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Jones SC, Nutter S, Saunders JF. "The healthcare system did fail me repeatedly": a qualitative study on experiences of healthcare among Canadian women with Cushing's syndrome. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:329. [PMID: 39237868 PMCID: PMC11375819 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a rare endocrine disorder, Cushing's Syndrome (Cushing's) is characterized by numerous symptoms and a non-specific presentation, leading to a delay to diagnosis for patients with this disease. To date, research examining the lived experiences of patients with Cushing's in healthcare is absent in the literature. This preliminary inquiry into the healthcare experiences of women with Cushing's aimed to examine the utility of this line of inquiry to support the patient centered care of individuals with Cushing's. METHODS Seven women from across Canada with endogenous Cushing's participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted examining participants' healthcare and body-related experiences with Cushing's. Results pertaining to healthcare experiences were analyzed for the current study using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Four themes emerged whereby women with Cushing's experienced (1) a lack of patient centered care, characterized by provider miscommunication and medical gaslighting; (2) a misunderstanding of their symptoms as related to weight gain; (3) weight stigma in healthcare encounters; and (4) a shift in their quality of care following diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of patient centered care as well as the negative impact of commonly reported barriers to patient centered care. Cushing's specific barriers to patient centered care may include weight stigma as well as the rare incidence of Cushing's. Further research is needed to better understand the healthcare experiences of people with Cushing's in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Yu X, Shi C, Jiang L, Liu K. Pituitary apoplexy after surgery for cervical stump adenocarcinoma: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:411. [PMID: 38988450 PMCID: PMC11234809 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is an emergency condition caused by sudden hemorrhage or infarction and characterized by sudden sella turcica compression, intracranial hypertension and meningeal stimulation. PA usually occurs secondary to pituitary adenomas and can serve as the initial manifestation of an undiagnosed pituitary adenoma in an individual. In the present study, a case of PA following surgery for cervical stump adenocarcinoma was reported. The patient experienced an abrupt onset of headache and drowsiness on postoperative day 1 (POD1), and developed blurred vision and blepharoptosis of the left eye on POD4. Pituitary MRI confirmed the diagnosis of PA, prompting the initial administration of hydrocortisone to supplement endogenous hormones, followed by trans-sphenoidal resection. At the six-week follow-up, the patient had fully recovered, with only mild residual blurring of vision. Diagnosing PA post-surgery can be a challenging task due to its symptomatic overlap with postoperative complications. The existing literature on PA after surgery was also reviewed, including the symptoms, time of onset, imageological examination, management, potential risk factors and outcome to improve on early detection and individualized treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Kuiran Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Agrawal N, Urwyler SA, Mehta S, Karavitaki N, Feelders RA. How to manage Cushing's disease after failed primary pituitary surgery. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 191:R37-R54. [PMID: 39276376 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The first-line treatment for Cushing's disease is transsphenoidal adenomectomy, which can be curative in a significant number of patients. The second-line options in cases of failed primary pituitary surgery include repeat surgery, medical therapy, and radiation. The role for medical therapy has expanded in the last decade, and options include pituitary-targeting drugs, steroid synthesis inhibitors, and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bilateral adrenalectomy is a more aggressive approach, which may be necessary in cases of persistent hypercortisolism despite surgery, medical treatment, or radiation or when rapid normalization of cortisol is needed. We review the available treatment options for Cushing's disease, focusing on the second-line treatment options to consider after failed primary pituitary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Agrawal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Sandrine A Urwyler
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonal Mehta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 1PJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2GW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Mercado M. The Elusive Search for the Ideal Pharmacological Treatment for Cushing Disease. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae108. [PMID: 39160063 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Mercado
- Endocrine Research Unit, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Feola T, Cozzolino A, De Alcubierre D, Pofi R, Galea N, Catalano C, Simeoli C, Di Paola N, Campolo F, Pivonello R, Isidori AM, Giannetta E. Cardiac magnetic resonance reveals biventricular impairment in Cushing's syndrome: a multicentre case-control study. Endocrine 2024; 85:937-946. [PMID: 38775914 PMCID: PMC11291578 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cushing's syndrome (CS) is associated with severe cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the non-invasive gold standard for assessing cardiac structure and function; however, few CMR studies explore cardiac remodeling in patients exposed to chronic glucocorticoid (GC) excess. We aimed to describe the CMR features directly attributable to previous GC exposure in patients with cured or treated endogenous CS. METHODS This was a prospective, multicentre, case-control study enrolling consecutive patients with cured or treated CS and patients harboring non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAI), comparable in terms of sex, age, CV risk factors, and BMI. All patients were in stable condition and had a minimum 24-month follow-up. RESULTS Sixteen patients with CS and 15 NFAI were enrolled. Indexed left ventricle (LV) end-systolic volume and LV mass were higher in patients with CS (p = 0.027; p = 0.013); similarly, indexed right ventricle (RV) end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were higher in patients with CS compared to NFAI (p = 0.035; p = 0.006). Morphological alterations also affected cardiac function, as LV and RV ejection fractions decreased in patients with CS (p = 0.056; p = 0.044). CMR features were independent of metabolic status or other CV risk factors, with fasting glucose significantly lower in CS remission than NFAI (p < 0.001) and no differences in lipid levels or blood pressure. CONCLUSION CS is associated with biventricular cardiac structural and functional impairment at CMR, likely attributable to chronic exposure to cortisol excess independently of known traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Feola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroendocrinology, Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessia Cozzolino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario De Alcubierre
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroendocrinology, Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pofi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Galea
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ENDO-ERN accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisa Giannetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Germann S, Wimmer R, Laager R, Mueller B, Schuetz P, Kaegi-Braun N, Kutz A. Long-term outcomes in patients with Cushing's disease vs nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma after pituitary surgery: an active-comparator cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 191:97-105. [PMID: 38946089 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing evidence that multisystem morbidity in patients with Cushing's disease (CD) is only partially reversible following treatment. We investigated complications from multiple organs in hospitalized patients with CD compared to patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) after pituitary surgery. DESIGN Population-based retrospective cohort study using data from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office between January 2012 and December 2021. METHODS Through 1:5 propensity score matching, we compared hospitalized patients undergoing pituitary surgery for CD or NFPA, addressing demographic differences. The primary composite endpoint included all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiac events (ie, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, cardiac arrest, and ischemic stroke), hospitalization for psychiatric disorders, sepsis, severe thromboembolic events, and fractures in need of hospitalization. Secondary endpoints comprised individual components of the primary endpoint and surgical reintervention due to disease persistence or recurrence. RESULTS After matching, 116 patients with CD (mean age 45.4 years [SD, 14.4], 75.0% female) and 396 with NFPA (47.3 years [14.3], 69.7% female) were included and followed for a median time of 50.0 months (IQR 23.5, 82.0) after pituitary surgery. Cushing's disease presence was associated with a higher incidence rate of the primary endpoint (40.6 vs 15.7 events per 1000 person-years, hazard ratio [HR] 2.75; 95% CI, 1.54-4.90). Cushing's disease patients also showed increased hospitalization rates for psychiatric disorders (HR 3.27; 95% CI, 1.59-6.71) and a trend for sepsis (HR 3.15; 95% CI, .95-10.40). CONCLUSIONS Even after pituitary surgery, CD patients faced a higher hazard of complications, especially psychiatric hospitalizations and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Germann
- University Department of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Roxana Wimmer
- University Department of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
- Medical University Department, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Laager
- Medical University Department, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Beat Mueller
- University Department of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schuetz
- University Department of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
- Medical University Department, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Kaegi-Braun
- University Department of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kutz
- Medical University Department, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 02120 Boston, MA, United States
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Sadhwani N, Bora SK, Deepa S, Katiyar V, Raheja A, Garg A, Suri V, Tandon N, Sharma MC, Khadgawat R, Suri A. Clinicoradiological Parameters and Biochemical and Molecular Alterations Predicting Remission and Recurrence After Surgical Treatment of Corticotroph Adenomas-Cushing Disease. World Neurosurg 2024; 187:e937-e948. [PMID: 38734175 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) and resection of pituitary adenomas are considered the gold standard treatment for Cushing disease (CD). Even with various recent advances in management, disease persistence and recurrence are common in these patients. The remission rate in the global population after surgery has been reported to vary widely from 64% to 93%. This study aims to determine the various clinical, biochemical, radiological, and histological factors that correlate with persistence and recurrence in patients with CD. This study also aims to understand the clinicopathological significance of EGFR-MAPK, NF-κB, and SHH pathway activation and to study the protein expression of activation markers of these pathways (i.e., c-Fos, c-Jun, GLI-1, pMEK, NR4A1, and p44) in functioning corticotroph pituitary adenomas. METHODS From January 2009 to September 2022, the clinical data of 167 patients who underwent surgical treatment (n = 174 surgeries) for CD with a median follow-up of 8.1 years (range, 1-13.29 years) were ambispectively analyzed. The preoperative clinical, biochemical, and radiological features, operative findings, postoperative clinical and biochemical data, and histopathological and molecular profiles were retrieved from the electronic medical records. The patients were followed up to assess their remission status. RESULTS Among the 174 surgeries performed, 140 were primary surgeries, 22 were revision surgeries, 24 surgeries were for pediatric patients, and 12 surgeries were for patients with Nelson syndrome. In the primary surgery cohort, 74.3% were female, and the average age was 28.73 ± 10.15 years. Of the primary surgery cohort, 75% of the patients experienced remission compared with 47.4% after revision surgery. The remission rate for the pediatric patients was 55.5%. The postoperative day 1 plasma cortisol (P < 0.001; area under the curve, 0.8894; range, 0.8087-0.9701) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (P < 0.001; area under the curve, 0.9; range, 0.7386-1) levels were seen to be strong independent predictors of remission in the primary surgery cohort. The remission rate after endoscopic TSS was greater than that after microscopic TSS in patients undergoing primary surgery (81.08% vs. 57.14%; P = 0.008). The presence of adenoma on histopathological examination (HPE) was also a strong predictor of disease remission (P = 0.020). On stratifying by surgical approach and HPE, microscopically operated patients without histopathological evidence of adenoma had significantly higher odds of nonremission (odds ratio, 38.1; 95% confidence interval, 4.2-348.3) compared with endoscopically operated patients with adenoma found on HPE. A lower immunoreactivity score for NR4A1 was found to correlate with higher remission rates (P = 0.074). However, none of the molecular markers studied (i.e., c-Fos, c-Jun, GLI-1, pMEK, and p44) showed a significant correlation with the preoperative cortisol values. CONCLUSIONS The remission rate after primary surgery is higher than that after revision surgery and is lower for pediatric patients than for adults. The postoperative day 1 plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels are strong independent predictors of remission in the primary surgery cohort. An endoscopic approach with histopathological evidence of adenoma is associated with a higher remission rate; thus, endoscopy should be the approach of choice for these patients with the goal of identification of an adenoma on HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhisha Sadhwani
