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Hengist A, Davies RG, Walhin JP, Buniam J, Merrell LH, Rogers L, Bradshaw L, Moreno-Cabañas A, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, Hodson L, van Loon LJC, Barton W, O'Donovan C, Crispie F, O'Sullivan O, Cotter PD, Proctor K, Betts JA, Koumanov F, Thompson D, Gonzalez JT. Ketogenic diet but not free-sugar restriction alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype, and gut microbiome: RCT. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101667. [PMID: 39106867 PMCID: PMC11384946 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Restricted sugar and ketogenic diets can alter energy balance/metabolism, but decreased energy intake may be compensated by reduced expenditure. In healthy adults, randomization to restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates (ketogenic diet) for 12 weeks reduces fat mass without changing energy expenditure versus control. Free-sugar restriction minimally affects metabolism or gut microbiome but decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In contrast, a ketogenic diet decreases glucose tolerance, increases skeletal muscle PDK4, and reduces AMPK and GLUT4 levels. By week 4, the ketogenic diet reduces fasting glucose and increases apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein, and postprandial glycerol concentrations. However, despite sustained ketosis, these effects are no longer apparent by week 12, when gut microbial beta diversity is altered, possibly reflective of longer-term adjustments to the ketogenic diet and/or energy balance. These data demonstrate that restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates reduces energy intake without altering physical activity, but with divergent effects on glucose tolerance, lipoprotein profiles, and gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jariya Buniam
- University of Bath, Bath, UK; Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leanne Hodson
- University of Oxford and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Wiley Barton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciara O'Donovan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Howard EE, Allen JT, McNiff JL, Small SD, O'Fallon KS, Margolis LM. Ketone monoester plus high-dose glucose supplementation before exercise does not affect immediate post-exercise erythropoietin concentrations versus glucose alone. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e70009. [PMID: 39174870 PMCID: PMC11341272 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of consuming ketone monoester plus a high dose of carbohydrate from glucose (KE + CHO) on the change in erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations during load carriage exercise compared with carbohydrate (CHO) alone. Using a randomized, crossover design, 12 males consumed KE + CHO (573 mg KE/kg body mass, 110 g glucose) or CHO (110 g glucose) 30 min before 4 miles of self-paced treadmill exercise (KE + CHO:51 ± 13%, CHO: 52 ± 12% V̇O2peak) wearing a weighted vest (30% body mass; 25 ± 3 kg). Blood samples for analysis were obtained under resting fasted conditions before (Baseline) consuming the KE + CHO or CHO supplement and immediately after exercise (Post). βHB increased (p < 0.05) from Baseline to Post in KE + CHO, with no change in CHO. Glucose and glycerol increased (p < 0.05) from Baseline to Post in CHO, with no effect of time in KE + CHO. Insulin and lactate increased (p < 0.05) from Baseline to Post independent of treatment. EPO increased (p < 0.05) from Baseline to Post in KE + CHO and CHO with no difference between treatments. Although KE + CHO altered βHB, glucose, and glycerol concentrations, results from this study suggest that KE + CHO supplementation before load carriage exercise does not enhance immediate post-exercise increases in EPO compared with CHO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Howard
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)NatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jillian T. Allen
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)NatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Julie L. McNiff
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)NatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Soldier Sustainment DirectorateU.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier CenterNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stephanie D. Small
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)NatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical EducationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kevin S. O'Fallon
- Soldier Effectiveness DirectorateU.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier CenterNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lee M. Margolis
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)NatickMassachusettsUSA
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Orban B, Tengölics R, Zavori L, Simon D, Erdo-Bonyar S, Molnar T, Schwarcz A, Csecsei P. The Difference in Serum Metabolomic Profiles between the Good and Poor Outcome Groups at 3 Months in the Early and Late Phases of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6597. [PMID: 38928303 PMCID: PMC11203497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the characteristics of serum metabolomics in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients (aSAH) with different 3-month outcomes (good = modified Rankin score: 0-3 vs. poor = mRS 4-6). We collected serum samples from 46 aSAH patients at 24 (D1) and 168 (D7) hours after injury for analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ninety-six different metabolites were identified. Groups were compared using multivariate (orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis), univariate, and receiving operator characteristic (ROC) methods. We observed a marked decrease in serum homocysteine levels at the late phase (D7) compared to the early phase (D1). At both D1 and D7, mannose and sorbose levels were notably higher, alongside elevated levels of kynurenine (D1) and increased 2-hydroxybutyrate, methyl-galactoside, creatine, xanthosine, p-hydroxyphenylacetate, N-acetylalanine, and N-acetylmethionine (all D7) in the poor outcome group. Conversely, levels of guanidinoacetate (D7) and several amino acids (both D1 and D7) were significantly lower in patients with poor outcomes. Our results indicate significant changes in energy metabolism, shifting towards ketosis and alternative energy sources, both in the early and late phases, even with adequate enteral nutrition, particularly in patients with poor outcomes. The early activation of the kynurenine pathway may also play a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Orban
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7632 Pecs, Hungary; (B.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Roland Tengölics
- Metabolomics Lab, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Core Facilities, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine—Biological Research Centre Metabolic Systems Biology Lab, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Zavori
- Emergency Department, Saudi German Hospital, Dubai 391093, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Diana Simon
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7632 Pecs, Hungary; (D.S.); (S.E.-B.)
| | - Szabina Erdo-Bonyar
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7632 Pecs, Hungary; (D.S.); (S.E.-B.)
| | - Tihamer Molnar
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7632 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Attila Schwarcz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7632 Pecs, Hungary; (B.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Peter Csecsei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7632 Pecs, Hungary; (B.O.); (A.S.)
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Cousineau CM, Snyder D, Redd JR, Turner S, Carr T, Bridges D. Reduced beta-hydroxybutyrate disposal after ketogenic diet feeding in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594369. [PMID: 38798372 PMCID: PMC11118456 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) has garnered considerable attention due to its potential benefits in weight loss, health improvement, and performance enhancement. However, the phenotypic responses to KD vary widely between individuals. Skeletal muscle is a major contributor to ketone body (KB) catabolism, however, the regulation of ketolysis is not well understood. In this study, we evaluated how mTORC1 activation and a ketogenic diet modify ketone body disposal in muscle Tsc1 knockout (KO) mice, inbred A/J mice, and Diversity Outbred (DO) mice. Muscle Tsc1 KO mice demonstrated enhanced ketone body clearance. Contrary to expectations, KD feeding in A/J mice did not improve KB disposal, and in most strains disposal was reduced. Transcriptional analysis revealed reduced expression of important ketolytic genes in KD-fed A/J mice, suggesting impaired KB catabolism. Diversity Outbred (DO) mice displayed variable responses to KD, with most mice showing worsened KB disposal. Exploratory analysis on these data suggest potential correlations between KB disposal and cholesterol levels as well as weight gain on a KD. Our findings suggest that ketone body disposal may be regulated by both nutritional and genetic factors and these relationships may help explain interindividual variability in responses to ketogenic diets.
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Annoni F, Gouvea Bogossian E, Peluso L, Su F, Moreau A, Nobile L, Casu SG, Sterchele ED, Calabro L, Salvagno M, Oddo M, Taccone FS. Ketone Bodies after Cardiac Arrest: A Narrative Review and the Rationale for Use. Cells 2024; 13:784. [PMID: 38727320 PMCID: PMC11083685 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest survivors suffer the repercussions of anoxic brain injury, a critical factor influencing long-term prognosis. This injury is characterised by profound and enduring metabolic impairment. Ketone bodies, an alternative energetic resource in physiological states such as exercise, fasting, and extended starvation, are avidly taken up and used by the brain. Both the ketogenic diet and exogenous ketone supplementation have been associated with neuroprotective effects across a spectrum of conditions. These include refractory epilepsy, neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive impairment, focal cerebral ischemia, and traumatic brain injuries. Beyond this, ketone bodies possess a plethora of attributes that appear to be particularly favourable after cardiac arrest. These encompass anti-inflammatory effects, the attenuation of oxidative stress, the improvement of mitochondrial function, a glucose-sparing effect, and the enhancement of cardiac function. The aim of this manuscript is to appraise pertinent scientific literature on the topic through a narrative review. We aim to encapsulate the existing evidence and underscore the potential therapeutic value of ketone bodies in the context of cardiac arrest to provide a rationale for their use in forthcoming translational research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Annoni
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Free University of Brussels (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisa Gouvea Bogossian
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Free University of Brussels (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Peluso
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Fuhong Su
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Free University of Brussels (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anthony Moreau
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Free University of Brussels (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leda Nobile
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Giuseppe Casu
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Free University of Brussels (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elda Diletta Sterchele
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Calabro
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michele Salvagno
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mauro Oddo
- Medical Directorate for Research, Education and Innovation, Direction Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Brussels (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Free University of Brussels (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Stephens EB, Senadheera C, Roa-Diaz S, Peralta S, Alexander L, Silverman-Martin W, Yukawa M, Morris J, Johnson JB, Newman JC, Stubbs BJ. A randomized open-label, observational study of the novel ketone ester, bis octanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol, and its acute effect on ß-hydroxybutyrate and glucose concentrations in healthy older adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.16.24305925. [PMID: 38699344 PMCID: PMC11065008 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.16.24305925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Bis-octanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol (BO-BD) is a novel ketone ester (KE) ingredient which increases blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations rapidly after ingestion. KE is hypothesized to have beneficial metabolic effects on health and performance, especially in older adults. Whilst many studies have investigated the ketogenic effect of KE in young adults, they have not been studied in an exclusively older adult population, for whom age-related differences in body composition and metabolism may alter the effects. This randomized, observational, open-label study in healthy older adults (n = 30, 50% male, age = 76.5 years, BMI = 25.2 kg/m2) aimed to elucidate acute tolerance, blood BHB and blood glucose concentrations for 4 hours following consumption of either 12.5 or 25 g of BO-BD formulated firstly as a ready-to-drink beverage (n = 30), then as a re-constituted powder (n = 21), taken with a standard meal. Both serving sizes and formulations of BO-BD were well tolerated, and increased blood BHB, inducing nutritional ketosis (≥ 0.5mM) that lasted until the end of the study. Ketosis was dose responsive; peak BHB concentration (Cmax) and incremental area under the curve (iAUC) were significantly greater with 25 g compared to 12.5 g of BO-BD in both formulations. There were no significant differences in Cmax or iAUC between formulations. Blood glucose increased in all conditions following the meal; there were no consistent significant differences in glucose response between conditions. These results demonstrate that both powder and beverage formulations of the novel KE, BO-BD, induce ketosis in healthy older adults, facilitating future research on functional effects of this ingredient in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michi Yukawa
- Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - John C. Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Dörner R, Hägele FA, Müller MJ, Seidel U, Rimbach G, Bosy-Westphal A. Effect of exogenous and endogenous ketones on respiratory exchange ratio and glucose metabolism in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1027-C1033. [PMID: 38314726 PMCID: PMC11193512 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00429.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of exogenous ketone bodies (KB) on oxygen consumption (V̇o2), carbon dioxide production (V̇co2), and glucose metabolism. The data were compared with the effects of endogenous ketonemia during both, a ketogenic diet or fasting. Eight healthy individuals [24.1 ± 2.5 yr, body mass index (BMI) 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2] participated in a crossover intervention study and were studied in a whole-room indirect calorimeter (WRIC) to assess macronutrient oxidation following four 24-h interventions: isocaloric controlled mixed diet (ISO), ISO supplemented with ketone salts (38.7 g of β-hydroxybutyrate/day, EXO), isocaloric ketogenic diet (KETO), and total fasting (FAST). A physical activity level of 1.65 was obtained. In addition to plasma KB, 24-h C-peptide and KB excretion rates in the urine and postprandial glucose and insulin levels were measured. Although 24-h KB excretion increased in response to KETO and FAST, there was a modest increase in response to EXO only (P < 0.05). When compared with ISO, V̇o2 significantly increased in KETO (P < 0.01) and EXO (P < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in FAST. V̇co2 increased in EXO but decreased in KETO (both P < 0.01) and FAST (P < 0.001), resulting in 24-h respiratory exchange ratios (RER) of 0.828 ± 0.024 (ISO) and 0.811 ± 0.024 (EXO) (P < 0.05). In response to EXO there were no differences in basal and postprandial glucose and insulin levels, as well as in insulin sensitivity. When compared with ISO, EXO, and KETO, FAST increased homeostatic model assessment β-cell function (HOMA-B) (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, at energy balance exogenous ketone salts decreased respiratory exchange ratio without affecting glucose tolerance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings revealed that during isocaloric nutrition, additional exogenous ketone salts increased V̇o2 and V̇co2 while lowering the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Ketone salts had no effect on postprandial glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dörner
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seidel
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Quinones MD, Weiman K, Lemon PWR. Ketone Monoester Followed by Carbohydrate Ingestion after Glycogen-Lowering Exercise Does Not Improve Subsequent Endurance Cycle Time Trial Performance. Nutrients 2024; 16:932. [PMID: 38612966 PMCID: PMC11013615 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Relative to carbohydrate (CHO) alone, exogenous ketones followed by CHO supplementation during recovery from glycogen-lowering exercise have been shown to increase muscle glycogen resynthesis. However, whether this strategy improves subsequent exercise performance is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of ketone monoester (KME) followed by CHO ingestion after glycogen-lowering exercise on subsequent 20 km (TT20km) and 5 km (TT5km) best-effort time trials. Nine recreationally active men (175.6 ± 5.3 cm, 72.9 ± 7.7 kg, 28 ± 5 y, 12.2 ± 3.2% body fat, VO2max = 56.2 ± 5.8 mL· kg BM-1·min-1; mean ± SD) completed a glycogen-lowering exercise session, followed by 4 h of recovery and subsequent TT20km and TT5km. During the first 2 h of recovery, participants ingested either KME (25 g) followed by CHO at a rate of 1.2 g·kg-1·h-1 (KME + CHO) or an iso-energetic placebo (dextrose) followed by CHO (PLAC + CHO). Blood metabolites during recovery and performance during the subsequent two-time trials were measured. In comparison to PLAC + CHO, KME + CHO displayed greater (p < 0.05) blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration during the first 2 h, lower (p < 0.05) blood glucose concentrations at 30 and 60 min, as well as greater (p < 0.05) blood insulin concentration 2 h following ingestion. However, no treatment differences (p > 0.05) in power output nor time to complete either time trial were observed vs. PLAC + CHO. These data indicate that the metabolic changes induced by KME + CHO ingestion following glycogen-lowering exercise are insufficient to enhance subsequent endurance time trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter W. R. Lemon
- Exercise Nutrition Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (M.D.Q.); (K.W.)
