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Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus 2023; 15:e40725. [PMID: 37350982 PMCID: PMC10283427 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is that of the circulating hormone pathway involved in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal disorders. This led to the creation of drugs blocking the actions of this classical pathway, which improved cardiac and renal outcomes. Our understanding of the RAS has significantly expanded with the discovery of new peptides involved in this complex pathway. Over the last two decades, a counter-regulatory or protective pathway has been discovered that opposes the effects of the classical pathway. Components of RAS are also implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic diseases. The continued discovery of newer molecules also provides novel therapeutic targets to improve disease outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of an updated understanding of the RAS, its role in physiological and pathological processes, and potential novel therapeutic options from RAS for managing cardiorenal disorders, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kanugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wellstar Health System - Spalding Regional Hospital, Griffin, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jaskaran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univerity of Pittsburg Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, USA
| | | | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
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2
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Zhai G, Pang Y, Zou Y, Wang X, Liu J, Zhang Q, Cao Z, Wang N, Li H, Wang Y. Effects of PLIN1 Gene Knockout on the Proliferation, Apoptosis, Differentiation and Lipolysis of Chicken Preadipocytes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010092. [PMID: 36611701 PMCID: PMC9817814 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilipin 1 (PLIN1) is one of the most abundant lipid droplet-related proteins on the surface of adipocytes. Our previous results showed that PLIN1 plays an important role in chicken lipid metabolism. To further reveal the role of PLIN1 in the growth and development of adipocytes, a chicken preadipocyte line with a PLIN1 gene knockout was established by the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique, and the effects of the PLIN1 gene on the proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and lipolysis of chicken preadipocytes were detected. The results showed that the CRISPR/Cas9 system effectively mediated knockout of the PLIN1 gene. After the deletion of PLIN1, the differentiation ability and early apoptotic activity of chicken preadipocytes decreased, and their proliferation ability increased. Moreover, knockout of PLIN1 promoted chicken preadipocyte lipolysis under basal conditions and inhibited chicken preadipocyte lipolysis under hormone stimulation. Taken together, our results inferred that PLIN1 plays a regulatory role in the process of proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and lipolysis of chicken preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yongjia Pang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yichong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence:
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Mosquera-Sulbarán J, Ryder E, Pedreáñez A, Vargas R. Angiotensin II and human obesity. A narrative review of the pathogenesis. INVESTIGACIÓN CLÍNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.54817/ic.v63n4a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a hormone and the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This peptide has crucial pathophysiologi-cal effects on hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, endothelial proliferation, in-flammation and tissue remodelling through G protein-coupled receptors. The pro-inflammatory role of Ang II has been reported in various inflammatory pro-cesses. Obesity is linked to a chronic inflammatory process which in turn is the cause of some of its morbidities. Ang II is related to the comorbidities related to the comorbidities of obesity, which include alterations in the heart, kid-ney, hypertension and coagulation. In this regard, activation of AT1 receptors by Ang II can induce an inflammatory process mediated by the transcription factor NF-kB, triggering inflammation in various systems that are related to the comorbidities observed in obesity. The aim of this review was to highlight the pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II and the alterations induced by this hor-mone in various organs and systems in obesity. The search was done since 1990 through Medline, EMBASE and PubMed, using the keywords: angiotensin II; an-giotensin II, obesity; angiotensin II, kidney, obesity; angiotensin II, coagulation, obesity; angiotensin II, inflammation, obesity; angiotensin II, adipose tissue, obesity; angiotensin II, hypertension, obesity; angiotensin II, insulin resistance, obesity; angiotensin II, adiponectin, leptin, obesity; angiotensin II, COVID-19, obesity. Angiotensin II through its interaction with its AT1 receptor, can induce alterations in diverse systems that are related to the comorbidities observed in obesity. Therapeutic strategies to decrease the production and action of Ang II could improve the clinical conditions in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mosquera-Sulbarán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Elena Ryder
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Pedreáñez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Nichols K, Yiannikouris F. The Role of (Pro)Renin Receptor in the Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rev 2022; 18:117-124. [PMID: 35170416 DOI: 10.2174/1573402118666220216104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The prorenin receptor (PRR) is a complex multi-functional single transmembrane protein receptor that is ubiquitously expressed in organs and tissues throughout the body. PRR is involved in different cellular mechanisms that comprise the generation of Angiotensin II, the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the stimulation of ERK 1/2 pathway, and the proper functioning of the vacuolar H+-ATPase. Evidence supports the role of PRR and its soluble form, sPRR, in the classical features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and disruption of lipid homeostasis. This review summarizes our current knowledge and highlights new advances in the pathophysiological function of PRR and sPRR in adipogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis, glucose and insulin resistance, lipid homeostasis, energy metabolism, and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellea Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Frederique Yiannikouris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Shin S. Regulation of Adipose Tissue Biology by Long-Chain Fatty Acids: Metabolic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms. J Obes Metab Syndr 2022; 31:147-160. [PMID: 35691686 PMCID: PMC9284576 DOI: 10.7570/jomes22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) modulate metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory responses, and the physiological effects of LCFA are determined by chain length and the degree of saturation. Adipose tissues comprise multiple cell types, and play a significant role in energy storage and expenditure. Fatty acid uptake and oxidation are the pathways through which fatty acids participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and their dysregulation can lead to the development of obesity and chronic obesity-related disorders, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. Numerous studies have reported that many aspects of adipose tissue biology are influenced by the number and position of double bonds in LCFA, and these effects are mediated by various signaling pathways, including those regulating adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), thermogenesis, and inflammation in adipose tissue. This review aims to describe the underlying molecular mechanisms by which different types of LCFA influence adipose tissue metabolism, and to further clarify their relevance to metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity. A better understanding of the effects of LCFA on adipose tissue metabolism may lead to improved nutraceutical strategies to address obesity and obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Shin
- Major of Food and Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Pencheva M, Koeva I, Dimitrov I, Daskalova E. High lipid diet and the expression of proinflammatory markers in testis. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2022; 64:288-295. [DOI: 10.3897/folmed.64.e65467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is defined as chronic low-grade inflammation which is manifestation of the cellular response to a variety of stressful situations leading to organ and tissue damage. А high lipid diet could be assumed to be the trigger mechanism for the development of inflammatory processes leading to a disorder in the immune tolerance in the testis.
Aim: The present study aimed at demonstrating the expression of inflammatory markers in the testis by a model of a high lipid diet and the possible effect on spermatogenesis.
Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were used in the study divided into two groups: a control group fed standard rodent food and an experimental group receiving high lipid food for 14 weeks. Routine histological techniques, immunohistochemical reactions for proinflammatory markers and morphometric analysis were performed to examine the testis preparations.
Results: The high lipid diet caused a low-grade inflammation in the testis in the experimental group, which was confirmed by the increase of proinflammatory markers: the C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and interleukin-4, and by the elevated levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the experimental versus control groups in a rat experimental model.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that a high lipid diet might be a possible cause for the idiopathic infertility in men.