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Bora
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - S Deepa
- Department of Neuropathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Varidh Katiyar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amol Raheja
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Garg
- Department of Neuroradiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Neuropathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Neuropathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Khadgawat
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Suri
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Detomas M, Deutschbein T, Altieri B. Medical Therapy of Endogenous Cushing's Syndrome with Steroidogenesis Inhibitors: Treatment Rationale, Available Drugs, and Therapeutic Effects. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024. [PMID: 38688315 DOI: 10.1055/a-2317-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare disease characterized by a glucocorticoid excess. If inadequately treated, hypercortisolism can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Surgical removal of the underlying tumor is the first-line treatment but is sometimes not feasible or even contraindicated. Additionally, in cases with severe CS, rapid control of hypercortisolism may be required. In these scenarios, steroidogenesis inhibitors represent a therapeutic alternative to surgery. Over the last years, the knowledge of the broad therapeutic effects of steroidogenesis inhibitors per se and the number of available drugs have increased. However, large comparative studies are still lacking. Accordingly, the decision on which drug to be used in a certain patient or clinical setting may be difficult. This review aims to summarize the main characteristics of steroidogenesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Detomas
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Medicover Oldenburg MVZ, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Balen AH, Tamblyn J, Skorupskaite K, Munro MG. A comprehensive review of the new FIGO classification of ovulatory disorders. Hum Reprod Update 2024; 30:355-382. [PMID: 38412452 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) system for the classification of disorders of ovulation was produced 50 years ago and, by international consensus, has been updated by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review outlines in detail each component of the FIGO HyPO-P (hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian, PCOS) classification with a concise description of each cause, and thereby provides a systematic method for diagnosis and management. SEARCH METHODS We searched the published articles in the PubMed database in the English-language literature until October 2022, containing the keywords ovulatory disorders; ovulatory dysfunction; anovulation, and each subheading in the FIGO HyPO-P classification. We did not include abstracts or conference proceedings because the data are usually difficult to assess. OUTCOMES We present the most comprehensive review of all disorders of ovulation, published systematically according to the logical FIGO classification. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Improving the diagnosis of an individual's ovulatory dysfunction will significantly impact clinical practice by enabling healthcare practitioners to make a precise diagnosis and plan appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Balen
- Leeds Centre for Reproductive Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer Tamblyn
- Leeds Centre for Reproductive Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Malcolm G Munro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Pivonello R, Simeoli C, Paola ND, Larocca A, Crescenzo EM, Colao A. Osilodrostat: A Novel Potent Inhibitor of 11-Beta-Hydroxylase for the Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome. TOUCHREVIEWS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2024; 20:43-51. [PMID: 38812665 PMCID: PMC11132648 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2024.20.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Osilodrostat is a novel potent oral steroidogenesis inhibitor with a non-steroidal chemical structure, recently approved for the treatment of adult patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome, and Cushing's disease not cured bytab pituitary surgery or in whom pituitary surgery is not an option. Osilodrostat has been evaluated in different multicentre phase II and III clinical studies, and has shown to have notable effects, such as significant reductions in cortisol secretion, associated with significant improvement in body weight, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, psychological status and quality of life. The favourable safety profile, combined with the relevant efficacy, could make osilodrostat suitable as medical treatment in several phases of the Cushing's syndrome treatment journey: before surgery, as preoperative treatment, or instead of surgery, in cases where surgery is not an option or refused, as first-line treatment; after surgery, in cases of persistent or recurrent disease, as second-line treatment; after second surgery or radiotherapy following pituitary surgery as bridging treatment waiting for the definitive disease control, as third-line treatment. Further real-world clinical experience data are needed to confirm the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Larocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Erminio Massimo Crescenzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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Khan W, Kazman M, Abeer H, Raza AA, Khan AA. Unveiling the Uncommon: Cushing's Syndrome (CS) Masquerading as Severe Hypokalemia. Cureus 2024; 16:e58695. [PMID: 38774180 PMCID: PMC11107388 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) arises from an excess of endogenous or exogenous cortisol, with Cushing's disease specifically implicating a pituitary adenoma and exaggerated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production. Typically, Cushing's disease presents with characteristic symptoms such as weight gain, central obesity, moon face, and buffalo hump. This case report presents an unusual manifestation of CS in a 48-year-old male with a history of hypertension, where severe hypokalemia was the primary presentation. Initial complaints included bilateral leg swelling, muscle weakness, occasional shortness of breath, and a general feeling of not feeling well. Subsequent investigations revealed hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and an abnormal response to dexamethasone suppression, raising concerns about hypercortisolism. Further tests, including 24-hour urinary free cortisol and ACTH testing, confirmed significant elevations. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified a pituitary macroadenoma, necessitating neurosurgical intervention. This case underscores the rarity of CS presenting with severe hypokalemia, highlighting the diagnostic challenges and the crucial role of a collaborative approach in managing such intricate cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warisha Khan
- Critical Care Unit, Basildon University Hospital, Basildon, GBR
| | - Muzhda Kazman
- Pediatrics, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, AFG
| | | | - Ali Aizad Raza
- Pediatrics, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells Hospital, Royal Tunbridge Wells, GBR
| | - Arshan A Khan
- Internal Medicine, Ascension St. John Hospital, Grosse Pointe, USA
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12
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Ghalawinji A, Drezet L, Chaffanjon P, Muller M, Sturm N, Simiand A, Lazard A, Gay E, Chabre O, Cristante J. Discontinuation of Drug Treatment in Cushing's Disease Not Cured by Pituitary Surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1000-1011. [PMID: 37962981 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE When transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) does not cure Cushing's disease (CD), 4 treatments are available: drug treatment (DT), second TSS (2nd TSS), bilateral adrenalectomy (BA), and pituitary radiotherapy (PR). DT is attractive but supposes long-term continuation, which we aimed to evaluate. DESIGN AND METHODS Retrospective study, in a center prioritizing 2nd TSS, of 36 patients, including 19 with TSS failure and 17 with recurrence, out of 119 patients with CD treated by a first TSS, average follow-up 6.1 years (95% confidence interval 5.27-6.91). Control was defined as normalization of urinary free cortisol (UFC) and final treatment (FT) as the treatment allowing control at last follow-up. We also analyzed discontinuation rates of DT in published CD prospective clinical trials. RESULTS Control was achieved in 33/36 patients (92%). DT was initiated in 29/36 patients (81%), allowing at least 1 normal UFC in 23/29 patients (79%) but was discontinued before last follow-up in 18/29 patients (62%). DT was FT in 11/29 patients (38%), all treated with cortisol synthesis inhibitors. Second TSS was FT in 8/16 (50%), BA in 14/14 (100%), and PR in 0/5. In published trials, discontinuation of DT was 11% to 51% at 1 year and 32% to 74% before 5 years. CONCLUSION DT allowed at least 1 normal UFC in 23/29 patients (79%) but obtained long-term control in only 11/29 (38%), as discontinuation rate was high, although similar to published data. Interestingly, a successful 2nd TSS was the cause for discontinuing efficient and well-tolerated DT in 5 patients. Further studies will show whether different strategies with cortisol synthesis inhibitors may allow for a lower discontinuation rate in patients not candidates for a 2nd TSS so that BA may be avoided in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ghalawinji
- Department of Endocrinology CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucas Drezet
- National Institute of Engineering, 38031 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Chaffanjon
- Department of Endocrine and Thoracic Surgery CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Muller
- Department of Endocrinology CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Sturm
- Department of Pathology CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Simiand
- Department of Endocrinology CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Lazard
- Department of Neurosurgery CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel Gay
- Department of Neurosurgery CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Chabre
- Department of Endocrinology CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM-CEA-UGA UMR1292, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Justine Cristante
- Department of Endocrinology CHU Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM-CEA-UGA UMR1292, 38000 Grenoble, France
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13
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Pivonello C, Patalano R, Simeoli C, Montò T, Negri M, Amatrudo F, Di Paola N, Larocca A, Crescenzo EM, Pirchio R, Solari D, de Angelis C, Auriemma RS, Cavallo LM, Colao A, Pivonello R. Circulating myomiRNAs as biomarkers in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:655-669. [PMID: 37682493 PMCID: PMC10904409 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impairment of skeletal muscle mass and strength affects 40-70% of patients with active Cushing's syndrome (CS). Glucocorticoid excess sustains muscle atrophy and weakness, while muscle-specific microRNAs (myomiRs) level changes were associated with muscle organization and function perturbation. The aim of the current study is to explore changes in circulating myomiRs in CS patients compared to healthy controls and their involvement in IGFI/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway regulation in skeletal muscle. METHODS C2C12, mouse myocytes, were exposed to hydrocortisone (HC), and atrophy-related gene expression was investigated by RT-qPCR, WB and IF to assess HC-mediated atrophic signalling. miRNAs were evaluated in HC-treated C2C12 by PCR Arrays. MyomiRs significantly overexpressed in C2C12 were investigated in 37 CS patients and 24 healthy controls serum by RT-qPCR. The anti-anabolic role of circulating miRNAs significantly upregulated in CS patients was explored in C2C12 by investigating the IGFI/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway regulation. RESULTS HC induced higher expression of atrophy-related genes, miR-133a-3p, miR-122-5p and miR-200b-3p in C2C12 compared to untreated cells. Conversely, the anabolic IGFI/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling was reduced and this effect was mediated by miR-133a-3p. In CS patients miR-133a-3p and miR-200b-3p revealed higher circulating levels (p < 0.0001, respectively) compared to controls. ROC curves for miR-133a-3p (AUC 0.823, p < 0.0001) and miR-200b-3p (AUC 0.850, p < 0.0001) demonstrated that both myomiRs represent potential biomarkers to discriminate between CS and healthy subjects. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that circulating levels of miR-133a-3p are directly correlated with 24 h urinary-free cortisol level (r = 0.468, p = 0.004) in CS patients. CONCLUSIONS HC induces atrophic signals by miR-133a-3p overexpression in mouse myocytes and humans. Circulating miR-133a-3p is promising biomarkers of hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pivonello
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - R Patalano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - C Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - T Montò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - M Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - F Amatrudo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - N Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - A Larocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - E M Crescenzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - R Pirchio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - D Solari
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neurosurgery, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - C de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - R S Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - L M Cavallo
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neurosurgery, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - A Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - R Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy.