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Vendramini THA, Amaral AR, Rentas MF, Nogueira JPDS, Pedrinelli V, de Oliveira VV, Zafalon RVA, Brunetto MA. Ketogenic diets: A systematic review of current scientific evidence and possible applicability in dogs and cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:541-556. [PMID: 38091342 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KD) have been used in the treatment of epilepsy in humans for around a century and, more recently, they have been implanted for cancer patients, as well as in the treatment of obesity. This type of diet consists of high-fat levels, an adequate amount of protein and restricted carbohydrates, or high medium-chain triglycerides. Recently, the ketogenic diet has gained attention in veterinary medicine and studies were published evaluating the effects of KD in dogs with epilepsy. The objective of this review was to highlight recent studies about the application of KD in dogs and cats, to describe the neurobiochemical mechanisms through which KD improves epilepsy crisis, and their adverse effects. Studies were identified by a systematic review of literature available on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. All cohort and case-control studies were included, and all articles were exported to Mendeley® citation manager, and duplicates were automatically removed. Seven articles and three conference abstracts conducted with dogs were included in the present study. There is evidence that the consumption of diets with medium-chain triglycerides increases the concentration of circulating ketone bodies and improves epilepsy signs, although these diets have higher carbohydrate and lower fat content when compared to the classic KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago H A Vendramini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa R Amaral
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Rentas
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana P D S Nogueira
- Department of Research & Development, Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM), Animal Nutrition, Paulínia, Brazil
| | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius V de Oliveira
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V A Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Cui H, Hu D, Liu Y, Zhao J. Identifying Acss1, Mtfp1 and Oxct1 as key regulators and promising biomarkers of sarcopenia in various models. Gene 2024; 896:148053. [PMID: 38042218 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in muscular homeostasis, but the molecular mechanism underlying mitochondrial dynamics and sarcopenia awaits to be uncovered. We all know that malnutrition, cachexia, and type 2 diabetes are significant contributors to the development of sarcopenia.Therefore, we analyzed a bioinformatic analysis on cathectic differentially expressed genes (cDEGs), fasted differentially genes (fDEGs) and mitochondria-related genes. The overlapping genes identified were then validated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting experiments in various sarcopenia mice models and used to predict aging-related muscle loss in humans. First, the correlation analysis and PPI network indicated 6 overlapping candidates (Bdh1, Gdap1, Acss1, Mtfp1, Idh2, Oxct1) may constitute a regulatory effect in mitochondrial dynamics and muscle wasting. Next, we successfully established fasted, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) induced sarcopenia mice models and verified that Acss1, Mtfp1 and Oxct1 shared common and significant variation tendency in these sarcopenia mice models. Further-more, Pearson correlation analysis showed that Acss1 was negatively related to the weight of gastrocnemius while Mtfp1 and Oxct1 displayed a significantly positive correlation with gastrocnemius weight in sarcopenic mice model induced by LLC, fasting and DM. What's more, ROC analysis based on human aging-related datasets indicated Acss1, Mtfp1, Oxct1 had outstanding diagnostic capabilities for sarcopenia. In general, we identified three hub genes (Acss1, Mtfp1 and Oxct1) that are strongly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in sarcopenia and may provide novel and reliable indicators for screening, diagnosis, and prognosis, as well as potential therapeutic targets for patients with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Die Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Jiejie Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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11
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Kemperman RH, Ganetzky RD, Master SR. Development and validation of a multiplexed LC-MS/MS ketone body assay for clinical diagnostics. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2024; 31:49-58. [PMID: 38375486 PMCID: PMC10874984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ketone bodies (KBs) serve as important energy sources that spare glucose, providing the primary energy for cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle during aerobic exercise, and the brain during periods of catabolism. The levels and relationships between the KBs are critical indicators of metabolic health and disease. However, challenges in separating isomeric KBs and concerns about sample stability have previously limited their clinical measurement. Methods A novel 6.5-minute liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based assay was developed, enabling the precise measurement of alpha-, beta- and gamma-hydroxybutyrate, beta-hydroxyisobutyrate, and acetoacetate. This method was fully validated for human serum and plasma samples by investigating extraction efficiency, matrix effects, accuracy, recovery, intra- and inter-precision, linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), carryover, specificity, stability, and more. From 107 normal samples, reference ranges were established for all analytes and the beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio. Results All five analytes were adequately separated chromatographically. An extraction efficiency between 80 and 120 % was observed for all KBs. Accuracy was evaluated through spike and recovery using 10 random patient samples, with an average recovery of 85-115 % for all KBs and a coefficient of variation of ≤ 3 %. Coefficients of variation for intra- and inter-day imprecision were < 5 %, and the total imprecision was < 10 %. No significant interferences were observed. Specimens remained stable for up to 6 h on ice or 2 h at room temperature. Conclusions The developed method is highly sensitive and robust. It has been validated for use with human serum and plasma, overcoming stability concerns and providing a reliable and efficient quantitative estimation of ketone bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca D. Ganetzky
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Stephen R. Master
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
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12
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Bolyard ML, Graziano CM, Fontaine KR, Sayer RD, Fisher G, Plaisance EP. Tolerability and Acceptability of an Exogenous Ketone Monoester and Ketone Monoester/Salt Formulation in Humans. Nutrients 2023; 15:4876. [PMID: 38068734 PMCID: PMC10708260 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous ketone ester and ketone ester mixed with ketone free acid formulations are rapidly entering the commercial marketspace. Short-term animal and human studies using these products suggest significant potential for primary or secondary prevention of a number of chronic disease conditions. However, a number of questions need to be addressed by the field for optimal use in humans, including variable responses among available exogenous ketones at different dosages; frequency of dosing; and their tolerability, acceptability, and efficacy in long-term clinical trials. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the tolerability, acceptability, and circulating R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) and glucose responses to a ketone monoester (KME) and ketone monoester/salt (KMES) combination at 5 g and 10 g total R-βHB compared with placebo control (PC). Fourteen healthy young adults (age: 21 ± 2 years, weight: 69.7 ± 14.2 kg, percent fat: 28.1 ± 9.3%) completed each of the five study conditions: placebo control (PC), 5 g KME (KME5), 10 g KME (KME10), 5 g (KMES5), and 10 g KMES (KMES10) in a randomized crossover fashion. Circulating concentrations of R-βHB were measured at baseline (time 0) following an 8-12 h overnight fast and again at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min following drink ingestion. Participants also reported acceptability and tolerability during each condition. Concentrations of R-βHB rose to 2.4 ± 0.1 mM for KME10 after 15 min, whereas KMES10 similarly peaked (2.1 ± 0.1 mM) but at 30 min. KME5 and KMES5 achieved similar peak R-βHB concentrations (1.2 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.5 mM) at 15 min. Circulating R-βHB concentrations were similar to baseline for each condition by 120 min. Negative correlations were observed between R-βHB and glucose at the 30 min time point for each condition except KME10 and PC. Tolerability was similar among KME and KMES, although decreases in appetite were more frequently reported for KMES. Acceptability was slightly higher for KMES due to the more frequently reported aftertaste for KME. The results of this pilot investigation illustrate that the KME and KMES products used increase circulating R-βHB concentrations to a similar extent and time course in a dose-dependent fashion with slight differences in tolerability and acceptability. Future studies are needed to examine variable doses, frequency, and timing of exogenous ketone administration for individuals seeking to consume ketone products for health- or sport performance-related purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey L. Bolyard
- Department of Human Studies, School of Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.L.B.); (C.M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Christina M. Graziano
- Department of Human Studies, School of Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.L.B.); (C.M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Kevin R. Fontaine
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - R. Drew Sayer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35924, USA;
| | - Gordon Fisher
- Department of Human Studies, School of Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.L.B.); (C.M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Eric P. Plaisance
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35924, USA
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13
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Afshar M, van Hall G. LC-MS/MS method for quantitative profiling of ketone bodies, α-keto acids, lactate, pyruvate and their stable isotopically labelled tracers in human plasma: An analytical panel for clinical metabolic kinetics and interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1230:123906. [PMID: 37925904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
An important area within clinical research is in vivo metabolism of ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) and in connection metabolites that may affect their production and/or cellular transport such as the keto-acids from the branched-chain amino acids, lactate and pyruvate. To determine in vivo metabolite turnover, availability of accurate and sensitive methods for analyzing the plasma concentrations of these metabolites and their stable isotopically labeled enrichments is mandatory. Therefore, the present study describes a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous analysis of ketone bodies, α-keto acids, lactate, pyruvate, and their tracer enrichments in humans using 2 different derivatization techniques with 4-bromo-N-methylbenzylamine and O-benzylhydroxylamine as derivatization reagents, and 1-ethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide as coupling compound followed by a single LC-MS/MS run. The method was validated for matrix effects, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, stability, and enrichment (ratio) analysis of a stable isotopically labelled analytes (tracers) continuously infused in humans divided by the unlabeled endogenous analyte (tracee) that makes it possible to quantify the analyte in vivo synthesis and degradation rates. The applied parallel derivatization procedure yielded good sensitivity for all analytes of interest and their tracers. Despite the double derivatization method, mixing the ethyl acetate portions at the final stage made it possible to simultaneously analyze all compounds in a single LC-MS/MS run. Moreover, the liquid chromatography method was optimized to robustly quantify the keto acids derived from leucine (α-keto-isocaproic acid) and isoleucine (α-keto-β-methylvaleric acid), the compounds with similar chemical structure and identical molecular weights. The presented method is designed and validated for human plasma. However, care should be taken in blood sampling and processing procedures as well as quick freezing and storage at -80 °C due to the instability of especially acetoacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Afshar
