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Badders JL, Jones JA, Jeresano ME, Schillinger KP, Jackson AM. Variable HLA expression on deceased donor lymphocytes: Not all crossmatches are created equal. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:795-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Neuronal remodeling during metamorphosis is regulated by the alan shepard (shep) gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2014; 197:1267-83. [PMID: 24931409 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.166181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidergic neurons are a group of neuronal cells that synthesize and secrete peptides to regulate a variety of biological processes. To identify genes controlling the development and function of peptidergic neurons, we conducted a screen of 545 splice-trap lines and identified 28 loci that drove expression in peptidergic neurons when crossed to a GFP reporter transgene. Among these lines, an insertion in the alan shepard (shep) gene drove expression specifically in most peptidergic neurons. shep transcripts and SHEP proteins were detected primarily and broadly in the central nervous system (CNS) in embryos, and this expression continued into the adult stage. Loss of shep resulted in late pupal lethality, reduced adult life span, wing expansion defects, uncoordinated adult locomotor activities, rejection of males by virgin females, and reduced neuropil area and reduced levels of multiple presynaptic markers throughout the adult CNS. Examination of the bursicon neurons in shep mutant pharate adults revealed smaller somata and fewer axonal branches and boutons, and all of these cellular phenotypes were fully rescued by expression of the most abundant wild-type shep isoform. In contrast to shep mutant animals at the pharate adult stage, shep mutant larvae displayed normal bursicon neuron morphologies. Similarly, shep mutant adults were uncoordinated and weak, while shep mutant larvae displayed largely, although not entirely, normal locomotor behavior. Thus, shep played an important role in the metamorphic development of many neurons.
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Giuliani C, Bucci I, Montani V, Singer DS, Monaco F, Kohn LD, Napolitano G. Regulation of major histocompatibility complex gene expression in thyroid epithelial cells by methimazole and phenylmethimazole. J Endocrinol 2010; 204:57-66. [PMID: 19837722 PMCID: PMC6310398 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I genes and aberrant expression of MHC class-II genes in thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) are associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Previous studies have shown that methimazole (MMI) reduces MHC class-I expression and inhibits interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma or IFNG as listed in the MGI Database)-induced expression of the MHC class-II genes in TECs. The action of MMI on the MHC class-I genes is transcriptional, but its mechanism has not been investigated previously. In the present study, we show that in Fisher rat thyroid cell line 5 cells, the ability of MMI and its novel derivative phenylmethimazole (C10) to decrease MHC class-I promoter activity is similar to TSH/cAMP suppression of MHC class-I and TSH receptor genes, and involves a 39 bp silencer containing a cAMP response element (CRE)-like site. Furthermore, we show that C10 decreases MHC class-I gene expression to a greater extent than MMI and at 10- to 50-fold lower concentrations. C10 also reduces the IFN-gamma-induced increase in the expression of MHC class-I and MHC class-II genes more effectively than MMI. Finally, we show that in comparison to MMI, C10 is a better inhibitor of specific protein-DNA complexes that are formed with a CRE-like element on the MHC class-II promoter. These data support the conclusion that the immunosuppressive mechanism by which MMI and C10 inhibit MHC gene expression mimics 'normal' hormonal suppression by TSH/cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesidio Giuliani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), Gabriele D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Imamura Y, Fujigaki Y, Oomori Y, Ouryouji K, Yanagisawa S, Miyazawa H, Wang PL. Transcriptional regulation of the salivary histatin gene: finding of a strong positive regulatory element and its binding protein. J Biochem 2008; 145:279-88. [PMID: 19060311 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histatins are salivary proteins found and expressed in human salivary glands. They play a role in the non-immune system of antimicrobial defense, for instance, against Candida albicans. The transcriptional regulatory sequences of the histatin gene, HIS1, have remained obscure for a long time. Here, we cloned the putative promoter from human genomic DNA and tested it in a luciferase reporter system. This promoter is much more active in salivary gland cells than in other cell types. Analysis of deletion mutants revealed that the region encompassing -2254 to -1748 is a strong positive transcriptional element, and its functional core sequence (termed HTN27 box) works in correct and reverse orientations in synergy with downstream sequences, the region spanning -680 to +28 and a proximal promoter. The plus single-stranded HTN27 box is specifically bound by a 100 kDa protein that is present in HSG cells, but not in HeLa cells. These findings indicate that the regulation of the histatin gene expression may be intricate, and it seems to have a cell-type preference in the salivary gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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Nomura J, Matsumoto KI, Iguchi-Ariga SMM, Ariga H. Positive regulation of Fas gene expression by MSSP and abrogation of Fas-mediated apoptosis induction in MSSP-deficient mice. Exp Cell Res 2005; 305:324-32. [PMID: 15817157 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
MSSP has been identified as a transcription factor that regulates the c-myc gene. MSSP was later found to positively or negatively regulate a variety of genes, including alpha-smooth actin, MHC class I, MHC class 2 and the thyrotropin receptor. The knockout mice for the Mssp gene developed by us revealed that these mice became partially embryonic lethal due to a low concentration of progesterone at E2.5. In this study, we further analyzed Mssp-knockout mice and found that the expression of the Fas gene was repressed, resulting in abrogation of Fas-mediated induction of apoptosis both in Mssp-knockout mice and primary thymocytes. MSSP was then found to stimulate promoter activity of the Fas gene by binding to a region spanning -1035 to -635 in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Binding of MSSP in the MSSP-binding sequence, TCTAAT, located in this region was confirmed by mobility shift assays, and deletion of this sequence from the Fas promoter was found to result in loss of MSSP-dependent stimulating activity. The results suggest that MSSP is an important mediator for Fas-induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nomura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Kohn LD, Napolitano G, Singer DS, Molteni M, Scorza R, Shimojo N, Kohno Y, Mozes E, Nakazato M, Ulianich L, Chung HK, Matoba H, Saunier B, Suzuki K, Schuppert F, Saji M. Graves' disease: a host defense mechanism gone awry. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 19:633-64. [PMID: 11129119 DOI: 10.3109/08830180009088516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this report we summarize evidence to support a model for the development of Graves' disease. The model suggests that Graves' disease is initiated by an insult to the thyrocyte in an individual with a normal immune system. The insult, infectious or otherwise, causes double strand DNA or RNA to enter the cytoplasm of the cell. This causes abnormal expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) class I as a dominant feature, but also aberrant expression of MHC class II, as well as changes in genes or gene products needed for the thyrocyte to become an antigen presenting cell (APC). These include increased expression of proteasome processing proteins (LMP2), transporters of antigen peptides (TAP), invariant chain (Ii), HLA-DM, and the co-stimulatory molecule, B7, as well as STAT and NF-kappaB activation. A critical factor in these changes is the loss of normal negative regulation of MHC class I, class II, and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene expression, which is necessary to maintain self-tolerance during the normal changes in gene expression involved in hormonally-increased growth and function of the cell. Self-tolerance to the TSHR is maintained in normals because there is a population of CD8- cells which normally suppresses a population of CD4+ cells that can interact with the TSHR if thyrocytes become APCs. This is a host self-defense mechanism that we hypothesize leads to autoimmune disease in persons, for example, with a specific viral infection, a genetic predisposition, or even, possibly, a TSHR polymorphism. The model is suggested to be important to explain the development of other autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Kohn
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Mori-Aoki A, Pietrarelli M, Nakazato M, Caturegli P, Kohn LD, Suzuki K. Class II transactivator suppresses transcription of thyroid-specific genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:58-62. [PMID: 11071855 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Class II transactivator (CIITA) is the master regulator of MHC class II genes, and mediates their induction by interferon gamma (IFN gamma). To study the role of CIITA in modulating the expression of thyroid-specific genes, we cloned the full-length rat CIITA and use it to transfect a rat thyroid cell line. We found that only one type of CIITA, type IV, is induced in thyroid cells upon IFN gamma stimulation, and that CIITA is capable not only of inducing the expression of MHC genes in the thyroid, but also of differentially suppressing the expression of thyroid-specific genes. These findings suggest new avenues for the development of thyroid autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mori-Aoki
- Cell Regulation Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Harton JA, Ting JP. Class II transactivator: mastering the art of major histocompatibility complex expression. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:6185-94. [PMID: 10938095 PMCID: PMC86093 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.17.6185-6194.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2000] [Accepted: 05/18/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Harton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Wu Z, Biro PA, Mirakian R, Curcio F, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Bottazzo GF. Transcriptional regulation of the MHC II gene DRA in untransformed human thyrocytes. Int Immunol 2000; 12:405-13. [PMID: 10744641 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.4.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class II molecules are heterodimeric, polymorphic transmembrane glycoproteins physiologically expressed on cells of the immune system and pathologically expressed on the affected target cells of autoimmunity. Their function is to present processed peptides to antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. To understand the molecular mechanism of the regulation of class II genes in autoimmune target cell thyrocytes, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of DRA on untransformed, differentiated human thyroid cells following IFN-gamma stimulation, which is potentially relevant to the inappropriate class II expression found in Graves' disease. Data from this study show that IFN-gamma enhances a promoter Y box binding protein and induces an X box binding protein in untransformed thyrocytes, but not in SV-40-transfected thyrocytes. Initial characterization of the proteins has indicated that the Y box binding protein is approximately 132 kDa in size while the X box binding protein binds to the X2 region and is approximately 116 kDa. The X box binding protein may correspond to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a recently described component of the X2 box binding protein, X2BP. In addition, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1alpha protein (STAT1alpha) is also induced by IFN-gamma in these cells. These results further suggest that there are differences in class II gene regulation between differentiated cells and transformed cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Division of Renal Medicine, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
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Suzuki K, Mori A, Ishii KJ, Saito J, Singer DS, Klinman DM, Krause PR, Kohn LD. Activation of target-tissue immune-recognition molecules by double-stranded polynucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2285-90. [PMID: 10051633 PMCID: PMC26775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.5.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II in various tissues is associated with autoimmune disease. Autoimmune responses can be triggered by viral infections or tissue injuries. We show that the ability of a virus or a tissue injury to increase MHC gene expression is duplicated by any fragment of double-stranded (ds) DNA or dsRNA introduced into the cytoplasm of nonimmune cells. Activation is sequence-independent, is induced by ds polynucleotides as small as 25 bp in length, and is not duplicated by single-stranded polynucleotides. In addition to causing abnormal MHC expression, the ds nucleic acids increase the expression of genes necessary for antigen processing and presentation: proteasome proteins (e.g., LMP2), transporters of antigen peptides; invariant chain, HLA-DM, and the costimulatory molecule B7.1. The mechanism is different from and additive to that of gamma-interferon (gammaIFN), i.e., ds polynucleotides increase class I much more than class II, whereas gammaIFN increases class II more than class I. The ds nucleic acids also induce or activate Stat1, Stat3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-kappaB, the class II transactivator, RFX5, and the IFN regulatory factor 1 differently from gammaIFN. CpG residues are not responsible for this effect, and the action of the ds polynucleotides could be shown in a variety of cell types in addition to thyrocytes. We suggest that this phenomenon is a plausible mechanism that might explain how viral infection of tissues or tissue injury triggers autoimmune disease; it is potentially relevant to host immune responses induced during gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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