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White MC, Fleeman R, Arnold AC. Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 31262355 PMCID: PMC6604144 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that greatly increases risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Sex differences in the obese phenotype are well established in experimental animal models and clinical populations. While having higher adiposity and obesity prevalence, females are generally protected from obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. This protection is, at least in part, attributed to sex differences in metabolic effects of hormonal mediators such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Previous literature has predominantly focused on the vasoconstrictor arm of the RAS and shown that, in contrast to male rodent models of obesity and diabetes, females are protected from metabolic and cardiovascular derangements produced by angiotensinogen, renin, and angiotensin II. A vasodilator arm of the RAS has more recently emerged which includes angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), mas receptors, and alamandine. While accumulating evidence suggests that activation of components of this counter-regulatory axis produces positive effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and energy balance in male animal models, female comparison studies and clinical data related to metabolic outcomes are lacking. This review will summarize current knowledge of sex differences in metabolic effects of the RAS, focusing on interactions with gonadal hormones and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C White
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Fleeman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Chang CC, Sia KC, Chang JF, Lin CM, Yang CM, Huang KY, Lin WN. Lipopolysaccharide promoted proliferation and adipogenesis of preadipocytes through JAK/STAT and AMPK-regulated cPLA2 expression. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:167-179. [PMID: 30662340 PMCID: PMC6332489 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and adipogenesis of preadipocytes played important roles in the development of adipose tissue and contributed much to the processes of obesity. On the other hand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, is a key outer membrane component of gram-negative bacteria in the gut microbiota, and has a dominant role in linking inflammation to high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Studies suggested the potential roles of LPS in hepatic steatosis and in obese mice models. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LPS-regulated obesity remained largely unknown. Here we reported that LPS stimulated expression of cyosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), one of inflammation regulators of obesity, in the preadipocytes. Pretreatment the inhibitors of JAK2, STAT3, STAT5 or AMPK significantly reduced LPS-increased mRNA and protein expression of cPLA2 together with phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, STAT5 and AMPK, separately. Similarly, transfection of siRNA against JAK2 or AMPK abolished expression of cPLA2 and phosphorylation of JAK2 or AMPK together with downregulated expression of JAK2 and AMPK protein. LPS enhanced activation of STAT3 and STAT5 via JAK2-dependent manner in the preadipocytes. Transfection of JAK2 or AMPK siRNA further proofed the independence of JAK2 and AMPK in LPS-treated preadipocytes. In addition, LPS-increased DNA synthesis, cell numbers and cell viability of preadipocytes were attenuated by AACOCF3, AG490, BML-275, cPLA2 siRNA, JAK2 siRNA or AMPK siRNA. Attenuation JAK2/STAT or AMPK-dependent cPLA2 expression reduced LPS-mediated adipogenesis of preadipocytes. Stimulation of arachidonic acid or AMPK activator, A-769662, increased cell numbers and cell viability and promoted differentiation of preadipocytes. Collectively, these results indicated that LPS increased preadipocytes proliferation and adipogenesis via JAK/STAT and AMPK-dependent cPLA2 expression. The mechanisms of LPS-stimulated cPLA2 expression may be a link between bacteria and obesity and provides the molecular basis for preventing metabolic syndrome or hyperplasic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chien Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Chin Sia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, En-Chu-Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Mo Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Chest Medicine, Shin Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Jayarathne S, Koboziev I, Park OH, Oldewage-Theron W, Shen CL, Moustaid-Moussa N. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Properties of Food Bioactive Components: Effects on Adipose Tissue. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2017; 22:251-262. [PMID: 29333376 PMCID: PMC5758087 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.4.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic and costly disease affecting 13% of the adult population worldwide. Obesity is associated with adipose tissue hypertrophy and hyperplasia, as well as pathologic endocrine alterations of adipose tissue including local and chronic systemic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, this inflammation is a risk factor for both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance. Basic and clinical studies demonstrate that foods containing bioactive compounds are capable of preventing both obesity and adipose tissue inflammation, improving obesity-associated MetS in human subjects and animal models of obesity. In this review, we discuss the anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory protective effects of some bioactive polyphenols of plant origin and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, available for the customers worldwide from commonly used foods and/or as components of commercial food supplements. We review how these bioactive compounds modulate cell signaling including through the nuclear factor-κB, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, toll-like receptors, and G-protein coupled receptor 120 intracellular signaling pathways and improve the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators secreted by adipose tissue and subsequently lower systemic inflammation and risk for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasika Jayarathne
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
| | - Iurii Koboziev
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
| | - Oak-Hee Park
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
| | - Wilna Oldewage-Theron
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79415,
USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
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10
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Infante M, Armani A, Mammi C, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Impact of Adrenal Steroids on Regulation of Adipose Tissue. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1425-1447. [PMID: 28915330 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are secreted by the adrenal glands and control the functions of adipose tissue via the activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In turn, adipocytes release a large variety of adipokines into the bloodstream, regulating the function of several organs and tissues, including the adrenal glands, hereby controlling corticosteroid production. In adipose tissue, the activation of the MR by glucocorticoids (GC) and aldosterone affects important processes such as adipocyte differentiation, oxidative stress, autophagic flux, adipokine expression as well as local production of GC through upregulation of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Notably, the proinflammatory responses induced by the MR are counteracted by activation of the GR, whose activity inhibits the expression of inflammatory adipokines. Both GR and MR are deeply involved in adipogenesis and adipose expansion; hence pharmacological blockade of these two receptors has proven effective against adipose tissue dysfunction in experimental models of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), suggesting a potential use for MR and GR antagonists in these clinical settings. Importantly, obesity and Cushing's syndrome (CS) share metabolic similarities and are characterized by high levels of circulating corticosteroids, which in turn are able to deeply affect adipose tissue. In addition, pharmacological approaches aimed at reducing aldosterone and GC levels, by means of the inhibition of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) or 11β-HSD1, represent alternative strategies to counter the detrimental effects of excessive levels of corticosteroids, which are often observed in obesity and, more general, in MetS. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1425-1447, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
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11
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Bruce EB, de Kloet AD. The intricacies of the renin-angiotensin-system in metabolic regulation. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:157-165. [PMID: 27887998 PMCID: PMC5600901 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS), which is best-known as an endocrine system with established roles in hydromineral balance and blood pressure control, has emerged as a fundamental regulator of many additional physiological and pathophysiological processes. In this manuscript, we celebrate and honor Randall Sakai's commitment to his trainees, as well as his contribution to science. Scientifically, Randall made many notable contributions to the recognition of the RAS's roles in brain and behavior. His interests, in this regard, ranged from its traditionally-accepted roles in hydromineral balance, to its less-appreciated functions in stress responses and energy metabolism. Here we review the current understanding of the role of the RAS in the regulation of metabolism. In particular, the opposing actions of the RAS within adipose tissue vs. its actions within the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Bruce
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, United States
| | - Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States.
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12
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Muñoz AM, Velásquez CM, Agudelo GM, Uscátegui RM, Estrada A, Patiño FA, Parra BE, Parra MV, Bedoya G. Examining for an association between candidate gene polymorphisms in the metabolic syndrome components on excess weight and adiposity measures in youth: a cross-sectional study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:19. [PMID: 28690685 PMCID: PMC5496328 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background A polymorphism in a gene may exert its effects on multiple phenotypes. The aim of this study is to explore the association of 10 metabolic syndrome candidate genes with excess weight and adiposity and evaluate the effect of perinatal and socioeconomic factors on these associations. Methods The anthropometry, socioeconomic and perinatal conditions and 10 polymorphisms were evaluated in 1081 young people between 10 and 18 years old. Genotypic associations were calculated using logistic and linear models adjusted by age, gender, and pubertal maturation, and a genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated by summing the number of effect alleles. Results We found that AGT-rs699 and the IRS2-rs1805097 variants were significantly associated with excess weight, OR = 1.25 (CI 95% 1.01–1.54; p = 0.034); OR = 0.77 (CI 95% 0.62–0.96; p = 0.022), respectively. AGT-rs699 and FTO-rs17817449 variants were significantly and directly associated with body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.036 and p = 0.031), while IRS2-rs1805097 and UCP3-rs1800849 were significantly and negatively associated with BMI and waist circumference, correspondingly. Each additional effect allele in GRS was associated with an increase of 0.020 log(BMI) (p = 0.004). No effects from the socioeconomic and perinatal factors evaluated on the association of the candidate genes with the phenotypes were detected. Conclusions Our observation suggests that AGT-rs699 and FTO-rs17817449 variants may contribute to the risk development of excess weight and an increase in the BMI, while IRS2-rs1805097 showed a protector effect; in addition, UCP3- rs1800849 showed a decreasing waist circumference. Socioeconomic and perinatal factors had no effect on the associations of the candidate gene. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0567-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica María Muñoz
- Research Group on Food and Human Nutrition, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Claudia María Velásquez
- Research Group on Food and Human Nutrition, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 62 No. 52-59, Laboratorio 413, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria María Agudelo
- Research Group on Food and Human Nutrition, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Vidarium Research Group, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center, Nutresa Business Group (Grupo Empresarial Nutresa), Calle 8 Sur No. 50-67, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Alejandro Estrada
- Research Group on Demography and Health, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Fredy Alonso Patiño
- Research Group of Sciences Applied to Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Elena Parra
- Research Group on Food and Human Nutrition, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - María Victoria Parra
- Molecular Genetics Group, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Molecular Genetics Group, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
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Targeting endothelial metaflammation to counteract diabesity cardiovascular risk: Current and perspective therapeutic options. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:226-241. [PMID: 28408314 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The association of obesity and diabetes, termed "diabesity", defines a combination of primarily metabolic disorders with insulin resistance as the underlying common pathophysiology. Cardiovascular disorders associated with diabesity represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. This makes diabesity, with its rising impacts on both health and economics, one of the most challenging biomedical and social threats of present century. The emerging comprehension of the genes whose alteration confers inter-individual differences on risk factors for diabetes or obesity, together with the potential role of genetically determined variants on mechanisms controlling responsiveness, effectiveness and safety of anti-diabetic therapy underlines the need of additional knowledge on molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of diabesity. Endothelial cell dysfunction, resulting from the unbalanced production of endothelial-derived vascular mediators, is known to be present at the earliest stages of insulin resistance and obesity, and may precede the clinical diagnosis of diabetes by several years. Once considered as a mere consequence of metabolic abnormalities, it is now clear that endothelial dysfunctional activity may play a pivotal role in the progression of diabesity. In the vicious circle where vascular defects and metabolic disturbances worsen and reinforce each other, a low-grade, chronic, and 'cold' inflammation (metaflammation) has been suggested to serve as the pathophysiological link that binds endothelial and metabolic dysfunctions. In this paradigm, it is important to consider how traditional antidiabetic treatments (specifically addressing metabolic dysregulation) may directly impact on inflammatory processes or cardiovascular function. Indeed, not all drugs currently available to treat diabetes possess the same anti-inflammatory potential, or target endothelial cell function equally. Perspective strategies pointing at reducing metaflammation or directly addressing endothelial dysfunction may disclose beneficial consequences on metabolic regulation. This review focuses on existing and potential new approaches ameliorating endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in the context of diabesity.