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility (CMCF), Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility (CMCF), Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Wang C, Wang N, Deng Y, Zha A, Li J, Tan B, Qi M, Wang J, Yin Y. β-hydroxybutyrate administration improves liver injury and metabolic abnormality in postnatal growth retardation piglets. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1294095. [PMID: 38026634 PMCID: PMC10654993 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1294095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal hepatic energy metabolism limits the growth and development of piglets. We hypothesized that β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) might improve the growth performance of piglets by maintaining hepatic caloric homeostasis. A total of 30 litters of newborn piglets were tracked, and 30 postnatal growth retardation (PGR) piglets and 40 healthy piglets were selected to treat with normal saline with or without BHB (25 mg/kg/days) at 7-d-old. At the age of 42 days, 8 piglets in each group were sacrificed, and serum and liver were collected. Compared with the healthy-control group piglets, PGR piglets showed lower body weight (BW) and liver weight (p < 0.05), and exhibited liver injury and higher inflammatory response. The contents of serum and hepatic BHB were lower (p < 0.05), and gene expression related to hepatic ketone body production were down-regulated in PGR piglets (p < 0.05). While BHB treatment increased BW and serum BHB levels, but decreased hepatic BHB levels in PGR piglets (p < 0.05). BHB alleviated the liver injury by inhibiting the apoptosis and inflammation in liver of PGR piglets (p < 0.05). Compared with the healthy-control group piglets, liver glycogen content and serum triglyceride level of PGR piglets were increased (p < 0.05), liver gluconeogenesis gene and lipogenesis gene expression were increased (p < 0.05), and liver NAD+ level was decreased (p < 0.05). BHB supplementation increased the ATP levels in serum and liver (p < 0.05), whereas decreased the serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and glucose and lipid metabolism in liver of PGR piglets (p < 0.05). Therefore, BHB treatment might alleviate the liver injury and inflammation, and improve hepatic energy metabolism by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, thereby improving the growth performance of PGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuankun Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Andong Zha
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Yunnan Circular Agricultural Industry, Puer, Yunnan, China
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15
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Løkken N, Nielsen MR, Stemmerik MG, Ellerton C, Revsbech KL, Macrae M, Slipsager A, Krett B, Beha GH, Emanuelsson F, van Hall G, Quinlivan R, Vissing J. Can a modified ketogenic diet be a nutritional strategy for patients with McArdle disease? Results from a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:2124-2137. [PMID: 37769369 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND McArdle disease is caused by myophosphorylase deficiency leading to blocked glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle. Consequently, individuals with McArdle disease have intolerance to physical activity, muscle fatigue, and pain. These symptoms vary according to the availability of alternative fuels for muscle contraction. In theory, a modified ketogenic diet (mKD) can provide alternative fuels in the form of ketone bodies and potentially boost fat oxidation. METHODS This randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study aimed to investigate if a mKD improves exercise capacity in individuals with McArdle disease. Participants were randomized to follow a mKD (75-80% fat, 15% protein, 5-10% carbohydrates) or placebo diet (PD) first for three weeks, followed by a wash-out period, and then the opposite diet. The primary outcome was change in heart rate during constant-load cycling. Secondary outcomes included change in plasma metabolites, perceived exertion, indirect calorimetry measures, maximal exercise capacity, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS Fifteen out of 20 patients with genetically verified McArdle disease completed all study visits, and 14 were included in the data analyses. We found that the mKD induced a metabolic shift towards increased fat oxidation (∼60% increase), and a 19-fold increase in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.05). The mKD did not improve heart rate responses during constant-load cycling but did improve patient-reported outcomes and maximal exercise capacity (∼20% increase) compared to the PD. CONCLUSION The mKD did not alleviate all McArdle disease-related symptoms but did induce some positive changes. To date, no satisfactory treatment options exist other than exercise training. To that end, a mKD can be a possible nutritional strategy for some individuals with McArdle disease who are motivated to undertake a restrictive diet. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov: NCT04044508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Løkken
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maja Risager Nielsen
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Godtfeldt Stemmerik
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ellerton
- The Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline Lolk Revsbech
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margaret Macrae
- The Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Slipsager
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjørg Krett
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gry Hatting Beha
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frida Emanuelsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosaline Quinlivan
- The Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Fernández-Verdejo R, Mey JT, Ravussin E. Effects of ketone bodies on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and energy intake in humans. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100442. [PMID: 37703994 PMCID: PMC10570604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of ketogenic approaches to regulate energy balance has recently gained attention since ketones may influence both energy expenditure and energy intake. In this narrative review, we summarized the most relevant evidence about the role of ketosis on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and energy intake in humans. We considered different strategies to induce ketosis, such as fasting, dietary manipulation, and exogenous ketone sources. In general, ketosis does not have a major influence on energy expenditure but promotes a shift in substrate utilization towards ketone body oxidation. The strategies to induce ketosis by reduction of dietary carbohydrate availability (e.g., ketogenic diets) do not independently influence energy intake, being thus equally effective for weight loss as diets with higher carbohydrate content. In contrast, the intake of medium-chain triglycerides and ketone esters induces ketosis and appears to increase energy expenditure and reduce energy intake in the context of high carbohydrate availability. These latter strategies lead to slightly enhanced weight loss. Unfortunately, distinguishing the effects of the various ketogenic strategies per se from the effects of other physiological responses is not possible with the available human data. Highly controlled, inpatient studies using targeted strategies to isolate the independent effects of ketones are required to adequately address this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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17
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Margolis LM, Pasiakos SM, Howard EE. High-fat ketogenic diets and ketone monoester supplements differentially affect substrate metabolism during aerobic exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1144-C1153. [PMID: 37721006 PMCID: PMC10635661 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00359.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronically adhering to high-fat ketogenic diets or consuming ketone monoester supplements elicits ketosis. Resulting changes in substrate metabolism appear to be drastically different between ketogenic diets and ketone supplements. Consuming a ketogenic diet increases fatty acid oxidation with concomitant decreases in endogenous carbohydrate oxidation. Increased fat oxidation eventually results in an accumulation of circulating ketone bodies, which are metabolites of fatty acids that serve as an alternative source of fuel. Conversely, consuming ketone monoester supplements rapidly increases circulating ketone body concentrations that typically exceed those achieved by adhering to ketogenic diets. Rapid increases in ketone body concentrations with ketone monoester supplementation elicit a negative feedback inhibition that reduces fatty acid mobilization during aerobic exercise. Supplement-derived ketosis appears to have minimal impact on sparing of muscle glycogen or minimizing of carbohydrate oxidation during aerobic exercise. This review will discuss the substrate metabolic and associated aerobic performance responses to ketogenic diets and ketone supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Office of Dietary Supplements, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Emily E Howard
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
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18
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Nieman KM, Anthony JC, Stubbs BJ. A Novel Powder Formulation of the Ketone Ester, Bis Hexanoyl (R)-1,3-Butanediol, Rapidly Increases Circulating ß-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Healthy Adults. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:635-642. [PMID: 36278841 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2117743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Growing interest in the metabolic state of ketosis has driven development of exogenous ketone products to induce ketosis without dietary changes. Bis hexanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol (BH-BD) is a novel ketone ester which, when consumed, increases blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations. BH-BD is formulated as a powder or ready-to-drink (RTD) beverage; the relative efficacy of these formulations is unknown, but hypothesized to be equivalent.Methods: This randomized, observer-blinded, controlled, crossover decentralized study in healthy adults (n = 15, mean age = 33.7 years, mean BMI = 23.6 kg/m2) aimed to elucidate blood BHB and glucose concentrations before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes following two serving sizes of reconstituted BH-BD powder (POW 25 g, POW 12.5 g), compared to a RTD BH-BD beverage (RTD 12.5 g), and a non-ketogenic control, all taken with a standard meal.Results: All BH-BD products were well tolerated and increased BHB, inducing nutritional ketosis (BHB ≥0.5 mM) after ∼15 minutes, relative to the control. BHB remained elevated 2 h post-consumption. The control did not increase BHB. Ketosis was dose responsive; peak BHB concentration and area under the curve (AUC) were two-fold greater with POW 25 g compared to POW 12.5 g and RTD 12.5 g. There were no differences in peak BHB and AUC between matched powder and RTD formulas. Blood glucose increased in all conditions following the meal but there were neither significant differences in lowest observed concentrations, nor consistent differences at each time point between conditions. These results demonstrate that both powdered and RTD BH-BD formulations similarly induce ketosis with no differences in glucose concentrations in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Nieman
- Katalyses LLC, Ankeny, IA, USA
- BHB Therapeutics (Ireland) Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Brianna J Stubbs
- BHB Therapeutics (Ireland) Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
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19
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McCarthy DG, Bostad W, Bone J, Powley FJ, Richards DL, Gibala MJ. Effect of Acute Ketone Monoester Ingestion on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise and the Influence of Blood Acidosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1286-1295. [PMID: 36849121 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of KE ingestion on exercise cardiac output ( Q˙ ) and the influence of blood acidosis. We hypothesized that KE versus placebo ingestion would increase Q ˙, and coingestion of the pH buffer bicarbonate would mitigate this effect. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner, 15 endurance-trained adults (peak oxygen uptake (V̇O 2peak ), 60 ± 9 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) ingested either 0.2 g·kg -1 sodium bicarbonate or a salt placebo 60 min before exercise, and 0.6 g·kg -1 KE or a ketone-free placebo 30 min before exercise. Supplementation yielded three experimental conditions: basal ketone bodies and neutral pH (CON), hyperketonemia and blood acidosis (KE), and hyperketonemia and neutral pH (KE + BIC). Exercise involved 30 min of cycling at ventilatory threshold intensity, followed by determinations of V̇O 2peak and peak Q ˙. RESULTS Blood [β-hydroxybutyrate], a ketone body, was higher in KE (3.5 ± 0.1 mM) and KE + BIC (4.4 ± 0.2) versus CON (0.1 ± 0.0, P < 0.0001). Blood pH was lower in KE versus CON (7.30 ± 0.01 vs 7.34 ± 0.01, P < 0.001) and KE + BIC (7.35 ± 0.01, P < 0.001). Q ˙ during submaximal exercise was not different between conditions (CON: 18.2 ± 3.6, KE: 17.7 ± 3.7, KE + BIC: 18.1 ± 3.5 L·min -1 ; P = 0.4). HR was higher in KE (153 ± 9 bpm) and KE + BIC (154 ± 9) versus CON (150 ± 9, P < 0.02). V̇O 2peak ( P = 0.2) and peak Q ˙ ( P = 0.3) were not different between conditions, but peak workload was lower in KE (359 ± 61 W) and KE + BIC (363 ± 63) versus CON (375 ± 64, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS KE ingestion did not increase Q ˙ during submaximal exercise despite a modest elevation of HR. This response occurred independent of blood acidosis and was associated with a lower workload at V̇O 2peak .
