1
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Dong N, Du Y, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Lv H, Yan Z. Research progress on tamoxifen and its analogs associated with nuclear receptors. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1427-1442. [PMID: 37706220 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a triphenylethylene-based selective estrogen-receptor modulator, is a landmark drug for the treatment of breast cancer and is also used for treating liver cancer and osteoporosis. Structural studies of tamoxifen have led to the synthesis of more than 20 novel tamoxifen analogs as receptor modulators, including 16 ERα modulators 2-17, an ERRβ inverse agonist 19 and six ERRγ inverse agonists 20-25. This paper summarizes the research progress and structure-activity relationships of tamoxifen analogs modulating these three nuclear receptors reported in the literature, and introduces the relationship between these three nuclear receptor-mediated diseases and tamoxifen analogs to guide the research of novel tamoxifen analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yongli Du
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Huiting Lv
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhijia Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
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2
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Davezac M, Meneur C, Buscato M, Zahreddine R, Arnal JF, Dalenc F, Lenfant F, Fontaine C. The beneficial effects of tamoxifen on arteries: a key player for cardiovascular health of breast cancer patient. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115677. [PMID: 37419371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Over the past few decades, advances in cancer detection and treatment have significantly improved survival rate of breast cancer patients. However, due to the cardiovascular toxicity of cancer treatments (chemotherapy, anti-HER2 antibodies and radiotherapy), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have become an increasingly important cause of long-term morbidity and mortality in breast cancer survivors. Endocrine therapies are prescribed to reduce the risk of recurrence and specific death in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) early breast cancer patients, but their impact on CVD is a matter of debate. Whereas aromatase inhibitors and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs inhibit estrogen synthesis, tamoxifen acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), opposing estrogen action in the breast but mimicking their actions in other tissues, including arteries. This review aims to summarize the main clinical and experimental studies reporting the effects of tamoxifen on CVD. In addition, we will discuss how recent findings on the mechanisms of action of these therapies may contribute to a better understanding and anticipation of CVD risk in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Davezac
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Cecile Meneur
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France; PhysioStim, 10 rue Henri Regnault, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Melissa Buscato
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Rana Zahreddine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France; CREFRE-Anexplo, Service de Microchirurgie Experimentale, UMS006, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UT3, ENVT, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Dalenc
- Department of Medical Oncology, Claudius Regaud Institute, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
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3
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Structure-based discovery of pyrazolamides as novel ERRγ inverse agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115174. [PMID: 36805944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor-gamma (ERRγ) is an orphan nuclear receptor with high structural similarity to estrogen receptors (ERα and β). The endogenous ligand of the receptor has yet to be identified. Only two classes of molecules-stilbene (diethylstilbestrol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and GSK5182) and flavonol (kaempferol) have been known to modulate the transcriptional activity of the receptor to date. Further, these agents lack selectivity to ERRγ suggesting the need for a new inverse agonist. Thus, virtual screening was used to identify pyrazolamide 7 as a novel ERRγ inverse agonist. Structure-based diversification and optimization of the compound further led to the identification of derivative 19 as a potent inverse agonist of ERRγ with selectivity over other nuclear receptors including those of ERR family. Pyrazolamide 19 exhibits strong affinity towards ERRγ and inhibits the expression of hepcidin, fibrinogen and gluconeogenic genes, which suggests that these compounds may have antimicrobial, anti-coagulant and antidiabetic activities.
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4
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Scholtes C, Giguère V. Transcriptional Regulation of ROS Homeostasis by the ERR Subfamily of Nuclear Receptors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030437. [PMID: 33809291 PMCID: PMC7999130 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are generated endogenously by processes such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, or they may arise from exogenous sources like bacterial invasion. ROS can be beneficial (oxidative eustress) as signaling molecules but also harmful (oxidative distress) to cells when ROS levels become unregulated in response to physiological, pathological or pharmacological insults. Indeed, abnormal ROS levels have been shown to contribute to the etiology of a wide variety of diseases. Transcriptional control of metabolic genes is a crucial mechanism to coordinate ROS homeostasis. Therefore, a better understanding of how ROS metabolism is regulated by specific transcription factors can contribute to uncovering new therapeutic strategies. A large body of work has positioned the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, as not only master regulators of cellular energy metabolism but, most recently, of ROS metabolism. Herein, we will review the role played by the ERRs as transcriptional regulators of ROS generation and antioxidant mechanisms and also as ROS sensors. We will assess how the control of ROS homeostasis by the ERRs can be linked to physiology and disease and the possible contribution of manipulating ERR activity in redox medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Scholtes
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada;
| | - Vincent Giguère
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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5
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Li L, Zhao H, Xie H, Akhtar T, Yao Y, Cai Y, Dong K, Gu Y, Bao J, Chen J, Zhang M, Zhong K, Xu W, Xue T. Electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor-like cells in human inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids during in vitro maturation. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:959-974. [PMID: 33662144 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Retinal organoids (ROs) derived from human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) exhibit considerable therapeutic potential. However, current quality control of ROs during in vitro differentiation is largely limited to the detection of molecular markers, often by immunostaining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and sequencing, often without proper functional assessments. As such, in the current study, we systemically characterized the physiological maturation of photoreceptor-like cells in hiPSC-derived ROs. By performing patch-clamp recordings from photoreceptor-like cells in ROs at distinct differentiation stages (ie, Differentiation Day [D]90, D150, and D200), we determined the electrophysiological properties of the plasma membrane and several characteristic ion channels closely associated with the physiological functions of the photoreceptors. Ionic hallmarks, such as hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels and cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, matured progressively during differentiation. After D200 in culture, these characteristic currents closely resembled those in macaque or human native photoreceptors. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the hyperpolarization-activated inward current/depolarization-activated outward current ratio (I-120 /I+40 ), termed as the inward-outward current (IOC) ratio hereon, accurately represented the maturity of photoreceptors and could serve as a sensitive indicator of pathological state. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive dataset describing the electrophysiological maturation of photoreceptor-like cells in hiPSC-derived ROs for precise and sensitive quality control during RO differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Li
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhao
- School of Biology, Food, and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohuan Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tasneem Akhtar
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichuan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Dong
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghao Gu
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jutao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xue
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Schoepke E, Billon C, Haynes KM, Avdagic A, Sitaula S, Sanders R, Adeyemi CM, Walker JK, Burris TP. A Selective ERRα/γ Inverse Agonist, SLU-PP-1072, Inhibits the Warburg Effect and Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2338-2345. [PMID: 32897058 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen related receptors (ERRs) are a subgroup of nuclear receptors that play a role in regulation of cellular metabolism. Prostate cancer (PCa) cells display altered metabolic signatures, such as the Warburg effect, and the ERRs have been implicated in driving this phenotype. Despite the lack of a known endogenous ligand, synthetic ligands that target the ERRs have been discovered. For example, the ERRα inverse agonist XCT790 modulates metabolic pathways in PCa cells, but it also functions as a mitochondrial uncoupler independent of targeting ERRα. Here, we describe a novel dual ERRα/γ inverse agonist, SLU-PP-1072, derived from the GSK4716 ERRγ agonist scaffold that is distinct from the XCT790 scaffold. SLU-PP-1072 alters PCa cell metabolism and gene expression, resulting in cell cycle dysregulation and increased apoptosis without acute mitochondrial uncoupling activity. Our data suggest that inhibition of ERRα/γ may be beneficial in treatment of PCa, and SLU-PP-1072 provides a unique chemical tool to evaluate the pharmacology of ERRα and ERRγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmalie Schoepke
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Keith M Haynes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Amer Avdagic
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Sadichha Sitaula
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Ryan Sanders
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Christiana M Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - John K Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
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7
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Yao B, Zhang S, Wei Y, Tian S, Lu Z, Jin L, He Y, Xie W, Li Y. Structural Insights into the Specificity of Ligand Binding and Coactivator Assembly by Estrogen-Related Receptor β. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5460-5472. [PMID: 32795533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor β (ERRβ) is a nuclear receptor critical for many biological processes. Despite the biological and pharmaceutical importance of ERRβ, deciphering the structure of ERRβ has been hampered by the difficulties in obtaining a pure and stable protein for structural studies. In fact, the ERRβ ligand-binding domain remains the last unsolved ERR structure and also one of only a few unknown nuclear receptor structures. Here, we report the identification of a critical single-residue mutation resulted in robust solubility and stability of an active ERRβ ligand-binding domain, thereby providing a protein tool enabling the first probe into the biochemical and structural studies of this important receptor. The crystal structure reveals key structural features that have enabled the integration of the molecular determinants of signals transduced across the ligand binding and coregulator recruitment by all three ERR subtypes, which also provides a framework for the rational design of selective and potent ligands for the treatment of various ERR-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqiang Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Shuchi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yijuan Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Siyu Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lihua Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ying He
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, China.