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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14
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Kanzawa M, Shichi H, Kanie K, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto N, Tsujimoto Y, Bando H, Iguchi G, Kitano S, Inoshita N, Yamada S, Ogawa W, Itoh T, Fukuoka H. Effects of the Cortisol Milieu on Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells in Corticotroph Tumors. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae016. [PMID: 38340329 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Corticotrophs are susceptible to lymphocyte cytotoxicity, as seen in hypophysitis, suggesting that an immunological approach may be a potential strategy for corticotroph-derived tumors. OBJECTIVE We aimed to clarify whether corticotroph tumors that induce hypercortisolemia (ACTHomas) could be targets for immunotherapy. METHODS Tumor-infiltrating immune cells were immunohistochemically analyzed. ACTHomas were compared with other pituitary tumors, and further divided into 3 different cortisol-exposed milieus: Naïve (ACTHomas without preoperative treatment), Met (ACTHomas with preoperative metyrapone), and SCA (silent corticotroph adenomas). A 3-dimensional cell culture of resected tumors was used to analyze the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. RESULTS The number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was low in ACTHomas. Among these, the number of CD8+ cells was lower in ACTHomas than in both somatotroph and gonadotroph tumors (both P < .01). Then we compared the differences in TILs among Naïve, Met, and SCA. The number of CD4+ cells, but not CD8+ cells, was higher in both Met and SCA than in Naïve. Next, we investigated tumor-associated macrophages, which could negatively affect T cell infiltration. The numbers of CD163+ and CD204+ cells were positively associated with cortisol levels. Moreover, tumor size was positively correlated with the number of CD204+ cells. CONCLUSION We found the possibility that ACTHomas were immunologically cold in a cortisol-independent manner. In contrast, the tumor infiltration of CD4+ cells and M2-macrophages were associated with the cortisol milieu. Future studies are needed to validate these results and develop effective immunotherapy while considering the cortisol milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kanzawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shichi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kanie
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tsujimoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hironori Bando
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Genzo Iguchi
- Medical Center for Student Health, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy Development, Department of Advanced Medical Development, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, 134-0088, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamada
- Pituitary Center, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, 134-0088, Japan
- Hypothalamic and Pituitary Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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15
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Seibold J, Hönemann M, Tönjes A, Sandner B. Safe long-term therapy of Cushing's syndrome over 37 years with mitotane. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1294415. [PMID: 38440784 PMCID: PMC10911286 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1294415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
While suggested, surgery is not always possible as a first-line treatment of Cushing's Disease (CD). In such cases, patients require medical therapy in order to prevent complications resulting from hypercortisolism. Although there has been a wide expansion in pharmacological options in recent years, mitotane was the agent of choice for treating hypercortisolism decades ago. Due to the introduction of other therapies, long-term experience with mitotane remains limited. Here, we report the case of a woman with CD who was treated with mitotane for 37 years. During the treatment period, biochemical and clinical disease control was achieved and the patient had two uncomplicated pregnancies. Drug-related side effects remained moderate and could be controlled by several dose adjustments. Our case highlights the ability of mitotane to allow an effective control of hypercortisolism and to represent a safe treatment option in special situations where CD requires an alternative therapeutic approach. Furthermore, we provide a literature review of the long-term use of mitotane and reported cases of pregnancy in the context of mitotane therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Seibold
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Hönemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sandner
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Li H, Xie J, Song J, Jin C, Xin H, Pan X, Ke J, Yuan Y, Shen H, Ning G. CRCS: An automatic image processing pipeline for hormone level analysis of Cushing's disease. Methods 2024; 222:28-40. [PMID: 38159688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the abnormal secretion of adreno-cortico-tropic-hormone (ACTH) by tumors, Cushing's disease leads to hypercortisonemia, a precursor to a series of metabolic disorders and serious complications. Cushing's disease has high recurrence rate, short recurrence time and undiscovered recurrence reason after surgical resection. Qualitative or quantitative automatic image analysis of histology images can potentially in providing insights into Cushing's disease, but still no software has been available to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we propose a quantitative image analysis-based pipeline CRCS, which aims to explore the relationship between the expression level of ACTH in normal cell tissues adjacent to tumor cells and the postoperative prognosis of patients. CRCS mainly consists of image-level clustering, cluster-level multi-modal image registration, patch-level image classification and pixel-level image segmentation on the whole slide imaging (WSI). On both image registration and classification tasks, our method CRCS achieves state-of-the-art performance compared to recently published methods on our collected benchmark dataset. In addition, CRCS achieves an accuracy of 0.83 for postoperative prognosis of 12 cases. CRCS demonstrates great potential for instrumenting automatic diagnosis and treatment for Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Li
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jialin Song
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Medical Robot Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongyi Xin
- University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyong Pan
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Ke
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongbin Shen
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Guang Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomes, National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China.
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17
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Kim SH, Kim HJ, Jung JW, Chung S, Son GH. Transcriptomic data of human adrenocortical NCI-H295R cells treated with cortisol biosynthesis inhibitors. Data Brief 2024; 52:109948. [PMID: 38186738 PMCID: PMC10770703 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis dysregulation can give rise to various pathological conditions, such as Cushing's syndrome, a disorder characterized by the sustained and excessive production of cortisol. Despite the development of several classes of steroidogenesis inhibitors to treat human diseases associated with cortisol overproduction, their use is limited by insufficient efficacy, adverse effects, and/or tolerability. Recently, we identified a series of benzimidazolylurea derivatives, including the representative compound CJ28, as novel cortisol biosynthesis inhibitors [1]. They significantly inhibited both basal and stimulated production of cortisol in NCI-H295R cells, a human adrenocarcinoma cell line. The inhibitory effects were attributed to both attenuated steroidogenesis and de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. Here, we provide transcriptomic (RNA-seq) data from adrenal cell cultures in response to treatment with either CJ28 or metyrapone (MET), an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase). Total RNA was extracted from the cells treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), CJ28 (30 µM), or MET (30 µM) for 24 h. Primary sequence data were acquired using paired-end sequencing on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The raw RNA-seq data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE236435). This dataset is a useful resource for providing valuable information on the gene expression networks underlying adrenocortical steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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18
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Miao S, Lu L, Si S, Peng D, Zhong Y, Li Z, Yu Z. Clinical and cardiac characteristics of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. J Med Biochem 2024; 43:19-35. [PMID: 38496019 PMCID: PMC10943461 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-43319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Cushingžs syndrome (CS). Primary bilateral macro-nodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH), is a rare cause of CS that is clinically distinct from the other common types of CS, but cardiac characteristics have been poorly studied. Methods The clinical data, steroid hormones and echocardiographic variables of 17 patients with PBMAH were collected. Twenty-one CS patients with cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA) were collected as controls. The similarities and differences of clinical and cardiac features between the two groups were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Miao
- The affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Department of Hypertension, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyong Si
- The affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Department of Hypertension, Guiyang, China
| | - Dandan Peng
- The affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Department of Hypertension, Guiyang, China
| | - Ya Zhong
- The affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Department of Hypertension, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhijing Li
- The affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Department of Hypertension, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenqiu Yu
- The affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Department of Hypertension, Guiyang, China
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19
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Savage MO, Ferrigno R. Paediatric Cushing's disease: long-term outcome and predictors of recurrence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1345174. [PMID: 38318299 PMCID: PMC10838966 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1345174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Paediatric Cushing's disease (CD) is characterized by excess ACTH secretion from a pituitary adenoma, leading to hypercortisolism. It has approximately 5% of the incidence of adult CD and is a rare disorder in the paediatric age range. The four most specific presenting features of hypercortisolism are: change in facial appearance, weight gain, decreased linear growth and virilisation shown by advanced pubic hair for the stage of breast development or testicular volume. The main diagnostic priority is the demonstration of hypercortisolism followed by distinction between its ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent origin, thus leading to identification of aetiology. All treatment options aim to resolve or control hypercortisolism. Consensus favours transsphenoidal (TSS) pituitary surgery with selective removal of the corticotroph adenoma. TSS in children with CD is now well established and induces remission in 70-100% of cases. External pituitary radiotherapy and bilateral adrenalectomy are second-line therapeutic approaches in subjects not responding to TSS. Long-term medical treatment is less frequently adopted. Recurrence in paediatric CD cases is low with factors predicting relapse being higher post-TSS cortisol and ACTH levels and rapid recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis after TSS. In summary, complete excision of the microadenoma with histological and biochemical evidence for this, predicts a low rate of recurrence of CD. Due to the need for rapid diagnosis and management to avoid the burden of prolonged exposure to hypercortisolism, tertiary university centres comprising both paediatric and adult endocrinology specialists together with experienced pituitary surgery and, eventually, radiotherapy units are recommended for referral of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O. Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School for Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosario Ferrigno
- UOSD di Auxologia e Endocrinologia, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, Napoli, Italy
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20
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Mu D, Sun D, Qian X, Ma X, Qiu L, Cheng X, Yu S. Steroid profiling in adrenal disease. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 553:117749. [PMID: 38169194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The measurement of steroid hormones in blood and urine, which reflects steroid biosynthesis and metabolism, has been recognized as a valuable tool for identifying and distinguishing steroidogenic disorders. The application of mass spectrometry enables the reliable and simultaneous analysis of large panels of steroids, ushering in a new era for diagnosing adrenal diseases. However, the interpretation of complex hormone results necessitates the expertise and experience of skilled clinicians. In this scenario, machine learning techniques are gaining worldwide attention within healthcare fields. The clinical values of combining mass spectrometry-based steroid profiles analysis with machine learning models, also known as steroid metabolomics, have been investigated for identifying and discriminating adrenal disorders such as adrenocortical carcinomas, adrenocortical adenomas, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This promising approach is expected to lead to enhanced clinical decision-making in the field of adrenal diseases. This review will focus on the clinical performances of steroid profiling, which is measured using mass spectrometry and analyzed by machine learning techniques, in the realm of decision-making for adrenal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Mu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xia Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinqi Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Songlin Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China.