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin G McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
| | - William Bostad
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
| | - Jack Bone
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
| | - Fiona J Powley
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
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20
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Storoschuk KL, Wood TR, Stubbs BJ. A systematic review and meta-regression of exogenous ketone infusion rates and resulting ketosis-A tool for clinicians and researchers. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1202186. [PMID: 37449016 PMCID: PMC10337131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1202186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ketone bodies such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) have pleiotropic functional benefits as fuel and signaling metabolites and may have multiple clinical applications. An alternative to inducing ketosis by dietary modification is intravenous delivery of exogenous sources of ketones. It is unknown whether there is a strong relationship between BHB infusion rate and blood BHB concentrations in the published literature; this information is vital for clinical studies investigating therapeutic effects of ketosis. This systematic review aimed to aggregate available data and address this gap. Methods: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched, and data were extracted from 23 manuscripts where BHB was infused and maximum and/or steady state BHB levels assessed. Infusion rate was adjusted when racemic BHB was infused but only D-BHB was measured. Results: Using a random effects meta-regression, strong linear relationships between BHB infusion rate and maximal (y = 0.060 + 0.870x, R 2 = 87.2%, p < 0.0001) and steady state (y = -0.022 + 0.849x, R 2 = 86.9%, p < 0.0001) blood BHB concentrations were found. Sensitivity analysis found this relationship was stronger when studies in non-healthy populations were excluded (y = 0.059 + 0.831x, R 2 = 96.3%, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between BHB infusion rate and blood BHB concentrations; the regressions described here can be used by clinicians or researchers to determine ketone delivery required for a target blood concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Storoschuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Washington, WA, United States
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
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21
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Gibbons TD, Cotter JD, Ainslie PN, Abraham WC, Mockett BG, Campbell HA, Jones EMW, Jenkins EJ, Thomas KN. Fasting for 20 h does not affect exercise-induced increases in circulating BDNF in humans. J Physiol 2023; 601:2121-2137. [PMID: 36631068 DOI: 10.1113/jp283582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting and exercise provide neuroprotection from age-related cognitive decline. A link between these two seemingly distinct stressors is their capability to steer the brain away from exclusively glucose metabolism. This cerebral substrate switch has been implicated in upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein involved in neuroplasticity, learning and memory, and may underlie some of these neuroprotective effects. We examined the isolated and interactive effects of (1) 20-h fasting, (2) 90-min light exercise, and (3) high-intensity exercise on peripheral venous BDNF in 12 human volunteers. A follow-up study isolated the influence of cerebrovascular shear stress on circulating BDNF. Fasting for 20 h decreased glucose and increased ketones (P ≤ 0.0157) but had no effect on BDNF (P ≥ 0.4637). Light cycling at 25% of peak oxygen uptake (V ̇ O 2 peak ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{peak}}}}$ ) increased serum BDNF by 6 ± 8% (independent of being fed or fasted) and was mediated by a 7 ± 6% increase in platelets (P < 0.0001). Plasma BDNF was increased from 336 pg l-1 [46,626] to 390 pg l-1 [127,653] by 90-min of light cycling (P = 0.0128). Six 40-s intervals at 100% ofV ̇ O 2 peak ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{peak}}}}$ increased plasma and serum BDNF, as well as the BDNF-per-platelet ratio 4- to 5-fold more than light exercise did (P ≤ 0.0044). Plasma BDNF was correlated with circulating lactate during the high-intensity intervals (r = 0.47, P = 0.0057), but not during light exercise (P = 0.7407). Changes in cerebral shear stress - whether occurring naturally during exercise or induced experimentally with inspired CO2 - did not correspond with changes in BDNF (P ≥ 0.2730). BDNF responses to low-intensity exercise are mediated by increased circulating platelets, and increasing either exercise duration or particularly intensity is required to liberate free BDNF. KEY POINTS: Intermittent fasting and exercise both have potent neuroprotective effects and an acute upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) appears to be a common mechanistic link. Switching the brain's fuel source from glucose to either ketone bodies or lactate, i.e. a cerebral substrate switch, has been shown to promote BDNF production in the rodent brain. Fasting for 20 h caused a 9-fold increase in ketone body delivery to the brain but had no effect on any metric of BDNF in peripheral circulation at rest. Prolonged (90 min) light cycling exercise increased plasma- and serum-derived BDNF irrespective of being fed or fasted and seemed to be independent of changes in cerebral shear stress. Six minutes of high-intensity cycling intervals increased every metric of circulating BDNF by 4 to 5 times more than prolonged low-intensity cycling; the increase in plasma-derived BDNF was correlated with a 6-fold increase in circulating lactate irrespective of feeding or fasting. Compared to 1 day of fasting with or without prolonged light exercise, high-intensity exercise is a much more efficient means to increase BDNF in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Gibbons
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, School of Health and Exercise Science, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, School of Health and Exercise Science, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Holly A Campbell
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma M W Jones
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elliott J Jenkins
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate N Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Gonzalez JT. Ketone Esters and Their Effects on Carbohydrate Metabolism During Exercise. J Nutr 2023; 153:1663-1664. [PMID: 37054809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
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23
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Putananickal N, Gross EC, Orsini AL, Schmidt S, Hafner P, Gocheva V, Nagy S, Henzi BC, Rubino D, Schädelin S, Sandor P, Fischer D. Metabolic markers of short and long-term exogenous DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate supplementation in episodic migraine patients: an exploratory analysis of a randomized-controlled-trial. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1172483. [PMID: 37214431 PMCID: PMC10192563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1172483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging findings propose that the pathophysiology of migraine may be associated with dysfunctional metabolic mechanisms. Recent findings suggest that migraine attacks are a response to the cerebral energy deficit, and ingestion of ketone bodies stabilizes the generation of a migraine attack. Based on these findings, ketone body supplementation is postulated as a prophylactic treatment approach to restore cerebral metabolism deficiency. Metabolic markers are unexplored after exogenous ketone body supplementation in episodic migraineurs. Therefore, the present single-arm uncontrolled explorative analysis evaluated blood ketone body and glucose concentration after short and long-term 6 g exogenous DL-Mg-Ca-beta-hydroxybutyrate (DL-βHB) supplementation. Methods: The presented data are part of the MigraKet randomized-control cross-over clinical trial of 41 episodic migraineurs (Number NCT03132233). Patients were given a single dose of 6 g DL-βHB. Ketone body and glucose blood concentration were assessed before intake, 20, and 40 min after DL-βHB intake. Ketone body, glucose concentration and glycated hemoglobin values were evaluated after 12 weeks of 18 g DL-βHB ingestion (total dose), taken three times daily (6g/dose; 3x/day). Linear models explored the association between the ketone body and glucose levels. Results: Ketone body concentration increased within-group to a mean of 0.46 (0.30) mmol/L after 40 min post- DL-βHB supplementation [estimate = 0.24 mmol/L, CI = (0.20.0.27), p < 0.01]. This within-group increase of ketone body concentration did not change after repeated daily intake of DL-βHB supplementation over 12 weeks [estimate = 0.00 mmol/L, CI = (-0.03.0.04), p = 0.794]. DL-βHB intake significantly reduced blood glucose concentration within-group from a mean baseline of 4.91 (0.42) mmol/L to 4.75 (0.47) mmol/L 40 min post-DL-βHB supplementation [estimate = -0.16 mmol/L, CI = (-0.15, 0.03), p < 0.01]. Repeated DL-βHB supplementation for 12 weeks showed no change within-group in acute ketone bodies concentration [estimate = 0.00 mmol/L, CI = (-0.03.0.04), p = 0.794] and in the HbA1c value [estimate = 0.02, CI = (-0.07.0.11), p = 0.69]. Conclusion: A single dose of 6 g DL-βHB significantly elevated blood ketone bodies and decreased blood glucose concentration within-group in episodic migraineurs. Long-term DL-βHB supplementation for 12 weeks showed no effect within-group on acute ketone body concentration and had not impact on HbA1c. The elevation of the ketone body concentration was moderate, indicating that nutritional ketosis was not reached. Therefore, a dose higher than 6 g of DL-βHB is required to reach the nutritional level of ketosis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03132233.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveditha Putananickal
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena C. Gross
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Lena Orsini
- Neurology, University of Basel Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schmidt
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Hafner
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanya Gocheva
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Nagy
- Neurology, University of Basel Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bettina C. Henzi
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Rubino
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Schädelin
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Trial Unit, University of Basel Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dirk Fischer
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Kadir AA, Stubbs BJ, Chong C, Lee H, Cole M, Carr C, Hauton D, McCullagh J, Evans RD, Clarke K. On the interdependence of ketone body oxidation, glycogen content, glycolysis and energy metabolism in the heart. J Physiol 2023; 601:1207-1224. [PMID: 36799478 PMCID: PMC10684314 DOI: 10.1113/jp284270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In heart, glucose and glycolysis are important for anaplerosis and potentially therefore for d-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) oxidation. As a glucose store, glycogen may also furnish anaplerosis. We determined the effects of glycogen content on βHB oxidation and glycolytic rates, and their downstream effects on energetics, in the isolated rat heart. High glycogen (HG) and low glycogen (LG) containing hearts were perfused with 11 mM [5-3 H]glucose and/or 4 mM [14 C]βHB to measure glycolytic rates or βHB oxidation, respectively, then freeze-clamped for glycogen and metabolomic analyses. Free cytosolic [NAD+ ]/[NADH] and mitochondrial [Q+ ]/[QH2 ] ratios were estimated using the lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase reaction, respectively. Phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi ) concentrations were measured using 31 P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rates of βHB oxidation in LG hearts were half that in HG hearts, with βHB oxidation directly proportional to glycogen content. βHB oxidation decreased glycolysis in all hearts. Glycogenolysis in glycogen-replete hearts perfused with βHB alone was twice that of hearts perfused with βHB and glucose, which had significantly higher levels of the glycolytic intermediates fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate, and higher free cytosolic [NAD+ ]/[NADH]. βHB oxidation increased the Krebs cycle intermediates citrate, 2-oxoglutarate and succinate, the total NADP/H pool, reduced mitochondrial [Q+ ]/[QH2 ], and increased the calculated free energy of ATP hydrolysis (∆GATP ). Although βHB oxidation inhibited glycolysis, glycolytic intermediates were not depleted, and cytosolic free NAD remained oxidised. βHB oxidation alone increased Krebs cycle intermediates, reduced mitochondrial Q and increased ∆GATP . We conclude that glycogen facilitates cardiac βHB oxidation by anaplerosis. KEY POINTS: Ketone bodies (d-β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate) are increasingly recognised as important cardiac energetic substrates, in both healthy and diseased hearts. As 2-carbon equivalents they are cataplerotic, causing depletion of Krebs cycle intermediates; therefore their utilisation requires anaplerotic supplementation, and intra-myocardial glycogen has been suggested as a potential anaplerotic source during ketone oxidation. It is demonstrated here that cardiac glycogen does indeed provide anaplerotic substrate to facilitate β-hydroxybutyrate oxidation in isolated perfused rat heart, and this contribution was quantified using a novel pulse-chase metabolic approach. Further, using metabolomics and 31 P-MR, it was shown that glycolytic flux from myocardial glycogen increased the heart's ability to oxidise βHB, and βHB oxidation increased the mitochondrial redox potential, ultimately increasing the free energy of ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azrul Abdul Kadir
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Cher‐Rin Chong
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Henry Lee
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mark Cole
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Carolyn Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David Hauton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Rhys D. Evans
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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25
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Buga A, Kackley ML, Crabtree CD, Bedell TN, Robinson BT, Stoner JT, Decker DD, Hyde PN, LaFountain RA, Brownlow ML, O'Connor A, Krishnan D, McElroy CA, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. Fasting and diurnal blood ketonemia and glycemia responses to a six-week, energy-controlled ketogenic diet, supplemented with racemic R/S-BHB salts. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:277-287. [PMID: 36963874 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single doses of exogenous ketone salts (KS) transiently increase circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (∼1 mM; 1-2 h) regardless of starting levels of ketosis; however, no studies have explored how sustained use of KS influences measures of ketonemia and glycemia. OBJECTIVES To determine the response to a hypocaloric, well-formulated ketogenic diet (KD), with and without the inclusion of two daily racemic KS doses (6 g R-BHB + 6 g S-BHB per serving) on 1) daily fasting capillary R-BHB and glucose (R-BHB/GLUfast), 2) bi-weekly 13 h diurnal BHB and glucose (R-BHB/GLUdiur), 3) three-hours post-KS ingestion kinetics (R-BHBKS), and 4) bi-weekly fasting plasma enantiomer-specific BHB (R/S-BHBplasma). METHODS Non-diabetic adults with overweight and obesity were randomized to receive a precisely measured hypocaloric KD (∼75 %en of maintenance) for six weeks, supplemented twice-daily with KS or placebo (PL). A non-randomized comparison group was provided an isonitrogenous/isoenergetic low-fat diet (LFD). All meals were provided to subjects. Capillary blood was collected daily to measure R-BHB/GLUfast and hourly for R-BHB/GLUdiur. Plasma was collected to measure R/S-BHBplasma, insulin, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Total AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal method. RESULTS Mean R-BHBfast increased significantly during KD + PL (1.0 mM BHB), an effect enhanced 26% during KD + KS. GLUfast AUC was -6% lower during KD + KS versus LFD. Mean R-BHBdiur increased 40% in KD + KS versus KD + PL, whereas GLUdiur decreased 13% during both KDs versus LFD. R-BHBKS peaked (Δ: ∼1 mM) 1 h after the morning KS dose, but not following the afternoon dose. Both R/S-BHBplasma increased during KD independent of KS inclusion. R-BHBplasma was 50-times greater compared to S-BHBplasma, and the KS augmented S-BHBplasma 50% more than PL. Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR decreased after 14 days independent of diet. CONCLUSIONS A hypocaloric KD was effective at reducing diurnal glucose compared to a LFD independent of weight loss, but twice-daily racemic KS ingestion during KD augmented ketonemia, both as R- and S-BHB, and decreased mean fasting glucose beyond a KD alone. The hypoglycemic effects of KD in combination with exogenous ketones merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Buga
