increase in uterine contractions in high fat-fed animals compared to control animals. Analysis of receptor expressions revealed no significant difference between the groups. However, a significant decrease in the JAK2 and BKCaα mRNA expression was observed in the uterus of high fat-fed rats. No change in the BKCaβ, eNOS, iNOS, MLCP, and MLCK mRNA expressions was noticed in the HF group compared to the control. The findings of the present study suggest that the contractile response to leptin in the uterus of high fat-fed rats may be attributed to reduced signaling through JAK2 and, lowered expressions of BKCa channel α subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pavithra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - D G Kishor Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - G Ramesh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Thakur Uttam Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - C L Madhu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Kesavan Manickam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - T S Shyamkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
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10
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Essential Amino Acids-Rich Diet Decreased Adipose Tissue Storage in Adult Mice: A Preliminary Histopathological Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142915. [PMID: 35889872 PMCID: PMC9316883 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Excess body adipose tissue accumulation is a common and growing health problem caused by an unbalanced diet and/or junk food. Although the effects of dietary fat and glucose on lipid metabolism regulation are well known, those of essential amino acids (EAAs) have been poorly investigated. Our aim was to study the influence of a special diet containing all EAAs on retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rpWAT) and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice. Methods: Two groups of male Balb/C mice were used. The first was fed with a standard diet. The second was fed with an EAAs-rich diet (EAARD). After 3 weeks, rpWAT and BAT were removed and prepared for subsequent immunohistochemical analysis. Results: EAARD, although consumed significantly less, moderately reduced body weight and BAT, but caused a massive reduction in rpWAT. Conversely, the triceps muscle increased in mass. In rpWAT, the size of adipocytes was very small, with increases in leptin, adiponectin and IL-6 immunostaining. In BAT, there was a reduction in lipid droplet size and a simultaneous increase in UCP-1 and SIRT-3. Conclusions: A diet containing a balanced mixture of free EAA may modulate body adiposity in mice, promoting increased thermogenesis.
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11
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Metabolic memory determines gene expression in liver and adipose tissue of undernourished ewes. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Obradovic M, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Soskic S, Essack M, Arya S, Stewart AJ, Gojobori T, Isenovic ER. Leptin and Obesity: Role and Clinical Implication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:585887. [PMID: 34084149 PMCID: PMC8167040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.585887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone leptin regulates food intake, body mass, and reproductive function and plays a role in fetal growth, proinflammatory immune responses, angiogenesis and lipolysis. Leptin is a product of the obese (ob) gene and, following synthesis and secretion from fat cells in white adipose tissue, binds to and activates its cognate receptor, the leptin receptor (LEP-R). LEP-R distribution facilitates leptin's pleiotropic effects, playing a crucial role in regulating body mass via a negative feedback mechanism between adipose tissue and the hypothalamus. Leptin resistance is characterized by reduced satiety, over-consumption of nutrients, and increased total body mass. Often this leads to obesity, which reduces the effectiveness of using exogenous leptin as a therapeutic agent. Thus, combining leptin therapies with leptin sensitizers may help overcome such resistance and, consequently, obesity. This review examines recent data obtained from human and animal studies related to leptin, its role in obesity, and its usefulness in obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emina Sudar-Milovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Soskic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swati Arya
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Gerosa L, Lombardi G. Bone-to-Brain: A Round Trip in the Adaptation to Mechanical Stimuli. Front Physiol 2021; 12:623893. [PMID: 33995117 PMCID: PMC8120436 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.623893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the classical ones (support/protection, hematopoiesis, storage for calcium, and phosphate) multiple roles emerged for bone tissue, definitively making it an organ. Particularly, the endocrine function, and in more general terms, the capability to sense and integrate different stimuli and to send signals to other tissues, has highlighted the importance of bone in homeostasis. Bone is highly innervated and hosts all nervous system branches; bone cells are sensitive to most of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurohormones that directly affect their metabolic activity and sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Indeed, bone is the principal mechanosensitive organ. Thanks to the mechanosensing resident cells, and particularly osteocytes, mechanical stimulation induces metabolic responses in bone forming (osteoblasts) and bone resorbing (osteoclasts) cells that allow the adaptation of the affected bony segment to the changing environment. Once stimulated, bone cells express and secrete, or liberate from the entrapping matrix, several mediators (osteokines) that induce responses on distant targets. Brain is a target of some of these mediator [e.g., osteocalcin, lipocalin2, sclerostin, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1), and fibroblast growth factor 23], as most of them can cross the blood-brain barrier. For others, a role in brain has been hypothesized, but not yet demonstrated. As exercise effectively modifies the release and the circulating levels of these osteokines, it has been hypothesized that some of the beneficial effects of exercise on brain functions may be associated to such a bone-to-brain communication. This hypothesis hides an interesting clinical clue: may well-addressed physical activities support the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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14
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Schaal K, VanLoan MD, Hausswirth C, Casazza GA. Decreased energy availability during training overload is associated with non-functional overreaching and suppressed ovarian function in female runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1179-1188. [PMID: 33651630 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low energy availability (EA) suppresses many physiological processes, including ovarian function in female athletes. Low EA could also predispose athletes to develop a state of overreaching. This study compared the changes in ad libitum energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (ExEE), and EA among runners completing a training overload (TO) phase. We tested the hypothesis that runners becoming overreached would show decreased EA, suppressed ovarian function and plasma leptin, compared with well-adapted (WA) runners. After 1 menstrual cycle (baseline), 16 eumenorrheic runners performed 4 weeks of TO followed by a 2-week recovery (131 ± 3% and 63 ± 6% of baseline running volume, respectively). Seven-day ExEE, EI, running performance (RUNperf) and plasma leptin concentration were assessed for each phase. Salivary estradiol concentration was measured daily. Urinary luteinizing hormone concentration tests confirmed ovulation. Nine runners adapted positively to TO (WA, ΔRUNperf: +4 ± 2%); 7 were non-functionally overreached (NFOR; ΔRUNperf: -9 ± 2%) as RUNperf remained suppressed after the recovery period. WA increased EI during TO, maintaining their baseline EA despite a large increase in ExEE (ΔEA = +1.9 ± 1.3 kcal·kg fat free mass (FFM)-1·d-1, P = 0.17). By contrast, NFOR showed no change in EI, leading to decreased EA (ΔEA = -5.6 ± 2.1 kcal·kg FFM-1·d-1, P = 0.04). Plasma leptin concentration mid-cycle and luteal salivary estradiol concentration decreased in NFOR only. Contrasting with WA, NFOR failed to maintain baseline EA during TO, resulting in poor performance outcomes and suppressed ovarian function. ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT02224976. Novelty: Runners adapting positively to training overload (TO) increased ad libitum energy intake, maintaining baseline EA and ovarian function through TO. By contrast, NFOR runners failed to increase energy intake, showing suppressed EA and ovarian function during TO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Schaal
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Sports Medicine Program, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marta D VanLoan
- Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Gretchen A Casazza
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Sports Medicine Program, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
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15
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Tan Q, Jiang A, Li W, Song C, Leng H. Metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritis: Possible mechanisms and management strategies. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2020.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Sigala DM, Stanhope KL. An Exploration of the Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage in Promoting Obesity and Health Disparities. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:39-52. [PMID: 33411311 PMCID: PMC7788552 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanistic role of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) in the etiology of obesity is undetermined. We address whether, compared to other foods, does consumption of SSB (1) automatically lead to failure to compensate for the energy it contains? (2) fail to elicit homeostatic hormone responses? (3) promote hedonic eating through activation of the brain's reward pathways? We followed the evidence to address: (4) Would restriction of targeted marketing of SSB and other unhealthy foods to vulnerable populations decrease their prevalence of obesity? RECENT FINDINGS The data are lacking to demonstrate that SSB consumption promotes body weight gain compared with isocaloric consumption of other beverages or foods and that this is linked to its failure to elicit adequate homeostatic hormone responses. However, more recent data have linked body weight gain to reward activation in the brain to palatable food cues and suggest that sweet tastes and SSB consumption heightens the reward response to food cues. Studies investigating the specificity of these responses have not been conducted. Nevertheless, the current data provide a biological basis to the body of evidence demonstrating that the targeted marketing (real life palatable food cues) of SSB and other unhealthy foods to vulnerable populations, including children and people of color and low socioeconomic status, is increasing their risk for obesity. While the mechanisms for the association between SSB consumption and body weight gain cannot be identified, current scientific evidence strongly suggests that proactive environmental measures to reduce exposure to palatable food cues in the form of targeting marketing will decrease the risk of obesity in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree M. Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California (UC), Davis, 2211 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California (UC), Davis, 2211 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Basic Sciences, Touro University of California, Vallejo, CA USA