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Zhang W, Zhang D, Liu S, Wang H, Liu X, Dai C, Fang Y, Fan Y, Wei Z, Feng M, Wang R. Predicting delayed remission in Cushing's disease using radiomics models: a multi-center study. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1218897. [PMID: 38264759 PMCID: PMC10803608 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1218897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose No multi-center radiomics models have been built to predict delayed remission (DR) after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) in Cushing's disease (CD). The present study aims to build clinical and radiomics models based on data from three centers to predict DR after TSS in CD. Methods A total of 122 CD patients from Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, and Fuzhou General Hospital were enrolled between January 2000 and January 2019. The T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced MRI images and clinical data were used as inputs to build clinical and radiomics models. The regions of interest (ROI) of MRI images were automatically defined by a deep learning algorithm developed by our team. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was used to evaluate the performance of the models. In total, 10 machine learning algorithms were used to construct models. Results The overall DR rate is 44.3% (54/122). According to multivariate Logistic regression analysis, patients with higher BMI and lower postoperative cortisol levels are more likely to achieve a higher rate of delayed remission. Among the 10 models, XGBoost achieved the best performance among all models in both clinical and radiomics models with AUC values of 0.767 and 0.819 respectively. The results from SHAP value and LIME algorithms revealed that postoperative cortisol level (PoC) and BMI were the most important features associated with DR. Conclusion Radiomics models can be built as an effective noninvasive method to predict DR and might be useful in assisting neurosurgeons in making therapeutic plans after TSS for CD patients. These results are preliminary and further validation in a larger patient sample is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentai Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dewei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jing'an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaocheng Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Mentougou District Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Congxin Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanghua Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqing Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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22
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Isand K, Feelders R, Brue T, Toth M, Deutschbein T, Reincke M, Kršek M, Santos A, Demtröder F, Chabre O, Strasburger CJ, Aulinas Maso A, Volke V, Pereira AM, Lohmann R, Gich Saladich I, Webb SM, Wass J, Valassi E. High prevalence of venous thrombotic events in Cushing's syndrome: data from ERCUSYN and details in relation to surgery. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:75-85. [PMID: 38146835 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients included in the European Registry on Cushing's syndrome (ERCUSYN), compare their clinical characteristics with those who did not develop VTE and identify risk factors for VTE. DESIGN A retrospective observational cohort study. METHODS Data extraction from the registry was taken on February, 7, 2022. At the time there were 2174 patients diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome (CS) and 95 VTEs were reported in the database. RESULTS Of 95 VTE events 70 (74%) were in pituitary-dependent CS patients, 12 (12.5%) in adrenal-dependant CS, 10 (10.5%) in ectopic CS, and 3 (3%) in CS due to other causes. Sex, 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) value at diagnosis, as well as the number of operations remained statistically significant predictors of VTE. Of patients who were treated with at least one surgery, 12 (13%) VTE occurred before and 80 (87%) after the surgery. Nearly half of these VTEs occurred within six months since the operation (36; 45%). Over half of the centers that reported VTE did not routinely anticoagulate CS patients. Anticoagulation schemes varied widely. CONCLUSION Patients with CS have an elevated risk of developing VTE for an extended period of time. From ERCUSYN cohort patients have higher risk for VTE if they need multiple surgeries to treat CS, are males and have high UFC values at the diagnosis of CS. Since there is no agreement on thromboprohpylaxis, a protocol for VTE prevention that is widely adopted appears to be necessary for patients with CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Isand
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ülikooli 18, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Erasmus MC and Erasmus Cancer Institute, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Brue
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Department of Endocrinology Hospital La Conception, MarMaRa Institute, 13305 Marseille, France
| | - Miklos Toth
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Michal Kršek
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alicia Santos
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Pau, Dept Medicine, UAB, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Demtröder
- Zentrum für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie, Rheumatologie Dr. Demtröder & Kollegen, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Olivier Chabre
- University Grenoble Alpes, UMR 1292 INSERM-CEA-UGA, Endocrinologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Anna Aulinas Maso
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Pau, Dept Medicine, UAB, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vallo Volke
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ülikooli 18, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, and University of Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Lohmann
- Health Care Consulting GmbH, Lohmann & Birkner Health Care Consulting GmbH, 13407 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ignasi Gich Saladich
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan M Webb
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Pau, Dept Medicine, UAB, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Wass
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford University Hospitals, OX37LE Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Valassi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona 08916, Spain
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23
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Mu D, Fang J, Yu S, Ma Y, Cheng J, Hu Y, Song A, Zhao F, Zhang Q, Qi Z, Zhang K, Xia L, Qiu L, Zhu H, Cheng X. Comparison of Direct and Extraction Immunoassay Methods With Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Measurement of Urinary Free Cortisol for the Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome. Ann Lab Med 2024; 44:29-37. [PMID: 37665283 PMCID: PMC10485861 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2024.44.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Twenty-four-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) measurement is the initial diagnostic test for Cushing's syndrome (CS). We compared UFC determination by both direct and extraction immunoassays using Abbott Architect, Siemens Atellica Solution, and Beckman DxI800 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, we evaluated the value of 24-hr UFC measured by six methods for diagnosing CS. Methods Residual 24-hr urine samples of 94 CS and 246 non-CS patients were collected. A laboratory-developed LC-MS/MS method was used as reference. UFC was measured by direct assays (D) using Abbott, Siemens, and Beckman platforms and by extraction assays (E) using Siemens and Beckman platforms. Method was compared using Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plot analyses. Cut-off values for the six assays and corresponding sensitivities and specificities were calculated by ROC analysis. Results Abbott-D, Beckman-E, Siemens-E, and Siemens-D showed strong correlations with LC-MS/MS (Spearman coefficient r=0.965, 0.922, 0.922, and 0.897, respectively), while Beckman-D showed weaker correlation (r=0.755). All immunoassays showed proportionally positive bias. The areas under the curve were 0.975 for Abbott-D, 0.972 for LC-MS/MS, 0.966 for Siemens-E, 0.948 for Siemens-D, 0.955 for Beckman-E, and 0.877 for Beckman-D. The cut-off values varied significantly (154.8-1,321.5 nmol/24 hrs). Assay sensitivity and specificity ranged from 76.1% to 93.2% and from 93.0% to 97.1%, respectively. Conclusions Commercially available immunoassays for measuring UFC show different levels of analytical consistency compared to LC-MS/MS. Abbott-D, Siemens-E, and Beckman-E have high diagnostic accuracy for CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Mu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadan Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Qi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyu Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqi Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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24
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Divaris E, Kostopoulos G, Efstathiadou ZA. Current and Emerging Pharmacological Therapies for Cushing's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:757-777. [PMID: 38424426 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128290025240216110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Cushing's Disease (CD), hypercortisolism due to pituitary ACTH secreting neuroendocrine neoplasm, is associated with increased morbidity and, if untreated, mortality in about half of the affected individuals. Consequently, the timely initiation of effective treatment is mandatory. Neurosurgery is the first line and the only potentially curative treatment; however, 30% of patients will have persistent disease post-surgery. Furthermore, a small percentage of those initially controlled will develop hypercortisolism during long-term follow- up. Therefore, patients with persistent or recurrent disease, as well as those considered non-eligible for surgery, will need a second-line therapeutic approach, i.e., pharmacotherapy. Radiation therapy is reserved as a third-line therapeutic option due to its slower onset of action and its unfavorable profile regarding complications. During the past few years, the understanding of molecular mechanisms implicated in the physiology of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis has evolved, and new therapeutic targets for CD have emerged. In the present review, currently available treatments, compounds currently tested in ongoing clinical trials, and interesting, potentially new targets emerging from unraveling molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of Cushing's disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Divaris
- Department of Endocrinology, "Hippokration" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Kostopoulos
- Department of Endocrinology, "Hippokration" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoe A Efstathiadou
- Department of Endocrinology, "Hippokration" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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25
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Patel VK, Vaishnaw A, Shirbhate E, Kore R, Singh V, Veerasamy R, Rajak H. Cortisol as a Target for Treating Mental Disorders: A Promising Avenue for Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:588-600. [PMID: 37861053 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575262104230928042150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol, commonly known as the "stress hormone," plays a critical role in the body's response to stress. Elevated cortisol levels have been associated with various mental disorders, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Consequently, researchers have explored cortisol modulation as a promising avenue for treating these conditions. However, the availability of research on cortisol as a therapeutic option for mental disorders is limited, and existing studies employ diverse methodologies and outcome measures. This review article aimed to provide insights into different treatment approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, which can effectively modulate cortisol levels. Pharmacological interventions involve the use of substances, such as somatostatin analogs, dopamine agonists, corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonists, and cortisol synthesis inhibitors. Additionally, non-pharmacological techniques, including cognitivebehavioral therapy, herbs and supplements, transcranial magnetic stimulation, lifestyle changes, and surgery, have been investigated to reduce cortisol levels. The emerging evidence suggests that cortisol modulation could be a promising treatment option for mental disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effectiveness and safety of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Patel
- Pushpendra College of Pharmacy, Ambikapur, Surguja 497101, (C.G.), India
| | - Aayush Vaishnaw
- Dr. C.V. Raman Institute of Pharmacy, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur, C.G. 495113, India
| | - Ekta Shirbhate
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur 495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Rakesh Kore
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur 495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Vaibhav Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur 495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Ravichandran Veerasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
| | - Harish Rajak
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur 495 009, (C.G.), India
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26
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Gadelha M, Gatto F, Wildemberg LE, Fleseriu M. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2023; 402:2237-2252. [PMID: 37984386 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome results from excess glucocorticoid secretion, which leads to a myriad of clinical manifestations, comorbidities, and increased mortality despite treatment. Molecular mechanisms and genetic alterations associated with different causes of Cushing's syndrome have been described in the last decade. Imaging modalities and biochemical testing have evolved; however, both the diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome remain challenging. Surgery is the preferred treatment for all causes, but medical therapy has markedly advanced, with new drug options becoming available. Nevertheless, several comorbidities remain even after patient remission, which can affect quality of life. Accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment are essential for mitigating chronic complications of excess glucocorticoids and improving patient quality of life. In this Seminar, we aim to update several important aspects of diagnosis, complications, and treatment of endogenous Cushing's syndrome of all causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Gadelha
- Endocrine Unit and Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Neuroendocrine Unit, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Federico Gatto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Fleseriu
- Pituitary Center, Medicine and Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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27
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Rebollar-Vega RG, Zuarth-Vázquez JM, Hernández-Ramírez LC. Clinical Spectrum of USP8 Pathogenic Variants in Cushing's Disease. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:102899. [PMID: 37925320 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is a life-threatening condition with a challenging diagnostic process and scarce treatment options. CD is caused by usually benign adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), known as corticotropinomas. These tumors are predominantly of sporadic origin, and usually derive from the monoclonal expansion of a mutated cell. Somatic activating variants located within a hotspot of the USP8 gene are present in 11-62% of corticotropinomas, making USP8 the most frequent genetic driver of corticotroph neoplasia. In contrast, other somatic defects such as those affecting the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1), the BRAF oncogene, the deubiquitinase-encoding gene USP48, and TP53 are infrequent. Moreover, patients with familial tumor syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, and DICER1 rarely develop corticotropinomas. One of the main molecular alterations in USP8-driven tumors is an overactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway, which induces ACTH production. Hotspot USP8 variants lead to persistent EGFR overexpression, thereby perpetuating the hyper-synthesis of ACTH. More importantly, they condition a characteristic transcriptomic signature that might be useful for the clinical prognosis of patients with CD. Nevertheless, the clinical phenotype associated with USP8 variants is less well defined. Hereby we discuss the current knowledge on the molecular pathogenesis and clinical picture associated with USP8 hotspot variants. We focus on the potential significance of the USP8 mutational status for the design of tailored clinical strategies in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa G Rebollar-Vega
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia M Zuarth-Vázquez
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura C Hernández-Ramírez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
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28
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Castinetti F. Pharmacological Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:102908. [PMID: 37977919 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The 1st line treatment of Cushing's syndrome is surgery, whatever the aetiology. The role of pharmacological treatment is clear in cases where surgery fails or is impossible, in cases of metastases, or while awaiting the delayed effects of radiotherapy. However, certain situations remain controversial, in particular the possible role of pharmacological treatment as a preparation for surgery. This situation must be divided into 2 parts, severe hypercortisolism with immediate vital risk and non-severe hypercortisolism with diagnostic delay. The initiation and adjustment of treatment doses is also controversial, with the possibility of titration by gradual dose increase based on biological markers, or a more radical "block and replace" approach in which the ultimate goal is to achieve hypocortisolism, which can then be supplemented. Each of these approaches has its advantages and drawbacks and should probably be reserved for different patient profiles depending on the severity of hypercortisolism. In this review, we will focus specifically on these 2 points, namely the potential role of preoperative pharmacological treatment and, more generally, the optimal way to initiate and monitor drug treatment to ensure that eucortisolism or hypocortisolism is achieved. We will define for each part which profiles of patients should be the most adapted to try to give advice on the optimal management of patients with hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Castinetti
- Aix Marseille Univ, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille Medical Genetics, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France; Department of Endocrinology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France.