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Madison L Kackley
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Teryn N Bedell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bradley T Robinson
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Justen T Stoner
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Drew D Decker
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Parker N Hyde
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Northern Georgia, Dahlonega, GA 30597, USA
| | | | - Milene L Brownlow
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Deepa Krishnan
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Craig A McElroy
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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26
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Howard EE, Allen JT, Coleman JL, Small SD, Karl JP, O'Fallon KS, Margolis LM. Ketone Monoester Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Does Not Alter Exogenous and Plasma Glucose Oxidation or Metabolic Clearance Rate During Exercise in Men Compared with Carbohydrate Alone. J Nutr 2023:S0022-3166(23)35281-7. [PMID: 36893935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) availability through ketone monoester plus carbohydrate (KE+CHO) supplementation is suggested to enhance physical performance by sparing glucose use during exercise. However, no studies have examined the effect of ketone supplementation on glucose kinetics during exercise. OBJECTIVES This exploratory study primarily aimed to determine the effect of KE+CHO supplementation on glucose oxidation and physical performance during steady-state exercise compared with carbohydrate. METHODS Using a randomly assigned, crossover design (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04737694), 12 men consumed KE+CHO (573 mg ketone monoester/kg body mass, 110 g glucose) or carbohydrate (110 g glucose) before and during 90 min of steady-state treadmill exercise [54 ± 3% peak oxygen uptake (V̇˙O2peak)] wearing a weighted vest (30% body mass; 25 ± 3 kg). Glucose oxidation and turnover were determined using indirect calorimetry and stable isotopes. Participants performed an unweighted time to exhaustion (TTE; 85% V̇˙O2peak) after steady-state exercise and a weighted (25 ± 3 kg) 6.4 km time trial (TT) the next day after consuming a bolus of KE+CHO or carbohydrate. Data were analyzed by paired t-tests and mixed model ANOVA. RESULTS βHB concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) after exercise [2.1 mM (95% CI: 1.6, .6)] and the TT [2.6 mM (2.1, 3.1)] in KE+CHO compared with carbohydrate. TTE was lower [-104 s (-201, -8)], and TT performance was slower [141 s (19,262)] in KE+CHO than in carbohydrate (P < 0.05). Exogenous [-0.01 g/min (-0.07, 0.04)] and plasma [-0.02 g/min (-0.08, 0.04)] glucose oxidation and metabolic clearance rate {MCR [0.38 mg·kg-1·min-1 (-0.79, 1.54)]} were not different, and glucose rate of appearance [-0.51 mg·kg-1·min-1 (-0.97, -0.04)], and disappearance [-0.50 mg·kg-1·min-1 (-0.96, -0.04)] were lower (P < 0.05) in KE+CHO compared with carbohydrate during steady-state exercise. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, the rates of exogenous and plasma glucose oxidation and MCR were not different between treatments during steady-state exercise, suggesting blood glucose utilization is similar between KE+CHO and carbohydrate. KE+CHO supplementation also results in lower physical performance compared with carbohydrate. This trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov as NCT04737694.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Howard
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Jillian T Allen
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Julie L Coleman
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Stephanie D Small
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Kevin S O'Fallon
- Soldier Effectiveness Directorate, United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.
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27
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Hengist A, Davies RG, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, van Loon LJC, Walhin JP, Thompson D, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:921-940. [PMID: 36326863 PMCID: PMC9941259 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of dietary sugar or carbohydrate restriction on physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, and physiological outcomes across 24 h. METHODS In a randomized, open-label crossover design, twenty-five healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 15) consumed three diets over a 24-h period: moderate carbohydrate and sugar content (MODSUG = 50% carbohydrate [20% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); low sugar content (LOWSUG = 50% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); and low carbohydrate content (LOWCHO = 8% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 77% fat). Postprandial metabolic responses to a prescribed breakfast (20% EI) were monitored under laboratory conditions before an ad libitum test lunch, with subsequent diet and physical activity monitoring under free-living conditions until blood sample collection the following morning. RESULTS The MODSUG, LOWSUG and LOWCHO diets resulted in similar mean [95%CI] rates of both physical activity energy expenditure (771 [624, 919] vs. 677 [565, 789] vs. 802 [614, 991] kcal·d-1; p = 0.29] and energy intake (2071 [1794, 2347] vs. 2195 [1918, 2473] vs. 2194 [1890, 2498] kcal·d-1; P = 0.34), respectively. The LOWCHO condition elicited the lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to breakfast (P < 0.01) but the highest 24-h increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001), with no differences between the MODSUG and LOWSUG treatments. Leptin concentrations decreased over 24-h of consuming LOWCHO relative to LOWSUG (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION When energy density is controlled for, restricting either sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake over a 24-h period (~ 19-h free-living) despite substantial metabolic changes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ID NCT03509610, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03509610.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hengist
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Russell G Davies
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Peter J Rogers
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff M Brunstrom
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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Høgild ML, Hjelholt AJ, Hansen J, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Wojtaszewski JFP, Johannsen M, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Ketone Body Infusion Abrogates Growth Hormone-Induced Lipolysis and Insulin Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:653-664. [PMID: 36240323 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exogenous ketone body administration lowers circulating glucose levels but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that administration of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) acutely increases insulin sensitivity via feedback suppression of circulating free fatty acid (FFA) levels. METHODS In a randomized, single-blinded crossover design, 8 healthy men were studied twice with a growth hormone (GH) infusion to induce lipolysis in combination with infusion of either βOHB or saline. Each study day comprised a basal period and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with a glucose tracer and adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biopsies. RESULTS βOHB administration profoundly suppressed FFA levels concomitantly with a significant increase in glucose disposal and energy expenditure. This was accompanied by a many-fold increase in skeletal muscle content of both βOHB and its derivative acetoacetate. CONCLUSION Our data unravel an insulin-sensitizing effect of βOHB, which we suggest is mediated by concomitant suppression of lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Lyng Høgild
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
| | - Astrid Johannesson Hjelholt
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
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Wodschow HZ, Davidovski FS, Christensen J, Lassen MCH, Skaarup KG, Nygaard H, Møller N, Rungby J, Biering-Sørensen T, Rossing P, Jensen NJ, Laursen JC. Oral ketone esters acutely improve myocardial contractility in post-hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1131192. [PMID: 36845050 PMCID: PMC9947401 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1131192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is associated with subclinical myocardial injury. Exogenous ketone esters acutely improve left myocardial function in healthy participants and patients with heart failure, but the effects have not been investigated in participants previously hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods This is a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study comparing a single oral ketone ester dose of 395 mg/kg with placebo. Fasting participants were randomized to either placebo in the morning and oral ketone ester in the afternoon or vice versa. Echocardiography was performed immediately after intake of the corresponding treatment. Primary outcome was left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Secondary outcomes were absolute global longitudinal strain (GLS), cardiac output and blood oxygen saturation. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess differences. Results We included 12 participants previously hospitalized for COVID-19 with a mean (±SD) age of 60 ± 10 years. The mean time from hospitalization was 18 ± 5 months. Oral ketone esters did not increase LVEF between placebo and oral ketone ester [mean difference: -0.7% (95% CI -4.0 to 2.6%), p = 0.66], but increased GLS [1.9% (95% CI: 0.1 to 3.6%), p = 0.04] and cardiac output [1.2 L/min (95% CI: -0.1 to 2.4 L/min), p = 0.07], although non-significant. The differences in GLS remained significant after adjustment for change in heart rate (p = 0.01). There was no difference in blood oxygen saturation. Oral ketone esters increased blood ketones over time (peak level 3.1 ± 4.9 mmol/L, p < 0.01). Ketone esters increased blood insulin, c-peptide, and creatinine, and decreased glucose and FFA (all p ≤ 0.01) but did not affect glucagon, pro-BNP, or troponin I levels (all p > 0.05). Conclusion In patients previously hospitalized with COVID-19, a single oral dose of ketone ester had no effect on LVEF, cardiac output or blood oxygen saturation, but increased GLS acutely. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT04377035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Zander Wodschow
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Helena Zander Wodschow,
| | - Filip Søskov Davidovski
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Christensen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Hanne Nygaard
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,Complications Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tor Biering-Sørensen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Rossing
- Complications Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicole Jacqueline Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Crabtree CD, Blade T, Hyde PN, Buga A, Kackley ML, Sapper TN, Panda O, Roa-Diaz S, Anthony JC, Newman JC, Volek JS, Stubbs BJ. Bis Hexanoyl (R)-1,3-Butanediol, a Novel Ketogenic Ester, Acutely Increases Circulating r- and s-ß-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Healthy Adults. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:169-177. [PMID: 35512774 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.2015476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketosis has been reported to benefit healthspan and resilience, which has driven considerable interest in development of exogenous ketones to induce ketosis without dietary changes. Bis hexanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol (BH-BD) is a novel ketone di-ester that can be used as a food ingredient that increases hepatic ketogenesis and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations. METHODS Here, we provide the first description of blood ketone and metabolite kinetics for up to five hours after consumption of a beverage containing BH-BD by healthy adults (n = 8) at rest in three randomized, cross-over conditions (25 g + Meal (FEDH); 12.5 g + Meal (FEDL) ; 25 g + Fasted (FASTH)). RESULTS Consumption of BH-BD effectively raised plasma r-BHB concentrations to 0.8-1.7 mM in all conditions, and both peak r-BHB concentration and r-BHB area under the curve were greater with 25 g versus 12.5 g of BH-BD. Urinary excretion of r-BHB was <1 g. Plasma concentration of the non-physiological isoform s-BHB was increased to 20-60 µM in all conditions. BH-BD consumption decreased plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations; insulin was increased when BH-BD was consumed with a meal. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that consumption of BH-BD effectively induces exogenous ketosis in healthy adults at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thanh Blade
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Parker N Hyde
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia, USA
| | - Alex Buga
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Madison L Kackley
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Teryn N Sapper
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Oishika Panda
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Anthony
- Juvenescence Ltd, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Nlumn LLC, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John C Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA.,Division of Geriatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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31
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Omori NE, Malys MK, Woo G, Mansor L. Exploring the role of ketone bodies in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1142682. [PMID: 37139329 PMCID: PMC10149735 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1142682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, advances in the field of metabolomics have shed greater light on the role of metabolic disturbances in neuropsychiatric conditions. The following review explores the role of ketone bodies and ketosis in both the diagnosis and treatment of three major psychiatric disorders: major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Distinction is made between the potential therapeutic effects of the ketogenic diet and exogenous ketone preparations, as exogenous ketones in particular offer a standardized, reproducible manner for inducing ketosis. Compelling associations between symptoms of mental distress and dysregulation in central nervous system ketone metabolism have been demonstrated in preclinical studies with putative neuroprotective effects of ketone bodies being elucidated, including effects on inflammasomes and the promotion of neurogenesis in the central nervous system. Despite emerging pre-clinical data, clinical research on ketone body effectiveness as a treatment option for psychiatric disorders remains lacking. This gap in understanding warrants further investigating, especially considering that safe and acceptable ways of inducing ketosis are readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Elyse Omori