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17
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Mankiewicz JL, Deck CA, Taylor JD, Douros JD, Borski RJ. Epinephrine and glucose regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion in a teleost fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 302:113669. [PMID: 33242479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress is regulated through the sympathetic adrenergic axis where catecholamines mobilize energy stores including carbohydrates as a principal element of the endocrine stress response. Leptin is a cytokine critical for regulating energy expenditure in vertebrates and is stimulated by various stressors in fish such as fasting, hyperosmotic challenge, and hypoxia. However, little is known about the regulatory interactions between leptin and the endocrine stress axis in fishes and other ectothermic vertebrates. We evaluated the actions of epinephrine and glucose in regulating leptin A (LepA) in vivo and in vitro in tilapia. Using hepatocyte incubations and a homologous LepA ELISA, we show that LepA synthesis and secretion decline as ambient glucose levels increase (10-25 mM). By contrast, bolus glucose administration in tilapia increases lepa mRNA levels 14-fold at 6 h, suggesting systemic factors regulated by glucose may counteract the direct inhibitory effects of glucose on hepatic lepa mRNA observed in vitro. Epinephrine stimulated glucose and LepA secretion from hepatocytes in a dose-dependent fashion within 15 min but had little effect on lepa mRNA levels. An in vivo injection of epinephrine into tilapia stimulated a rapid rise in blood glucose which was followed by a 4-fold increase in hepatic lepa mRNA levels at 2.5 and 6 h. Plasma LepA was also elevated by 6 h relative to controls. Recombinant tilapia LepA administration in vivo did not have any significant effect on plasma epinephrine levels. The results of this study demonstrate LepA is negatively regulated by rises in extracellular glucose at the level of the hepatocyte but stimulated by hyperglycemia in vivo. Further, epinephrine increases LepA. This, along with previous work demonstrating a hyperglycemic and glycogenolytic effect of LepA in tilapia, suggests that epinephrine may stimulate leptin secretion to augment and fine tune glucose mobilization and homeostasis as part of the integrated, adaptive stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Mankiewicz
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Courtney A Deck
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jordan D Taylor
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jonathan D Douros
- Duke University, Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Russell J Borski
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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18
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Korac A, Srdic-Galic B, Kalezic A, Stancic A, Otasevic V, Korac B, Jankovic A. Adipokine signatures of subcutaneous and visceral abdominal fat in normal-weight and obese women with different metabolic profiles. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:323-336. [PMID: 33747267 PMCID: PMC7959090 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/92118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome arises from abnormal adipose function accompanied by insulin resistance. As early factors reflecting/impacting lipid storage dysfunction of adipose tissues, we sought to determine adipokine levels in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues (SAT and VAT). MATERIAL AND METHODS Gene and protein expression levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin were analysed in SAT and VAT of normal-weight and overweight/obese women, subclassified according to insulin resistance index, triglyceride, total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels into metabolically healthy and "at risk" groups. RESULTS Compared with normal-weight women, obese women had higher serum leptin levels (p < 0.05), as well as increased leptin gene and protein expression in VAT. Conversely, expression levels of leptin were lower in SAT of obese women, and minor in the SAT of "at risk" groups of women, compared with weight-matched healthy groups. In addition, lower adiponectin levels were detected in SAT of metabolically healthy obese women (p < 0.01), and lower in SAT and VAT (p < 0.05) of "at risk" obese women compared to healthy, obese women. Significant differences in resistin levels were only observed in obese women; resistin gene expression was higher in VAT and SAT of obese, compared to normal-weight women. However, higher gene expression was not consistent with protein expression of resistin. CONCLUSIONS Low adiponectin in both examined adipose tissues and inappropriate leptin expression levels in SAT appear to be important characteristics of obesity-related metabolic syndrome. Intriguingly, this adipokine dysregulation is primary seen in SAT, suggesting that endocrine dysfunction in this abdominal depot may be an early risk sign of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Korac
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Srdic-Galic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Andjelika Kalezic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Stancic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Otasevic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bato Korac
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Jankovic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Saeidi A, Haghighi MM, Kolahdouzi S, Daraei A, Abderrahmane AB, Essop MF, Laher I, Hackney AC, Zouhal H. The effects of physical activity on adipokines in individuals with overweight/obesity across the lifespan: A narrative review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13090. [PMID: 32662238 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on the effects of physical activity (PA) on adipokine levels in individuals with overweight and obesity. Approximately 90 investigations including randomized control, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that reported on the effects of a single session of PA (acute) or long-term PA (chronic) on adipokine levels in individuals with overweight/obesity were reviewed. The findings support the notion that there is consensus on the benefits of chronic exercise training-regardless of the mode (resistance vs. aerobic), intensity and cohort (healthy vs. diabetes)-on adipokine levels (such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, adiponectin, visfatin, omentin-1 and leptin). However, several confounding factors (frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise) can alter the magnitude of the effects of an acute exercise session. Available evidence suggests that PA, as a part of routine lifestyle behaviour, improves obesity complications by modulating adipokine levels. However, additional research is needed to help identify the most effective interventions to elicit the most beneficial changes in adipokine levels in individuals with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mosalman Haghighi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Cardiology Centre, The University of Sydney, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarkawt Kolahdouzi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Ali Daraei
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - M Faadiel Essop
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Rennes, France
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20
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Sigala DM, Widaman AM, Hieronimus B, Nunez MV, Lee V, Benyam Y, Bremer AA, Medici V, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL, Keim NL. Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3893. [PMID: 33352724 PMCID: PMC7765993 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverage (sugar-SB) consumption is associated with body weight gain. We investigated whether the changes of (Δ) circulating leptin contribute to weight gain and ad libitum food intake in young adults consuming sugar-SB for two weeks. In a parallel, double-blinded, intervention study, participants (n = 131; BMI 18-35 kg/m2; 18-40 years) consumed three beverages/day containing aspartame or 25% energy requirement as glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or sucrose (n = 23-28/group). Body weight, ad libitum food intake and 24-h leptin area under the curve (AUC) were assessed at Week 0 and at the end of Week 2. The Δbody weight was not different among groups (p = 0.092), but the increases in subjects consuming HFCS- (p = 0.0008) and glucose-SB (p = 0.018) were significant compared with Week 0. Subjects consuming sucrose- (+14%, p < 0.0015), fructose- (+9%, p = 0.015) and HFCS-SB (+8%, p = 0.017) increased energy intake during the ad libitum food intake trial compared with subjects consuming aspartame-SB (-4%, p = 0.0037, effect of SB). Fructose-SB decreased (-14 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.0006) and sucrose-SB increased (+25 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.025 vs. Week 0; p = 0.0008 vs. fructose-SB) 24-h leptin AUC. The Δad libitum food intake and Δbody weight were not influenced by circulating leptin in young adults consuming sugar-SB for 2 weeks. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms mediating increased energy intake in subjects consuming sugar-SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree M. Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.S.); (B.H.); (M.V.N.); (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.)