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8
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Ghanbari F, Mader S, Philip A. Cholesterol as an Endogenous Ligand of ERRα Promotes ERRα-Mediated Cellular Proliferation and Metabolic Target Gene Expression in Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1765. [PMID: 32717915 PMCID: PMC7463712 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Increased risk of breast cancer has been associated with high dietary cholesterol intake. However, the underlying mechanisms are not known. The nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), plays an important role in breast cancer cell metabolism, and its overexpression has been linked to poor survival. Here we identified cholesterol as an endogenous ligand of ERRα by purification from human pregnancy serum using a GST-ERRα affinity column and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We show that cholesterol interacts with ERRα and induces its transcriptional activity in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. In addition, we show that cholesterol enhances ERRα-PGC-1α interaction, induces ERRα expression itself, augments several metabolic target genes of ERRα, and increases cell proliferation and migration in both ER+ and TNBC cells. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of cholesterol on metabolic gene expression, cell proliferation, and migration requires the ERRα pathway. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the increased breast cancer risk associated with high dietary cholesterol and possibly the pro-survival effect of statins in breast cancer patients, highlighting the clinical relevance of lowering cholesterol levels in breast cancer patients overexpressing ERRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faegheh Ghanbari
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
| | - Sylvie Mader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 1J7, Canada;
| | - Anie Philip
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
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9
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Lafront C, Germain L, Weidmann C, Audet-Walsh É. A Systematic Study of the Impact of Estrogens and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators on Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4024. [PMID: 32132580 PMCID: PMC7055213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen signaling pathway has been reported to modulate prostate cancer (PCa) progression through the activity of estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). Given that selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are used to treat breast cancer, ERs have been proposed as attractive therapeutic targets in PCa. However, many inconsistencies regarding the expression of ERs and the efficacy of SERMs for PCa treatment exist, notably due to the use of ERβ antibodies lacking specificity and treatments with high SERM concentrations leading to off-target effects. To end this confusion, our objective was to study the impact of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic ligands in well-studied in vitro PCa models with appropriate controls, dosages, and ER subtype-specific antibodies. When using physiologically relevant concentrations of nine estrogenic/anti-estrogenic compounds, including five SERMs, we observed no significant modulation of PCa cell proliferation. Using RNA-seq and validated antibodies, we demonstrate that these PCa models do not express ERs. In contrast, RNA-seq from PCa samples from patients have detectable expression of ERα. Overall, our study reveals that commonly used PCa models are inappropriate to study ERs and indicate that usage of alternative models is essential to properly assess the roles of the estrogen signaling pathway in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lafront
- Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Lucas Germain
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Department of biochemistry, microbiology and bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
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10
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Ghanbari F, Hebert-Losier A, Barry J, Poirier D, Giguere V, Mader S, Philip A. Isolation and functional characterization of a novel endogenous inverse agonist of estrogen related receptors (ERRs) from human pregnancy urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105352. [PMID: 30954508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-receptor related receptors (ERRs) which consists of ERRα, ERRβ and ERRγ belong to the orphan nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group B (NR3B) subfamily, and are constitutively active. ERRs have been shown to actively modulate estrogenic responses, and to play an essential role in pregnancy, and are implicated in breast cancer progression. Despite intensive efforts, no endogenous ligand other than the ubiquitous sterol, cholesterol which binds ERRα, has been identified for ERRs so far. The discovery of ligands that bind these orphan receptors will allow the manipulation of this pathway and may lead to novel strategies for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. We previously reported the identification of a novel endogenous estradienolone-like steroid (ED) that is strongly bound to sex hormone binding globulin, in pregnant women. Our recent results show that ED acts as an inverse agonist of ERRα and ERRγ by directly interacting with these receptors, and inhibiting their transcriptional activity. We also demonstrate that ED inhibits the growth of both estrogen receptor-positive (MCF-7) and estrogen receptor-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells in a dose dependent manner, while of displaying a little effect on normal epithelial breast cells. Furthermore, the anti-mitogenic effect of ED in breast cancer cells is ERRα-dependent. These data suggest that ED-ERR interaction may represent a novel physiologically relevant hormone response pathway in the human. The finding that ED inhibits both ER negative and ER positive breast cancer cell growth may have important implications in pathophysiology breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faegheh Ghanbari
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea Hebert-Losier
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Janelle Barry
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, and Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sylvie Mader
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anie Philip
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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11
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Broekema MF, Hollman DAA, Koppen A, van den Ham HJ, Melchers D, Pijnenburg D, Ruijtenbeek R, van Mil SWC, Houtman R, Kalkhoven E. Profiling of 3696 Nuclear Receptor-Coregulator Interactions: A Resource for Biological and Clinical Discovery. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2397-2407. [PMID: 29718163 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-inducible transcription factors that play critical roles in metazoan development, reproduction, and physiology and therefore are implicated in a broad range of pathologies. The transcriptional activity of NRs critically depends on their interaction(s) with transcriptional coregulator proteins, including coactivators and corepressors. Short leucine-rich peptide motifs in these proteins (LxxLL in coactivators and LxxxIxxxL in corepressors) are essential and sufficient for NR binding. With 350 different coregulator proteins identified to date and with many coregulators containing multiple interaction motifs, an enormous combinatorial potential is present for selective NR-mediated gene regulation. However, NR-coregulator interactions have often been determined experimentally on a one-to-one basis across diverse experimental conditions. In addition, NR-coregulator interactions are difficult to predict because the molecular determinants that govern specificity are not well established. Therefore, many biologically and clinically relevant NR-coregulator interactions may remain to be discovered. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of 3696 NR-coregulator interactions by systematically characterizing the binding of 24 nuclear receptors with 154 coregulator peptides. We identified unique ligand-dependent NR-coregulator interaction profiles for each NR, confirming many well-established NR-coregulator interactions. Hierarchical clustering based on the NR-coregulator interaction profiles largely recapitulates the classification of NR subfamilies based on the primary amino acid sequences of the ligand-binding domains, indicating that amino acid sequence is an important, although not the only, molecular determinant in directing and fine-tuning NR-coregulator interactions. This NR-coregulator peptide interactome provides an open data resource for future biological and clinical discovery as well as NR-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjoleine F Broekema
- Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danielle A A Hollman
- Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arjen Koppen
- Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Diana Melchers
- PamGene International B. V., BJ 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International B. V., BJ 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- PamGene International B. V., BJ 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B. V., BJ 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Lin H, Doebelin C, Patouret R, Garcia-Ordonez RD, Chang MR, Dharmarajan V, Bayona CR, Cameron MD, Griffin PR, Kamenecka TM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of simple phenol amides as ERRγ agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1313-1319. [PMID: 29548571 PMCID: PMC5893368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the design and synthesis of a series of simple phenol amide ERRγ agonists based on a hydrazone lead molecule. Our structure activity relationship studies in this series revealed the phenol portion of the molecule to be required for activity. Attempts to replace the hydrazone with more suitable chemotypes led to a simple amide as a viable alternative. Differential hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments were used to help understand the structural basis for binding to ERRγ and aid in the development of more potent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lin