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Naomi Elyse Omori,
| | - Mantas Kazimieras Malys
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Woo
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Latt Mansor
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
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32
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Evans E, Walhin JP, Hengist A, Betts JA, Dearlove DJ, Gonzalez JT. Ketone monoester ingestion increases postexercise serum erythropoietin concentrations in healthy men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E56-E61. [PMID: 36449571 PMCID: PMC9870573 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00264.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous ketone body infusion can increase erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations, but responses to ketone monoester ingestion postexercise are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of ketone monoester ingestion on postexercise erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations. Nine healthy men completed two trials in a randomized, crossover design (1-wk washout). During trials, participants performed 1 h of cycling (initially alternating between 50% and 90% of maximal aerobic capacity for 2 min each interval, and then 50% and 80%, and 50% and 70% when the higher intensity was unsustainable). Participants ingested 0.8 g·kg-1 sucrose with 0.4 g·kg-1 protein immediately after exercise, and at 1, 2, and 3 h postexercise. During the control trial (CONTROL), no further nutrition was provided, whereas on the ketone monoester trial (KETONE), participants also ingested 0.29 g·kg-1 of the ketone monoester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate immediately postexercise and at 1 and 2 h postexercise. Blood was sampled immediately postexercise, every 15 min in the first hour and hourly thereafter for 4 h. Serum EPO concentrations increased to a greater extent in KETONE than in CONTROL (time × condition interaction: P = 0.046). Peak serum EPO concentrations were higher with KETONE (means ± SD: 9.0 ± 2.3 IU·L-1) compared with CONTROL (7.5 ± 1.5 IU·L-1, P < 0.01). Serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were also higher, and glucose concentrations lower, with KETONE versus CONTROL (both P < 0.01). In conclusion, ketone monoester ingestion increases postexercise erythropoietin concentrations, revealing a new avenue for orally ingestible ketone monoesters to potentially alter hemoglobin mass.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this study was the first to assess the effects of ketone monoester ingestion on erythropoietin concentrations after exercise. We demonstrated that ingestion of a ketone monoester postexercise increased serum erythropoietin concentrations and reduced serum glucose concentrations in healthy men. These data reveal the possibility for ketone monoesters to alter hemoglobin mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Evans
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James A Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David J Dearlove
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Li Z, Ramirez G, Tang R, Paul CKX, Nair M, Henderson S, Morimoto B, Liu J, Kaasgaard T, Boyd BJ, Wacker MG. Modeling digestion, absorption, and ketogenesis after administration of tricaprilin formulations to humans. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 182:41-52. [PMID: 36470522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At present, tricaprilin is used as a ketogenic source for the management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. After administration of the medium-chain triglyceride, tricaprilin is hydrolyzed to octanoic acid and further metabolized to ketones, acting as an alternative energy substrate for the brain. In this investigation, we developed a physiologically-based biopharmaceutics model simulating in vivo processes following the peroral administration of tricaprilin. The model includes multiple data sources to establish a partially verified framework for the simulation of plasma profiles. The input parameters were identified based on existing literature data and in vitro digestion studies. Model validation was conducted using the data from a phase I clinical trial. A partial parameter sensitivity analysis elucidated various influences on the plasma ketone levels that are mainly responsible for the therapeutic effects of tricaprilin. Based on our findings, we concluded that dispersibility and lipolysis of tricaprilin together with the gastric emptying patterns are limiting ketogenesis, while other steps such as the conversion of octanoic acid to ketone bodies play a minor role only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rushi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Cheong Kin Xian Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Murali Nair
- Cerecin Inc., 72 Anson Road, #06-01 Anson House, Singapore 079911, Singapore
| | - Samuel Henderson
- Cerecin Inc., 72 Anson Road, #06-01 Anson House, Singapore 079911, Singapore
| | - Bruce Morimoto
- Cerecin Inc., 72 Anson Road, #06-01 Anson House, Singapore 079911, Singapore
| | - Julie Liu
- Cerecin Inc., 72 Anson Road, #06-01 Anson House, Singapore 079911, Singapore
| | - Thomas Kaasgaard
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Australia
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore.
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34
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Kackley ML, Buga A, Crabtree CD, Sapper TN, McElroy CA, Focht BC, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. Influence of Nutritional Ketosis Achieved through Various Methods on Plasma Concentrations of Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091143. [PMID: 36138878 PMCID: PMC9496887 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) expression is decreased in conditions associated with cognitive decline as well as metabolic diseases. One potential strategy to improve metabolic health and elevate BDNF is by increasing circulating ketones. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) stimulates BDNF expression, but the association of circulating BHB and plasma BDNF in humans has not been widely studied. Here, we present results from three studies that evaluated how various methods of inducing ketosis influenced plasma BDNF in humans. Study 1 determined BDNF responses to a single bout of high-intensity cycling after ingestion of a dose of ketone salts in a group of healthy adults who were habitually consuming either a mixed diet or a ketogenic diet. Study 2 compared how a ketogenic diet versus a mixed diet impacts BDNF levels during a 12-week resistance training program in healthy adults. Study 3 examined the effects of a controlled hypocaloric ketogenic diet, with and without daily use of a ketone-salt, on BDNF levels in overweight/obese adults. We found that (1) fasting plasma BDNF concentrations were lower in keto-adapted versus non keto-adapted individuals, (2) intense cycling exercise was a strong stimulus to rapidly increase plasma BDNF independent of ketosis, and (3) clinically significant weight loss was a strong stimulus to decrease fasting plasma BDNF independent of diet composition or level of ketosis. These results highlight the plasticity of plasma BDNF in response to lifestyle factors but does not support a strong association with temporally matched BHB concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Kackley
- Department of Kinesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alex Buga
- Department of Kinesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chris D. Crabtree
- Department of Kinesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Teryn N. Sapper
- Department of Kinesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Craig A. McElroy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, 06 The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian C. Focht
- Department of Kinesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - William J. Kraemer
- Department of Kinesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeff S. Volek
- Department of Kinesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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35
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Thomsen HH, Olesen JF, Aagaard R, Nielsen BRR, Voss TS, Svart MV, Johannsen M, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL, Rittig N, Bach E, Møller N. Investigating effects of sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate on metabolism in placebo-controlled, bilaterally infused human leg with focus on skeletal muscle protein dynamics. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15399. [PMID: 35986508 PMCID: PMC9391664 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) decreases whole-body protein oxidation and muscle protein breakdown in humans. We aimed to determine any direct effect of BHB on skeletal muscle protein turnover when administered locally in the femoral artery. Paired design with each subject being investigated on one single occasion with one leg being infused with BHB and the opposing leg acting as a control. We studied 10 healthy male volunteers once with bilateral femoral vein and artery catheters. One artery was perfused with saline (Placebo) and one with sodium-BHB. Labelled phenylalanine and palmitate were used to assess local leg fluxes. Femoral vein concentrations of BHB were significantly higher in the intervention leg (3.4 (3.2, 3.6) mM) compared with the placebo-controlled leg (1.9 (1.8, 2.1) mM) with a peak difference of 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) mM, p < 0.0005. Net loss of phenylalanine for BHB vs Placebo -6.7(-10.8, -2.7) nmol/min vs -8.7(-13.8, -3.7) nmol/min, p = 0.52. Palmitate flux and arterio-venous difference of glucose did not differ between legs. Under these experimental conditions, we failed to observe the direct effects of BHB on skeletal muscle protein turnover. This may relate to a combination of high concentrations of BHB (close to 2 mM) imposed systemically by spillover leading to high BHB concentrations in the saline-infused leg and a lack of major differences in concentration gradients between the two sides-implying that observations were made on the upper part of the dose-response curve for BHB and the relatively small number of subjects studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Holm Thomsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Diabetes and EndocrinologyViborg Regional HospitalViborgDenmark
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Research Unit for MultimorbidityViborg Regional HospitalViborgDenmark
| | - Jonas Franck Olesen
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Rasmus Aagaard
- Department of AnesthesiologyRanders Regional HospitalRandersDenmark
| | | | | | - Mads Vandsted Svart
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center AarhusAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Bioanalytical UnitAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center AarhusAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Jens Otto L. Jørgensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center AarhusAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Ermina Bach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Diabetes and EndocrinologyViborg Regional HospitalViborgDenmark
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center AarhusAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center AarhusAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
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36
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Løkken N, Storgaard JH, Revsbech KL, Voermans NC, Van Hall G, Vissing J, Ørngreen MC. No effect of oral ketone ester supplementation on exercise capacity in patients with McArdle disease and healthy controls: A randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:502-516. [PMID: 35150142 PMCID: PMC9304134 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with glycogen storage disease type V (GSDV), also known as McArdle disease, have blocked glycogen breakdown due to myophosphorylase deficiency, leading to exercise intolerance, muscle pain, and risk of muscle damage. Blood-derived ketone bodies (KBs) constitute an alternative energy source that could fuel the muscle independent of glycogenolysis. However, except for long-time fasting or ketogenic dieting, KBs are present in low quantities. This led us to explore the effects of a drink containing exogenously produced KBs in the form of D-β-hydroxybutyrate esters (KE) on exercise capacity and metabolism in patients with GSDV. Eight GSDV patients and four healthy controls (HC) were included in this placebo-controlled, cross-over study where subjects were randomized to receive a KE drink with 395 mgKE/kg or placebo drink on two separate days 25 min before a submaximal cycle exercise test. The primary outcome was exercise capacity as indicated by heart rate response (HR) to exercise. Secondary outcomes included perceived exertion (PE) and measures of KB, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism during exercise. In GSDV, the KE drink vs. placebo increased plasma KBs and KB oxidation (p ≤ 0.0001) but did not improve exercise capacity as judged from HR (p = 0.120) and PE (p = 0.109). In addition, the KE drink lowered plasma glucose, free fatty acids, and lowered lipolytic rate and glucose rate of appearance compared with placebo. Similar results were found in the HC group. The present study indicates that an increase in KB oxidation by oral KE supplementation does not improve exercise capacity in GSDV possibly because of KB-induced inhibition of lipolysis and liver glucose output. Thus, oral KE supplementation alone cannot be recommended as a treatment option for patients with GSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Løkken
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular CenterCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jesper H. Storgaard
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular CenterCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Karoline L. Revsbech
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular CenterCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nicol C. Voermans
- The Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical BiochemistryCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular CenterCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mette C. Ørngreen
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular CenterCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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Ketone Monoester Ingestion Alters Metabolism and Simulated Rugby Performance in Professional Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:334-341. [PMID: 35487576 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ketone ingestion can alter metabolism but effects on exercise performance are unclear, particularly with regard to the impact on intermittent-intensity exercise and team-sport performance. Nine professional male rugby union players each completed two trials in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Participants ingested either 90 ± 9 g carbohydrate (CHO; 9% solution) or an energy matched solution containing 20 ± 2 g CHO (3% solution) and 590 mg/kg body mass β-hydroxybutyrate monoester (CHO + BHB-ME) before and during a simulated rugby union-specific match-play protocol, including repeated high-intensity, sprint and power-based performance tests. Mean time to complete the sustained high-intensity performance tests was reduced by 0.33 ± 0.41 s (2.1%) with CHO + BHB-ME (15.53 ± 0.52 s) compared with CHO (15.86 ± 0.80 s) placebo (p = .04). Mean time to complete the sprint and power-based performance tests were not different between trials. CHO + BHB-ME resulted in blood BHB concentrations that remained >2 mmol/L during exercise (p < .001). Serum lactate and glycerol concentrations were lower after CHO + BHB-ME than CHO (p < .05). Coingestion of a BHB-ME with CHO can alter fuel metabolism (attenuate circulating lactate and glycerol concentrations) and may improve high-intensity running performance during a simulated rugby match-play protocol, without improving shorter duration sprint and power-based efforts.