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Adrianne M. Widaman
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Packaging, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA;
| | - Bettina Hieronimus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.S.); (B.H.); (M.V.N.); (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.)
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marinelle V. Nunez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.S.); (B.H.); (M.V.N.); (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.)
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Vivien Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.S.); (B.H.); (M.V.N.); (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.)
| | - Yanet Benyam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.S.); (B.H.); (M.V.N.); (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.)
| | - Andrew A. Bremer
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.S.); (B.H.); (M.V.N.); (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.)
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.S.); (B.H.); (M.V.N.); (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University of California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Nancy L. Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Asai A, Nagao M, Hayakawa K, Miyazawa T, Sugihara H, Oikawa S. Leptin production capacity determines food intake and susceptibility to obesity-induced diabetes in Oikawa-Nagao Diabetes-Prone and Diabetes-Resistant mice. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1836-1846. [PMID: 32561946 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity caused by overeating plays a pivotal role in the development of type 2 diabetes. However, it remains poorly understood how individual meal size differences are determined before the development of obesity. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanisms in determining spontaneous food intake in newly established Oikawa-Nagao Diabetes-Prone (ON-DP) and Diabetes-Resistant (ON-DR) mice. METHODS Food intake and metabolic phenotypes of ON-DP and ON-DR mice under high-fat-diet feeding were compared from 5 weeks to 10 weeks of age. Differences in leptin status at 5 weeks of age were assessed between the two mouse lines. Adipose tissue explant culture was also performed to evaluate leptin production capacity in vitro. RESULTS ON-DP mice showed spontaneous overfeeding compared with ON-DR mice. Excessive body weight gain and fat accumulation in ON-DP mice were completely suppressed to the levels seen in ON-DR mice by pair-feeding with ON-DR mice. Deterioration of glucose tolerance in ON-DP mice was also ameliorated under the pair-feeding conditions. While no differences were seen in body weight and adipose tissue mass when comparing the two mouse lines at 5 weeks of age, the ON-DP mice had lower plasma leptin concentrations and adipose tissue leptin gene expression levels. In accordance with peripheral leptin status, ON-DP mice displayed lower anorexigenic leptin signalling in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus when compared with ON-DR mice without apparent leptin resistance. Explant culture studies revealed that ON-DP mice had lower leptin production capacity in adipose tissue. ON-DP mice also displayed higher DNA methylation levels in the leptin gene promoter region of adipocytes when compared with ON-DR mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results suggest that heritable lower leptin production capacity plays a critical role in overfeeding-induced obesity and subsequent deterioration of glucose tolerance in ON-DP mice. Leptin production capacity in adipocytes, especially before the development of obesity, may have diagnostic potential for predicting individual risk of obesity caused by overeating and future onset of type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Asai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Mototsugu Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hayakawa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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THE EFFECT OF N-STEAROYLETHANOLAMINE ON THE ADIPOCYTE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT AGE RATS WITH OBESITY-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE. EUREKA: LIFE SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5695.2020.001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypernutrition and high fat diet (HFD), rich in saturated fatty acids leads to molecular changes in insulin sensitive tissues and is followed by dyslipidemia. That is why the aim of our study was to investigate the fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids (FFA), triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol esters (CE) of adipocytes in different age rats with HFD-induced insulin resistance (IR) and its changes under N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) administration.
The experimental model was induced on rats in age 10-month-old and 24-month-old by 6-month HFD and confirmed by the oral glucose tolerance test. NSE was administrated as water suspension per os in a dosage 50 mg/kg daily during 2 weeks. Adipocytes were isolated from abdominal fat using Type 1 Collagenase solution. Adipocytes lipid extract was separated on the fractions by thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition of lipid fractions was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Experimental data were processed statistically using Student’s t-test.
It was demonstrated, that prolonged HFD induces IR and leads to changes in FA profile of adipocytes PL, TAG, CE and composition of FFA in rats from two age groups. The results we obtained shoved that the aging process affects the fatty acid composition of adipocytes. Particularly, there was a significant decrease in the amount of fatty acids in the fractions of phospholipids, triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters together with a decrease in the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. It was also demonstrated, that HFD significantly alters the fatty acid composition of all investigated adipocytes lipid fractions of younger age group rats, while similar changes were much less manifested in older age group of animals. NSE administration had a positive effect on the normalization of the fatty acid composition of the studied lipid fractions of both age group rat adipocytes.
This study demonstrated that prolonged HFD induces obesity, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes development and leads to changes in adipocytes FA profile in rats from two age groups. As far as NSE administration had a positive effect on normalization of FA composition of adipocytes, we can consider NSE as a prospective agent for the treatment of obesity-induced complications and correction of age-related dyslipidemia.
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Commiphora myrrha Resin Alcoholic Extract Ameliorates High Fat Diet Induced Obesity via Regulation of UCP1 and Adiponectin Proteins Expression in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030803. [PMID: 32197395 PMCID: PMC7146519 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate anti-obesity potential of Commiphora myrrha resin ethanolic extract (CME) with the respect to expression of leptin, adiponectin and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in rats. Control rats fed basal diet. Second group fed basal diet and administered CME (500 mg/kg bw) orally for 14 weeks. Third group fed high fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks. Fourth group fed HFD and administered CME as second group. Fifth group fed HFD for 8 weeks then fed basal diet and administered CME as third group for another 6 weeks. Phytochemical analysis of CME identified the presence of germacrene B, 1,4-benzoquinone, benzofuran, hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecnoic acid methyl ester, reynosin, 11, 14-eicosadienoic acid, isochiapin B, bisabolene epixod, elemene and 1-heptatriacotanol. High fat diet significantly increased food intake, body weight, hyperglycemia, serum levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein and ketone bodies, AST and AST activities, concentration of malondialdehyde and histopathological changes in hepatic tissues. However, it significantly reduced serum levels of high density lipoprotein, leptin and adiponectin, activity of hepatic glutathione reductase (GR) and brown adipose tissue UCP1 protein expression. In contrast, CME ameliorated HFD increased body weight, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, ketonemia, hepatic tissues lipid peroxidation, restored hepatic tissue architecture and enhanced protein expression of leptin, adiponectin and UCP1 and activity of hepatic GR. This study indicated that CME ameliorated HFD induced hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia through normalization of HFD reduced leptin, adiponectin and UCP1 proteins production and antioxidant activity.