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29
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Gupta N, Dutta A, Baruah MM, Bhansali A, Ahuja CK, Dhandapani S, Bhadada SK, Saikia UN, Walia R. An Integrated Clinical Score to Predict Remission in Cushing's Disease. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2023; 27:501-505. [PMID: 38371189 PMCID: PMC10871004 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_314_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To derive a clinical score from parameters that favor remission of Cushing's disease (CD) after pituitary surgery. Methods This is an analysis of 11 clinical, hormonal, and post-operative parameters that each favored remission in a cohort of 145 patients with CD treated by trans-sphenoidal surgery (TSS). Each parameter was designated as a categorical variable (presence/absence), and several favorable parameters present for each patient were calculated. From this, a median parameter score (clinical score) of the entire cohort was derived, which was then compared to the event of remission/persistence of CD. Results The median number of favorable parameters present in the entire cohort was 3 (0-7). The significant count of patients in remission increased with the increasing number of parameters. The receiver-operator characteristic curve showed that the presence of ≥3 parameters was associated with remission in CD with a sensitivity of 84.2% and a specificity of 80%. Patients with a clinical score ≥3 had significantly higher remission rates (88.9%) than those who had persistent disease (27.3%; P = 0.001). Conclusion A clinical score of ≥3 predicts remission in CD treated by TSS; however, it requires validation in other large cohorts. Rather than assessing individual parameters to predict remission in CD, an integrated clinical score is a better tool for follow-up and patient counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aditya Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Rama Walia
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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30
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Ozaydin D, Demir AN, Oz A, Birol A, Sulu C, Sahin S, Arslan S, Tanriover N, Gazioglu N, Kadioglu P. The relationship between temporal muscle thickness and disease activity in Cushing's disease. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:2411-2420. [PMID: 37704872 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hypercortisolism and temporal muscle thickness (TMT) in Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS A retrospective review of medical records was conducted for patients with CD who presented to our clinic between 2012 and 2022. Biochemical data and TMT measurements from sella imaging were evaluated during diagnosis and the first postoperative year. RESULTS A total of 44 patients were included in the study, with an average age of 43.9 years, of which 38 were female. The mean TMT at the time of diagnosis was 19.07 ± 1.71 mm, with no significant difference between males and females (p = 0.097), and no correlation between the TMT and age at diagnosis (p = 0.497). There was an inverse relationship between TMT and serum cortisol levels, 24-h UFC, and midnight salivary cortisol at the time of diagnosis of CD (p < 0.05, for all). One year after surgery, TMT significantly increased in all patients compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients who achieved postoperative remission had significantly higher TMT values compared to those who did not achieve remission (p = 0.043). Among the patients who achieved remission, those who achieved remission through surgery had significantly higher TMT compared to those who could not reach remission with surgery and patients who started medical treatment and achieved biochemical remission (p = 0.01). Patients with severe myopathy and sarcopenia had significantly lower TMT values than the others (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Temporal muscle thickness was found to be associated with disease activity and disease control in Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ozaydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences University, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A N Demir
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Oz
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Birol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Sulu
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Sahin
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Arslan
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Tanriover
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Gazioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - P Kadioglu
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Mugo SM, Robertson SV, Lu W. A molecularly imprinted screen-printed carbon electrode for electrochemical epinephrine, lactate, and cortisol metabolites detection in human sweat. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341714. [PMID: 37709457 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach to the detection of epinephrine, lactate, and cortisol biomarkers in human sweat using molecularly-imprinted polymers (MIP) embedded screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) sensors. The epinephrine and lactate MIP SPCE sensors were fabricated by epinephrine or lactate-imprinted polyaniline co-polymerized with 3-aminophenylboronic acid and gold nanoparticles (PANI-co-PBA/AuNP) selective membrane on a commercial SPCE. The cortisol sensor was comprised of a cortisol-imprinted poly(glycidyl methacryate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (poly (GMA-co-EGDMA)@AuNP selective membrane deposited on a SPCE. Both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used as modes of analysis for the MIP SPCE sensors. All sensors exhibited a rapid (∼1 min) and selective response to the epinephrine, lactate, and cortisol target analytes, with excellent precision between scans for both CV and DPV analysis modes. For CV, the LOD for epinephrine, lactate, and cortisol was 8.2 nM, 13 mM, and 0.042 μM, respectively. The LOD for DPV were 0.60 nM, 2.2 mM, and 0.025 μM for epinephrine, lactate, and cortisol, respectively. The MIP SPCE sensor platforms were further validated through the successful quantification of epinephrine, lactate, and cortisol in human sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Mugo
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, ABT5J4S2, Canada.
| | - Scott V Robertson
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, ABT5J4S2, Canada
| | - Weihao Lu
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, ABT5J4S2, Canada
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Sekizaki T, Kameda H, Nakamura A, Kuwabara S, Nomoto H, Cho KY, Ishi Y, Motegi H, Miyoshi H, Atsumi T. Neuromedin B receptor as a potential therapeutic target for corticotroph adenomas. Pituitary 2023; 26:597-610. [PMID: 37642928 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-023-01350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cushing's disease (CD) results from autonomous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by corticotroph adenomas, leading to excessive cortisol production, ultimately affecting morbidity and mortality. Pasireotide is the only FDA approved tumor directed treatment for CD, but it is effective in only about 25% of patients, and is associated with a high rate of hyperglycemia. Neuromedin B (NMB), a member of the bombesin-like peptide family, regulates endocrine secretion and cell proliferation. Here, we assessed NMB and NMB receptor (NMBR) expression in human corticotroph adenomas and the effects of NMBR antagonist PD168368 on murine and human corticotroph tumors. METHODS To investigate NMB and NMBR expression, real-time qPCR and immunostaining on human pathological specimens of corticotroph, non-functional and somatotroph adenomas were performed. The effects of PD168368 on hormone secretion and cell proliferation were studied in vitro, in vivo and in seven patient-derived corticotroph adenoma cells. NMB and NMBR were expressed in higher extent in human corticotroph adenomas compared with non-functional or somatotroph adenomas. RESULTS In murine AtT-20 cells, PD168368 reduced proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) mRNA/protein expression and ACTH secretion as well as cell proliferation. In mice with tumor xenografts, tumor growth, ACTH and corticosterone were downregulated by PD168368. In patient-derived adenoma cells, PD168368 reduced POMC mRNA expression in four out of seven cases and ACTH secretion in two out of five cases. A PD168368-mediated cyclin E suppression was also identified in AtT-20 and patient-derived cells. CONCLUSION NMBR antagonist represents a potential treatment for CD and its effect may be mediated by cyclin E suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Sekizaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiraku Kameda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Saki Kuwabara
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kyu Yong Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Clinical Research and Medical Innovation Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukitomo Ishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Motegi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyoshi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Lian X, Xu Z, Sun S, Wang W, Zhu H, Lu L, Hou X, Zhang F. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for cushing's disease: single-center experience in 70 patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1241669. [PMID: 37822603 PMCID: PMC10562628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1241669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a modern precision radiotherapy technique for the treatment of the pituitary adenoma. Objective Aim to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of IMRT in treating Cushing's Disease (CD). Methods 70 of 115 patients with CD treated with IMRT at our institute from April 2012 to August 2021 were included in the study. The radiation doses were usually 45-50 Gy in 25 fractions. After IMRT, endocrine evaluations were performed every 6 months and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) annually. Endocrine remission was defined as suppression of 1 mg dexamethasone test (DST) or normal 24-hour urinary free cortisol level (24hUFC). The outcome of endocrine remission, endocrine recurrence, tumor control and complications were retrieved from medical record. Results At a median follow-up time of 36.8 months, the endocrine remission rate at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years were 28.5%, 50.2%, 62.5% and 74.0%, respectively. The median time to remission was 24 months (95%CI: 14.0-34.0). Endocrine recurrence was found in 5 patients (13.5%) till the last follow-up. The recurrence-free rate at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years after endocrine remission was 98.2%, 93.9%, 88.7% and 88.7%, respectively. The tumor control rate was 98%. The overall incidence of new onset hypopituitarism was 22.9%, with hypothyroidism serving as the most common individual axis deficiency. Univariate analysis indicated that only higher Ki-67 index (P=0.044) was significant favorable factors for endocrine remission. Conclusion IMRT was a highly effective second-line therapy with low side effect profile for CD patients. Endocrine remission, tumor control and recurrence rates were comparable to previous reports on FRT and SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoran Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorong Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Gadelha M, Snyder PJ, Witek P, Bex M, Belaya Z, Turcu AF, Feelders RA, Heaney AP, Paul M, Pedroncelli AM, Auchus RJ. Long-term efficacy and safety of osilodrostat in patients with Cushing's disease: results from the LINC 4 study extension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1236465. [PMID: 37680892 PMCID: PMC10482037 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1236465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of osilodrostat in patients with Cushing's disease. Methods The multicenter, 48-week, Phase III LINC 4 clinical trial had an optional extension period that was initially intended to continue to week 96. Patients could continue in the extension until a managed-access program or alternative treatment became available locally, or until a protocol amendment was approved at their site that specified that patients should come for an end-of-treatment visit within 4 weeks or by week 96, whichever occurred first. Study outcomes assessed in the extension included: mean urinary free cortisol (mUFC) response rates; changes in mUFC, serum cortisol and late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC); changes in cardiovascular and metabolic-related parameters; blood pressure, waist circumference and weight; changes in physical manifestations of Cushing's disease; changes in patient-reported outcomes for health-related quality of life; changes in tumor volume; and adverse events. Results were analyzed descriptively; no formal statistical testing was performed. Results Of 60 patients who entered, 53 completed the extension, with 29 patients receiving osilodrostat for more than 96 weeks (median osilodrostat duration: 87.1 weeks). The proportion of patients with normalized mUFC observed in the core period was maintained throughout the extension. At their end-of-trial visit, 72.4% of patients had achieved normal mUFC. Substantial reductions in serum cortisol and LNSC were also observed. Improvements in most cardiovascular and metabolic-related parameters, as well as physical manifestations of Cushing's disease, observed in the core period were maintained or continued to improve in the extension. Osilodrostat was generally well tolerated; the safety profile was consistent with previous reports. Conclusion Osilodrostat provided long-term control of cortisol secretion that was associated with sustained improvements in clinical signs and physical manifestations of hypercortisolism. Osilodrostat is an effective long-term treatment for patients with Cushing's disease. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02180217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Gadelha