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Omori NE, Woo GH, Mansor LS. Exogenous Ketones and Lactate as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention for Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Conditions. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:846183. [PMID: 36267349 PMCID: PMC9577611 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.846183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction is a ubiquitous underlying feature of many neurological conditions including acute traumatic brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. A central problem in neurological patients, in particular those with traumatic brain injuries, is an impairment in the utilization of glucose, which is the predominant metabolic substrate in a normally functioning brain. In such patients, alternative substrates including ketone bodies and lactate become important metabolic candidates for maintaining brain function. While the potential neuroprotective benefits of ketosis have been recognized for up to almost a century, the majority of work has focused on the use of ketogenic diets to induce such a state, which is inappropriate in cases of acute disease due to the prolonged periods of time (i.e., weeks to months) required for the effects of a ketogenic diet to be seen. The following review seeks to explore the neuroprotective effects of exogenous ketone and lactate preparations, which have more recently become commercially available and are able to induce a deep ketogenic response in a fraction of the time. The rapid response of exogenous preparations makes their use as a therapeutic adjunct more feasible from a clinical perspective in both acute and chronic neurological conditions. Potentially, their ability to globally moderate long-term, occult brain dysfunction may also be relevant in reducing lifetime risks of certain neurodegenerative conditions. In particular, this review explores the association between traumatic brain injury and contusion-related dementia, assessing metabolic parallels and highlighting the potential role of exogenous ketone and lactate therapies.
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Short-Chain Carbon Sources. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:730-742. [PMID: 35958686 PMCID: PMC9357564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world, highlighting the urgent need for novel, effective therapeutics. Recent studies support the proposition that improved myocardial energetics as a result of ketone body (KB) oxidation may account for the intriguing beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with HF. Similar small molecules, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are now realized to be preferentially oxidized over KBs in failing hearts, contradicting the notion of KBs as a rescue "superfuel." In addition to KBs and SCFAs being alternative fuels, both exert a wide array of nonmetabolic functions, including molecular signaling and epigenetics and as effectors of inflammation and immunity, blood pressure regulation, and oxidative stress. In this review, the authors present a perspective supported by new evidence that the metabolic and unique nonmetabolic activities of KBs and SCFAs hold promise for treatment of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction and those with HF with preserved ejection fraction.
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40
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Altayyar M, Nasser JA, Thomopoulos D, Bruneau M. The Implication of Physiological Ketosis on The Cognitive Brain: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030513. [PMID: 35276871 PMCID: PMC8840718 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal cognitive functions are necessary for activities of daily living and self-independence. Cognitive abilities are acquired during early childhood as part of progressive neurodevelopmental milestones; unfortunately, regressive changes can occur as part of physiological aging, or more ominously, pathological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cases of AD and its milder subset, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), are rising and would impose a burdensome impact beyond the individual level. Various dietary and nutritional approaches have potential for promising results in managing cognitive deterioration. Glucose is the core source of bioenergy in the body; however, glucose brain metabolism could be affected in aging cells or due to disease development. Ketone bodies are an efficient alternate fuel source that could compensate for the deficient glycolytic metabolism upon their supra-physiologic availability in the blood (ketosis), which, in turn, could promote cognitive benefits and tackle disease progression. In this review, we describe the potential of ketogenic approaches to produce cognitive benefits in healthy individuals, as well as those with MCI and AD. Neurophysiological changes of the cognitive brain in response to ketosis through neuroimaging modalities are also described in this review to provide insight into the ketogenic effect on the brain outside the framework of purely molecular explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Altayyar
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, 1601 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.A.N.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer A. Nasser
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, 1601 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.A.N.); (D.T.)
| | - Dimitra Thomopoulos
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, 1601 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.A.N.); (D.T.)
| | - Michael Bruneau
- Department of Health Science, Drexel University, 1601 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA;
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41
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Acute Ingestion of Ketone Monoesters and Precursors Do Not Enhance Endurance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:214-225. [PMID: 35042186 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been much consideration over whether exogenous ketone bodies have the capacity to enhance exercise performance through mechanisms such as altered substrate metabolism, accelerated recovery, or neurocognitive improvements. This systematic review aimed to determine the effects of both ketone precursors and monoesters on endurance exercise performance. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL for randomized controlled trials investigating endurance performance outcomes in response to ingestion of a ketone supplement compared to a nutritive or nonnutritive control in humans. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the standardized mean difference between interventions using a random-effects model. Hedge's g and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. The search yielded 569 articles, of which eight were included in this review (80 participants; 77 men and three women). When comparing endurance performance among all studies, no significant differences were found between ketone and control trials (Hedges g = 0.136; 95% CI [-0.195, 0.467]; p = .419). Subanalyses based on type of endurance tests showed no significant differences in time to exhaustion (Hedge's g = -0.002; 95% CI [-0.312, 0.308]; p = .989) or time trial (Hedge's g = 0.057; 95% CI [-0.282, 0.395]; p = .744) values. Based on these findings, exogenous ketone precursors and monoesters do not exert significant improvements on endurance exercise performance. While all studies reported an increase in blood ketone concentrations after ingestion, ketone monoesters appear to be more effective at raising concentrations than precursors.
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42
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Pindozzi F, Socci C, Bissolati M, Marchi M, Devecchi E, Saibene A, Conte C. Role of nutritional ketosis in the improvement of metabolic parameters following bariatric surgery. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:54-64. [PMID: 35070059 PMCID: PMC8771267 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketone bodies (KB) might act as potential metabolic modulators besides serving as energy substrates. Bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS) offers a unique opportunity to study nutritional ketosis, as acute postoperative caloric restriction leads to increased lipolysis and circulating free fatty acids.
AIM To characterize the relationship between KB production, weight loss (WL) and metabolic changes following BMS.
METHODS For this retrospective study we enrolled male and female subjects aged 18-65 years who underwent BMS at a single Institution. Data on demographics, anthropometrics, body composition, laboratory values and urinary KB were collected.
RESULTS Thirty-nine patients had data available for analyses [74.4% women, mean age 46.5 ± 9.0 years, median body mass index 41.0 (38.5; 45.4) kg/m2, fat mass 45.2% ± 6.2%, 23.1% had diabetes, 43.6% arterial hypertension and 74.4% liver steatosis]. At 46.0 ± 13.6 d post-surgery, subjects had lost 12.0% ± 3.6% of pre-operative weight. Sixty-nine percent developed ketonuria. Those with nutritional ketosis were significantly younger [42.9 (37.6; 50.7) years vs 51.9 (48.3; 59.9) years, P = 0.018], and had significantly lower fasting glucose [89.5 (82.5; 96.3) mg/dL vs 96.0 (91.0; 105.3) mg/dL, P = 0.025] and triglyceride levels [108.0 (84.5; 152.5) mg/dL vs 152.0 (124.0; 186.0) mg/dL, P = 0.045] vs those with ketosis. At 6 mo, percent WL was greater in those with postoperative ketosis (-27.5% ± 5.1% vs 23.8% ± 4.3%, P = 0.035). Urinary KBs correlated with percent WL at 6 and 12 mo. Other metabolic changes were similar.
CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis that subjects with worse metabolic status have reduced ketogenic capacity and, thereby, exhibit a lower WL following BMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioralba Pindozzi
- Unità di Chirurgia Generale Provinciale, Ospedale del Delta, Lagosanto (FE) 44023, Italy
| | - Carlo Socci
- Transplant and Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bissolati
- Transplant and Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Monica Marchi
- Department of General Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Devecchi
- Department of General Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saibene
- Department of General Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Caterina Conte
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Rome 00166, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan 20099, Italy
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43
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Soto‐Mota A, Norwitz NG, Evans RD, Clarke K. Exogenous
d
‐β‐hydroxybutyrate lowers blood glucose in part by decreasing the availability of L‐alanine for gluconeogenesis. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2022; 5:e00300. [PMID: 34787952 PMCID: PMC8754249 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interventions that induce ketosis simultaneously lower blood glucose and the explanation for this phenomenon is unknown. Additionally, the glucose‐lowering effect of acute ketosis is greater in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). On the contrary, L‐alanine is a gluconeogenic substrate secreted by skeletal muscle at higher levels in people with T2D and infusing of ketones lower circulating L‐alanine blood levels. In this study, we sought to determine whether supplementation with L‐alanine would attenuate the glucose‐lowering effect of exogenous ketosis using a ketone ester (KE). Methods This crossover study involved 10 healthy human volunteers who fasted for 24 h prior to the ingestion of 25 g of d‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (βHB) in the form of a KE drink (ΔG®) on two separate visits. During one of the visits, participants additionally ingested 2 g of L‐alanine to see whether L‐alanine supplementation would attenuate the glucose‐lowering effect of the KE drink. Blood L‐alanine, L‐glutamine, glucose, βHB, free fatty acids (FFA), lactate and C‐peptide were measured for 120 min after ingestion of the KE, with or without L‐alanine. Findings The KE drinks elevated blood βHB concentrations from negligible levels to 4.52 ± 1.23 mmol/L, lowered glucose from 4.97 ± SD 0.39 to 3.77 ± SD 0.40 mmol/L, and lowered and L‐alanine from 0.56 ± SD 0.88 to 0.41 ± SD 0.91 mmol/L. L‐alanine in the KE drink elevated blood L‐Alanine by 0.68 ± SD 0.15 mmol/L, but had no significant effect on blood βHB, L‐glutamine, FFA, lactate, nor C‐peptide concentrations. By contrast, L‐alanine supplementation significantly attenuated the ketosis‐induced drop in glucose from 28% ± SD 8% to 16% ± SD 7% (p < .01). Conclusions The glucose‐lowering effect of acutely elevated βHB is partially due to βHB decreasing L‐alanine availability as a substrate for gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Soto‐Mota
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Nicholas G. Norwitz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Rhys D. Evans
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
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44
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Exogenous Ketone Supplements in Athletic Contexts: Past, Present, and Future. Sports Med 2022; 52:25-67. [PMID: 36214993 PMCID: PMC9734240 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ketone bodies acetoacetate (AcAc) and β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) have pleiotropic effects in multiple organs including brain, heart, and skeletal muscle by serving as an alternative substrate for energy provision, and by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, catabolic processes, and gene expression. Of particular relevance to athletes are the metabolic actions of ketone bodies to alter substrate utilisation through attenuating glucose utilisation in peripheral tissues, anti-lipolytic effects on adipose tissue, and attenuation of proteolysis in skeletal muscle. There has been long-standing interest in the development of ingestible forms of ketone bodies that has recently resulted in the commercial availability of exogenous ketone supplements (EKS). These supplements in the form of ketone salts and ketone esters, in addition to ketogenic compounds such as 1,3-butanediol and medium chain triglycerides, facilitate an acute transient increase in circulating AcAc and βHB concentrations, which has been termed 'acute nutritional ketosis' or 'intermittent exogenous ketosis'. Some studies have suggested beneficial effects of EKS to endurance performance, recovery, and overreaching, although many studies have failed to observe benefits of acute nutritional ketosis on performance or recovery. The present review explores the rationale and historical development of EKS, the mechanistic basis for their proposed effects, both positive and negative, and evidence to date for their effects on exercise performance and recovery outcomes before concluding with a discussion of methodological considerations and future directions in this field.