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christelle Doebelin
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Rémi Patouret
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ruben D Garcia-Ordonez
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - M R Chang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Venkatasubramanian Dharmarajan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Claudia Ruiz Bayona
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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13
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Festuccia N, Owens N, Navarro P. Esrrb, an estrogen-related receptor involved in early development, pluripotency, and reprogramming. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:852-877. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Festuccia
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR3738; Paris France
| | - Nick Owens
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR3738; Paris France
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR3738; Paris France
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14
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Tamoxifen Provides Structural and Functional Rescue in Murine Models of Photoreceptor Degeneration. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3294-3310. [PMID: 28235894 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2717-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor degeneration is a cause of irreversible vision loss in incurable blinding retinal diseases including retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and atrophic age-related macular degeneration. We found in two separate mouse models of photoreceptor degeneration that tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator and a drug previously linked with retinal toxicity, paradoxically provided potent neuroprotective effects. In a light-induced degeneration model, tamoxifen prevented onset of photoreceptor apoptosis and atrophy and maintained near-normal levels of electroretinographic responses. Rescue effects were correlated with decreased microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine production in the retina in vivo and a reduction of microglia-mediated toxicity to photoreceptors in vitro, indicating a microglia-mediated mechanism of rescue. Tamoxifen also rescued degeneration in a genetic (Pde6brd10) model of RP, significantly improving retinal structure, electrophysiological responses, and visual behavior. These prominent neuroprotective effects warrant the consideration of tamoxifen as a drug suitable for being repurposed to treat photoreceptor degenerative disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Photoreceptor degeneration is a cause of irreversible blindness in a number of retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and atrophic age-related macular degeneration. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator approved for the treatment of breast cancer and previously linked to a low incidence of retinal toxicity, was unexpectedly found to exert marked protective effects against photoreceptor degeneration. Structural and functional protective effects were found for an acute model of light-induced photoreceptor injury and for a genetic model for RP. The mechanism of protection involved the modulation of microglial activation and the production of inflammatory cytokines, highlighting the role of inflammatory mechanisms in photoreceptor degeneration. Tamoxifen may be suitable for clinical study as a potential treatment for diseases involving photoreceptor degeneration.
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15
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Yu DD, Huss JM, Li H, Forman BM. Identification of novel inverse agonists of estrogen-related receptors ERRγ and ERRβ. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1585-1599. [PMID: 28189393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs, α, β, and γ) are orphan nuclear receptors most closely related in sequence to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). Much attention has been paid recently to the functions of ERRs for their potential roles as new therapeutic targets implicated in the etiology of metabolic disorders. While no endogenous ligand has been identified for any of the ERR isoforms to date, the potential for using synthetic small molecules to modulate their activity has been demonstrated. In the present study, a series of novel inverse agonists of ERRγ and ERRβ were synthesized using regio- and stereo-specific direct substitution of triarylethylenes. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to modulate the activities of ERRs. The rational directed substitution approach and extensive SAR studies resulted in the discovery of compound 4a (DY40) as the most potent ERRγ inverse agonist described to date with mixed ERRγ/ERRβ functional activities, which potently suppressed the transcriptional functions of ERRγ with IC50=0.01μM in a cell-based reporter gene assay and antagonized ERRγ with a potency approximately 60 times greater than its analog Z-4-OHT (Z-4-hydroxytamoxifen). In addition, compound 3h (DY181) was identified as the most potent synthetic inverse agonist for the ERRβ that exhibited excellent selectivity over ERRα/γ in functional assays. This selectivity was also supported by computational docking models that suggest DY181 forms more extensive hydrogen bound network with ERRβ which should result in higher binding affinity on ERRβ over ERRγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Yu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Janice M Huss
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Barry M Forman
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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16
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Zhang L, Wong J, Vanacker JM. The estrogen-related receptors (ERRs): potential targets against bone loss. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3781-7. [PMID: 27514376 PMCID: PMC11108346 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss and the resulting skeletal fragility is induced by several pathological or natural conditions, the most prominent of which being aging as well as the decreased levels of circulating estrogens in post-menopause females. To date, most treatments against bone loss aim at preventing excess bone resorption. We here summarize data indicating that the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) α and γ prevent bone formation. Inhibiting these receptors may thus constitute an anabolic approach by increasing bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiemin Wong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jean-Marc Vanacker
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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17
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Carnesecchi J, Vanacker JM. Estrogen-Related Receptors and the control of bone cell fate. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 432:37-43. [PMID: 26206717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss is naturally occurring in aging males and females and exacerbated in the latter after menopause, altogether leading to cumulative skeleton fragility and increased fracture risk. Two types of therapeutic strategies can be envisioned to counteract age- or menopause-associated bone loss, aiming at either reducing bone resorption exerted by osteoclasts or, alternatively, promoting bone formation by osteoblasts. We here summarize data suggesting that inhibition of the Estrogen-Related Receptors α and/or γ could promote bone formation and compensate for bone loss induced by ageing or estrogen-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carnesecchi
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Vanacker
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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18
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Divekar SD, Tiek DM, Fernandez A, Riggins RB. Estrogen-related receptor β (ERRβ) - renaissance receptor or receptor renaissance? NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2016; 14:e002. [PMID: 27507929 PMCID: PMC4978380 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are founding members of the orphan nuclear receptor (ONR) subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Twenty-seven years of study have yet to identify cognate ligands for the ERRs, though they have firmly placed ERRα and ERRγ at the intersection of cellular metabolism and oncogenesis. The pace of discovery for novel functions of ERRβ, however, has until recently been somewhat slower than that of its family members. ERRβ has also been largely ignored in summaries and perspectives of the ONR literature. Here, we provide an overview of established and emerging knowledge of ERRβ in mouse, man, and other species, highlighting unique aspects of ERRβ biology that set it apart from the other two estrogen-related receptors, with a focus on the impact of alternative splicing on the structure and function of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja D Divekar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (SDD, DMT, AF, RBR)
| | - Deanna M Tiek
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (SDD, DMT, AF, RBR)
| | - Aileen Fernandez
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (SDD, DMT, AF, RBR)