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Gioldasi S, Karvela A, Rojas-Gil AP, Rodi M, de Lastic AL, Thomas I, Spiliotis BE, Mouzaki A. Metabolic Association between Leptin and the Corticotropin Releasing Hormone. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:458-466. [PMID: 30727936 PMCID: PMC7360915 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190206165626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective In healthy individuals, leptin is produced from adipose tissue and is secreted into the circulation to communicate energy balance status to the brain and control fat metabolism. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates stress responses. Among the many adipokines and hormones that control fat metabolism, leptin and CRH both curb appetite and inhibit food intake. Despite numerous reports on leptin and CRH properties and function, little has been actually shown about their association in the adipose tissue environment. Methods In this article, we summarized the salient information on leptin and CRH in relation to metabolism. We also investigated the direct effect of recombinant CRH on leptin secretion by primary cultures of human adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of 7 healthy children and adolescents, and measured CRH and leptin levels in plasma collected from peripheral blood of 24 healthy children and adolescents to assess whether a correlation exists between CRH and leptin levels in the periphery. Results and Conclusion The available data indicate that CRH exerts a role in the regulation of leptin in human adipocytes. We show that CRH downregulates leptin production by mature adipocytes and that a strong negative correlation exists between CRH and leptin levels in the periphery, and suggest the possible mechanisms of CRH control of leptin. Delineation of CRH control of leptin production by adipocytes may explain unknown pathogenic mechanisms linking stress and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gioldasi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexia Karvela
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Maria Rodi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Iason Thomas
- Department of Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bessie E Spiliotis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Xu Y, Tan M, Tian X, Zhang J, Zhang J, Chen J, Xu W, Sheng H. Leptin receptor mediates the proliferation and glucose metabolism of pancreatic cancer cells via AKT pathway activation. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:945-952. [PMID: 31789415 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer‑related mortality worldwide. Leptin is an adipokine that is significantly increased in obese patients and that functions in various biological processes of cancer, such as tumor growth and metastasis. However, its role in PC cell proliferation and glucose metabolism and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, in vitro leptin treatment significantly promoted cell proliferation and increased glucose uptake and lactate production of human PC and healthy pancreas cells in a dose‑dependent manner, accompanied by increased expression of the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase II and glucose transporter 1. Furthermore, leptin receptor‑specific short hairpin RNAs were used to silence leptin receptor expression in PC cells, which had the opposite effect to leptin stimulation and decreased AKT phosphorylation. In addition, the effects of leptin stimulation were significantly counteracted by the AKT inhibitor LY294002, whereas the effects of leptin silencing were counteracted by AKT activator insulin‑like growth factor 1. The results of the present study suggested that leptin may contribute to cell proliferation and glucose metabolism of human PC cells, which may be through activation of the AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Xu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Meiyu Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shanghai Huashan Hospital, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
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Abstract
Consumers' demand of leaner meat products is a challenge. Although betaine and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have the potential to decrease porcine adipose tissue, their mode of action is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to determine the lipolytic effect of betaine and CLA in the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs. Adipose tissue explants from five pigs (38 kg BW) were prepared from dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples and cultivated for 2 h (acute experiments) or 72 h (chronic experiments). Treatments included 100 µM linoleic acid (control), 100 µM trans-10, cis-12 CLA, 100 µM linoleic acid + 1 mM betaine and 100 µM trans-10, cis-12 CLA + 1 mM betaine (CLABET). To examine the ability of betaine or CLA to inhibit insulin's suppression of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, test medium was amended with 1 µM isoproterenol ±10 nM insulin. Media glycerol was measured at the end of the incubations. Acute lipolysis (2 h) was increased by CLA and CLABET (85% to 121%; P < 0.05) under basal conditions. When lipolysis was stimulated with isoproterenol (1090%), acute exposure to betaine tended to increase (13%; P = 0.071), while CLA and CLABET increased (14% to 18%; P < 0.05) isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis compared with control. When insulin was added to isoproterenol-stimulated explants, lipolytic rate was decreased by 50% (P < 0.001). However, supplementation of betaine to the insulin + isoproterenol-containing medium tended to increase (P = 0.07), while CLABET increased (45%; P < 0.05) lipolysis, partly counteracting insulin inhibition. When culture was extended for 72 h, CLA decreased lipolysis under basal conditions (18%; P < 0.05) with no effect of betaine and CLABET (P > 0.10). When lipolysis was stimulated by isoproterenol (125% increase in rate compared with basal), CLA and CLABET decreased glycerol release (27%; P < 0.001) compared with control (isoproterenol alone). When insulin was added to isoproterenol-stimulated explants, isoproterenol stimulation of lipolysis was completely blunted and neither betaine nor CLA altered the inhibitory effect of insulin on lipolysis. Isoproterenol, and especially isoproterenol + insulin, stimulated leptin secretion compared with basal conditions (68% and 464%, respectively; P < 0.001), with no effect of CLA or betaine (P > 0.10). CLA decreased leptin release (25%; P < 0.001) when insulin was present in the media, partially inhibiting insulin stimulation of leptin release. In conclusion, betaine and CLA produced a biphasic response regarding lipolysis so that glycerol release was increased in acute conditions, while CLA decreased glycerol release and betaine had no effect in chronic conditions. Furthermore, CLA and CLABET indirectly increased lipolysis by reducing insulin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis during acute conditions.
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The effect of N-stearoylethanolamine on adipocytes free cholesterol content and phospholipid composition in rats with obesity-induced insulin resistance. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj90.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Marques-Oliveira GH, Silva TM, Lima WG, Valadares HMS, Chaves VE. Insulin as a hormone regulator of the synthesis and release of leptin by white adipose tissue. Peptides 2018; 106:49-58. [PMID: 29953915 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed in several tissues, mainly in white adipose tissue. The serum leptin is highly correlated with body mass index in rodents and humans, being documented that leptin levels reduces in the fasting state and increase during refeeding, similarly to insulin release by pancreatic islets. Insulin appears to increase leptin mRNA and protein expression and its release by adipocytes. Some studies have suggested that insulin acts through the activation of the transcription factors: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Insulin stimulates the release of preformed and newly synthesized leptin by adipocytes through its signaling cascade. Its effects are blocked by inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway, as well as by inhibitors of protein synthesis and agents that increase the intracellular cAMP. The literature data suggest that chronic hyperinsulinemia increases serum leptin levels in humans and rodents. In this review, we summarized the most updated knowledge on the effects of insulin on serum leptin levels, presenting the cell mechanisms that control leptin synthesis and release by the white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaís Marques Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiologic processes underlying the regulation of glucose homeostasis are considerably complex at both cellular and systemic level. A comprehensive and structured specification for the several layers of abstraction of glucose metabolism is often elusive, an issue currently solvable with the hierarchical description provided by multi-level models. In this study we propose a multi-level closed-loop model of whole-body glucose homeostasis, coupled with the molecular specifications of the insulin signaling cascade in adipocytes, under the experimental conditions of normal glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The ordinary differential equations of the model, describing the dynamics of glucose and key regulatory hormones and their reciprocal interactions among gut, liver, muscle and adipose tissue, were designed for being embedded in a modular, hierarchical structure. The closed-loop model structure allowed self-sustained simulations to represent an ideal in silico subject that adjusts its own metabolism to the fasting and feeding states, depending on the hormonal context and invariant to circadian fluctuations. The cellular level of the model provided a seamless dynamic description of the molecular mechanisms downstream the insulin receptor in the adipocytes by accounting for variations in the surrounding metabolic context. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The combination of a multi-level and closed-loop modeling approach provided a fair dynamic description of the core determinants of glucose homeostasis at both cellular and systemic scales. This model architecture is intrinsically open to incorporate supplementary layers of specifications describing further individual components influencing glucose metabolism.