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Barquissau V, Ghandour RA, Ailhaud G, Klingenspor M, Langin D, Amri EZ, Pisani DF. Control of adipogenesis by oxylipins, GPCRs and PPARs. Biochimie 2016; 136:3-11. [PMID: 28034718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are bioactive metabolites derived from the oxygenation of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, triggered essentially by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities. Oxylipins are involved in the development and function of adipose tissue and their productions are strictly related to diet quality and quantity. Oxylipins signal via cell surface membrane (G Protein-coupled receptors) and nuclear receptors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), two pathways playing a pivotal role in adipocyte biology. In this review, we made an attempt to cover the available knowledge about synthesis and molecular function of oxylipins known to modulate adipogenesis, adipocyte function and phenotype conversion, with a focus on their interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Barquissau
- Inserm, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, 31432, France; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, 31432, France
| | | | | | - Martin Klingenspor
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, 31432, France; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, 31432, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, 31059, France
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Ailhaud
- CNRS, ISDBC, Centre de BiochimieFaculté des SciencesNiceFrance
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16
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Manikkam V, Vasiljevic T, Donkor ON, Mathai ML. A Review of Potential Marine-derived Hypotensive and Anti-obesity Peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:92-112. [PMID: 25569557 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.753866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are food derived components, usually consisting of 3-20 amino acids, which are inactive when incorporated within their parent protein. Once liberated by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, during food processing and gastrointestinal transit, they can potentially provide an array of health benefits to the human body. Owing to an unprecedented increase in the worldwide incidence of obesity and hypertension, medical researchers are focusing on the hypotensive and anti-obesity properties of nutritionally derived bioactive peptides. The role of the renin-angiotensin system has long been established in the aetiology of metabolic diseases and hypertension. Targeting the renin-angiotensin system by inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and preventing the formation of angiotensin II can be a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of hypertension and obesity. Fish-derived proteins and peptides can potentially be excellent sources of bioactive components, mainly as a source of ACE inhibitors. However, increased use of marine sources, poses an unsustainable burden on particular fish stocks, so, the underutilized fish species and by-products can be exploited for this purpose. This paper provides an overview of the techniques involved in the production, isolation, purification, and characterization of bioactive peptides from marine sources, as well as the evaluation of the ACE inhibitory (ACE-I) activity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Manikkam
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - T Vasiljevic
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - O N Donkor
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Metabolic Syndrome: Current Understanding and Potential Clinical Implications. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2892840. [PMID: 27313625 PMCID: PMC4903149 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2892840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is an obesity-based, complicated clinical condition that has become a global epidemic problem with a high associated risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes or glucose dysmetabolism are the major factors constituting metabolic syndrome, and these factors are interrelated and share underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Severe obesity predisposes individuals to metabolic syndrome, and recent data suggest that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute significantly to adipocyte generation by increasing the number of adipocytes. Accordingly, an increasing number of studies have examined the potential roles of MSCs in managing obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, despite the growing bank of experimental and clinical data, the efficacy and the safety of MSCs in the clinical setting are still to be optimized. It is thus hoped that ongoing and future studies can elucidate the roles of MSCs in metabolic syndrome and lead to MSC-based therapeutic options for affected patients. This review discusses current understanding of the relationship between MSCs and metabolic syndrome and its potential implications for patient management.
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LeMieux MJ, Ramalingam L, Mynatt RL, Kalupahana NS, Kim JH, Moustaïd-Moussa N. Inactivation of adipose angiotensinogen reduces adipose tissue macrophages and increases metabolic activity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:359-67. [PMID: 26704350 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adipose renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been linked to obesity-induced inflammation, though mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, adipose-specific angiotensinogen knockout mice (Agt-KO) were generated to determine whether Agt inactivation reduces inflammation and alters the metabolic profile of the Agt-KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. METHODS Adipose tissue-specific Agt-KO mice were created using the Cre-LoxP system with both Agt-KO and WT littermates fed either a low-fat or high-fat diet to assess metabolic changes. White adipose tissue was used for gene/protein expression analyses and WAT stromal vascular cells for metabolic extracellular flux assays. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in body weight or fat mass between both genotypes on either diet. However, improved glucose clearance was observed in Agt-KO compared to WT littermates, consistent with higher expression of genes involved in insulin signaling, glucose transport, and fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, Agt inactivation reduced total macrophage infiltration in Agt-KO mice fed both diets. Lastly, stroma vascular cells from Agt-KO mice revealed higher metabolic activity compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that adipose-specific Agt inactivation leads to reduced adipose inflammation and increased glucose tolerance mediated in part via increased metabolic activity of adipose cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J LeMieux
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Randall L Mynatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nishan S Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
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Ryder E, Pedreañez A, Vargas R, Peña C, Fernandez E, Diez-Ewald M, Mosquera J. Increased proinflammatory markers and lipoperoxidation in obese individuals: Inicial inflammatory events? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2015; 9:280-286. [PMID: 25470639 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation associated to obesity increases the risk for developing insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The initial factors involved in generating the inflammatory events in the obesity remain unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine inflammatory and oxidative markers in the blood of obese individuals with normal clinical and biochemical parameters and with or without IR. METHODS Nineteen obese non-diabetic and nine lean subjects were studied for serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, adiponectin, angiotensin II, insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the expressions of RAGE (advanced glycation end product receptor), AT1 (Ang II receptor), s100A12 protein (RAGE ligand) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in circulating mononuclear cells (CMC) by available antibodies and commercial kits. CMC were also cultured to determine pro-inflammatory mediators. RESULTS Insulin was increased in obese subjects with IR. Decreased serum adiponectin in obese individuals and increased TNF-α, IL-1β and CMC bearing RAGE, AT1 and s100A12 in obese individuals without IR were found. High values of serum MDA in obese subjects were observed. Similar TNF-content in cultures from obese and controls, increased cellular IL-1β content in cultures from obese individuals without IR and high content of MDA in supernatants from obese individual cultures were observed. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory events were mainly observed in obese individuals without IR. The absent of inflammatory events and high levels of insulin in obese subjects with IR, suggest a protector role of insulin for developing inflammatory events. These data can represent initial aspects of the chronic inflammation observed in the obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ryder
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bionanalisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Caterina Peña
- Cátedra de Genética, Escuela de Bionanalisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Erika Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Diez-Ewald
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jesús Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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20
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Papaetis GS, Papakyriakou P, Panagiotou TN. Central obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin: exploring a pathway full of thorns. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:463-82. [PMID: 26170839 PMCID: PMC4495144 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.52350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly increasing. This is strongly related to the contemporary lifestyle changes that have resulted in increased rates of overweight individuals and obesity. Central (intra-abdominal) obesity is observed in the majority of patients with T2D. It is associated with insulin resistance, mainly at the level of skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver. The discovery of macrophage infiltration in the abdominal adipose tissue and the unbalanced production of adipocyte cytokines (adipokines) was an essential step towards novel research perspectives for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the development of insulin resistance. Furthermore, in an obese state, the increased cellular uptake of non-esterified fatty acids is exacerbated without any subsequent β-oxidation. This in turn contributes to the accumulation of intermediate lipid metabolites that cause defects in the insulin signaling pathway. This paper examines the possible cellular mechanisms that connect central obesity with defects in the insulin pathway. It discusses the discrepancies observed from studies organized in cell cultures, animal models and humans. Finally, it emphasizes the need for therapeutic strategies in order to achieve weight reduction in overweight and obese patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios S. Papaetis
- Diabetes Clinic, Paphos, Cyprus
- Diabetes Clinic, 3 Department of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, ‘Sotiria’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Themistoklis N. Panagiotou