| | - Rebecca B Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (SDD, DMT, AF, RBR)
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19
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Walter W, Thomalla J, Bruhn J, Fagan DH, Zehowski C, Yee D, Skildum A. Altered regulation of PDK4 expression promotes antiestrogen resistance in human breast cancer cells. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:689. [PMID: 26576332 PMCID: PMC4641142 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acquired or de novo resistance to the selective estrogen receptor modulators tamoxifen and fulvestrant (ICI) is a major barrier to successful treatment of breast cancer. Gene expression patterns in tamoxifen resistant (TamR-MCF-7) cells were compared to their parental cells (MCF-7L) to identify an aberrantly regulated metabolic pathway. TamR-MCF-7 cells are cross resistant to ICI and doxorubicin, and have increased mitochondrial DNA. A small subset of genes had altered expression in TamR-MCF-7 relative to MCF-7L cells. One of the genes, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4), phosphorylates pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). PDK4 expression was elevated in TamR-MCF-7 cells; this result was also observed in a second model of acquired antiestrogen resistance. PDK4 expression is controlled in part by glucocorticoid response elements in the PDK4 gene promoter. In MCF-7L cells, PDK4 mRNA expression was insensitive to glucocorticoid receptor agonists, while dexamethasone dramatically increased PDK4 expression in TamR-MCF-7 cells. Using siRNA to knock down PDK4 expression increased TamR-MCF-7 sensitivity to ICI; in contrast adapting cells to growth in glucose depleted media did not affect ICI sensitivity. Despite TamR-MCF-7 cells high levels of PDK4 mRNA relative to MCF-7L, TamR-MCF-7 cells have increased PDH activity. Wild type MCF-7 cells are reported to be heterozygous for a G to A mutation that results in a substitution of threonine for alanine near PDK4′s catalytic site. We found loss of heterozygosity in TamR-MCF-7 cells; TamR-MCF-7 are homozygous for the wild type allele. These data support a role for altered regulation of PDH by PDK4 and altered substrate utilization in the development of drug resistance in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Walter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN USA
| | - Jennifer Thomalla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN USA
| | - Josh Bruhn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN USA
| | - Dedra H Fagan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Cheryl Zehowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN USA
| | - Douglas Yee
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Andrew Skildum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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20
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Cytoplasmic PELP1 and ERRgamma protect human mammary epithelial cells from Tam-induced cell death. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121206. [PMID: 25789479 PMCID: PMC4366195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (Tam) is the only FDA-approved chemoprevention agent for pre-menopausal women at high risk for developing breast cancer. While Tam reduces a woman's risk of developing estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer, the molecular mechanisms associated with risk reduction are poorly understood. Prior studies have shown that cytoplasmic proline, glutamic acid and leucine rich protein 1 (PELP1) promotes Tam resistance in breast cancer cell lines. Herein, we tested for PELP1 localization in breast epithelial cells from women at high risk for developing breast cancer and found that PELP1 was localized to the cytoplasm in 36% of samples. In vitro, immortalized HMECs expressing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) mutant of PELP1 (PELP1-cyto) were resistant to Tam-induced death. Furthermore, PELP1-cyto signaling through estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) promoted cell survival in the presence of Tam. Overexpression of ERRγ in immortalized HMECs protected cells from Tam-induced death, while knockdown of ERRγ sensitized PELP1-cyto expressing HMECs to Tam. Moreover, Tam-induced HMEC cell death was independent of apoptosis and involved accumulation of the autophagy marker LC3-II. Expression of PELP1-cyto and ERRγ reduced Tam-induced LC3-II accumulation, and knockdown of ERRγ increased LC3-II levels in response to Tam. Additionally, PELP1-cyto expression led to the upregulation of MMP-3 and MAOB, known PELP1 and ERRγ target genes, respectively. Our data indicate that cytoplasmic PELP1 induces signaling pathways that converge on ERRγ to promote cell survival in the presence of Tam. These data suggest that PELP1 localization and/or ERRγ activation could be developed as tissue biomarkers for Tam responsiveness.
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21
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Misawa A, Inoue S. Estrogen-Related Receptors in Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:83. [PMID: 26074877 PMCID: PMC4443769 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-signaling pathways are implicated in the development of breast cancer and prostate cancer. Various studies have focused on additional signaling pathways, mediated by estrogen-related receptors (ERRs). ERRs are constitutively active receptors that share a high degree of homology with the classical estrogen receptors (ERs). However, they do not bind to estrogen, while ERs do. ERRs are involved in the development of alternative pathways that lead to the development of cancer and are regarded as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancer and prostate cancer that do not respond to conventional therapies. In this review, we first present general structural features of ERRs. Then, we focus on breast cancer and prostate cancer, which are primarily hormone-dependent cancers, and summarizes recent progress in elucidating the involvement of each ERR in these two types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Misawa
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoshi Inoue, Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan,
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22
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily includes many receptors, identified based on their similarity to steroid hormone receptors but without a known ligand. The study of how these receptors are diversely regulated to interact with genomic regions to control a plethora of biological processes has provided critical insight into development, physiology, and the molecular pathology of disease. Here we provide a compendium of these so-called orphan receptors and focus on what has been learned about their modes of action, physiological functions, and therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Mullican
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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23
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that a subset of orphan nuclear receptors are amplified and prognostic for some human cancers. However, the specific roles of these orphan nuclear receptors in tumor progression and their utility as drug targets are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize recent progress in elucidating the direct and indirect involvement of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer as well as their therapeutic potential in a variety of human cancers. Furthermore, we contrast the role of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer with the known roles of estrogen receptor and androgen receptor in hormone-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Baek
- School of Biological Sciences, Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea;
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24
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Tamoxifen Elicits Atheroprotection through Estrogen Receptor α AF-1 But Does Not Accelerate Reendothelialization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:304-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Dixen K, Basse AL, Murholm M, Isidor MS, Hansen LHL, Petersen MCH, Madsen L, Petrovic N, Nedergaard J, Quistorff B, Hansen JB. ERRγ enhances UCP1 expression and fatty acid oxidation in brown adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:516-24. [PMID: 23404793 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are important regulators of energy metabolism. Here we investigated the hypothesis that ERRγ impacts on differentiation and function of brown adipocytes. DESIGN AND METHODS We characterize the expression of ERRγ in adipose tissues and cell models and investigate the effects of modulating ERRγ activity on UCP1 gene expression and metabolic features of brown and white adipocytes. RESULTS ERRγ was preferentially expressed in brown compared to white fat depots, and ERRγ was induced during cold-induced browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue and brown adipogenesis. Overexpression of ERRγ positively regulated uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression levels during brown adipogenesis. This ERRγ-induced augmentation of UCP1 expression was independent of the presence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 (PGC-1α) but was associated with increased rates of fatty acid oxidation in adrenergically stimulated cells. ERRγ did not influence mitochondrial biogenesis, and its reduced expression in white adipocytes could not explain their low expression level of UCP1. CONCLUSIONS Through its augmenting effect on expression of UCP1, ERRγ may physiologically be involved in increasing the potential for energy expenditure in brown adipocytes, a function that is becoming of therapeutic interest.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipogenesis
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/isolation & purification