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Section, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter J. Snyder
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Przemysław Witek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marie Bex
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhanna Belaya
- Department of Neuroendocrinology and Bone Disease, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Adina F. Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Richard A. Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony P. Heaney
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Richard J. Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Page-Wilson G, Oak B, Silber A, Okeyo J, Ortiz N, O'Hara M, Moloney S, Geer EB. Evaluating the burden of endogenous Cushing's syndrome using a web-based questionnaire and validated patient-reported outcome measures. Pituitary 2023; 26:364-374. [PMID: 37074630 PMCID: PMC10113723 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-023-01314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare endocrine condition caused by chronic oversecretion of cortisol, resulting in a diverse constellation of symptoms. This study examined the ongoing burden of illness (BOI), from the first appearance of symptoms through treatment, which is currently not well evaluated. METHODS A quantitative, cross-sectional, web-enabled survey including 5 validated patient reported outcomes (PRO) measures was conducted in patients with CS who had been diagnosed ≥ 6 months prior and who had received ≥ 1 treatment for their endogenous CS at the time of the survey. RESULTS Fifty-five patients participated in this study; 85% were women. The mean age was 43.4 ± 12.3 years (± standard deviation, SD). On average, respondents reported a 10-year gap between the first occurrence of symptoms and diagnosis; 80% underwent surgical treatment for CS. Respondents experienced symptoms on 16 days in a typical month, and their health-related quality of life was moderately impacted based on the CushingQoL score. Weight gain, muscle fatigue, and weakness were the most common symptoms and 69% percent of patients reported moderate or severe fatigue using the Brief Fatigue Inventory. Following treatment, the occurrence of most symptoms declined over time, although anxiety and pain did not significantly decrease. Overall, 38% of participants reported an annual average of 25 missed workdays due to CS symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a BOI in CS despite ongoing treatment and illustrate the need for interventions to address persistent symptoms, particularly weight gain, pain, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janetricks Okeyo
- Formerly at Strongbridge Biopharma plc, a wholly owned subsidiary of Xeris Biopharma Holdings, Inc, Trevose, USA
| | - Nancy Ortiz
- Formerly at Strongbridge Biopharma plc, a wholly owned subsidiary of Xeris Biopharma Holdings, Inc, Trevose, USA
| | | | - Stephen Moloney
- Formerly at Strongbridge Biopharma plc, a wholly owned subsidiary of Xeris Biopharma Holdings, Inc, Trevose, USA
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Multidisciplinary Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Jiang H, Li Z, Sun Y, Ren J, Yan F, Sun Q, Wei H, Bian L. Irreversible Alterations of Susceptibility in Cushing's Disease: A Longitudinal QSM Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2007-2015. [PMID: 36722202 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic exposure to hypercortisolism is associated with accelerated aging and neurodegenerative diseases, while Cushing's disease (CD) is the most common form of endogenous hypercortisolism exposure. This study aimed to assess longitudinal susceptibility changes in CD using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) before and after resolution of hypercortisolism. METHODS In this study, 24 CD patients and 24 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with QSM. All CD patients underwent MRI scans before and after the curative operation. RESULTS After resolution of hypercortisolism, irreversibly altered susceptibility values were found in the anterior cingulate cortex, frontal lobe, caudate, and red nucleus. These alterations were significantly correlated with the changes in gray matter/white matter volumes and clinical features. Additionally, decreased susceptibility was found in several regions in CD patients. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to hypercortisolism may be related to susceptibility alterations and significantly correlated with altered brain volumes and clinical features. in CD patients. The decrease of susceptibility might suggest the involvement of the calcium deregulation in these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Lu Wan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Lu Wan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjiang Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuguan Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sun W, Sun Q, Cui Q, He M, Wu W, Li Y, Ye H, Zhang S. Association of IGF-1 Level with Low Bone Mass in Young Patients with Cushing's Disease. Int J Endocrinol 2023; 2023:3334982. [PMID: 37441368 PMCID: PMC10335871 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3334982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Few related factors of low bone mass in Cushing's disease (CD) have been identified so far, and relevant sufficient powered studies in CD patients are rare. On account of the scarcity of data, we performed a well-powered study to identify related factors associated with low bone mass in young CD patients. Methods This retrospective study included 153 CD patients (33 males and 120 females, under the age of 50 for men and premenopausal women). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the left hip and lumbar spine was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). In this study, low bone mass was defined when the Z score was -2.0 or lower. Results Among those CD patients, low bone mass occurred in 74 patients (48.37%). Compared to patients with normal BMD, those patients with low bone mass had a higher level of serum cortisol at midnight (22.31 (17.95-29.62) vs. 17.80 (13.75-22.77), p=0.0006), testosterone in women (2.10 (1.33-2.89) vs. 1.54 (0.97-2.05), p=0.0012), higher portion of male (32.43% vs. 11.54%, p=0.0016) as well as hypertension (76.12% vs. 51.67%, p=0.0075), and lower IGF-1 index (0.59 (0.43-0.76) vs. 0.79 (0.60-1.02), p=0.0001). The Z score was positively associated with the IGF-1 index in both the lumbar spine (r = 0.35153, p < 0.0001) and the femoral neck (r = 0.24418, p=0.0057). The Z score in the femoral neck was negatively associated with osteocalcin (r = -0.22744, p=0.0229). Compared to the lowest tertile of the IGF-1 index (<0.5563), the patients with the highest tertile of the IGF-1 index (≥0.7993) had a lower prevalence of low bone mass (95% CI 0.02 (0.001-0.50), p=0.0002), even after adjusting for confounders such as age, gender, duration, BMI, hypertension, serum cortisol at midnight, PTH, and osteocalcin. Conclusions The higher IGF-1 index was independently associated with lower prevalence of low bone mass in young CD patients, and IGF-1 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of CD-caused low bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Quanya Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiaoli Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hongying Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Valentín-Goyco J, Liu J, Peng HM, Oommen J, Auchus RJ. Selectivity of osilodrostat as an inhibitor of human steroidogenic cytochromes P450. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 231:106316. [PMID: 37098354 PMCID: PMC10757358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Osilodrostat (LCI699) is a potent inhibitor of the human steroidogenic cytochromes P450 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). LCI699 is FDA-approved for the treatment of Cushing disease, which is characterized by chronic overproduction of cortisol. While phase II and III clinical studies have proven the clinical efficacy and tolerability of LCI699 for treating Cushing disease, few studies have attempted to fully assess the effects of LCI699 on adrenal steroidogenesis. To this end, we first comprehensively analyzed LCI699-mediated inhibition of steroid synthesis in the NCI-H295R human adrenocortical cancer cell line. We then studied LCI699 inhibition using HEK-293 or V79 cells stably expressing individual human steroidogenic P450 enzymes. Our studies using intact cells confirm the potent inhibition of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 with negligible inhibition of 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1) and 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2). Furthermore, partial inhibition of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) was observed. To calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) of LCI699 with the adrenal mitochondrial P450 enzymes, we successfully incorporated P450s into lipid nanodiscs and carried out spectrophotometric equilibrium and competition binding assays. Our binding experiments confirm the high affinity of LCI699 to CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 (Kd ≈ 1 nM or less) and much weaker binding for CYP11A1 (Kd = 18.8 μM). Our results confirm the selectivity of LCI699 for CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 and demonstrate partial inhibition of CYP11A1 but not CYP17A1 and CYP21A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Valentín-Goyco
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, United States
| | - Hwei-Ming Peng
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, United States
| | - Jerry Oommen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
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Shah SK, Tiwari M, Acharya S, Shah A. Asymptomatic pheochromocytoma associated with MEN syndrome and subclinical Cushing's syndrome. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 108:108408. [PMID: 37354821 PMCID: PMC10382751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Pheochromocytoma and Cushing's syndrome are rare endocrine conditions caused by tumors in the adrenal gland. These conditions are classified under Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) syndrome, characterized by the development of multiple tumors in the endocrine system. However, diagnosing these conditions can be challenging as they often lack clear symptoms, requiring careful evaluation, monitoring, and treatment to prevent complications. CASE PRESENTATION A 23-year-old male recently presented with right-sided abdominal fullness and lipoma-like masses on the torso. Over a span of six months, the abdominal mass nearly doubled in size, accompanied by elevated levels of catecholamines, cortisol, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin. Surprisingly, the patient remained asymptomatic despite these abnormal lab values. CT imaging revealed a substantial increase in the size of the mass in the right adrenal gland, from 6 × 7 cm to approximately 11.2 × 10.2 × 9 cm. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Pheochromocytoma secretes catecholamines and often leads to hypertension and related symptoms. Interestingly, most individuals with pheochromocytoma do not exhibit obvious symptoms, necessitating blood and urine tests, along with imaging studies, for accurate diagnosis. The size of the tumor does not necessarily indicate the severity of symptoms. MEN-2, a genetic syndrome, is characterized by pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and hyperparathyroidism. Additionally, methods for diagnosing Cushing's syndrome, caused by excess cortisol production, are discussed. CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and genetic counseling are crucial in preventing complications associated with these conditions. By identifying them, appropriate treatment can be ensured for positive outcomes of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Kumar Shah
- School of medical science, Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal.