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New Roles of the Primary Cilium in Autophagy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4367019. [PMID: 28913352 PMCID: PMC5587941 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4367019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a nonmotile organelle that emanates from the surface of multiple cell types and receives signals from the environment to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. The presence of cilia, as well as their length, is important for proper cell function; shortened, elongated, or absent cilia are associated with pathological conditions. Interestingly, it has recently been shown that the molecular machinery involved in autophagy, the process of recycling of intracellular material to maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis, participates in ciliogenesis. Cilium-dependent signaling is necessary for autophagosome formation and, conversely, autophagy regulates both ciliogenesis and cilium length by degrading specific ciliary proteins. Here, we will discuss the relationship that exists between the two processes at the cellular and molecular level, highlighting what is known about the effects of ciliary dysfunction in the control of energy homeostasis in some ciliopathies.
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Karbaschi R, Sadeghimahalli F, Zardooz H. Maternal high-fat diet inversely affects insulin sensitivity in dams and young adult male rat offspring. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:728-32. [PMID: 27604865 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study attempts to further clarify the potential effects of maternal high-fat (HF) diet on glucose homeostasis in dams and young adult male rat offspring. Female rats were divided into control (CON dams) and HF (HF dams) diet groups, which received the diet 4 weeks prior to and through pregnancy and lactation periods. Blood samples were taken to determine metabolic parameters, then an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed. Maternal HF diet increased intra-abdominal fat mass and plasma corticosterone level, but decreased leptin concentration in dams. In HF offspring intra-abdominal fat mass, plasma leptin, and corticosterone levels decreased. Following IPGTT, the plasma insulin level of HF dams was higher than the controls. In HF offspring plasma insulin level was not significantly different from the controls, but a steeper decrease of their plasma glucose concentration was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Karbaschi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tsubai T, Noda Y, Ito K, Nakao M, Seino Y, Oiso Y, Hamada Y. Insulin elevates leptin secretion and mRNA levels via cyclic AMP in 3T3-L1 adipocytes deprived of glucose. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00194. [PMID: 27896318 PMCID: PMC5121139 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Leptin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes, yet the regulatory mechanisms of this hormone have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to clarify the roles of insulin and glucose in leptin secretion and mRNA production using inhibitors of insulin signal transduction in adipocytes cultured under glucose-free or normal conditions. Methods Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were stimulated with insulin in combination with inhibitors for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B), as well as epinephrine and a cyclic AMP (cAMP) analog under glucose-free or normal conditions. After 8 h of stimulation, leptin protein levels in the media and leptin mRNA expression levels in the adipocytes were measured. Results Insulin significantly increased the secretion and mRNA levels of leptin under the depletion of glucose. Glucose augmented basal leptin secretion without insulin, while glucose nullified insulin-induced leptin mRNA upregulation. The PI3K inhibitor BEZ-235, the Akt inhibitor MK-2206, and the PDE3B inhibitor cilostazol attenuated the insulin stimulation of leptin secretion, but did not suppress the insulin-induced leptin mRNA upregulation with glucose depletion. In contrast to the glucose-free condition, insulin failed to upregulate leptin mRNA in the presence of glucose. The cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP and epinephrine decreased both leptin secretion and mRNA regardless of glucose supplementation. Conclusion Insulin alone stimulates leptin secretion and elevates leptin mRNA levels via cAMP under the lack of glucose metabolism, while glucose is a significant and ambivalent effector on the insulin effects of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tsubai
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University; Omori 2-1723, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
- Division of Clinical Science and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150, Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Science and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150, Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ito
- Division of Clinical Science and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150, Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakao
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University; Omori 2-1723, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65, Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65, Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yoji Hamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65, Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466–8550, Japan.
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Gibas-Dorna M, Szulińska M, Turkowski P, Kupsz J, Sowińska A, Mikrut K, Bernatek M, Piatek J. The Effect of VASER Abdominal Liposuction on Metabolic Profile in Overweight Males. Am J Mens Health 2016; 11:284-293. [PMID: 27756865 PMCID: PMC5675295 DOI: 10.1177/1557988316674841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to examine the liposuction-induced metabolic changes with regard to release of major adipokines and insulin sensitivity in overweight male patients. Seventeen overweight male patients aged 37.15 ± 9.60 years (6 with diabetes type 2, 11 without comorbidities) and 10 age-matched healthy lean controls were enrolled in the study. Using Vibration Amplification of Sound Energy at Resonance System, ultrasound assisted liposuction was applied onto the deep layers of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. The mean volume supranatant fat was 2208 ± 562 ml. To eliminate the confounding effects of postsurgical inflammation and to evaluate delayed metabolic effects, fasting blood was collected on the day of liposuction, within 1 to 2 months and more than 6 months after surgery. Serum leptin, soluble receptor for leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and glucose concentrations were tested and insulin sensitivity was calculated using updated model Homeostasis Model Assessment 2. Both treatment groups (diabetic and nondiabetic patients) experienced similar postsurgical weight reduction with concomitant lowering of body mass index value at 1 to 2 months follow-up, which was sustained after 6 months from surgery. Improvement in insulin sensitivity at 1 to 2 months follow-up was observed ( p = .017 and p = .002, for diabetics and nondiabetics, respectively) and this change persisted over the next 4 months. At the same time, no significant changes in adipokines and soluble leptin receptor were found. These data demonstrate that in terms of metabolic consequences, Vibration Amplification of Sound Energy at Resonance abdominal liposuction might have beneficial effects in overweight diabetic and nondiabetic males by improving their insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Justyna Kupsz
- 1 Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Sowińska
- 1 Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kinga Mikrut
- 1 Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Piatek