- Diabetes Clinic, 3 Department of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, ‘Sotiria’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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de Picoli Souza K, da Silva ED, Batista EC, Reis FCG, Silva SMA, Castro CHM, Luz J, Pesquero JL, Dos Santos EL, Pesquero JB. Early pharmacological inhibition of angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity induces obesity in adulthood. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:75. [PMID: 25926796 PMCID: PMC4396349 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated early programming of body mass in order to understand the multifactorial etiology of obesity. Considering that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is expressed and functional in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and modulates its development, we reasoned whether early transitory inhibition of angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity after birth could modify late body mass development. Therefore, newborn Wistar rats were treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg of body mass) or saline, starting at the first day of life until the age of 16 days. Between days ninetieth and hundred and eightieth, a group of these animals received high fat diet (HFD). Molecular, biochemical, histological, and physiological data were collected. Enalapril treated animals presented hyperphagia, overweight, and increased serum level of triglycerides, total cholesterol and leptin, in adult life. Body composition analyses revealed higher fat mass with increased adipocyte size in these animals. Molecular analyses revealed that enalapril treatment increases neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) gene expression in hypothalamus, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) gene expression in retroperitoneal WAT, and decreases peroxixome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, PPARα, uncoupling protein (UCP)2, and UCP3 gene expression in WAT. The results of the current study indicate that enalapril administration during early postnatal development increases body mass, adiposity and serum lipids in adulthood associated with enhanced food intake and decreased metabolic activity in WAT, predisposing to obesity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kely de Picoli Souza
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados, Brazil
| | - Elton D da Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elice C Batista
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe C G Reis
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sylvia M A Silva
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charlles H M Castro
- Department of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Luz
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge L Pesquero
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edson L Dos Santos
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados, Brazil
| | - João B Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Favre GA, Esnault VLM, Van Obberghen E. Modulation of glucose metabolism by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E435-49. [PMID: 25564475 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00391.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an enzymatic cascade functioning in a paracrine and autocrine fashion. In animals and humans, RAAS intrinsic to tissues modulates food intake, metabolic rate, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion. A large array of observations shows that dysregulation of RAAS in the metabolic syndrome favors type 2 diabetes. Remarkably, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, suppressing the synthesis of angiotensin II (ANG II), and angiotensin receptor blockers, targeting the ANG II type 1 receptor, prevent diabetes in patients with hypertensive or ischemic cardiopathy. These drugs interrupt the negative feedback loop of ANG II on the RAAS cascade, which results in increased production of angiotensins. In addition, they change the tissue expression of RAAS components. Therefore, the concept of a dual axis of RAAS regarding glucose homeostasis has emerged. The RAAS deleterious axis increases the production of inflammatory cytokines and raises oxidative stress, exacerbating the insulin resistance and decreasing insulin secretion. The beneficial axis promotes adipogenesis, blocks the production of inflammatory cytokines, and lowers oxidative stress, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and secretion. Currently, drugs targeting RAAS are not given for the purpose of preventing diabetes in humans. However, we anticipate that in the near future the discovery of novel means to modulate the RAAS beneficial axis will result in a decisive therapeutic breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume A Favre
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France; and
| | - Vincent L M Esnault
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France; and
| | - Emmanuel Van Obberghen
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital, Nice, France
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Zalucky AA, Nicholl DDM, Mann MC, Hemmelgarn BR, Turin TC, Macrae JM, Sola DY, Ahmed SB. Sex influences the effect of body mass index on the vascular response to angiotensin II in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:739-46. [PMID: 23963791 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex influences the cardiorenal risk associated with body mass index (BMI). The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in adiposity-mediated cardiorenal risk profiles in healthy, non-obese men and women was investigated. METHODS Systemic and renal hemodynamic responses to angiotensin-II (AngII) as a function of BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, as well as fat and lean mass were measured in 18 men and 25 women in high-salt balance, stratified by BMI (<25 kg/m2 (ideal body weight (IBW)) vs. ≥25 kg/m2 overweight)). RESULTS In men (n = 7, BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m2) and women (n = 14, BMI 22 ± 2 kg/m2) of IBW, BMI was not associated with the systolic blood pressure (SBP) response to AngII. In contrast, overweight men (n = 11, 29 ± 2 kg/m2) demonstrated a progressively more blunted vasoconstrictor SBP response to AngII challenge as BMI increased (P = 0.007), even after adjustment for covariates. Women maintained the same relationship between BMI and the SBP response to AngII irrespective of weight status (P = 0.2, IBW vs. overweight women). Compared to BMI, other adiposity measures showed similar associations to systemic AngII responsiveness in men but not in women. Increasing BMI was associated with a blunted renovasoconstrictor response to AngII in all subjects, but was more pronounced in men. CONCLUSION Sex influences the effect of adiposity on vascular angiotensin-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zalucky
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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The renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue and its metabolic consequences during obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:2003-15. [PMID: 24120291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide disease that is accompanied by several metabolic abnormalities such as hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. The accelerated adipose tissue growth and fat cell hypertrophy during the onset of obesity precedes adipocyte dysfunction. One of the features of adipocyte dysfunction is dysregulated adipokine secretion, which leads to an imbalance of pro-inflammatory, pro-atherogenic versus anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing adipokines. The production of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components by adipocytes is exacerbated during obesity, contributing to the systemic RAS and its consequences. Increased adipose tissue RAS has been described in various models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) including fructose and high-fat feeding. Up-regulation of the adipose RAS by DIO promotes inflammation, lipogenesis and reactive oxygen species generation and impairs insulin signaling, all of which worsen the adipose environment. Consequently, the increase of circulating RAS, for which adipose tissue is partially responsible, represents a link between hypertension, insulin resistance in diabetes and inflammation during obesity. However, other nutrients and food components such as soy protein attenuate adipose RAS, decrease adiposity, and improve adipocyte functionality. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which adipose RAS modulates systemic RAS and how it is enhanced in obesity, which will explain the simultaneous development of metabolic syndrome alterations. Finally, dietary interventions that prevent obesity and adipocyte dysfunction will maintain normal RAS concentrations and effects, thus preventing metabolic diseases that are associated with RAS enhancement.
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Guberman C, Jellyman JK, Han G, Ross MG, Desai M. Maternal high-fat diet programs rat offspring hypertension and activates the adipose renin-angiotensin system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:262.e1-8. [PMID: 23743273 PMCID: PMC4010310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A maternal high-fat diet creates an increased risk of offspring obesity and systemic hypertension. Although the renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is known to regulate blood pressure, it is now recognized that the RAS is also activated in adipose tissue during obesity. We hypothesized that programmed offspring hypertension is associated with the activation of the adipose tissue RAS in the offspring of obese rat dams. STUDY DESIGN At 3 weeks of age, female rats were weaned to a high-fat diet (60% k/cal; n = 6) or control diet (10% k/cal; n = 6). At 11 weeks of age, these rats were mated and continued on their respective diets during pregnancy. After birth, at 1 day of age, subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected; litter size was standardized, and pups were cross-fostered to either control or high-fat diet dams, which created 4 study groups. At 21 days of age, offspring were weaned to control or high-fat diet. At 6 months of age, body fat and blood pressure were measured. Thereafter, subcutaneous and retroperitoneal adipose tissue was harvested from male offspring. Protein expression of adipose tissue RAS components were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS The maternal high-fat diet induced early and persistent alterations in offspring adipose RAS components. These changes were dependent on the period of exposure to the maternal high-fat diet, were adipose tissue specific (subcutaneous and retroperitoneal), and were exacerbated by a postnatal high-fat diet. Maternal high-fat diet increased adiposity and blood pressure in offspring, regardless of the period of exposure. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that programmed adiposity and the activation of the adipose tissue RAS are associated with hypertension in offspring of obese dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Guberman
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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Feraco A, Armani A, Mammi C, Fabbri A, Rosano GMC, Caprio M. Role of mineralocorticoid receptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:99-106. [PMID: 23454117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) classically mediates aldosterone effects on salt homeostasis and blood pressure regulation in epithelial target tissues. In recent years, functional MRs have been identified in non classical targets of aldosterone actions, in particular in adipose tissue, where they mediate the effects of aldosterone and glucocorticoids in the control of adipogenesis, adipose expansion and its pro-inflammatory capacity. In this context, inappropriate MR activation has been demonstrated to be a causal factor in several pathologic conditions such as vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest developments in this rapidly developing field, and will focus on the role of MR and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) as potential leading characters in the early steps of adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. Indeed modulation of MR activity in adipose tissue has promise as a novel therapeutic approach to treat obesity and its related metabolic complications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'.