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45
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Caldwell HG, Carr JMJR, Minhas JS, Swenson ER, Ainslie PN. Acid-base balance and cerebrovascular regulation. J Physiol 2021; 599:5337-5359. [PMID: 34705265 DOI: 10.1113/jp281517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation and defence of intracellular pH is essential for homeostasis. Indeed, alterations in cerebrovascular acid-base balance directly affect cerebral blood flow (CBF) which has implications for human health and disease. For example, changes in CBF regulation during acid-base disturbances are evident in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetic ketoacidosis. The classic experimental studies from the past 75+ years are utilized to describe the integrative relationships between CBF, carbon dioxide tension (PCO2 ), bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) and pH. These factors interact to influence (1) the time course of acid-base compensatory changes and the respective cerebrovascular responses (due to rapid exchange kinetics between arterial blood, extracellular fluid and intracellular brain tissue). We propose that alterations in arterial [HCO3 - ] during acute respiratory acidosis/alkalosis contribute to cerebrovascular acid-base regulation; and (2) the regulation of CBF by direct changes in arterial vs. extravascular/interstitial PCO2 and pH - the latter recognized as the proximal compartment which alters vascular smooth muscle cell regulation of CBF. Taken together, these results substantiate two key ideas: first, that the regulation of CBF is affected by the severity of metabolic/respiratory disturbances, including the extent of partial/full acid-base compensation; and second, that the regulation of CBF is independent of arterial pH and that diffusion of CO2 across the blood-brain barrier is integral to altering perivascular extracellular pH. Overall, by realizing the integrative relationships between CBF, PCO2 , HCO3 - and pH, experimental studies may provide insights to improve CBF regulation in clinical practice with treatment of systemic acid-base disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Caldwell
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Jay M J R Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Jatinder S Minhas
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Erik R Swenson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, University of Washington, and VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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46
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White H, Heffernan AJ, Worrall S, Grunsfeld A, Thomas M. A Systematic Review of Intravenous β-Hydroxybutyrate Use in Humans - A Promising Future Therapy? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:740374. [PMID: 34621766 PMCID: PMC8490680 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.740374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic ketosis is traditionally induced with dietary modification. However, owing to the time delay involved, this is not a practical approach for treatment of acute conditions such as traumatic brain injury. Intravenous administration of ketones would obviate this problem by rapidly inducing ketosis. This has been confirmed in a number of small animal and human studies. Currently no such commercially available product exists. The aim of this systematic review is to review the safety and efficacy of intravenous beta-hydroxybutyrate. The Web of Science, PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched, and a systematic review undertaken. Thirty-five studies were included. The total beta-hydroxybutyrate dose ranged from 30 to 101 g administered over multiple doses as a short infusion, with most studies using the racemic form. Such dosing achieves a beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration >1 mmol/L within 15 min. Infusions were well tolerated with few adverse events. Blood glucose concentrations occasionally were reduced but remained within the normal reference range for all study participants. Few studies have examined the effect of intravenous beta-hydroxybutyrate in disease states. In patients with heart failure, intravenous beta-hydroxybutyrate increased cardiac output by up to 40%. No studies were conducted in patients with neurological disease. Intravenous beta-hydroxybutyrate has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow and reduce cerebral glucose oxidation. Moreover, beta-hydroxybutyrate reduces protein catabolism and attenuates the production of counter-regulatory hormones during induced hypoglycemia. An intravenous beta-hydroxybutyrate formulation is well tolerated and may provide an alternative treatment option worthy of further research in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden White
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Logan Hospital, Meadowbrook, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron J Heffernan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Logan Hospital, Meadowbrook, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Worrall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander Grunsfeld
- Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Matt Thomas
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, North Bristol NHS Trust, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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47
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Walsh JJ, Caldwell HG, Neudorf H, Ainslie PN, Little JP. Short-term ketone monoester supplementation improves cerebral blood flow and cognition in obesity: A randomized cross-over trial. J Physiol 2021; 599:4763-4778. [PMID: 34605026 DOI: 10.1113/jp281988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults with obesity are at increased risk of neurocognitive impairments, partly as a result of reduced cerebral blood flow and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Ketone supplements containing β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) are a purported therapeutic strategy for improving brain health in at-risk populations. We tested the hypothesis that short-term β-OHB supplementation will elevate cerebral blood flow and BDNF, as well as improve cognition in adults with obesity. In a placebo-controlled double-blind, cross-over design, 14 adults with obesity (10 females; aged 56 ± 12 years; body mass index = 33.8 ± 6.9 kg m-2 ) consumed 30 mL (12 g) of β-OHB or placebo thrice-daily for 14 days. Blood flow (Q) and cerebrovascular conductance (CVC) were measured in the common carotid (CCA), internal carotid (ICA) and vertebral (VA) arteries by duplex ultrasound. BDNF was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cognition was assessed by the digit-symbol substitution (DSST), Stroop and task-switching tests. Following 14 days of ketone supplementation, we observed significant improvements in cerebrovascular outcomes including QCCA (+12%), QVA (+11%), VACVC (+12%) and VA shear rate (+10%). DSST performance significantly improved following ketone supplementation (+2.7 correct responses) and improved DSST performance was positively associated improvements in cerebrovascular outcomes including QCCA , CCACVC , QVA and VACVC . By contrast to one hypothesis, β-OHB did not impact fasting serum and plasma BDNF. β-OHB supplementation improved cognition in adults with obesity, which may be partly facilitated by improvements in cerebral blood flow. β-OHB supplementation was well-tolerated and appears to be safe for cerebrovascular health, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits of β-OHB in a population at risk of neurocognitive impairment. KEY POINTS: People with obesity are at increased risk of neurocognitive dysfunction, partly as a result of -induced reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Ketone supplements containing β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia, which may increase CBF and BDNF, thereby protecting against obesity-related cognitive dysfunction. We show for the first time that 14 days of thrice-daily β-OHB supplementation improves aspects of cognition and increases cerebrovascular flow, conductance and shear rate in the extracranial arteries of adults with obesity. Our preliminary data indicate a significant positive relationship between elevated CBF and improved cognition following β-OHB supplementation. This trial provides a foundation for the potential non-pharmacological therapeutic application of β-OHB supplementation in patient groups at risk of hyperglycaemic cerebrovascular disease and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Walsh
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah G Caldwell
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Helena Neudorf
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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48
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Chen X, Shi BL, Qi RZ, Chang X, Zheng HG. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics for Discovering Potential Biomarkers and Metabolic Pathways of Colorectal Cancer in Mouse Model (ApcMin/+) and Revealing the Effect of Honokiol. Front Oncol 2021; 11:671014. [PMID: 34589420 PMCID: PMC8473824 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.671014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous metabolites are a class of molecules playing diverse and significant roles in many metabolic pathways for disease. Honokiol (HNK), an active poly-phenolic compound, has shown potent anticancer activities. However, the detailed crucial mechanism regulated by HNK in colorectal cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of HNK on colorectal cancer in a mouse model (ApcMin/+) by analyzing the urine metabolic profile based on metabolomics, which is a powerful tool for characterizing metabolic disturbances. We found that potential urine biomarkers were involved in the metabolism of compounds such as purines, tyrosines, tryptophans, etc. Moreover, we showed that a total of 27 metabolites were the most contribution biomarkers for intestinal tumors, and we found that the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) was regulated by HNK. In addition, it was suggested that the efficacy of HNK was achieved by affecting the multi-pathway system via influencing relevant metabolic pathways and regulating metabolic function. Our work also showed that high-throughput metabolomics can characterize the regulation of metabolic disorders as a therapeutic strategy to prevent colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-lun Shi
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Run-zhi Qi
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-gang Zheng
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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49
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Løkken N, Khawajazada T, Storgaard JH, Raaschou-Pedersen D, Christensen ME, Hornsyld TM, Krag T, Ørngreen MC, Vissing J. No effect of resveratrol in patients with mitochondrial myopathy: A cross-over randomized controlled trial. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1186-1198. [PMID: 33934389 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial myopathies (MM) are caused by mutations that typically affect genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Main symptoms are exercise intolerance and fatigue. Currently, there is no specific treatment for MM. Resveratrol (RSV) is a nutritional supplement that in preclinical studies has been shown to stimulate mitochondrial function. We hypothesized that RSV could improve exercise capacity in patients with MM. The study design was randomized, double-blind, cross-over and placebo-controlled. Eleven patients with genetically verified MM were randomized to receive either 1000 mg/day RSV or placebo (P) for 8 weeks followed by a 4-week washout and then the opposite treatment. Primary outcomes were changes in heart rate (HR) during submaximal cycling exercise and peak oxygen utilization (VO2 max) during maximal exercise. Secondary outcomes included reduction in perceived exertion, changes in lactate concentrations, self-rated function (SF-36) and fatigue scores (FSS), activities of electron transport chain complexes I and IV in mononuclear cells and mitochondrial biomarkers in muscle tissue among others. There were no significant differences in primary and secondary outcomes between treatments. Mean HR changes were -0.3 ± 4.3 (RSV) vs 1.8 ± 5.0 bpm (P), P = .241. Mean VO2 max changes were 0.7 ± 1.4 (RSV) vs -0.2 ± 2.3 mL/min/kg (P), P = .203. The study provides evidence that 1000 mg RSV daily is ineffective in improving exercise capacity in adults with MM. These findings indicate that previous in vitro studies suggesting a therapeutic potential for RSV in MM, do not translate into clinically meaningful effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Løkken
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tahmina Khawajazada
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Helbo Storgaard
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maja Elling Christensen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette C Ørngreen
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Mose M, Brodersen K, Rittig N, Schmidt J, Jessen N, Mikkelsen UR, Jørgensen JOL, Møller N. Anabolic effects of oral leucine-rich protein with and without β-hydroxybutyrate on muscle protein metabolism in a novel clinical model of systemic inflammation-a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1159-1172. [PMID: 34081111 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-lactoglobulin (BLG) stimulates muscle protein synthesis and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) inhibits muscle breakdown. Whether combining the 2 can additively attenuate disease-induced muscle loss is unknown. OBJECTIVE Based on previous observations of anticatabolic effects of protein and ketone bodies during inflammation, and using a novel model combining ongoing systemic inflammation, fasting, and immobilization, we tested whether the anticatabolic muscle response to oral amino acids is altered compared with control conditions, as well as whether coadministration of oral BHB and BLG further improves the muscle anabolic response. Muscle net balance (NBphe) was the primary outcome and intramyocellular signals were assessed. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, 8 young men underwent either preconditioning with LPS (prestudy day: 1 ng/kg, study day: 0.5 ng/kg) combined with a 36-h fast and bed rest to mimic catabolic inflammatory disease (CAT) or an overnight fast (control [CTR]) prior to isocaloric nutritional interventions on 3 occasions separated by ∼6 wk (range 42 to 83 d). RESULTS NBphe increased similarly upon all conditions (interaction P = 0.65). From comparable baseline rates, both Rdphe [muscle synthesis, median ratio (95% CI): 0.44 (0.23, 0.86) P = 0.017] and Raphe [muscle breakdown, median ratio (95% CI): 0.46 (0.27, 0.78) P = 0.005] decreased following BHB + BLG compared with BLG. BLG increased Rdphe more under CAT conditions compared with CTR (interaction P = 0.02). CAT increased inflammation, energy expenditure, and lipid oxidation and decreased Rdphe and anabolic signaling [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EPB1) phosphorylation]. CONCLUSION In contrast to our initial hypothesis, NBphe increased similarly following BLG during CAT and CTR conditions; CAT however, specifically stimulated the BLG-mediated increase in protein synthesis, whereas BHB coadministration did not affect NBphe, but distinctly dampened the BLG-induced increase in muscle amino acid fluxes thereby liberating circulating amino acids for anabolic actions elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mose
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Brodersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
| | - N Rittig
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Schmidt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - N Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - J O L Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - N Møller
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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