- 1 Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Kosic M, Arsikin-Csordas K, Paunovic V, Firestone RA, Ristic B, Mircic A, Petricevic S, Bosnjak M, Zogovic N, Mandic M, Bumbasirevic V, Trajkovic V, Harhaji-Trajkovic L. Synergistic Anticancer Action of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and Glycolysis Inhibition. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22936-22948. [PMID: 27587392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effect of combining lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP)-inducing agent N-dodecylimidazole (NDI) with glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG). NDI-triggered LMP and 2DG-mediated glycolysis block synergized in inducing rapid ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, and reactive oxygen species production, eventually leading to necrotic death of U251 glioma cells but not primary astrocytes. NDI/2DG-induced death of glioma cells was partly prevented by lysosomal cathepsin inhibitor E64 and antioxidant α-tocopherol, suggesting the involvement of LMP and oxidative stress in the observed cytotoxicity. LMP-inducing agent chloroquine also displayed a synergistic anticancer effect with 2DG, whereas glucose deprivation or glycolytic inhibitors iodoacetate and sodium fluoride synergistically cooperated with NDI, thus further indicating that the anticancer effect of NDI/2DG combination was indeed due to LMP and glycolysis block. The two agents synergistically induced ATP depletion, mitochondrial depolarization, oxidative stress, and necrotic death also in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Moreover, the combined oral administration of NDI and 2DG reduced in vivo melanoma growth in C57BL/6 mice by inducing necrotic death of tumor cells, without causing liver, spleen, or kidney toxicity. Based on these results, we propose that NDI-triggered LMP causes initial mitochondrial damage that is further increased by 2DG due to the lack of glycolytic ATP required to maintain mitochondrial health. This leads to a positive feedback cycle of mitochondrial dysfunction, ATP loss, and reactive oxygen species production, culminating in necrotic cell death. Therefore, the combination of LMP-inducing agents and glycolysis inhibitors seems worthy of further exploration as an anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Kosic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Arsikin-Csordas
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Paunovic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Raymond A Firestone
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Ristic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Mircic
- the Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Petricevic
- the Institute of Biomedical Research, Galenika a.d., Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, and
| | - Mihajlo Bosnjak
- the Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Zogovic
- the Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Mandic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Bumbasirevic
- the Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia,
| | - Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic
- the Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
AbstractPlasma leptin concentration shows pulsatility and diurnal rhythm in humans. However, there are few reports concerning the 24-h profile of circulating leptin levels in ruminants. Five crossbred ewes were housed in metabolism cages under a 1-h light-dark cycle. The ewes were offered alfalfa hay daily to meet their energy requirement. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 24 h. Plasma leptin concentrations were determined using a radioimmunoassay and the profile of plasma leptin levels was analysed by the PULSAR algorithmic program for detecting pulse. Plasma leptin concentration changed in a pulsatile fashion. The mean leptin concentration was 2·93 ng/ml. The mean pulse frequency was 4·8 pulses per day and the mean pulse amplitude was 0·67 ng/ml with an average pulse length of 1:13 h. Plasma leptin level was not affected by feeding or lighting cycle. These results indicate that plasma leptin level in sheep shows pulsatility but diurnal rhythm is not exhibited.
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Roane DS, Bounds JK. ATP-sensitive K+Channels in the Regulation of Feeding Behavior: A Hypothesis. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 2:209-25. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1999.11747278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shi T, Papay RS, Perez DM. The role of α 1-adrenergic receptors in regulating metabolism: increased glucose tolerance, leptin secretion and lipid oxidation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 37:124-132. [PMID: 27277698 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2016.1193522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) and their subtypes in metabolism is not well known. Most previous studies were performed before the advent of transgenic mouse models and utilized transformed cell lines and poorly selective antagonists. We have now studied the metabolic regulation of the α1A- and α1B-AR subtypes in vivo using knock-out (KO) and transgenic mice that express a constitutively active mutant (CAM) form of the receptor, assessing subtype-selective functions. CAM mice increased glucose tolerance while KO mice display impaired glucose tolerance. CAM mice increased while KO decreased glucose uptake into white fat tissue and skeletal muscle with the CAM α1A-AR showing selective glucose uptake into the heart. Using indirect calorimetry, both CAM mice demonstrated increased whole body fatty acid oxidation, while KO mice preferentially oxidized carbohydrate. CAM α1A-AR mice displayed significantly decreased fasting plasma triglycerides and glucose levels while α1A-AR KO displayed increased levels of triglycerides and glucose. Both CAM mice displayed increased plasma levels of leptin while KO mice decreased leptin levels. Most metabolic effects were more efficacious with the α1A-AR subtype. Our results suggest that stimulation of α1-ARs results in a favorable metabolic profile of increased glucose tolerance, cardiac glucose uptake, leptin secretion and increased whole body lipid metabolism that may contribute to its previously recognized cardioprotective and neuroprotective benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- a Department of Molecular Cardiology , Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Robert S Papay
- a Department of Molecular Cardiology , Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Dianne M Perez
- a Department of Molecular Cardiology , Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
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Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:225-82. [PMID: 26967715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide prevalence of overnutrition and underexertion threatens the gains that we have made against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other maladies. Chronic overnutrition causes the atherometabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of seemingly unrelated health problems characterized by increased abdominal girth and body-mass index, high fasting and postprandial concentrations of cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich apoB-lipoproteins (C-TRLs), low plasma HDL levels, impaired regulation of plasma glucose concentrations, hypertension, and a significant risk of developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, individuals with this syndrome exhibit fatty liver, hypercoagulability, sympathetic overactivity, a gradually rising set-point for body adiposity, a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and--crucially--hyperinsulinemia. Many lines of evidence indicate that each component of the atherometabolic syndrome arises, or is worsened by, pathway-selective insulin resistance and responsiveness (SEIRR). Individuals with SEIRR require compensatory hyperinsulinemia to control plasma glucose levels. The result is overdrive of those pathways that remain insulin-responsive, particularly ERK activation and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), while carbohydrate regulation deteriorates. The effects are easily summarized: if hyperinsulinemia does something bad in a tissue or organ, that effect remains responsive in the atherometabolic syndrome and T2DM; and if hyperinsulinemia might do something good, that effect becomes resistant. It is a deadly imbalance in insulin action. From the standpoint of human health, it is the worst possible combination of effects. In this review, we discuss the origins of the atherometabolic syndrome in our historically unprecedented environment that only recently has become full of poorly satiating calories and incessant enticements to sit. Data are examined that indicate the magnitude of daily caloric imbalance that causes obesity. We also cover key aspects of healthy, balanced insulin action in liver, endothelium, brain, and elsewhere. Recent insights into the molecular basis and pathophysiologic harm from SEIRR in these organs are discussed. Importantly, a newly discovered oxide transport chain functions as the master regulator of the balance amongst different limbs of the insulin signaling cascade. This oxide transport chain--abbreviated 'NSAPP' after its five major proteins--fails to function properly during chronic overnutrition, resulting in this harmful pattern of SEIRR. We also review the origins of widespread, chronic overnutrition. Despite its apparent complexity, one factor stands out. A sophisticated junk food industry, aided by subsidies from willing governments, has devoted years of careful effort to promote overeating through the creation of a new class of food and drink that is low- or no-cost to the consumer, convenient, savory, calorically dense, yet weakly satiating. It is past time for the rest of us to overcome these foes of good health and solve this man-made epidemic.