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Nacci C, Leo V, De Benedictis L, Carratù MR, Bartolomeo N, Altomare M, Giordano P, Faienza MF, Montagnani M. Elevated endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels may contribute to hypoadiponectinemia in childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E683-93. [PMID: 23457411 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pediatric obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and hypoadiponectinemia, but the relationship between these two conditions remains to be fully clarified. Whether enhanced release of endothelin-1 (ET-1) may directly impair adiponectin (Ad) production in obese children is not known. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to explore whether and how high circulating levels of ET-1 may contribute to impair Ad production, release, and vascular activity. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Sixty children were included into obese (Ob; n = 30), overweight (OW; n = 11), and lean (n = 19) groups. Total and high-molecular-weight Ad, ET-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and von Willebrand factor levels were measured in serum samples. Adipocytes were stimulated with exogenous ET-1 or with sera from lean, OW, and Ob, and Ad production and release measured in the absence or in the presence of ETA (BQ-123) and ETB (BQ-788) receptor blockers, p42/44 MAPK inhibitor PD-98059, or c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase inhibitor SP-600125. Vasodilation to Ad was evaluated in rat isolated arteries in the absence or in the presence of BQ-123/788. RESULTS Total and high-molecular-weight Ad was significantly decreased and ET-1 levels significantly increased in OW (P < .01) and Ob (P < .001) children. A statistically significant linear regression (P < .01) was found between Ad and ET-1. Exposure of adipocytes to exogenous ET-1 or serum from OW and Ob significantly decreased Ad mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.001). The inhibitory effect of ET-1 on Ad was reverted by BQ-123/788 or PD-98059 but not SP-600125. Ad-mediated vasodilation was further increased in arteries pretreated with BQ-123/788. CONCLUSIONS ET-1-mediated inhibition of Ad synthesis via p42/44 MAPK signaling may provide a possible explanation for hypoadiponectinemia in pediatric obesity and contribute to the development of cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Nacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Inflammation and hypertension: are there regional differences? Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:492094. [PMID: 23573414 PMCID: PMC3618944 DOI: 10.1155/2013/492094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a chronic disease with global prevalence and incidence rapidly increasing in low and medium income countries. The surveillance of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, is a global health priority in order to estimate the burden and trends, to appropriately direct resources, and to measure the effect of interventions. We propose here that the adoption of Western lifestyles in low and middle incomes countries has dramatically increased the prevalence of abdominal obesity, which is the main source of proinflammatory cytokines, and that the vascular systemic inflammation produced by adipose tissue contributes to the development of hypertension. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines is higher in the Latin American population than that reported in developed countries, suggesting a higher susceptibility to develop systemic low-degree inflammation at a given level of abdominal obesity. These particularities are important to be considered when planning resources for health care programs. Moreover, studying these singularities may provide a better understanding of the causes of the burden of cardiovascular risk factors and the remarkable variability in the prevalence of these medical conditions within and between countries.
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Ohshima K, Mogi M, Jing F, Iwanami J, Tsukuda K, Min LJ, Ogimoto A, Dahlöf B, Steckelings UM, Unger T, Higaki J, Horiuchi M. Direct angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation ameliorates insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mice with PPARγ activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48387. [PMID: 23155382 PMCID: PMC3498306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The role of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor stimulation in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance is still unclear. Therefore we examined the possibility that direct AT2 receptor stimulation by compound 21 (C21) might contribute to possible insulin-sensitizing/anti-diabetic effects in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with PPARγ activation, mainly focusing on adipose tissue. Methods T2DM mice, KK-Ay, were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of C21 and/or a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662 in drinking water for 2 weeks. Insulin resistance was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, and uptake of 2-[3H] deoxy-D-glucose in white adipose tissue. Morphological changes of adipose tissues as well as adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory response were examined. Results Treatment with C21 ameliorated insulin resistance in KK-Ay mice without influencing blood pressure, at least partially through effects on the PPARγ pathway. C21 treatment increased serum adiponectin concentration and decreased TNF-α concentration; however, these effects were attenuated by PPARγ blockade by co-treatment with GW9662. Moreover, we observed that administration of C21 enhanced adipocyte differentiation and PPARγ DNA-binding activity, with a decrease in inflammation in white adipose tissue, whereas these effects of C21 were attenuated by co-treatment with GW9662. We also observed that administration of C21 restored β cell damage in diabetic pancreatic tissue. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that direct AT2 receptor stimulation by C21 accompanied with PPARγ activation ameliorated insulin resistance in T2DM mice, at least partially due to improvement of adipocyte dysfunction and protection of pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousei Ohshima
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Integrated Medicine and Informatics, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fei Jing
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kana Tsukuda
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Li-Juan Min
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Ogimoto
- Department of Integrated Medicine and Informatics, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Björn Dahlöf
- Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrike M. Steckelings
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jitsuo Higaki
- Department of Integrated Medicine and Informatics, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Putnam K, Batifoulier-Yiannikouris F, Bharadwaj KG, Lewis E, Karounos M, Daugherty A, Cassis LA. Deficiency of angiotensin type 1a receptors in adipocytes reduces differentiation and promotes hypertrophy of adipocytes in lean mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4677-86. [PMID: 22919058 PMCID: PMC3512029 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes express angiotensin receptors, but the direct effects of angiotensin II (AngII) stimulating this cell type are undefined. Adipocytes express angiotensin type 1a receptor (AT1aR) and AT2R, both of which have been implicated in obesity. In this study, we determined the effects of adipocyte AT1aR deficiency on adipocyte differentiation and the development of obesity in mice fed low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets. Mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the aP2 promoter were bred with AT1aR-floxed mice to generate mice with adipocyte AT1aR deficiency (AT1aR(aP2)). AT1aR mRNA abundance was reduced significantly in both white and brown adipose tissue from AT1aR(aP2) mice compared with nontransgenic littermates (AT1aR(fl/fl)). Adipocyte AT1aR deficiency did not influence body weight, glucose tolerance, or blood pressure in mice fed either LF or high-fat diets. However, LF-fed AT1aR(aP2) mice exhibited striking adipocyte hypertrophy even though total fat mass was not different between genotypes. Stromal vascular cells from AT1aR(aP2) mice differentiated to a lesser extent to adipocytes compared with controls. Conversely, incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with AngII increased Oil Red O staining and increased mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) via AT1R stimulation. These results suggest that reductions in adipocyte differentiation in LF-fed AT1aR(aP2) mice resulted in increased lipid storage and hypertrophy of remaining adipocytes. These results demonstrate that AngII regulates adipocyte differentiation and morphology through the adipocyte AT1aR in lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Putnam
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0200, USA
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Oh YB, Kim JH, Park BM, Park BH, Kim SH. Captopril intake decreases body weight gain via angiotensin-(1-7). Peptides 2012; 37:79-85. [PMID: 22743141 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] plays a beneficial role in cardiovascular physiology by providing a counterbalance to the function of angiotensin II (Ang II). Although Ang II has been shown to be an adipokine secreted by adipocyte and affect lipid metabolism, the role of Ang-(1-7) in adipose tissue remains to be clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Ang-(1-7) affects lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. Ang-(1-7) increased glycerol release from primary adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. A lipolytic effect of Ang-(1-7) was attenuated by pretreatment with A-779, a Mas receptor blocker and with an inhibitor of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), or eNOS. However, losartan and PD123319 did not cause any change in Ang-(1-7)-induced lipolysis. Ang-(1-7)-induced lipolysis had an addictive effect with isoproterenol. In normal rats, chronic intake of captopril for 4 wks decreased body weight gain and the amount of adipose tissue and increased plasma Ang-(1-7) level. These effects were attenuated by administration of A-779. The levels of Mas receptor and phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL) were significantly increased by treatment with captopril and these captopril-mediated effects were attenuated by the administration of A-779. There was no difference in diameter of adipocytes among sham, captopril- and captopril+A-779-treated groups. The similar effects of captopril on body weight, expression of Mas receptor, and p-HSL were observed in Ang-(1-7)-treated rats. These results suggest that captopril intake decreased body weight gain partly through Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor/PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bin Oh
- Department of Physiology, Diabetic Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Adipogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived human mesenchymal stem cells: effect of gastric bypass surgery. Surg Endosc 2012; 26:3449-56. [PMID: 22648117 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue dysfunction is an important feature of obesity characterized by enlarged adipocytes and marked changes in secretion of cytokines. These changes result in insulin resistance, chronic vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), eventually leading to type 2 diabetes, obesity-related hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several trials have shown that bariatric surgery significantly reduces these comorbidities. However, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the mechanisms whereby bariatric surgery reduces the burden of CVD in obese individuals. METHOD Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from adipose tissue collected from three groups: (1) nonobese control subjects, (2) obese subjects undergoing gastric bypass surgery (GBS), and (3) subjects 1 year or more after GBS. In the study, MSCs were induced to adipogenic differentiation, and RAS-related gene expressions were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) on adipogenic differentiation of MSCs also was investigated. RESULTS Angiotensinogen mRNA levels in MSCs and differentiated adipocytes were significantly higher in the obese group than in the nonobese control subjects. Renin mRNA levels were significantly higher in the obese group MSCs than in the nonobese and post-GBS groups. Angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA levels were significantly lower in the MSCs derived from the post-GBS group than in the obese and nonobese control subjects. Serum Ang II levels were significantly lower in the post-GBS group (52.1 ± 4.2 pg/ml) than in the nonobese (85.4 ± 12.4 pg/ml) and obese (84.7 ± 10.0 pg/ml) groups. Ang II treatment inhibited adipogenesis of MSCs in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of Ang II was mainly abolished by PD123319, a receptor 2 blocker. CONCLUSIONS The adipogenesis of MSCs is inhibited by Ang II treatment. Obese individuals are characterized by an upregulation of the RAS-related gene expressions in adipose tissue. This upregulation resolves in post-GBS subjects.
