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Costa-e-Sousa RH, Rorato R, Hollenberg AN, Vella KR. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Levels by Hypothalamic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons. Thyroid 2023; 33:867-876. [PMID: 37166378 PMCID: PMC10354708 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) have been identified as direct regulators of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormone (TH) levels. They play a significant role in context of negative feedback by TH at the level of TRH gene expression and during fasting when TH levels fall due, in part, to suppression of TRH gene expression. Methods: To test these functions directly for the first time, we used a chemogenetic approach and activated PVN TRH neurons in both fed and fasted mice. Next, to demonstrate the signals that regulate the fasting response in TRH neurons, we activated or inhibited agouti-related protein (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of fed or fasted mice, respectively. To determine if the same TRH neurons responsive to melanocortin signaling mediate negative feedback by TH, we disrupted the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) in all melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) neurons in the PVN. Results: Activation of TRH neurons led to increased TSH and TH levels within 2 hours demonstrating the specific role of PVN TRH neurons in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Moreover, activation of PVN TRH neurons prevented the fall in TH levels in fasting mice. Stimulation of AgRP/NPY neurons led to a fall in TH levels despite increasing feeding. Inhibition of these same neurons prevented the fall in TH levels during a fast presumably via their ability to directly regulate PVN TRH neurons via, in part, the MC4R. Surprisingly, TH-mediated feedback was not impaired in mice lacking TRβ in MC4R neurons. Conclusions: TRH neurons are major regulators of the HPT axis and the fasting-induced suppression of TH levels. The latter relies, at least in part, on the activation of AgRP/NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Interestingly, present data do not support an important role for TRβ signaling in regulating MC4R neurons in the PVN. Thus, it remains possible that different subsets of TRH neurons in the PVN mediate responses to energy balance and to TH feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H. Costa-e-Sousa
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony N. Hollenberg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen R. Vella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Korwutthikulrangsri M, Dosiou C, Dumitrescu AM, Refetoff S. A Novel G385E Variant in the Cold Region of the T3-Binding Domain of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Gene and Investigations to Assess Its Clinical Significance. Eur Thyroid J 2019; 8:293-297. [PMID: 31934554 PMCID: PMC6944928 DOI: 10.1159/000503860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTHβ) is characterized by elevated thyroid hormone and unsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), caused by thyroid hormone receptor beta gene (THRB) defects. Most mutations producing RTHβ phenotype are located in CG-rich regions of THRB, encoding the T3-binding and hinge domains of the receptor. However, a region encompassing codons 384-425 is virtually devoid of RTHβ-causing mutations, termed "cold region." CASE A 49-year-old woman was diagnosed with Hashimoto thyroiditis in her twenties, and levothyroxine (LT4) was initiated. During LT4 treatment she had slightly elevated free thyroxine and TSH levels, suggesting the possibility of RTHβ. RESULTS Sequencing of THRB identified a heterozygous missense variant c.1154G>A producing p.G385E in the proband. Since this variant of unknown significance (VUS) has not been reported in RTHβ individuals and considering its location in the "cold region" of THRB, we questioned its relevance. In silico functional prediction algorithms showed conflicting results: PolyPhen-2 predicted this VUS to be probably damaging with a score of 1.000, while SIFT predicted it to be tolerated with a score of 0.07, thus making additional investigations necessary. Genotyping of family members revealed that the proband's mother and sister, without RTHβ phenotype, also harbored the same variant. This indicates that the THRB G385E variant is unlikely to manifest RTHβ phenotype and confirms its "cold" status. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates that assigning causality of a THRB VUS for RTHβ based only on in silico prediction algorithms is not always fully reliable. Additional phenotype-genotype segregation in family members can assist in predicting functional consequences of missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manassawee Korwutthikulrangsri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chrysoula Dosiou
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Dumitrescu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- *Dr. Alexandra M. Dumitrescu, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, MC3090, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA), E-Mail
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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5
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Liu Y, Qu K, Hai Y, Li X, Zhao L, Zhao C. SNP mutations occurring in thyroid hormone receptor influenced individual susceptibility to triiodothyronine: Molecular dynamics and site-directed mutagenesis approaches. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2604-2616. [PMID: 29024007 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing evidences have suggested that expression of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) coded thyroid hormone receptors (THR) generally are associated with individual susceptibility to chemicals. In the present research, multiple molecular dynamics simulations on four SNP mutants (G332R, T337Δ, G345R, and G347E) were performed to investigate the structural and dynamical altering, which could lead to a binding capability variation to triiodothyronine (T3). It proved the structures of two SNP mutants (G345R and T337Δ) occurring in the THR proteins had experienced conformational change to a great extend, which also led to a significant decreasing in binding ability with T3. In addition, two mutates (G345R and G347E) and wild type THR proteins were expressed and purified based on site-directed mutagenesis technology to test their binding abilities with T3 by fluorescence experiments. The fluorescence quenching efficiencies of two mutates displayed that the conjugation with T3 decreased with a significant rate in G345R system and a little rate in G347E system compared with its wild type. It was consistent with the molecular dynamic research that the SNP mutations did change structures of THR protein, and thereby decreased the binding behavior of T3 at different extent. The overall molecular-level look at the protein structure may provide the structural basis to explain how one amino acid change can create a ripple effect on the protein structures and eventually affect the binding affinity of the ligands, which maybe the first stage to understand how SNP mutation results in individual difference in susceptibility to variant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaquan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaili Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Hai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Quality for Traditional Chinese Medicines of the University of Gansu Province, Gansu University of Chinese Medicines, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Mitchell CS, Savage DB, Dufour S, Schoenmakers N, Murgatroyd P, Befroy D, Halsall D, Northcott S, Raymond-Barker P, Curran S, Henning E, Keogh J, Owen P, Lazarus J, Rothman DL, Farooqi IS, Shulman GI, Chatterjee K, Petersen KF. Resistance to thyroid hormone is associated with raised energy expenditure, muscle mitochondrial uncoupling, and hyperphagia. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1345-54. [PMID: 20237409 PMCID: PMC2846038 DOI: 10.1172/jci38793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), a dominantly inherited disorder usually associated with mutations in thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB), is characterized by elevated levels of circulating thyroid hormones (including thyroxine), failure of feedback suppression of thyrotropin, and variable tissue refractoriness to thyroid hormone action. Raised energy expenditure and hyperphagia are recognized features of hyperthyroidism, but the effects of comparable hyperthyroxinemia in RTH patients are unknown. Here, we show that resting energy expenditure (REE) was substantially increased in adults and children with THRB mutations. Energy intake in RTH subjects was increased by 40%, with marked hyperphagia particularly evident in children. Rates of muscle TCA cycle flux were increased by 75% in adults with RTH, whereas rates of ATP synthesis were unchanged, as determined by 13C/31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mitochondrial coupling index between ATP synthesis and mitochondrial rates of oxidation (as estimated by the ratio of ATP synthesis to TCA cycle flux) was significantly decreased in RTH patients. These data demonstrate that basal mitochondrial substrate oxidation is increased and energy production in the form of ATP synthesis is decreased in the muscle of RTH patients and that resting oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled in this disorder. Furthermore, these observations suggest that mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle is a major contributor to increased REE in patients with RTH, due to tissue selective retention of thyroid hormone receptor alpha sensitivity to elevated thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Mitchell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - David B. Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Peter Murgatroyd
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Douglas Befroy
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - David Halsall
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Samantha Northcott
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Philippa Raymond-Barker
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Suzanne Curran
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Julia Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Penny Owen
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - John Lazarus
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Douglas L. Rothman
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital.
Department of Medicine, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
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