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Anjum S, Krishna A, Tsutsui K. Possible Role of GnIH as a Mediator between Adiposity and Impaired Testicular Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26869993 PMCID: PMC4737883 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the roles of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) as an endocrine link between increasing adiposity and impaired testicular function in mice. To achieve this, the effect of GnIH on changes in nutrients uptake and hormonal synthesis/action in the adipose tissue and testis was investigated simultaneously by in vivo study and separately by in vitro study. Mice were treated in vivo with different doses of GnIH for 8 days. In the in vitro study, adipose tissue and testes of mice were cultured with different doses of GnIH with or without insulin or LH for 24 h at 37°C. The GnIH treatment in vivo showed increased food intake, upregulation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and increased uptake of triglycerides (TGs) in the adipose tissue. These changes may be responsible for increased accumulation of fat in white adipose tissue, resulting in increase in the body mass. Contrary to the adipose tissue, treatment with GnIH both in vivo and in vitro showed decreased uptake of glucose by downregulation of glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8) expressions in the testis, which in turn resulted in the decreased synthesis of testosterone. The GnIH treatment in vivo also showed the decreased expression of insulin receptor protein in the testis, which may also be responsible for the decreased testicular activity in the mice. These findings thus suggest that GnIH increases the uptake of glucose and TGs in the adipose tissue, resulting in increased accumulation of fat, whereas simultaneously in the testis, GnIH suppressed the GLUT8-mediated glucose uptake, which in turn may be responsible for decreased testosterone synthesis. This study thus demonstrates GnIH as mediator of increasing adiposity and impaired testicular function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Anjum
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Amitabh Krishna
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- *Correspondence: Amitabh Krishna,
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Palacios-Ortega S, Varela-Guruceaga M, Martínez JA, de Miguel C, Milagro FI. Effects of high glucose on caveolin-1 and insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adipocyte 2016; 5:65-80. [PMID: 27144098 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1122856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes exposed to high glucose concentrations exhibit impaired metabolic function, including an increase of oxidative and proinflammatory factors that might favor the development of insulin resistance. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a key mediator of the insulin transduction pathway whose expression is significantly enhanced during adipocyte differentiation. In this work, we studied the effects of high glucose concentration on the regulation of Cav-1 expression and activation and its relation to the insulin signaling pathway during the adipogenic process and in long-term differentiated adipocytes. Both, long-term high glucose exposure during adipogenesis and short-term glucose incubation of mature adipocytes, promoted triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. The short-term exposure of mature adipocytes to high glucose significantly reduced the sensitivity to insulin of Cav-1, insulin receptor (IR) and potein kinase B (AKT-2) phosphorylation, as well as insulin-induced deoxyglucose uptake. Adipocytes differentiated in the presence of high glucose lost Cav-1 and IR response to insulin-stimulated phosphorylation, but maintained the insulin sensitivity of AKT-2 phosphorylation and deoxyglucose uptake. Although long-term high glucose exposure increased DNA methylation in Cav-1 promoter, Cav-1 expression was not affected. Moreover, these cells showed an increase of Cav-1, IR and AKT-2 protein content, pointing to an adaptive response induced by the long-term high glucose exposure.
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Stanhope KL. Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:52-67. [PMID: 26376619 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1084990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of sugar consumption on health continues to be a controversial topic. The objective of this review is to discuss the evidence and lack of evidence that allows the controversy to continue, and why resolution of the controversy is important. There are plausible mechanisms and research evidence that supports the suggestion that consumption of excess sugar promotes the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) both directly and indirectly. The direct pathway involves the unregulated hepatic uptake and metabolism of fructose, leading to liver lipid accumulation, dyslipidemia, decreased insulin sensitivity and increased uric acid levels. The epidemiological data suggest that these direct effects of fructose are pertinent to the consumption of the fructose-containing sugars, sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which are the predominant added sugars. Consumption of added sugar is associated with development and/or prevalence of fatty liver, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperuricemia, CVD and T2DM, often independent of body weight gain or total energy intake. There are diet intervention studies in which human subjects exhibited increased circulating lipids and decreased insulin sensitivity when consuming high sugar compared with control diets. Most recently, our group has reported that supplementing the ad libitum diets of young adults with beverages containing 0%, 10%, 17.5% or 25% of daily energy requirement (Ereq) as HFCS increased lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for CVD and uric acid in a dose-response manner. However, un-confounded studies conducted in healthy humans under a controlled, energy-balanced diet protocol that enables determination of the effects of sugar with diets that do not allow for body weight gain are lacking. Furthermore, recent reports conclude that there are no adverse effects of consuming beverages containing up to 30% Ereq sucrose or HFCS, and the conclusions from several meta-analyses suggest that fructose has no specific adverse effects relative to any other carbohydrate. Consumption of excess sugar may also promote the development of CVD and T2DM indirectly by causing increased body weight and fat gain, but this is also a topic of controversy. Mechanistically, it is plausible that fructose consumption causes increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure due to its failure to stimulate leptin production. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain demonstrates that the brain responds differently to fructose or fructose-containing sugars compared with glucose or aspartame. Some epidemiological studies show that sugar consumption is associated with body weight gain, and there are intervention studies in which consumption of ad libitum high-sugar diets promoted increased body weight gain compared with consumption of ad libitum low- sugar diets. However, there are no studies in which energy intake and weight gain were compared in subjects consuming high or low sugar, blinded, ad libitum diets formulated to ensure both groups consumed a comparable macronutrient distribution and the same amounts of fiber. There is also little data to determine whether the form in which added sugar is consumed, as beverage or as solid food, affects its potential to promote weight gain. It will be very challenging to obtain the funding to conduct the clinical diet studies needed to address these evidence gaps, especially at the levels of added sugar that are commonly consumed. Yet, filling these evidence gaps may be necessary for supporting the policy changes that will help to turn the food environment into one that does not promote the development of obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimber L Stanhope
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences , School of Veterinary Medicine and.,b Department of Nutrition , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
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Cognard N, Scerbo MJ, Obringer C, Yu X, Costa F, Haser E, Le D, Stoetzel C, Roux MJ, Moulin B, Dollfus H, Marion V. Comparing the Bbs10 complete knockout phenotype with a specific renal epithelial knockout one highlights the link between renal defects and systemic inactivation in mice. Cilia 2015; 4:10. [PMID: 26273430 PMCID: PMC4535764 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-015-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy with clinical cardinal features including retinal degeneration, obesity and renal dysfunction. To date, 20 BBS genes have been identified with BBS10 being a major BBS gene found to be mutated in almost 20 percent of all BBS patients worldwide. It codes for the BBS10 protein which forms part of a chaperone complex localized at the basal body of the primary cilium. Renal dysfunction in BBS patients is one of the major causes of morbidity in human patients and is associated initially with urinary concentration defects related to water reabsorption impairment in renal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to study and compare the impact of a total Bbs10 inactivation (Bbs10 (-/-)) with that of a specific renal epithelial cells inactivation (Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cdh16-Cre (+/-)). RESULTS We generated the Bbs10 (-/-) and Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cadh16-Cre (+/-) mouse model and characterized them. Bbs10 (-/-) mice developed obesity, retinal degeneration, structural defects in the glomeruli, polyuria associated with high circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations, and vacuolated, yet ciliated, renal epithelial cells. On the other hand, the Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cadh16-Cre (+/-)mice displayed no detectable impairment. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the importance of a systemic Bbs10 inactivation to trigger averted renal dysfunction whereas a targeted absence of BBS10 in the renal epithelium is seemingly non-deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle Cognard
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France.,Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria J Scerbo
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Obringer
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiangxiang Yu
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Costa
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Haser
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dane Le
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel J Roux
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, 67400 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Moulin
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Marion