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Alemany M. Regulation of adipose tissue energy availability through blood flow control in the metabolic syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:2108-19. [PMID: 22542444 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of blood flow rate is a critical factor for tissue oxygen and substrate supply. The potentially large mass of adipose tissue deeply influences the body distribution of blood flow. This is due to increased peripheral resistance in obesity and the role of this tissue as the ultimate destination of unused excess of dietary energy. However, adipose tissue cannot grow indefinitely, and the tissue must defend itself against the avalanche of nutrients provoking inordinate growth and inflammation. In the obese, large adipose tissue masses show lower blood flow, limiting the access of excess circulating substrates. Blood flow restriction is achieved by vasoconstriction, despite increased production of nitric oxide, the vasodilatation effects of which are overridden by catecholamines (and probably also by angiotensin II and endothelin). Decreased blood flow reduces the availability of oxygen, provoking massive glycolysis (hyperglycemic conditions), which results in the production of lactate, exported to the liver for processing. However, this produces local acidosis, which elicits the rapid dissociation of oxyhemoglobin, freeing bursts of oxygen in localized zones of the tissue. The excess of oxygen (and of nitric oxide) induces the production of reactive oxygen species, which deeply affect the endothelial, blood, and adipose cells, inducing oxidative and nitrosative damage and eliciting an increased immune response, which translates into inflammation. The result of the defense mechanism for adipose tissue, localized vasoconstriction, may thus help develop a more generalized pathologic response within the metabolic syndrome parameters, extending its effects to the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marià Alemany
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Passaro A, Dalla Nora E, Marcello C, Di Vece F, Morieri ML, Sanz JM, Bosi C, Fellin R, Zuliani G. PPARγ Pro12Ala and ACE ID polymorphisms are associated with BMI and fat distribution, but not metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:112. [PMID: 22168210 PMCID: PMC3295652 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) results from the combined effect of environmental and genetic factors. We investigated the possible association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ2) Pro12Ala and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphisms with MetS and interaction between these genetic variants. Methods Three hundred sixty four unrelated Caucasian subjects were enrolled. Waist circumference, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Body composition was estimated by impedance analysis; MetS was diagnosed by the NCEP-ATPIII criteria. A fasting blood sample was obtained for glucose, insulin, lipid profile determination, and DNA isolation for genotyping. Results The prevalence of MetS did not differ across PPARγ2 or ACE polymorphisms. Carriers of PPARγ2 Ala allele had higher BMI and fat-mass but lower systolic blood pressure compared with Pro/Pro homozygotes. A significant PPARγ2 gene-gender interaction was observed in the modulation of BMI, fat mass, and blood pressure, with significant associations found in women only. A PPARγ2-ACE risk genotype combination for BMI and fat mass was found, with ACE DD/PPARγ2 Ala subjects having a higher BMI (p = 0.002) and Fat Mass (p = 0.002). Pro12Ala was independently associated with waist circumference independent of BMI and gender. Conclusions Carriers of PPARγ2 Ala allele had higher BMI and fat-mass but not a worse metabolic profile, possibly because of a more favorable adipose tissue distribution. A gene interaction exists between Pro12Ala and ACE I/D on BMI and fat mass. Further studies are needed to assess the contribution of Pro12Ala polymorphism in adiposity distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Passaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Clinical Nutrition, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Yiannikouris F, Karounos M, Charnigo R, English VL, Rateri DL, Daugherty A, Cassis LA. Adipocyte-specific deficiency of angiotensinogen decreases plasma angiotensinogen concentration and systolic blood pressure in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R244-51. [PMID: 22071160 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00323.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that overexpression of angiotensinogen (AGT) in adipose tissue increased blood pressure. However, the contribution of endogenous AGT in adipocytes to the systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and blood pressure control is undefined. To define a role of adipocyte-derived AGT, mice with loxP sites flanking exon 2 of the AGT gene (Agt(fl/fl)) were bred to transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of an adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 4 promoter (aP2) promoter to generate mice with adipocyte AGT deficiency (Agt(aP2)). AGT mRNA abundance in adipose tissue and AGT secretion from adipocytes were reduced markedly in adipose tissues of Agt(aP2) mice. To determine the contribution of adipocyte-derived AGT to the systemic RAS and blood pressure control, mice were fed normal laboratory diet for 2 or 12 mo. In males and females of each genotype, body weight and fat mass increased with age. However, there was no effect of adipocyte AGT deficiency on body weight, fat mass, or adipocyte size. At 2 and 12 mo of age, mice with deficiency of AGT in adipocytes had reduced plasma concentrations of AGT (by 24-28%) compared with controls. Moreover, mice lacking AGT in adipocytes exhibited reduced systolic blood pressures compared with controls (Agt(fl/fl), 117 ± 2; Agt(aP2), 110 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that adipocyte-derived AGT contributes to the systemic RAS and blood pressure control.
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Kim NK, Lim D, Lee SH, Cho YM, Park EW, Lee CS, Shin BS, Kim TH, Yoon D. Heat shock protein B1 and its regulator genes are negatively correlated with intramuscular fat content in the longissimus thoracis muscle of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5657-5664. [PMID: 21524092 DOI: 10.1021/jf200217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In previous proteomic studies, heat shock protein β 1 (HSPB1) was detected as a candidate protein related to meat quality in cattle. This study sought to determine if its gene expression was associated with intramuscular fat content in the longissimus thoracis muscle of Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Tissue from two groups of 10 steers each, low-marbling (mean intramuscular fat content, 7.4 ± 1.5%) and high-marbling (23.5 ± 2.8%), were used for immunoblotting, real-time PCR, and statistical analyses. HSPB1 expression in both mRNA and protein was shown to be negatively related to intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05). Pathway analysis found two genes, TNF receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS) and angiotensinogen (AGT), that were regulators of the HSPB1 gene. The expression of the two genes showed a negative correlation with intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05). These results suggest that HSPB1, FAS, and AGT may be good candidate genes associated with intramuscular fat content in the longissimus muscle of Korean cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Kuk Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lahera V, Lopez-Lopez J. Epidemic of cardiometabolic diseases: a Latin American point of view. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 5:119-31. [PMID: 21406494 DOI: 10.1177/1753944711403189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor early nutrition has varying effects on subsequent cardiometabolic disease (CMD) rates. Fetal and neonatal periods are critical for the development and growth of the systems involved in CMD. The increased rates of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus type 2, renal failure and heart failure observed nowadays in Latin America could be the result of the discrepancy between the nutritional environment during fetal and early life and the adult environment. This discrepancy causes a mismatch between the fetal programming of the subject and its adult circumstances created by the imposition of new life styles. The two largest international studies on cardiovascular risk factors for a first myocardial infarction (INTERHEART) and stroke (INTERSTROKE) demonstrated that in Latin America the factor with the highest attributable population risk was abdominal obesity. The conflict between the earlier programming and the later presence of abdominal obesity produced a higher sensitivity of this population to develop a state of low-degree inflammation, insulin resistance and the epidemic of CMD to lower levels of abdominal adiposity. The relative roles played by genetic and environmental factors and the interaction between the two are the still subjects of great debate. We have reviewed the relationship between maternal malnutrition, early growth restriction, epigenetic adaptations, and the later occurrence of abdominal obesity and CMD in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Research Direction, Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander-Clinica Carlos Ardila-Lulle, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia.