- Energy Metabolism
- Female
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/genetics
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism
- Lipolysis/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Palmitoylcarnitine/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Uncoupling Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dixen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Deblois G, Giguère V. Oestrogen-related receptors in breast cancer: control of cellular metabolism and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:27-36. [PMID: 23192231 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are orphan nuclear receptors that were initially investigated in breast cancer because of their structural relationship to oestrogen receptors. Recent data have shown that the ERRs control vast gene networks that are involved in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, nutrient sensing and biosynthesis pathways. In the context of breast cancer, the ERRs affect cellular metabolism in a manner that promotes a Warburg-like phenotype. The ERRs also modulate breast cancer cell metabolism, growth and proliferation through the regulation of key oncoproteins. We discuss the value but also the implications of the complexity of targeting the ERRs for the development of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Deblois
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Lee JH, Kim EJ, Kim DK, Lee JM, Park SB, Lee IK, Harris RA, Lee MO, Choi HS. Hypoxia induces PDK4 gene expression through induction of the orphan nuclear receptor ERRγ. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46324. [PMID: 23050013 PMCID: PMC3457976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular signaling pathways that control metabolism and survival are activated when cell are incubated under hypoxic conditions. Activation of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 promotes expression of genes that increase the capacity to cope with the stress imposed by a reduced oxygen environment. Here we show that the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen related receptor γ (ERRγ) plays a critical role in hypoxia–mediated activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) gene expression. ERRγ mRNA and protein levels were increased by hypoxia or desferrioxamine (DFO) treatment in hepatoma cell lines. Co-expression of HIF-1α and β increased ERRγ promoter activity as well as mRNA expression, while knockdown of endogenous HIF-1α reduced the hypoxia-mediated induction of ERRγ. In addition, hypoxia also increased the promoter activity and mRNA level of PDK4 in HepG2 cells. Adenovirus mediated-overexpression of ERRγ specifically increased PDK4 gene expression, while ablation of endogenous ERRγ significantly decreased hypoxia-mediated induction of PDK4 gene expression. Finally, GSK5182, an inverse agonist of ERRγ, strongly inhibited the hypoxia-mediated induction of PDK4 protein and promoter activity. Regulation of the transcriptional activity of ERRγ may provide a therapeutic approach for the regulation of PDK4 gene expression under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hee Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- World Class University Program, Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert A. Harris
- World Class University Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiannapolis, United States of America
| | - Mi-Ock Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MOL); (HSC)
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MOL); (HSC)
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Poidatz D, Dos Santos E, Brulé A, De Mazancourt P, Dieudonné MN. Estrogen-related receptor gamma modulates energy metabolism target genes in human trophoblast. Placenta 2012; 33:688-95. [PMID: 22763271 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Placenta growth and functions depend on correct trophoblast migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The placenta has a critical role in gas and nutrient transport. To accomplish these numerous functions, the placenta depends on a highly efficient energy metabolism control. Recent studies showed that the orphan nuclear receptor Estrogen-Related Receptor gamma (ERRγ) is highly expressed in human placentas. As ERRγ has been described as a major energy metabolism regulator, we investigated ERRγ expression and putative roles on energy homeostasis in human trophoblast from first trimester placentas. First, we showed that ERRγ expression level increased during pregnancy and that ERRγ was more abundant in villous than in extravillous trophoblasts. We also observed that ERRγ expression increased during trophoblast differentiation. Second, we demonstrated that mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of some energy metabolism target genes decreased when ERRγ expression was impaired. Altogether, these results suggest that ERRγ could be implicated in the energy metabolism regulation of human trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Poidatz
- Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UPRES-EA 2493, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, PRES Université Paris Grand Ouest (UPGO), Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint Germain, 78303 Poissy Cedex, France
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Forrest D, Swaroop A. Minireview: the role of nuclear receptors in photoreceptor differentiation and disease. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:905-15. [PMID: 22556342 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rod and cone photoreceptors are specialized sensory cells that mediate vision. Transcriptional controls are critical for the development and long-term survival of photoreceptors; when these controls become ineffective, retinal dysfunction or degenerative disease may result. This review discusses the role of nuclear receptors, a class of ligand-regulated transcription factors, at key stages of photoreceptor life in the mammalian retina. Nuclear receptors with known ligands, such as retinoids or thyroid hormone, together with several orphan receptors without identified physiological ligands, complement other classes of transcription factors in directing the differentiation and functional maintenance of photoreceptors. The potential of nuclear receptors to respond to ligands introduces versatility into the control of photoreceptor development and function and may suggest new opportunities for treatments of photoreceptor disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Sanghvi M, Moaddel R, Wainer IW. The development and characterization of protein-based stationary phases for studying drug-protein and protein-protein interactions. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8791-8. [PMID: 21704318 PMCID: PMC3183392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based liquid chromatography stationary phases are used in bioaffinity chromatography for studying drug-protein interactions, the determination of binding affinities, competitive and allosteric interactions, as well as for studying protein-protein interactions. This review addresses the development and characterization of protein-based stationary phase, and the application of these phases using frontal and zonal chromatography techniques. The approach will be illustrated using immobilized heat shock protein 90α and the immobilized estrogen related receptor stationary phases. In addition, the review discusses the use of the protein-coated magnetic beads for ligand and protein fishing as well as for the identification of unknown ligands from cellular or botanical extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Sanghvi
- Gerontology Research Center, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Gerontology Research Center, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Irving W. Wainer
- Gerontology Research Center, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Fiori JL, Sanghvi M, O'Connell MP, Krzysik-Walker SM, Moaddel R, Bernier M. The cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist AM251 regulates the expression of the EGF receptor and its ligands via destabilization of oestrogen-related receptor α protein. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:1026-40. [PMID: 21449913 PMCID: PMC3195923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE AM251 is an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB(1)R) that can exert 'off-target' effects in vitro and in CB(1)R knock-out mice. AM251 is also potent at modulating tumour cell growth, suggesting that growth factor-mediated oncogenic signalling could be regulated by AM251. Since dysregulation of the EGF receptor has been associated with carcinogenesis, we examined AM251 regulation of EGF receptor (EGFR) expression and function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The various biological functions of AM251 were measured in CB(1)R-negative human cancer cells. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to validate the data. KEY RESULTS The mRNA levels for EGFR and its associated ligands, including HB-EGF, were induced several fold in PANC-1 and HCT116 cells in response to AM251. This event was associated with enhanced expression of EGFR on the cell surface with concomitant increase in EGF-induced cellular responses in AM251-treated cells. Exposure to XCT790, a synthetic inverse agonist of the orphan nuclear oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), also induced EGFR and HB-EGF expression to the same extent as AM251, whereas pretreatment with the ERRα-selective agonist, biochanin A, blunted AM251 actions. AM251 promoted the degradation of ERRα protein without loss of the corresponding mRNA. Knock-down of ERRα by siRNA-based approach led to constitutive induction of EGFR and HB-EGF levels, and eliminated the biological responses of AM251 and XCT790. Finally, AM251 displaced diethylstilbestrol prebound to the ligand-binding domain of ERRα. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AM251 up-regulates EGFR expression and signalling via a novel non-CB(1)R-mediated pathway involving destabilization of ERRα protein in selected cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fiori