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
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Lu RH, Zhou Y, Yuan XC, Liang XF, Fang L, Bai XL, Wang M, Zhao YH. Effects of glucose, insulin and triiodothyroxine on leptin and leptin receptor expression and the effects of leptin on activities of enzymes related to glucose metabolism in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) hepatocytes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:981-989. [PMID: 25952973 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an important regulator of appetite and energy expenditure in mammals, but its role in fish metabolism control is poorly understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that leptin has an effect on the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure as well as lipid metabolism (stimulation of lipolysis and inhibition of adipogenesis) in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. To further investigate the role of leptin in fish, the effects of glucose, insulin and triiodothyroxine (T3) on the expression levels of leptin and leptin receptor (Lepr) and the effects of leptin on the activities of critical glucose metabolism enzymes in grass carp hepatocytes were evaluated in the present study. Our data indicated that leptin gene expression was induced by glucose in a dose-dependent manner, while Lepr gene expression exhibited a biphasic change. A high dose of insulin (100 ng/mL) significantly up-regulated the expression of leptin and Lepr. Leptin expression was markedly up-regulated by a low concentration of T3 but inhibited by a high concentration of T3. T3 up-regulated Lepr expression in a dose-dependent manner. Together, these data suggest that leptin had a close relationship with three factors (glucose, insulin and T3) and might participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism in grass carp. In addition, we also found that leptin affected the activities of key enzymes that are involved in glucose metabolism, which might be mediated by insulin receptor substrate-phosphoinositol 3-kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hua Lu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
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Ishihara R, Mizuno Y, Miwa A, Hamada A, Tsuruta T, Wabitsch M, Sonoyama K. Intestinal epithelial cells promote secretion of leptin and adiponectin in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:362-8. [PMID: 25656573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although leptin and adiponectin are the predominant adipokines, how their circulating levels are regulated is incompletely understood. The present study tested whether intestinal epithelial cells influence the expression and secretion of these adipokines by adipocytes. Leptin gene expression and secretion by cultured human primary adipocytes and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome adipocytes increased upon coculture with human enterocytic Caco-2 cells or incubation in conditioned medium of Caco-2 cells. Although adiponectin secretion increased, its mRNA levels decreased. Tissue homogenate of the ileum (but not the jejunum, colon, or liver) of nonobese C57BL/6J mice also stimulated leptin and adiponectin secretion by cultured murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, ileal homogenate of obese KK-Ay mice had no effect on leptin and adiponectin secretion. We propose that as yet unidentified humoral factors released from intestinal epithelial cells are involved in regulating circulating leptin and adiponectin levels. Decreased production of such factors may contribute to hyperphagia in KK-Ay mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ishihara
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yuki Mizuno
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akiho Miwa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamada
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuruta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Kei Sonoyama
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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Sáinz N, González-Navarro CJ, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Leptin signaling as a therapeutic target of obesity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:893-909. [PMID: 25726860 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1018824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptin is a hormone with a key role in food intake and body weight homeostasis. Congenital leptin deficiency (CLD) is a rare disease that causes hyperphagia and early severe obesity. However, common obesity conditions are associated with hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance. AREAS COVERED The main signaling pathways activated by leptin as well as the mechanisms underlying the regulatory actions of leptin on food intake and on lipid and glucose metabolism are reviewed. The potential mechanisms involving leptin resistance and the main regulatory hormonal and nutritional factors controlling leptin production/functions are also analyzed. The pathophysiology of leptin in human obesity, and especially the trials analyzing effects of leptin replacement therapy in patients with CLD or in subjects with common obesity and in post-obese weight-reduced subjects are also summarized. EXPERT OPINION The use of drugs or specific bioactive food components with anti-inflammatory properties to reduce the inflammatory state associated with obesity, especially at the hypothalamus, may help to overcome leptin resistance. Research should also be focused on investigating dietary strategies, food supplements or drugs capable of avoiding or reversing the leptin fall during weight management, in order to promote sustained body weight lowering and weight loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neira Sáinz
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy , C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona , Spain
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SUN JIAN, HE SHAN, LIANG XUFANG, LI LING, WEN ZHENGYONG, ZHU TAO, SHEN DAN. Identification of SNPs in NPY and LEP and the association with food habit domestication traits in mandarin fish. J Genet 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sauce B, Wass C, Smith A, Kwan S, Matzel LD. The external-internal loop of interference: two types of attention and their influence on the learning abilities of mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 116:181-92. [PMID: 25452087 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention is a component of the working memory system, and is responsible for protecting task-relevant information from interference. Cognitive performance (particularly outside of the laboratory) is often plagued by interference, and the source of this interference, either external or internal, might influence the expression of individual differences in attentional ability. By definition, external attention (also described as "selective attention") protects working memory against sensorial distractors of all kinds, while internal attention (also called "inhibition") protects working memory against emotional impulses, irrelevant information from memory, and automatically-generated responses. At present, it is unclear if these two types of attention are expressed independently in non-human animals, and how they might differentially impact performance on other cognitive processes, such as learning. By using a diverse battery of four attention tests (with varying levels of internal and external sources of interference), here we aimed both to explore this issue, and to obtain a robust and general (less task-specific) measure of attention in mice. Exploratory factor analyses revealed two factors (external and internal attention) that in total, accounted for 73% of the variance in attentional performance. Confirmatory factor analyses found an excellent fit with the data of the model of attention that assumed an external and internal distinction (with a resulting correlation of 0.43). In contrast, a model of attention that assumed one source of variance (i.e., "general attention") exhibited a poor fit with the data. Regarding the relationship between attention and learning, higher resistance against external sources of interference promoted better new learning, but tended to impair performance when cognitive flexibility was required, such as during the reversal of a previously instantiated response. The present results suggest that there can be (at least) two types of attention that contribute to the common variance in attentional performance in mice, and that external and internal attentions might have opposing influences on the rate at which animals learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sauce
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Christopher Wass
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Stephanie Kwan
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Louis D Matzel
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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Is bisphenol S a safe substitute for bisphenol A in terms of metabolic function? An in vitro study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:224-35. [PMID: 25111128 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to induce adverse effects on human health, especially through the activation of endocrine pathways, it is about to be withdrawn from the European market and replaced by analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS). However, toxicological data on BPS is scarce, and so it is necessary to evaluate the possible effects of this compound on human health. We compared the effect of BPA and BPS on obesity and hepatic steatosis processes using low doses in the same range as those found in the environment. Two in vitro models were used, the adipose cell line 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells, representative of hepatic functions. We analyzed different parameters such as lipid and glucose uptakes, lipolysis, leptin production and the modulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and energy balance. BPA and BPS induced an increase in the lipid content in the 3T3-L1 cell line and more moderately in the hepatic cells. We also observed a decrease in lipolysis after bisphenol treatment of adipocytes, but only BPS was involved in the increase in glucose uptake and leptin production. These latter effects could be linked to the modulation of SREBP-1c, PPARγ, aP2 and ERRα and γ genes after exposure to BPA, whereas BPS seems to target the PGC1α and the ERRγ genes. The findings suggest that both BPA and BPS could be involved in obesity and steatosis processes, but through two different metabolic pathways.
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Abstract
Insulin stimulates leptin secretion through the PI3K/Akt, but not the MAPK, pathway. Although Ca2+ alone does not trigger leptin secretion, it is required for robust Akt phosphorylation and leptin secretion.
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