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Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Dyslipidaemia of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the case for residual risk reduction after statin treatment. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2011; 5:24-34. [PMID: 21660248 PMCID: PMC3109607 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401105010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is frequently present in obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The predominant features of dyslipidaemia in these disorders include increased flux of free fatty acids (FFA), raised triglyceride (TG) and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, a predominance of small, dense (atherogenic) low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) particles and raised apolipoprotein (apo) B values Posprandial hyperlipidaemia may also be present. Insulin resistance (IR) appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dyslipidaemia in obesity, MetS and T2DM. The cornerstone of treatment of this IR-related dyslipidaemia is lifestyle changes and in diabetic patients, tight glycaemic control. In addition to these measures, recent clinical trials showed benefit with statin treatment. Nevertheless, a substantial percentage of patients treated with statins still experience vascular events. This residual vascular risk needs to be addressed. This review summarizes the effects of hypolipidaemic drug combinations (including statins with cholesterol ester protein inhibitors, niacin, fibrates or fish oil, as well as fibrate-ezetimibe combination) on the residual vascular risk in patients with obesity, MetS or T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios G Athyros
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Draz HM. Relationship between resistin and aPAI-1 levels with insulin resistance in Saudi children. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:551-6. [PMID: 20113417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2010.03091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association of resistin with insulin resistance (IR) in humans is still controversial and few studies have investigated the association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with IR in children. The purpose of the present study was therefore to evaluate serum levels of resistin and active PAI-1 (aPAI-1) in Saudi children and their association with the various obesity-related complications. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 73 boys and 77 girls with varying body mass index (BMI) were recruited. They were assessed for anthropometric measures and fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, resistin, angiotensin II (ANG II) and aPAI-1. RESULTS Resistin was positively correlated with hips (r = 0.33, P < 0.01), waist (r = 0.23, P < 0.05) and BMI (r = 0.33, P < 0.01). The association of resistin with the markers of obesity was also significant in girls but lost significance in boys. aPAI-1 was positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.24; P < 0.01), triglycerides (r = 0.2, P < 0.05), HOMA-IR (r = 0.26, P < 0.01) and insulin (r = 0.26, P < 0.01). The significant association of aPAI-1 with IR was also true in girls but lost significance in boys. CONCLUSION Resistin is not correlated with IR and further studies are needed to explore the role of resistin especially in childhood obesity. In contrast, increased levels of PAI-1 may contribute to the risk of cardiovascular diseases related to obesity and insulin resistance in children. The observed gender-related differences in the association between resistin, aPAI-1 with obesity markers and IR could be attributed to sexual dimorphism in body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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de Kloet AD, Krause EG, Woods SC. The renin angiotensin system and the metabolic syndrome. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:525-34. [PMID: 20381510 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS; most well-known for its critical roles in the regulation of cardiovascular function and hydromineral balance) has regained the spotlight for its potential roles in various aspects of the metabolic syndrome. It may serve as a causal link among obesity and several co-morbidities. Drugs that reduce the synthesis or action of angiotensin-II (A-II; the primary effector peptide of the RAS) have been used to treat hypertension for decades and, more recently, clinical trials have determined the utility of these pharmacological agents to prevent insulin resistance. Moreover, there is evidence that the RAS contributes to body weight regulation by acting in various tissues. This review summarizes what is known of the actions of the RAS in the brain and throughout the body to influence various metabolic disorders. Special emphasis is given to the role of the RAS in body weight regulation. The paper represents an invited review by a symposium, award winner or keynote speaker at the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior [SSIB] Annual Meeting in Portland, July 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette D de Kloet
- Program in Neuroscience University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States.
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Sui Y, Zhao HL, Fan RR, Guan J, He L, Lee HM, Chan JCN, Tong PCY. Renin-angiotensin system activation in renal adipogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298:F391-400. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00445.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the major organs involved in whole-body homeostasis while chronic renal impairment usually leads to fat redistribution and hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of tissue renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, lipogenic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and cytokine TNF-α in the development of ectopic adipogenesis and lipid deposition. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: untreated uninephrectomized (UNX) rats, UNX rats treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), lisinopril, and sham-operated rats. All animals were euthanized at 10 mo postoperation. The untreated UNX rats showed increased protein expression of renin, angiotensinogen, PPARγ, and the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) but reduced protein expression of AT1R and TNF-α in their remnant kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased reactivity of angiotensinogen and angiotensin I/II in renal tubular cells and adipocytes of the untreated UNX rats. ACEI treatment largely prevented these disorders in association with restored normolipidemia and normalized renal adipogenesis and lipid deposition. These findings support the notion that tissue RAS, PPARγ, and TNF-α collectively play an important role in the renal adipogenesis and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and
| | | | | | - Jing Guan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and
| | - Lan He
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and
| | | | - Juliana C. N. Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity and
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter C. Y. Tong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Knockdown of angiotensinogen by shRNA-mediated RNA interference inhibits human visceral preadipocytes differentiation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 34:157-64. [PMID: 19786968 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immediate cause of obesity is the massive deposition of subcutaneous and visceral fat attributing to the continuous proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes. The identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms of preadipocytes differentiation is urgent, and will have an important role in plastic and reconstructive surgical procedures. METHODS Two small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated RNA interference plasmids have been constructed on the basis of the activity of H1 promoter-driven expression vector psiRNA-hH1neo to suppress the expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) in human preadipocytes-visceral (HPA-v). Subsequently, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity and intracytoplasmic lipids content were detected during the process of HPA-v differentiation. RESULTS Small hairpin RNA-expressing vectors have been successfully constructed to suppress the expression of AGT significantly. Both intracytoplasmic lipids content and G3PDH activity decreased to a certain extent compared with that in the control group in the whole process of HPA-v differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Two shRNA-mediated AGT-targeting plasmids inhibited the process of HPA-v differentiation to a certain extent. However, the accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipids was not exclusively determined by the expression of AGT, and it may also be regulated by other factors. In conclusion, this study provided a method to inhibit the process of preadipocytes differentiation, and it may have a role in obesity treatment and adipose tissue engineering application.