| | - Mahipendra Tiwari
- Department of General Surgery, Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sneh Acharya
- Department of Pathology, Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Avish Shah
- School of medical science, Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Viecceli C, Mattos ACV, Hirakata VN, Garcia SP, Rodrigues TDC, Czepielewski MA. Ketoconazole as second-line treatment for Cushing's disease after transsphenoidal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1145775. [PMID: 37223017 PMCID: PMC10200879 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1145775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The first-line treatment for Cushing's disease is transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumor resection. Ketoconazole has been used as a second-line drug despite limited data on its safety and efficacy for this purpose. The objective of this meta-analysis was to analyze hypercortisolism control in patients who used ketoconazole as a second-line treatment after transsphenoidal surgery, in addition to other clinical and laboratory criteria that could be related to therapeutic response. Methods We searched for articles that evaluated ketoconazole use in Cushing's disease after transsphenoidal surgery. The search strategies were applied to MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SciELO. Independent reviewers assessed study eligibility and quality and extracted data on hypercortisolism control and related variables such as therapeutic dose, time, and urinary cortisol levels. Results After applying the exclusion criteria, 10 articles (one prospective and nine retrospective studies, totaling 270 patients) were included for complete data analysis. We found no publication bias regarding reported biochemical control or no biochemical control (p = 0.06 and p = 0.42 respectively). Of 270 patients, biochemical control of hypercortisolism occurred in 151 (63%, 95% CI 50-74%) and no biochemical control occurred in 61 (20%, 95% CI 10-35%). According to the meta-regression, neither the final dose, treatment duration, nor initial serum cortisol levels were associated with biochemical control of hypercortisolism. Conclusion Ketoconazole can be considered a safe and efficacious option for Cushing's disease treatment after pituitary surgery. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#searchadvanced, (CRD42022308041).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Viecceli
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Viana Mattos
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vânia Naomi Hirakata
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sheila Piccoli Garcia
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ticiana da Costa Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mauro Antônio Czepielewski
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Kim SH, Son GH, Seok JY, Chun SK, Yun H, Jang J, Suh YG, Kim K, Jung JW, Chung S. Identification of a novel class of cortisol biosynthesis inhibitors and its implications in a therapeutic strategy for hypercortisolism. Life Sci 2023; 325:121744. [PMID: 37127185 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Dysregulation of adrenocortical steroid (corticosteroids) biosynthesis leads to pathological conditions such as Cushing's syndrome. Although several classes of steroid biosynthesis inhibitors have been developed to treat cortisol overproduction, limitations such as insufficient efficacy, adverse effects, and/or tolerability still remain. The present study aimed to develop a new class of small molecules that inhibit cortisol production, and investigated their putative modes of action. MAIN METHODS We screened an in-house chemical library with drug-like chemical scaffolds using human adrenocortical NCI-H295R cells. We then evaluated and validated the effects of the selected compounds at multiple regulatory steps of the adrenal steroidogenic pathway. Finally, genome-wide RNA expression analysis coupled with gene enrichment analysis was conducted to infer possible action mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS A subset of benzimidazolylurea derivatives, including a representative compound (designated as CJ28), inhibited both basal and stimulated production of cortisol and related intermediate steroids. CJ28 attenuated the mRNA expression of multiple genes involved in steroidogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, CJ28 significantly attenuated de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, which contributed to its suppression of cortisol production. SIGNIFICANCE We identified a novel chemical scaffold that exerts inhibitory effects on cortisol and cholesterol biosynthesis via coordinated transcriptional silencing of gene expression networks. Our findings also reveal an additional adrenal-directed pharmacological strategy for hypercortisolism involving a combination of inhibitors targeting steroidogenesis and de novo cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Seok
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Pivonello R, Scaroni C, Polistena B, Migliore A, Giustina A. Unmet needs on the current medical management of Cushing's syndrome: results from a Delphi panel of Italian endocrinologists. J Endocrinol Invest 2023:10.1007/s40618-023-02058-8. [PMID: 37076758 PMCID: PMC10115381 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare clinical condition caused by excessive cortisol secretion from adrenal glands. CS is associated with increased mortality and morbidity; therefore, a prompt diagnosis and an effective therapeutic approach are strongly necessary to improve the patient's clinical management. The first-line treatment for CS is surgery, while medical treatment has historically played a minor role. However, thanks to the availability of novel compounds, the possibility of improving hypercortisolism control using different drug combinations emerged. PURPOSE No absolute recommendations are available to guide the therapeutic choice for patients with CS and, consequently, the awareness of unmet needs in CS management is growing. Although new data from clinical trials are needed to better define the most appropriate management of CS, an expert consensus approach can help define unmet needs and optimize the current CS management and treatment. METHODS Twenty-seven endocrinologists from 12 Italian regions, working among the main Italian referral centers for hospital endocrinology where they take care of CS patients, were involved in a consensus process and used the Delphi method to reach an agreement on 24 statements about managing CS patients. RESULTS In total, 18 statements reached a consensus. Some relevant unmet needs in the management of CS were reported, mainly related to the lack of a pharmacological treatment successful for the majority of patients. CONCLUSION While acknowledging the difficulty in achieving complete disease control, a significant change in CS management requires the availability of medical treatment with improved efficacy and safety over available therapeutic options at the time of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - C Scaroni
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, Hospital-University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - A Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Shao C, Wang J, Wang P, Wu N. Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery with a Layered Peel Strategy for Cushing's Disease Treatment: A Case Series. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040671. [PMID: 37190636 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Cushing's disease (CD) who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) with a layered peel strategy at our center were retrospectively analyzed. Records on patients' basic characteristics, preoperative and early postoperative evaluations, perioperative complications, and follow-up were collected. A total of 12 unselected, consecutive patients with CD were identified. Ten of the twelve patients were female. All tumors were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, with a maximum tumor diameter ranging from 5 mm to 11 mm. A lower rate of surgical complications was identified postoperatively, with no cases of carotid artery injury, epistaxis, hematoma, visual disturbance, or intracranial infection, but with one case of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Ten patients experienced immediate remission, and two had delayed remission. No recurrence events were observed during a median follow-up of 51 months. In conclusion, our preliminary experience indicated that ETS with a layered peel strategy provided a perfect remission rate, low complication rate, and no recurrence in a case series of CD patients. Given the limited number of cases, future studies are warranted to confirm its effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
- Graduate Institute, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
- Graduate Institute, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Shin SH, Hur G, Kim NR, Park JHY, Lee KW, Yang H. A machine learning-integrated stepwise method to discover novel anti-obesity phytochemicals that antagonize the glucocorticoid receptor. Food Funct 2023; 14:1869-1883. [PMID: 36723137 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03466b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As a type of stress hormone, glucocorticoids (GCs) affect numerous physiological pathways by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and regulating the transcription of various genes. However, when GCs are dysregulated, the resulting hypercortisolism may contribute to various metabolic disorders, including obesity. Thus, attempts have been made to discover potent GR antagonists that can reverse excess-GC-related metabolic diseases. Phytochemicals are a collection of valuable bioactive compounds that are known for their wide variety of chemotypes. Recently, various computational methods have been developed to obtain active phytochemicals that can modulate desired target proteins. In this study, we developed a workflow comprising two consecutive quantitative structure-activity relationship-based machine learning models to discover novel GR-antagonizing phytochemicals. These two models collectively identified 65 phytochemicals that bind to and antagonize GR. Of these, nine commercially available phytochemicals were validated for GR-antagonist and anti-obesity activities. In particular, we confirmed that demethylzeylasteral, a phytochemical of the Tripterygium wilfordii Radix, exhibits potent anti-obesity activity in vitro through GR antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hyun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gihyun Hur
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Na Ra Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Han Yoon Park
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
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Qi S, Zuo Y, Chang R, Huang K, Liu J, Zhang Z. Using CT radiomic features based on machine learning models to subtype adrenal adenoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:111. [PMID: 36721273 PMCID: PMC9890822 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functioning and non-functioning adrenocortical adenoma are two subtypes of benign adrenal adenoma, and their differential diagnosis is crucial. Current diagnostic procedures use an invasive method, adrenal venous sampling, for endocrinologic assessment. METHODS This study proposes establishing an accurate differential model for subtyping adrenal adenoma using computed tomography (CT) radiomic features and machine learning (ML) methods. Dataset 1 (289 patients with adrenal adenoma) was collected to develop the models, and Dataset 2 (54 patients) was utilized for external validation. Cuboids containing the lesion were cropped from the non-contrast, arterial, and venous phase CT images, and 1,967 features were extracted from each cuboid. Ten discriminative features were selected from each phase or the combined phases. Random forest, support vector machine, logistic regression (LR), Gradient Boosting Machine, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting were used to establish prediction models. RESULTS The highest accuracies were 72.7%, 72.7%, and 76.1% in the arterial, venous, and non-contrast phases, respectively, when using radiomic features alone with the ML classifier of LR. When features from the three CT phases were combined, the accuracy of LR reached 83.0%. After adding clinical information, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve increased for all the machine learning methods except for LR. In Dataset 2, the accuracy of LR was the highest, reaching 77.8%. CONCLUSION The radiomic features of the lesion in three-phase CT images can potentially suggest the functioning or non-functioning nature of adrenal adenoma. The resulting radiomic models can be a non-invasive, low-cost, and rapid method of minimizing unnecessary testing in asymptomatic patients with incidentally discovered adrenal adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouliang Qi
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, 110169 Shenyang, China ,grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing in Medical Image, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, 110169 Shenyang, China
| | - Yifan Zuo
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, 110169 Shenyang, China ,grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing in Medical Image, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, 110169 Shenyang, China
| | - Runsheng Chang
