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Sinha AA, Sajda T. The Evolving Story of Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Development of the "Super Compensation Hypothesis". Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:218. [PMID: 30155465 PMCID: PMC6102394 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data and innovative technologies are re-shaping our understanding of the scope and specificity of the autoimmune response in Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), a prototypical humorally mediated autoimmune skin blistering disorder. Seminal studies identified the desmosomal proteins Desmoglein 3 and 1 (Dsg3 and Dsg1), cadherin family proteins which function to maintain cell adhesion, as the primary targets of pathogenic autoAbs. Consequently, pathogenesis in PV has primarily considered to be the result of anti-Dsg autoAbs alone. However, accumulating data suggesting that anti-Dsg autoAbs by themselves cannot adequately explain the loss of cell-cell adhesion seen in PV, nor account for the disease heterogeneity exhibited across PV patients has spurred the notion that additional autoAb specificities may contribute to disease. To investigate the role of non-Dsg autoAbs in PV, an increasing number of studies have attempted to characterize additional targets of PV autoAbs. The recent advent of protein microarray technology, which allows for the rapid, highly sensitive, and multiplexed assessment of autoAb specificity has facilitated the comprehensive classification of the scope and specificity of the autoAb response in PV. Such detailed deconstruction of the autoimmune response in PV, beyond simply tracking anti-Dsg autoAbs, has provided invaluable new insights concerning disease mechanisms and enhanced disease classification which could directly translate into superior tools for prognostics and clinical management, as well as the development of novel, disease specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Sajda
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Human recombinant anti-thyroperoxidase autoantibodies: in vitro cytotoxic activity on papillary thyroid cancer expressing TPO. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:852-61. [PMID: 20145622 PMCID: PMC2833240 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thyroid cancers are difficult to treat due to their limited responsiveness to chemo- and radiotherapy. There is thus a great interest in and a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Results: We studied the cytotoxic activity of anti-thyroperoxidase autoantibodies (anti-TPO aAbs, expressed in baculovirus/insect cell (B4) and CHO cells (B4′) or purified from patients' sera) against a papillary thyroid cancer (NPA) cell line. Anti-TPO aAbs from patients' sera led to a partial destruction of NPA cell line by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and exhibited an anti-proliferative activity. Comparison of the cytotoxic activity of anti-TPO aAbs shows that B4′ induced an anti-proliferative effect and a better ADCC than B4, but a lower one than anti-TPO aAbs from patients' sera. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was increased when human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used as effector cells, suggesting that FcγRs, CD64, CD32 and CD16 are involved. Indeed, anti-TPO aAbs from patients' sera, but not B4 and B4′, exhibited CDC activity. Conclusions: These data indicate that anti-TPO aAbs display moderate ADCC and anti-proliferative activities on NPA cells; IgG glycosylation appears to be important for cytotoxic activity and ADCC efficiency depends on FcγR-bearing cells. Finally, recombinant human anti-TPO aAbs cannot yet be considered as an optimal tool for the development of a novel therapeutic approach for thyroid cancer.
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McDonald DO, Pearce SHS. Thyroid peroxidase forms thionamide-sensitive homodimers: relevance for immunomodulation of thyroid autoimmunity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:971-80. [PMID: 19669106 PMCID: PMC2757584 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is the key enzyme in thyroid hormone production and a universal autoantigen in Graves’ and other autoimmune thyroid diseases. We wished to explore the expression of TPO and whether it was affected by thionamide antithyroid drugs. We studied recombinant TPO, stably expressed by a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-TPO) and transiently expressed TPO-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and -FLAG fusion proteins. Immunoblotting of CHO-TPO cell extracts showed high-molecular weight (HMW) TPO isoforms that were resistant to reduction, as well as 110 kDa monomeric TPO. Co-immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) binding studies of FLAG- and eGFP-tagged TPO demonstrated TPO dimerisation. CHO-TPO cells cultured in methimazole (MMI) for 10 days showed a significant reduction in HMW-TPO isoforms at MMI concentrations of 1 µM and above (p < 0.01), whereas monomeric TPO expression was unchanged. We observed a similar reduction in HMW-TPO in CHO-TPO cells cultured in propylthiouracil (10 µM and above). Binding of Graves’ disease patient sera and TPO-Fabs to enzymatically active TPO that was captured onto solid phase was not abrogated by MMI. The cellular localisation of TPO in CHO-TPO cells was unchanged by MMI treatment. Our demonstration of homodimeric TPO and the reduction in HMW-TPO isoforms during thionamide treatment of CHO-TPO cells shows, for the first time, an effect of thionamides on TPO structure. This suggests a structural correlate to the effect of thionamides on TPO enzymatic activity and opens up a novel potential mechanism for thionamide immunomodulation of autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. McDonald
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Simon H. S. Pearce
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
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Xie LD, Gao Y, Li MR, Lu GZ, Guo XH. Distribution of immunoglobulin G subclasses of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody in sera from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis with different thyroid functional status. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 154:172-6. [PMID: 18778360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of disease progression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is still unclear. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), a diagnostic hallmark of HT, is principally of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype, and it appears to be a response to thyroid injury. The aim of our study was to evaluate the distribution of IgG subclasses of TPOAb in sera from patients with HT with different thyroid functional status. Sera from 168 patients with newly diagnosed HT were collected and divided into three groups according to thyroid function: patients with hypothyroidism (n = 66), subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 60) and euthyroidism (n = 42). Antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the distribution of TPOAb IgG subclasses. The prevalence of TPOAb IgG subclasses in all patients' sera with HT was IgG1 70.2%, IgG2 35.1%, IgG3 19.6% and IgG4 66.1% respectively. The prevalence of IgG2 in sera from patients with hypothyroidism (51.5%) was significantly higher than that of subclinical hypothyroidism (33.3%) (P < 0.05), and the latter was also significantly higher than that of euthyroidism (11.9%) (P < 0.05). The positive percentage of IgG2 subclass in sera from patients with hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher than that of euthyroidism (P < 0.05), the prevalence and positive percentage of IgG4 subclass in sera from patients with hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher than that of euthyroidism respectively (P < 0.05). The predominant TPOAb IgG subclasses in sera from patients with HT were IgG1 and IgG4. Patients with high levels of TPOAb IgG2, IgG4 subclasses might be at high risk of developing overt hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-D Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mihai S, Chiriac MT, Herrero-González JE, Goodall M, Jefferis R, Savage COS, Zillikens D, Sitaru C. IgG4 autoantibodies induce dermal-epidermal separation. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:1117-28. [PMID: 17979887 PMCID: PMC4401274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a sub-epidermal autoimmune blistering disease associated with autoantibodies to the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). Patients' autoantibodies induce dermal-epidermal separation when co-incubated with cryosections of human skin and leucocytes from healthy volunteers. IgG autoantibodies trigger complement and/or leucocyte activation resulting in specific pathology in several autoimmune conditions. In these diseases, IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes, but not the IgG4 subclass, are thought to trigger inflammatory pathways resulting in tissue damage. The capacity of IgG4 autoantibodies to mediate tissue damage has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we isolated IgG1 and IgG4 autoantibodies from bullous pemhigoid patients'serum and analysed their blister-inducing potential in our cryosection assay. As expected, complement-fixing IgG1 autoantibodies induced sub-epidermal splits in this experimental model. Purified IgG4 did not fix complement, but, interestingly, like IgG1, activated leucocytes and induced dermal-epidermal separation. The potential of IgG4 autoantibodies to induce Fc-dependent dermal-epidermal separation was significantly lower compared to IgG1. Our results demonstrate that IgG4 autoantibodies are able to activate leucocytes and point to a hitherto less recognized function of IgG4. Moreover, for the first time, we clearly demonstrate that BP IgG4 autoantibodies have the capacity to induce leucocyte-dependent tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidonia Mihai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mircea T Chiriac
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Margaret Goodall
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roy Jefferis
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline O S Savage
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cassian Sitaru
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Bresson D, Rebuffat SA, Péraldi-Roux S. Localization of the immunodominant region on human thyroid peroxidase in autoimmune thyroid diseases: an update. JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 2005; 2:2. [PMID: 15769293 PMCID: PMC1084359 DOI: 10.1186/1740-2557-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in the field of autoimmune thyroid diseases have largely focused on the delineation of B-cell auto-epitopes recognized by the main autoantigens to improve our understanding of how these molecules are seen by the immune system. Among these autoantigens which are targeted by autoantibodies during the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases, thyroid peroxidase is a major player. Indeed, high amounts of anti-thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies are found in the sera of patients suffering from Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, respectively hyper and hypothyroidism. Since anti-thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies from patients'sera mainly recognize a discontinuous immunodominant region on thyroid peroxidase and due to the complexity of the three dimensional structure of human thyroid peroxidase, numerous investigations have been necessary to closely localize this immunodominant region. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the localization of the immunodominant region recognized by human thyroid peroxidase-specific autoantibodies generated during the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bresson
- CNRS UMR 5160, Centre de Pharmacologie et Biotechnologie pour la Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Developmental Immunology-3, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sandra A Rebuffat
- CNRS UMR 5160, Centre de Pharmacologie et Biotechnologie pour la Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Péraldi-Roux
- CNRS UMR 5160, Centre de Pharmacologie et Biotechnologie pour la Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Guo J, Pichurin P, Nagayama Y, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Insight into antibody responses induced by plasmid or adenoviral vectors encoding thyroid peroxidase, a major thyroid autoantigen. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:408-15. [PMID: 12780686 PMCID: PMC1808732 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid and adenoviral vectors have been used to generate antibodies in mice that resemble human autoantibodies to the thyrotrophin receptor. No such studies, however, have been performed for thyroid peroxidase (TPO), the major autoantigen in human thyroiditis. We constructed plasmid and adenovirus vectors for in vivo expression of TPO. BALB/c mice were immunized directly by intramuscular injection of TPO-plasmid or TPO-adenovirus, as well as by subcutaneous injection of dendritic cells (DC) infected previously with TPO-adenovirus. Intramuscular TPO-adenovirus induced the highest, and TPO-plasmid the lowest, TPO antibody titres. Mice injected with TPO-transfected DC developed intermediate levels. Antibodies generated by all three approaches had similar affinities (Kd approximately 10(-9)M) and recognized TPO expressed on the cell-surface. Their epitopes were analysed in competition assays using monoclonal human autoantibodies that define the TPO immunodominant region (IDR) recognized by patients with thyroid autoimmune disease. Surprisingly, high titre antibodies generated using adenovirus interacted with diverse TPO epitopes largely outside the IDR, whereas low titre antibodies induced by DNA-plasmid recognized restricted epitopes in the IDR. This inverse relationship between antibody titre and restriction to the IDR is likely to be due to epitope spreading following strong antigenic stimulation provided by the adenovirus vector. However, TPO antibody epitope spreading does not occur in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, despite high autoantibody levels. Consequently, these data support the concept that in human thyroid autoimmunity, factors besides titre must play a role in shaping an autoantibody epitopic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guo
- Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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