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Ye ZW, Wu XM, Jiang JG. Expression changes of angiotensin II pathways and bioactive mediators during human preadipocytes-visceral differentiation. Metabolism 2009; 58:1288-96. [PMID: 19497593 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide serious health problem; and it may result in a wide range of complications, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. As a consequence, molecular identification on the differentiation of preadipocytes and the generation of bioactive mediators is crucial in understanding the formation and development of obesity and obesity-associated health problems. In addition, exhaustive exhibition and purposeful control of adipocytes formation also play critical roles in the plastic and reconstructive surgical procedures. The primary purpose of this study was to exhibit the expression changes of angiotensin II (Ang II) pathways and 2 vital adipokines, leptin and resistin, during human preadipocytes-visceral differentiation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The present result indicated that the generation of Ang II during preadipocytes differentiation was achieved through both renin-angiotensin system pathway and non-renin-angiotensin system pathways, and the latter may be more important in this process. Gene expression of Ang II receptor type 1 and 2 increased in the initial phase of differentiation and then quickly decreased after 9 days. Moreover, the expression of both leptin and resistin increased significantly during preadipocyte-adipocyte conversion. The present work provided a fundamental understanding of human visceral preadipocytes differentiation molecularly. It may promote the understanding of obesity and obesity-associated diseases to some extent. However, there is still a long way to go to treat obesity and its complications effectively; and more efforts should be devoted urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Ye
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Stucchi P, Cano V, Ruiz-Gayo M, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Aliskiren reduces body-weight gain, adiposity and plasma leptin during diet-induced obesity. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:771-8. [PMID: 19694726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Overfeeding increases adipose tissue mass and leptin production and up-regulates the renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue in rodents. Here, we determined the effect of chronic treatment with the renin inhibitor, aliskiren, in a model of diet-induced obesity in mice, on: (i) body weight, adipose tissue weight and plasma leptin; (ii) food intake and caloric efficiency; and (iii) angiotensin II (Ang II) in adipose tissue. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Four-week-old C57BL/6J mice (n= 40) received aliskiren (50 mg.kg(-1).day(-1); 6 weeks) by means of a subcutaneous osmotic Alzet minipump. Animals were given either a low-fat (10% kcal from fat) or a high-fat diet (45% kcal from fat) during this period. Food-intake and body-weight variation were monitored during treatment. KEY RESULTS In addition to a decrease of plasma renin activity, aliskiren reduced body-weight gain, adipose pads and plasma leptin concentration, independent of the diet. In adipose tissue, local concentrations of Ang II were also reduced by aliskiren. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Aliskiren limited the gain of adiposity in young mice. This effect was not due to changes in food intake or caloric efficiency and might be related to a down-regulation of the local renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue. These effects were accompanied by reduced plasma leptin levels. As Ang II favours differentiation of adipocytes, it is possible that the decreased adipose tissue was linked to changes in adipocyte size and number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Stucchi
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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The protective effect of irbesartan in rats fed a high fat diet is associated with modification of leptin–adiponectin imbalance. J Hypertens 2009; 27:S37-41. [DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000358836.64052.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Angiotensinogen promoter variants influence gene expression in human kidney and visceral adipose tissue. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 24:213-9. [PMID: 19536167 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human angiotensinogen (AGT) gene promoter polymorphisms (G-217A; A-20C; G-6A) influence AGT transcription in vitro and have been implicated in the genetics of essential hypertension. We analysed the association among AGT promoter variants and AGT mRNA levels in human kidney and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in vivo. Samples of kidney and VAT were obtained from 35 consecutive patients undergoing renal surgery. The AGT gene promoter of each patient was sequenced to identify variants. AGT gene expression was studied by real-time PCR TaqMan assay. Clinical data obtained before surgery were also considered in the statistical analysis. Two new polymorphisms at -175 and at -163 were identified. Although AGT expression was significantly higher in VAT than in the kidney, when both variants were present together AGT expression in VAT was about fivefold lower (P=0.033) than in the wild haplotype. This lower AGT expression in VAT suggests that the proximity and linkage of -175A and -163A variants might destabilize the binding of specific transcription factors to an acute-phase responsive element 3. Among the known AGT promoter variants, only -20C SNP has an important effect on tissue-specific differential AGT expression in the human tissues studied, inducing a 3.8-fold increase in AGT mRNA localized only in the kidney medulla (P=0.038). The other known polymorphisms (G-6A; G-217A) were not associated with different levels of AGT expression. Our results support the hypothesis that some human AGT promoter variants influence transcriptional activity in a tissue-specific way in humans.
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Fowler JD, Johnson ND, Haroldson TA, Brintnall JA, Herrera JE, Katz SA, Bernlohr DA. Regulated renin release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E1383-91. [PMID: 19293336 PMCID: PMC2692391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00025.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Whereas adipose tissue possesses a local renin-angiotensin system, the synthesis and regulated release of renin has not been addressed. To that end, we utilized differentiating 3T3-L1 cells and analyzed renin expression and secretion. Renin mRNA expression and protein enzymatic activity were not detectable in preadipocytes. However, upon differentiation, renin mRNA and both intracellular and extracellular renin activity were upregulated. In differentiated adipocytes, forskolin treatment resulted in a 28-fold increase in renin mRNA, whereas TNFalpha treatment decreased renin mRNA fourfold. IL-6, insulin, and angiotensin (Ang) II were without effect. In contrast, forskolin and TNFalpha each increased renin protein secretion 12- and sevenfold, respectively. Although both forskolin and TNFalpha induce lipolysis in adipocytes, fatty acids, prostaglandin E(2), and lipopolysaccharide had no effect on renin mRNA or secretion. To evaluate the mechanism(s) by which forskolin and/or TNFalpha are able to regulate renin secretion, a general lipase inhibitor (E600) and PKA inhibitor (H89) were used. Both inhibitors attenuated forskolin-induced renin release, whereas they had no effect on TNFalpha-regulated secretion. In contrast, E600 potentiated forskolin-stimulated renin mRNA levels, whereas H89 had no effect. Neither inhibitor had any influence on TNFalpha regulation of renin mRNA. Relative to lean controls, renin expression was reduced 78% in the epididymal adipose tissue of obese male C57Bl/6J mice, consistent with TNFalpha-mediated downregulation of renin mRNA in the culture system. In conclusion, the expression and secretion of renin are regulated under a complex series of hormonal and metabolic determinants in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Fowler
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Fowler JD, Krueth SB, Bernlohr DA, Katz SA. Renin dynamics in adipose tissue: adipose tissue control of local renin concentrations. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E343-50. [PMID: 19050177 PMCID: PMC4459922 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90693.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in a variety of adipose tissue functions, including tissue growth, differentiation, metabolism, and inflammation. Although expression of all components necessary for a locally derived adipose tissue RAS has been demonstrated within adipose tissue, independence of local adipose RAS component concentrations from corresponding plasma RAS fluctuations has not been addressed. To analyze this, we varied in vivo rat plasma concentrations of two RAS components, renin and angiotensinogen (AGT), to determine the influence of their plasma concentrations on adipose and cardiac tissue levels in both perfused (plasma removed) and nonperfused samples. Variation of plasma RAS components was accomplished by four treatment groups: normal, DOCA salt, bilateral nephrectomy, and losartan. Adipose and cardiac tissue AGT concentrations correlated positively with plasma values. Perfusion of adipose tissue decreased AGT concentrations by 11.1%, indicating that adipose tissue AGT was in equilibrium with plasma. Cardiac tissue renin levels positively correlated with plasma renin concentration for all treatments. In contrast, adipose tissue renin levels did not correlate with plasma renin, with the exception of extremely high plasma renin concentrations achieved in the losartan-treated group. These results suggest that adipose tissue may control its own local renin concentration independently of plasma renin as a potential mechanism for maintaining a functional local adipose RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Fowler
- Dept. of Integrative Biology and Physiology, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. S. E., Univ. of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of NASH/NAFLD: could they be a first-class option? Adv Ther 2008; 25:1141-74. [PMID: 18972077 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-008-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition pathogenically linked to metabolic syndrome (MS) by insulin resistance (IR), and characterized by hepatic steatosis in the absence of significant alcohol use, hepatotoxicity, and/or other known liver diseases.The principles of NAFLD therapy target IR: the key point of MS. As the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a central role in IR, and subsequently in NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an attempt to block the deleterious effects of RAS overexpression seems a logical target. While many potential therapies tested in NASH target only the consequences of this condition, or try to "get rid" of excessive fat, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could act as an elegant tool for adequate correction of the various imbalances that act in harmony in NASH/NAFLD. Indeed, by inhibiting RAS we can improve the intracellular insulin signaling pathway, better control adipose tissue proliferation and adipokine production, and produce more balanced local and systemic levels of various cytokines. At the same time, by controlling the local RAS in the liver we might be able to prevent at least fibrosis and also slow down the vicious cycle that links steatosis to necroinflammation. By targeting the pancreatic effects of angiotensin we should be able to preserve an adequate insulin secretion and acquire a better metabolic balance.In our opinion there are two major advantages of ARBs that make them a possible therapeutic option for treating NASH and MS: their specific antihypertensive effect, and their impact on liver fibrosis. In light of this, and based on the current evidence (including existent human studies), we can speculate that some ARBs like telmisartan, candesartan, and losartan can be beneficial in treating NASH/NAFLD and its consequences, and further larger controlled clinical trials will bring consistent data into this field.
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Renin-angiotensin system, natriuretic peptides, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension: an integrated view in humans. J Hypertens 2008; 26:831-43. [PMID: 18398321 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f624a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic is closely related to hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Visceral adipose tissue plays a key role in the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of being overweight. The pathophysiological link between visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic complications focuses on insulin sensitivity, sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and, only recently, on cardiac natriuretic peptide system (CNPS). RAAS and CNPS are endogenous antagonistic systems on sodium balance, cardiovascular system, and metabolism. The circulating RAAS is dysregulated in obese patients, and adipose tissue has a full local renin-angiotensin system that is active at local and systemic level. Adipocyte biology and metabolism are influenced by local renin-angiotensin system, with angiotensin II acting as a 'growth factor' for adipocytes. CNPS induces natriuresis and diuresis, reduces blood pressure, and, moreover, has powerful lipolytic and lipomobilizing activity in humans but not in rodents. In obesity, lower plasmatic natriuretic peptides levels with increasing BMI, waist circumference, and metabolic syndrome have been documented. Thus, reduced CNPS effects coupled with increased RAAS activity have a central role in obesity and its deadly complications. We propose herein an integrated view of the dysregulation of these two antagonistic systems in human obesity complicated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and increased cardiovascular risk.
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