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, 110169 Shenyang, China ,grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing in Medical Image, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, 110169 Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Huang
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Ultrasound Imaging, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, China
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Rakovec M, Zhu W, Khalafallah AM, Salvatori R, Hamrahian AH, Gallia GL, Ishii M, London NR, Ramanathan M, Rowan NR, Mukherjee D. Patient reported outcomes and treatment satisfaction in patients with cushing syndrome. Endocrine 2023; 79:161-170. [PMID: 36227510 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cushing Syndrome (CS) is a rare endocrine disorder associated with physical and mental symptoms that can drastically affect quality of life (QoL). This study characterizes QoL in patients with CS, describes their treatment experiences, and identifies patient subsets associated with decreased QoL or shared impressions of treatment. METHODS A 136-question survey addressing QoL factors and treatment experiences was completed by adult patients with CS from the Cushing Support and Research Foundation. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment information were collected. Bivariate analyses were conducted to determine if patients' symptoms or treatment experiences were significantly associated with demographics or other variables. RESULTS A total of 178 patients, predominantly female (94%) with mean age 53 years, completed the survey. Anxiety and/or depression (n = 163, 94%), loss of physical strength (n = 164, 93%), loneliness (n = 156, 90%), fatigue from treatment (n = 142, 89%), memory loss (n = 153, 88%), insomnia (n = 144, 83%), and pain (n = 141, 83%) were symptoms most commonly experienced by respondents. Patients experiencing delay of diagnosis >10 years were more likely to have suicidal thoughts (p = 0.002). Younger patients were more likely to express concerns about hair loss (p = 0.007), loneliness (p = 0.025), pain (p = 0.004), or the impact of CS on their marriage (p = 0.039) or children (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION This survey demonstrates CS impacts patients across many dimensions, emphasizing the need for holistic support. We identified patient subsets in which QoL may be improved with additional patient resources or provider attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Rakovec
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - William Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Adham M Khalafallah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Amir H Hamrahian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Gary L Gallia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nyall R London
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Murugappan Ramanathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Debraj Mukherjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Mehlich A, Bolanowski M, Mehlich D, Witek P. Medical treatment of Cushing's disease with concurrent diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1174119. [PMID: 37139336 PMCID: PMC10150952 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1174119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is a severe endocrine disorder characterized by chronic hypercortisolaemia secondary to an overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary adenoma. Cortisol excess impairs normal glucose homeostasis through many pathophysiological mechanisms. The varying degrees of glucose intolerance, including impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are commonly observed in patients with CD and contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Although definitive surgical treatment of ACTH-secreting tumors remains the most effective therapy to control both cortisol levels and glucose metabolism, nearly one-third of patients present with persistent or recurrent disease and require additional treatments. In recent years, several medical therapies demonstrated prominent clinical efficacy in the management of patients with CD for whom surgery was non-curative or for those who are ineligible to undergo surgical treatment. Cortisol-lowering medications may have different effects on glucose metabolism, partially independent of their role in normalizing hypercortisolaemia. The expanding therapeutic landscape offers new opportunities for the tailored therapy of patients with CD who present with glucose intolerance or DM, however, additional clinical studies are needed to determine the optimal management strategies. In this article, we discuss the pathophysiology of impaired glucose metabolism caused by cortisol excess and review the clinical efficacy of medical therapies of CD, with particular emphasis on their effects on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mehlich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Isotope Treatment, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Mehlich
- Laboratory of Molecular OncoSignalling, International Institute of Molecular Mechanisms and Machines (IMol) Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Witek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Przemysław Witek,
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Bertherat J, Bourdeau I, Bouys L, Chasseloup F, Kamenicky P, Lacroix A. Clinical, pathophysiologic, genetic and therapeutic progress in Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia. Endocr Rev 2022:6957368. [PMID: 36548967 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) usually present bilateral benign adrenocortical macronodules at imaging and variable levels of cortisol excess. PBMAH is a rare cause of primary overt Cushing's syndrome, but may represent up to one third of bilateral adrenal incidentalomas with evidence of cortisol excess. The increased steroidogenesis in PBMAH is often regulated by various G-protein coupled receptors aberrantly expressed in PBMAH tissues; some receptor ligands are ectopically produced in PBMAH tissues creating aberrant autocrine/paracrine regulation of steroidogenesis. The bilateral nature of PBMAH and familial aggregation, led to the identification of germline heterozygous inactivating mutations of the ARMC5 gene, in 20-25% of the apparent sporadic cases and more frequently in familial cases; ARMC5 mutations/pathogenic variants can be associated with meningiomas. More recently, combined germline mutations/pathogenic variants and somatic events inactivating the KDM1A gene were specifically identified in patients affected by GIP-dependent PBMAH. Functional studies demonstrated that inactivation of KDM1A leads to GIP-receptor (GIPR) overexpression and over or down-regulation of other GPCRs. Genetic analysis is now available for early detection of family members of index cases with PBMAH carrying identified germline pathogenic variants. Detailed biochemical, imaging, and co-morbidities assessment of the nature and severity of PBMAH is essential for its management. Treatment is reserved for patients with overt or mild cortisol/aldosterone or other steroid excesses taking in account co-morbidities. It previously relied on bilateral adrenalectomy; however recent studies tend to favor unilateral adrenalectomy, or less frequently, medical treatment with cortisol synthesis inhibitors or specific blockers of aberrant GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerôme Bertherat
- Department of Endocrinology and National Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Disorders, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 24 rue du Fg St Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lucas Bouys
- Department of Endocrinology and National Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Disorders, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 24 rue du Fg St Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Fanny Chasseloup
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenicky
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Sulu C, Karadayi Kaynak G, Koskun T, Koca O, Icli TB, Kavla Y, Ozkaya HM, Turan S, Eskin M, Kadioglu P. Problem-solving therapy can reduce psychological distress in patients with Cushing's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Pituitary 2022; 25:891-902. [PMID: 36050587 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of online group problem-solving therapy (PST) for reducing negative problem orientation (NPO), psychological distress, and increasing quality of life in patients with Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS In this randomized trial, we allocated 55 eligible patients to either PST (n = 28) or treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 27) groups. The analyses primarily relied on intent-to-treat (ITT) principle and were repeated with intervention completers (per-protocol analyses). Social problem-solving inventory-revised short form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), The Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Cushing's Quality of Life scale were used. Pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measures were obtained. Linear mixed models were used to compare PST and treatment as usual (TAU) groups across time. RESULTS Of the total 55 patients with CD, the mean age was 46 ± 12 years, 49 patients (89%) were female, and 41 patients (74.5%) were in remission. The patients within the PST and TAU groups were similar in terms of age, sex, and disease activity. ITT analyses showed a greater reduction of NPO scores in patients who received PST as compared to patients who received usual care (df = 45.9, p = 0.029, Cohen's d = 0.47). The decrease in NPO was sustained at follow-up (mean difference: - 2.2, p = 0.007). Results of the ITT analyses revealed no superior benefits of the intervention for psychological distress. However, per-protocol analyses demonstrated that PST provided a greater decrease in BDI, PSS, and GHQ-12 scores. CONCLUSION PST may decrease NPO and improve the psychological well-being of patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Sulu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes-Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Tolga Koskun
- Department of Psychology, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Koca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tevhide Betul Icli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasin Kavla
- Department of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Mefkure Ozkaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes-Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senol Turan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Eskin
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Kadioglu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes-Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Kocamustafapasa Street No:53 Fatih, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Pivonello R, Zacharieva S, Elenkova A, Tóth M, Shimon I, Stigliano A, Badiu C, Brue T, Georgescu CE, Tsagarakis S, Cohen F, Fleseriu M. Levoketoconazole in the treatment of patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal study (LOGICS). Pituitary 2022; 25:911-926. [PMID: 36085339 PMCID: PMC9675660 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of levoketoconazole for endogenous Cushing's syndrome was demonstrated in a phase 3, open-label study (SONICS). This study (LOGICS) evaluated drug-specificity of cortisol normalization. METHODS LOGICS was a phase 3, placebo-controlled, randomized-withdrawal study with open-label titration-maintenance (14-19 weeks) followed by double-blind, randomized-withdrawal (~ 8 weeks), and restoration (~ 8 weeks) phases. RESULTS 79 patients received levoketoconazole during titration-maintenance; 39 patients on a stable dose (~ 4 weeks or more) proceeded to randomization. These and 5 SONICS completers who did not require dose titration were randomized to levoketoconazole (n = 22) or placebo (n = 22). All patients with loss of response (the primary endpoint) met the prespecified criterion of mean urinary free cortisol (mUFC) > 1.5 × upper limit of normal. During randomized-withdrawal, 21 patients withdrawn to placebo (95.5%) lost mUFC response compared with 9 patients continuing levoketoconazole (40.9%); treatment difference: - 54.5% (95% CI - 75.7, - 27.4; P = 0.0002). At the end of randomized-withdrawal, mUFC normalization was observed among 11 (50.0%) patients receiving levoketoconazole and 1 (4.5%) receiving placebo; treatment difference: 45.5% (95% CI 19.2, 67.9; P = 0.0015). Restoration of levoketoconazole reversed loss of cortisol control in most patients who had received placebo. Adverse events were reported in 89% of patients during treatment with levoketoconazole (dose-titration, randomized-withdrawal, and restoration phases combined), most commonly nausea (29%) and hypokalemia (26%). Prespecified adverse events of special interest with levoketoconazole were liver-related (10.7%), QT interval prolongation (10.7%), and adrenal insufficiency (9.5%). CONCLUSIONS Levoketoconazole reversibly normalized urinary cortisol in patients with Cushing's syndrome. No new risks of levoketoconazole treatment were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ilan Shimon
- Rabin Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Corin Badiu
- National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon and "C. Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Thierry Brue
- Aix-Marseille Université and Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Carmen Emanuela Georgescu
- Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Endocrinology Clinical Unit, Cluj County Emergency Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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