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Ho SM, Lee MT, Lam HM, Leung YK. Estrogens and prostate cancer: etiology, mediators, prevention, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40:591-614, ix. [PMID: 21889723 PMCID: PMC3167093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay targets for hormonal prostate cancer (PCa) therapies are based on negating androgen action. Recent epidemiologic and experimental data have pinpointed the key roles of estrogens in PCa development and progression. Racial and geographic differences, as well as age-associated changes, in estrogen synthesis and metabolism contribute significantly to the etiology. This article summarizes how different estrogens/antiestrogens/estrogen mimics contribute to prostate carcinogenesis, the roles of the different mediators of estrogen in the process, and the potentials of new estrogenic/antiestrogenic compounds for prevention and treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, and the Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ming-tsung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-0595, Fax 513-558-0071,
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-0595, Fax 513-558-0071,
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, and The Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-5181, Fax 513-558-0071,
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Deblois G, Giguère V. Functional and physiological genomics of estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1032-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Eichner LJ, Giguère V. Estrogen related receptors (ERRs): a new dawn in transcriptional control of mitochondrial gene networks. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:544-52. [PMID: 21497207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the etiology of numerous diseases. Consequently, improving our knowledge of how to modulate mitochondrial activity is of considerable interest. One means to achieve this goal would be to control in a global and comprehensive manner the expression of most if not all nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes. The advent of genome-wide location analysis of transcription factor occupancy coupled with functional studies in cell and animal models has recently shown that three transcription factors possess this unique attribute. Unexpectedly, these factors are orphan members of the superfamily of nuclear receptors known as estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) α, β and γ. In this review, we will integrate current knowledge gathered through several functional and physiological genomic studies to provide persuasive evidence that the ERRs are indeed master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian J Eichner
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 1A3
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Tiraby C, Hazen BC, Gantner ML, Kralli A. Estrogen-related receptor gamma promotes mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and suppresses breast tumor growth. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2518-28. [PMID: 21339306 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptors (ERR), ERR alpha (ERRα) and ERR gamma (ERRγ), are orphan nuclear receptors implicated in breast cancer that function similarly in the regulation of oxidative metabolism genes. Paradoxically, in clinical studies, high levels of ERRα are associated with poor outcomes whereas high levels of ERRγ are associated with a favorable course. Recent studies suggest that ERRα may indeed promote breast tumor growth. The roles of ERRγ in breast cancer progression and how ERRα and ERRγ may differentially affect cancer growth are unclear. In mammary carcinoma cells that do not express endogenous ERRγ, we found that ectopic expression of ERRγ enhanced oxidative metabolism in vitro and inhibited the growth of tumor xenografts in vivo. In contrast, ectopic expression of the ERRα coactivator PGC-1α enhanced oxidative metabolism but did not affect tumor growth. Notably, ERRγ activated expression of a genetic program characteristic of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). This program was apparent by changes in cellular morphology, upregulation of epithelial cell markers, downregulation of mesenchymal markers, and decreased cellular invasiveness. We determined that this program was also associated with upregulation of E-cadherin, which is activated directly by ERRγ. In contrast, PGC-1α activated only a subset of genes characteristic of the MET program and, unlike ERRγ, did not upregulate E-cadherin. In conclusion, these results show that ERRγ induces E-cadherin, promotes MET, and suppresses breast cancer growth. Our findings suggest that ERRγ agonists may have applications in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tiraby
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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36
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The orphan nuclear hormone receptor ERRbeta controls rod photoreceptor survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11579-84. [PMID: 20534447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of rod photoreceptor-enriched transcription factors is a major cause of inherited blindness. We identified the orphan nuclear hormone receptor estrogen-related receptor beta (ERRbeta) as selectively expressed in rod photoreceptors. Overexpression of ERRbeta induces expression of rod-specific genes in retinas of wild-type as well as Nrl(-/-) mice, which lack rod photoreceptors. Mutation of ERRbeta results in dysfunction and degeneration of rods, whereas inverse agonists of ERRbeta trigger rapid rod degeneration, which is rescued by constitutively active mutants of ERRbeta. ERRbeta coordinates expression of multiple genes that are rate-limiting regulators of ATP generation and consumption in photoreceptors. Furthermore, enhancing ERRbeta activity rescues photoreceptor defects that result from loss of the photoreceptor-specific transcription factor Crx. Our findings demonstrate that ERRbeta is a critical regulator of rod photoreceptor function and survival, and suggest that ERRbeta agonists may be useful in the treatment of certain retinal dystrophies.
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Xie YB, Park JH, Kim DK, Hwang JH, Oh S, Park SB, Shong M, Lee IK, Choi HS. Transcriptional corepressor SMILE recruits SIRT1 to inhibit nuclear receptor estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma transactivation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28762-74. [PMID: 19690166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.034165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SMILE (small heterodimer partner interacting leucine zipper protein) has been identified as a corepressor of the glucocorticoid receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha. Here we show that SMILE also represses estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma) transactivation. Knockdown of SMILE gene expression increases ERRgamma activity. SMILE directly interacts with ERRgamma in vitro and in vivo. Domain mapping analysis showed that SMILE binds to the AF2 domain of ERRgamma. SMILE represses ERRgamma transactivation partially through competition with coactivators PGC-1alpha, PGC-1beta, and GRIP1. Interestingly, the repression of SMILE on ERRgamma is released by SIRT1 inhibitors, a catalytically inactive SIRT1 mutant, and SIRT1 small interfering RNA but not by histone protein deacetylase inhibitor. In vivo glutathione S-transferase pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation assays validated that SMILE physically interacts with SIRT1. Furthermore, the ERRgamma inverse agonist GSK5182 enhances the interaction of SMILE with ERRgamma and SMILE-mediated repression. Knockdown of SMILE or SIRT1 blocks the repressive effect of GSK5182. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that GSK5182 augments the association of SMILE and SIRT1 on the promoter of the ERRgamma target PDK4. GSK5182 and adenoviral overexpression of SMILE cooperate to repress ERRgamma-induced PDK4 gene expression, and this repression is released by overexpression of a catalytically defective SIRT1 mutant. Finally, we demonstrated that ERRgamma regulates SMILE gene expression, which in turn inhibits ERRgamma. Overall, these findings implicate SMILE as a novel corepressor of ERRgamma and recruitment of SIRT1 as a novel repressive mechanism for SMILE and ERRgamma inverse agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bin Xie
- Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Chisamore MJ, Cunningham ME, Flores O, Wilkinson HA, Chen JD. Characterization of a novel small molecule subtype specific estrogen-related receptor alpha antagonist in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5624. [PMID: 19462000 PMCID: PMC2680043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. It was identified through a search for genes encoding proteins related to estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). An endogenous ligand has not been found. Novel ERRalpha antagonists that are highly specific for binding to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of ERRalpha have been recently reported. Research suggests that ERRalpha may be a novel drug target to treat breast cancer and/or metabolic disorders and this has led to an effort to characterize the mechanisms of action of N-[(2Z)-3-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl idene]-5H dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-amine, a novel ERRalpha specific antagonist. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We demonstrate this ERRalpha ligand inhibits ERRalpha transcriptional activity in MCF-7 cells by luciferase assay but does not affect mRNA levels measured by real-time RT-PCR. Also, ERalpha (ESR1) mRNA levels were not affected upon treatment with the ERRalpha antagonist, but other ERRalpha (ESRRA) target genes such as pS2 (TFF1), osteopontin (SPP1), and aromatase (CYP19A1) mRNA levels decreased. In vitro, the ERRalpha antagonist prevents the constitutive interaction between ERRalpha and nuclear receptor coactivators. Furthermore, we use Western blots to demonstrate ERRalpha protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway is increased by the ERRalpha-subtype specific antagonist. We demonstrate by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that the interaction between ACADM, ESRRA, and TFF1 endogenous gene promoters and ERRalpha protein is decreased when cells are treated with the ligand. Knocking-down ERRalpha (shRNA) led to similar genomic effects seen when MCF-7 cells were treated with our ERRalpha antagonist. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We report the mechanism of action of a novel ERRalpha specific antagonist that inhibits transcriptional activity of ERRalpha, disrupts the constitutive interaction between ERRalpha and nuclear coactivators, and induces proteasome-dependent ERRalpha protein degradation. Additionally, we confirmed that knocking-down ERRalpha lead to similar genomic effects demonstrated in vitro when treated with the ERRalpha specific antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Chisamore
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Wang J, Fang F, Huang Z, Wang Y, Wong C. Kaempferol is an estrogen-related receptor alpha and gamma inverse agonist. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:643-7. [PMID: 19171140 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol is a dietary flavonoid that is thought to function as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. In this study, we established that kaempferol also functions as an inverse agonist for estrogen-related receptors alpha and gamma (ERRalpha and ERRgamma). We demonstrated that kaempferol binds to ERRalpha and ERRgamma and blocks their interaction with coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha). Kaempferol also suppressed the expressions of ERR-target genes pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 and 4 (PDK2 and PDK4). This evidence suggests that kaempferol may exert some of its biological effect through both estrogen receptors and estrogen-related receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510663, China
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40
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Virgili F, Marino M. Regulation of cellular signals from nutritional molecules: a specific role for phytochemicals, beyond antioxidant activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1205-16. [PMID: 18762244 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals (PhC) are a ubiquitous class of plant secondary metabolites. A "recommended" human diet should warrant a high proportion of energy from fruits and vegetables, therefore providing, among other factors, a huge intake of PhC, in general considered "health promoting" by virtue of their antioxidant activity and positive modulation, either directly or indirectly, of the cellular and tissue redox balance. Diet acts through multiple pathways and the association between the consumption of specific food items and the risk of degenerative diseases is extremely complex. Recent literature suggests that molecules having a chemical structure compatible with a putative antioxidant capacity can actually "perform" activities and roles independent of such capacity, interacting with cellular functions at different levels, such as affecting enzyme activities, binding to membrane or nuclear receptors as either an elective ligand or a ligand mimic. Inductive or signaling effects may occur at concentrations much lower than that required for effective antioxidant activity. Therefore, the "antioxidant hypothesis" is to be considered in some cases an intellectual "shortcut" possibly biasing the real understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of various classes of food items. In the past few years, many exciting new indications elucidating the mechanisms of polyphenols have been published. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which specific molecules of nutritional interest, and in particular polyphenols, play a role in cellular response and in preventing pathologies. In particular, their direct interaction with nuclear receptors and their ability to modulate the activity of key enzymes involved in cell signaling and antioxidant responses are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Virgili
- National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, Via Ardeatina, 546, I-00178 Roma, Italy.
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Abstract
Transcriptional control of cellular energy metabolic pathways is achieved by the coordinated action of numerous transcription factors and associated coregulators. Several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily have been shown to play important roles in this process because they can translate hormonal, nutrient, and metabolite signals into specific gene expression networks to satisfy energy demands in response to distinct physiological cues. Estrogen-related receptor (ERR) alpha, ERRbeta, and ERRgamma are nuclear receptors that have yet to be associated with a natural ligand and are thus considered as orphan receptors. However, the transcriptional activity of the ERRs is exquisitely sensitive to the presence of coregulatory proteins known to be essential for the control of energy homeostasis, and for all intents and purposes, these coregulators function as protein ligands for the ERRs. In particular, functional genomics and biochemical studies have shown that ERRalpha and ERRgamma operate as the primary conduits for the activity of members of the family of PGC-1 coactivators. As transcription factors, the ERRs control vast gene networks involved in all aspects of energy homeostasis, including fat and glucose metabolism as well as mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Phenotypic analyses of knockout mouse models have shown that all three ERRs are indispensable for proper development and/or survival of the organism when subjected to a variety of physiological challenges. The focus of this review is on the recent and rapid advances in understanding the functions of the ERRs in regulating bioenergetic pathways, with an emphasis on their roles in the specification of energetic properties required for cell- and tissue-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Giguère
- The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Cancer Pavilion, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A3.
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Chisamore MJ, Mosley RT, Cai SJ, Birzin ET, O'Donnell G, Zuck P, Flores O, Schaeffer J, Rohrer SP, Don Chen J, Wilkinson HA. Identification of small molecule estrogen-related receptor α-specific antagonists and homology modeling to predict the molecular determinants as the basis for selectivity over ERRβ and ERRγ. Drug Dev Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Real MA, Heredia R, Dávila JC, Guirado S. Efferent retinal projections visualized by immunohistochemical detection of the estrogen-related receptor beta in the postnatal and adult mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2008; 438:48-53. [PMID: 18472334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new nuclear receptor subfamily has been identified and referred to as estrogen-related receptors. This new group shares sequence similarity, target genes, co-regulatory proteins, and action sites with the estrogen receptors; however, natural estrogens are not estrogen-related receptors ligands. One of the receptors belonging to this group, estrogen-related receptor beta (ERRbeta), is essential for embryo development and is believed to be involved in estrogen-regulated pathways. In this study, we analyzed the presence of the ERRbeta protein in the mouse brain by means of immunohistochemistry, using a commercial polyclonal antibody against ERRbeta (Sigma, E0156). This study represents the first description dealing with the immunolocalization of ERRbeta in a mammalian brain. Our results revealed numerous ERRbeta immunoreactive fibers in the retinal efferent projections in the brain, which was in agreement with the presence of intense ERRbeta immunoreactivity in the cell bodies and axonal processes of the retinal ganglion cells. In both postnatal and adult brains, ERRbeta immunoreactive fibers were distributed in a pattern which perfectly matched the retinal efferent projections: optic tract, supraoptic commissure, hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventral and dorsal geniculate nuclei, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus. Due to reliable, fine, and complete staining of the retinal axons obtained with the anti-ERRbeta antibody (E0156), we suggest that this antibody could be used as a valuable tool for labeling the full retinofugal projections in postnatal or adult brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angeles Real
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Bertil E, Bolzinger MA, André V, Rousselle P, Damour O. Expression of oestrogen-related receptor alpha in human epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:208-13. [PMID: 18070081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Skin is a non-classical target for oestrogens. Despite evidence showing that oestrogen receptors (ER) are expressed in skin, there are still extensive gaps in our understanding of how oestrogens exert their action in non-reproductive tissues. Oestrogen-related receptor-alpha (ERRalpha), orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, shows a strong sequence homology with ERalpha but it does not bind oestradiol. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate ERRalpha expression in the epidermis of adult human skin. ERRalpha mRNA was detected in the epidermis of eight female donors using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The presence of the protein was confirmed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry on 5 and 11 adult human skins, respectively. This study shows that ERRalpha is expressed in human epidermis and could intervene in a potentially new oestrogen signalling pathway in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bertil
- Laboratoire des Substituts Cutanés, CNRS UPR-412, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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45
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Markov G, Lecointre G, Demeneix B, Laudet V. The “street light syndrome”, or how protein taxonomy can bias experimental manipulations. Bioessays 2008; 30:349-57. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.20730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Tremblay AM, Giguère V. The NR3B subgroup: an ovERRview. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2007; 5:e009. [PMID: 18174917 PMCID: PMC2121319 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.05009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the NR3B group of the nuclear receptor superfamily, known as the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), were the first orphan receptors to be identified two decades ago. Despite the fact that a natural ligand has yet to be associated with the ERRs, considerable knowledge about their mode of action and biological functions has emerged through extensive biochemical, genetic and functional genomics studies. This review describes our current understanding of how the ERRs work as transcription factors and as such, how they control diverse developmental and physiological programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Tremblay
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and Molecular Oncology Group, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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47
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Chen J, Nathans J. Estrogen-Related Receptor β/NR3B2 Controls Epithelial Cell Fate and Endolymph Production by the Stria Vascularis. Dev Cell 2007; 13:325-37. [PMID: 17765677 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian inner ear, endolymph is produced and resorbed by a complex series of epithelia. We show here that estrogen-related receptor beta (ERR-beta; NR3B2), an orphan nuclear receptor, is specifically expressed in and controls the development of the endolymph-producing cells of the inner ear: the strial marginal cells in the cochlea and the vestibular dark cells in the ampulla and utricle. Nr3b2(-/-) strial marginal cells fail to express multiple ion channel and transporter genes, and they show a partial transformation toward the fate of the immediately adjacent Pendrin-expressing epithelial cells. In genetically mosaic mice, Nr3b2(-/-) strial marginal cells produce secondary alterations in gene expression in the underlying intermediate cells and a local loss of strial capillaries. A systematic comparison of transcripts in the WT versus Nr3b2(-/-) stria vascularis has identified a set of genes that is likely to play a role in the development and/or function of endolymph-producing epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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48
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Park YY, Kim SH, Kim YJ, Kim SY, Lee TH, Lee IK, Park SB, Choi HS. Polo-like kinase 2 gene expression is regulated by the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:107-113. [PMID: 17706602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcriptional activators. To date, the target genes and physiological functions of ERRgamma are not well understood. In the current study, we identify that Plk2 is a novel target of ERRgamma. Northern blot analysis showed that overexpression of ERRgamma induced Plk2 expression in cancer cell lines. ERRgamma activated the Plk2 gene promoter, and deletion and mutational analysis of the Plk2 promoter revealed that the ERRgamma-response region is located between nucleotides (nt) -2327 and -2229 and -441 and -432 (relative to the transcriptional start site at +1). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis demonstrated that ERRgamma binds directly to the Plk2 promoter. Overexpression of ERRgamma in the presence of the mitotic inhibitor nocodazole significantly decreased apoptosis, and induced S-phase cell cycle progression through the induction of Plk2 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Plk2 is a novel target of ERRgamma, and suggest that this interaction is crucial for cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yong Park
- Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yee Kim
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Yu S, Wang X, Ng CF, Chen S, Chan FL. ERRgamma suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth of androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells and its implication as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4904-14. [PMID: 17510420 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-related receptors (ERR) are orphan nuclear receptors, which are constitutively activated without estrogen binding. Recent evidence indicates that the ligand-independent ERRs may be involved in similar ER-mediated regulatory pathways and modulate estrogen responsiveness in certain target cells. We recently showed that an ERR subtype, ERRgamma, is coexpressed with ERbeta in normal human prostatic epithelial cells and exhibits reduced expression in many prostate cancer cell lines and clinical neoplastic prostate tissues. Based on this, we hypothesize that ERRgamma may have growth regulatory roles in prostate and prostate cancer. We showed in this study that ERRgamma was expressed in epithelial cell nuclei in fetal and pubertal human prostates, whereas its nuclear expression became reduced in advanced prostate cancer lesions. Stable ERRgamma expression by retroviral transduction suppressed significantly both in vitro cell growth and in vivo tumorigenicity of two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and DU145, as evidenced by a cell-cycle arrest at G(1)-S transition and also induction of two cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1). We further showed by reporter assay that induction of p21 and p27 by ERRgamma was mediated through direct transactivation of their gene promoters. Moreover, we also showed that a selective ERRgamma-agonist, DY131, could potentiate the ERRgamma-induced growth inhibition in LNCaP-ERRgamma and DU145-ERRgamma cells in a dose-dependent manner compared with respective parental cells. Taken together, our results show that ERRgamma may perform an antiproliferative or tumor-suppressing function in prostate cancer cells. More importantly, our results suggest that ERRgamma could be a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/biosynthesis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/biosynthesis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Female
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Estrogen/agonists
- Receptors, Estrogen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/physiology
- S Phase/physiology
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- Department of Anatomy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
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50
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Gowda K, Marks BD, Zielinski TK, Ozers MS. Development of a coactivator displacement assay for the orphan receptor estrogen-related receptor-γ using time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Anal Biochem 2006; 357:105-15. [PMID: 16889744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen-related receptor-gamma (ERRgamma) is a constitutively active orphan receptor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and is most closely related to the estrogen receptors. Although its physiological ligand is unknown, ERRgamma has been shown to interact with synthetic estrogenic compounds such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol (DES). To assess how coregulator proteins interact with ERRgamma in response to ligand, an in vitro interaction methodology using time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) was developed using glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged ERRgamma ligand-binding domain (LBD), a terbium-labeled anti-GST antibody, a fluorescein-labeled peptide containing sequences derived from coregulator proteins, and various ligands. An initial screen of these coregulator peptides bearing the coactivator LXXLL motif, the corepressor LXXI/HIXXXI/L motif, or other interaction motifs from natural coactivator sequences or random phage display peptides indicated that the peptides PGC1alpha, D22, and SRC1-4, known as class III coregulators, interacted most strongly with ERRgamma in the absence of ligand. Given its assay window and biological relevance in energy metabolism and obesity, further studies were conducted with PGC1alpha. Fluorescein-labeled PGC1alpha peptide was displaced from the ERRgamma LBD in the presence of increasing concentrations of 4-OHT and tamoxifen, but DES was less effective in PGC1alpha displacement. The statistical parameter Z' factor that measures the robustness of the assay was greater than 0.8 for displacement of PGC1alpha from ERRgamma LBD in the presence of saturating 4-OHT over an assay incubation time of 1-6 h, indicating an excellent assay. These findings also suggest that binding of 4-OHT, tamoxifen, or DES to ERRgamma results in differential affinity of coregulators for ERRgamma due to unique ligand-induced conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishne Gowda
- Invitrogen Corporation, Drug Discovery Solutions, Madison, WI 53719, USA
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