1
|
Mills A, Nassabeh S, Hurley A, Shouldis L, Chantler PD, Dakhlallah D, Olfert IM. Influence of gestational window on offspring vascular health in rodents with in utero exposure to electronic cigarettes. J Physiol 2024; 602:4271-4289. [PMID: 39106241 PMCID: PMC11376404 DOI: 10.1113/jp286493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown cerebrovascular dysfunction in offspring with full-gestational electronic cigarette (Ecig) exposure, but little is known about how individual trimester exposure impacts offspring health. This study aimed to determine if there is a critical window during gestation that contributes to vascular and anxiety-like behavioural changes seen with full-term exposure. To test this, rats were time-mated, and the pregnant dams were randomly assigned to Ecig exposure during first trimester (gestational day, GD2-7), second trimester (GD8-14), third trimester (GD15-21) or full-term gestation (GD2-21). We also assessed the effect of maternal preconception exposure. Both male and female offspring from all maternal exposure conditions were compared to offspring from dams under ambient air (control) conditions. Ecig exposure consisted of 60-puffs/day (5 days/week) using either 5 or 30 watts for each respective exposure group. We found that maternal exposure to Ecig in the second and third trimesters resulted in a decrease (23-38%) in vascular reactivity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) reactivity in 3- and 6-month-old offspring compared to Air offspring. Further, the severity of impairment was comparable to the full-term exposure (31-46%). Offspring also displayed changes in body composition, body mass, anxiety-like behaviour and locomotor activity, indicating that Ecigs influence neurodevelopment and metabolism. Maternal preconception exposure showed no impact on offspring body mass, anxiety-like behaviour, or vascular function. Thus, the critical exposure window where Ecig affects vascular development in offspring occurs during mid- to late-gestation in pregnancy, and both 5 W and 30 W exposure produce significant vascular dysfunction compared to Air. KEY POINTS: Exposure to electronic cigarettes (Ecigs) is known to increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease in both animals and humans. Maternal Ecig use during pregnancy in rodents is found to impair the vascular health of adolescent and adult offspring, but the critical gestation window for Ecig-induced vascular impairment is not known. This study demonstrates Ecig exposure during mid- and late-gestation (i.e. second or third trimester) results in impaired endothelial cell-mediated dilatation (i.e. middle cerebral artery reactivity) and alters anxiety-like behaviour in offspring. Maternal exposure prior to conception did not impact offspring's vascular or anxiety-like behavioural outcomes. Rodent models have been a reliable and useful predictor of inhalation-induced harm to humans. These data indicate maternal use of Ecigs during pregnancy should not be considered safe, and begin to inform clinicians and women about potential long-term harm to their offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Mills
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sydney Nassabeh
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Audra Hurley
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lainey Shouldis
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - I Mark Olfert
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trapphoff T, Ontrup C, Krug S, Dieterle S. Consumption of hookahs, e-cigarettes, and classic cigarettes and the impact on medically assisted reproduction treatment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9597. [PMID: 38671174 PMCID: PMC11053167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Smoking of classic cigarettes has been well-established as a health risk factor, including cardiovascular, neurological, and pulmonary diseases. Adverse effects on human reproduction have also been shown. Smokers are assumed to have a significantly lower chance of pregnancy, however, the impact of smoking on medically assisted reproduction (MAR) treatment outcomes is controversial. Moreover, smoking habits have changed during the last decades since e-cigarettes and hookahs, or water pipes, have become very popular, yet little is known regarding vaping or hookah-smoking patients undergoing MAR treatments. This prospective study aimed to examine the presence of benzo[a]pyrene, nicotine, and its main metabolite, cotinine, in human follicular fluid (FF) in non-smoking, smoking, and vaping/hookah-smoking patients and to evaluate the impact on female fertility. Human FF samples were collected from 320 women subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles due to male subfertility. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry was used to analyse the presence of benzo[a]pyrene, nicotine, and cotinine. A questionnaire was provided to assess patient consumption behaviour and to identify (1) non-smoking patients, (2) patients who consumed cigarettes, and (3) patients with exclusive consumption of e-cigarettes or hookahs. Data were analysed using linear and logistic regression, Fisher's exact test, and the Mann-Whitney U Test. Nicotine was present in 22 (6.8%) and cotinine in 65 (20.3%) of the 320 samples. The nicotine and cotinine concentrations per sample ranged from 0 to 26.3 ng/ml and 0-363.0 ng/ml, respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene was not detectable in any of the samples analysed. Nicotine and cotinine were also present in the FF of patients with exclusive consumption of e-cigarettes or hookahs. The clinical pregnancy rate, fertilization and maturation rates, and number of oocytes per oocyte pick-up were not statistically significantly different between non-smoking, smoking, or vaping/hookah-smoking patients. Smoking and the accumulation of smoking toxins in the FF have no impact on the outcome of MAR treatments-neither the clinical pregnancy rate, maturation and fertilization rates, nor the number of retrieved oocytes were affected. For the first time, nicotine and cotinine were quantified in the FF of patients exclusively vaping e-cigarettes or smoking hookahs. Since vaping liquids and hookah tobaccos contain potentially harmful substances, other adverse effects cannot be excluded.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03414567.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Trapphoff
- Fertility Center Dortmund, Olpe 19, 44135, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Carolin Ontrup
- Fertility Center Dortmund, Olpe 19, 44135, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sonja Krug
- Fertility Center Dortmund, Olpe 19, 44135, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Dieterle
- Fertility Center Dortmund, Olpe 19, 44135, Dortmund, Germany
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Witten/Herdecke, 44135, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tobacco or marijuana use and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2024; 121:589-603. [PMID: 38284953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In the United States, approximately 21% of adults report some form of tobacco use, although 18% report marijuana use. Although the negative impact of tobacco use in pregnancy is well documented, the impact of tobacco and marijuana on fertility and reproduction is less clear. This committee opinion reviews the potential deleterious effects of tobacco, nicotine, and marijuana use on conception, ovarian follicular dynamics, sperm parameters, gamete mutations, early pregnancy, and assisted reproductive technology outcomes. It also reviews the current status of tobacco smoking cessation strategies. This document replaces the 2018 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee document entitled Smoking and Infertility: a committee opinion (Fertil Steril 2018).
Collapse
|
4
|
Bourdon M, Maget AS, Jeljeli M, Doridot L, Marcellin L, Thomas M, Chêne C, Chouzenoux S, Batteux F, Chapron C, Santullli P. Reduced fertility in an adenomyosis mouse model is associated with an altered immune profile in the uterus during the implantation period. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:119-129. [PMID: 38011900 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does a reduction in fertility and/or systemic immune cell change occur during the early implantation period in a mouse model of adenomyosis? SUMMARY ANSWER A reduction in fertility was observed in mice with adenomyosis, coinciding with local and systemic immune changes observed during the implantation period. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Adenomyosis is a pathology responsible for impaired fertility in humans, with a still unclear pathophysiology. One hypothesis is that changes in immune cells observed in adenomyosis-affected uteri may alter fertility, notably the physiological immune environment necessary for successful implantation and a healthy pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Randomly selected CD-1 female neonatal pups were orally dosed by administration of tamoxifen to induce adenomyosis (TAM group), while others received solvent only (control group). From 6 weeks of life, CD-1 mice of both groups were mated to study impaired fertility and related local and/or systemic immune cell changes during the early implantation period. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS To evaluate fertility and pregnancy outcomes, ultrasound imaging was performed at E (embryonic day) 7.5 and E11.5 to count the number of gestational sacs and the number of resorptions in eight mice of the TAM group and 16 mice of the control group. The mice were sacrificed at E18.5, and morphometric, functional (quantitative reverse transcription PCR; RT-qPCR), and histological analyses were performed on the placentas. To identify local and/or systemic immune changes during the early implantation period, 8 mice of the TAM group and 12 mice of the control group were sacrificed at E4.5. Uterine horns and spleens were collected for flow cytometry and RT-qPCR analyses to study the immune cell populations. To investigate the profile of the cytokines secreted during the early implantation period at the systemic level, supernatants from stimulated spleen cells were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE By ultrasound imaging, we observed a lower number of implantation sites (P < 0.005) and a higher number of resorptions (P < 0.001) in the TAM group, leading to smaller litters (average number of fetuses per litter: 1.00 [0.00; 5.25] in the TAM group versus 12.00 [9.50; 13.75] in the control group (P < 0.001). Histological and morphometric analyses of the placentas at E18.5 showed a higher junctional/labyrinthine area ratio in the TAM group (P = 0.005). The expression levels of genes that play a role in vascularization and placental growth (Vegf (P < 0.001), Plgf (P < 0.005), Pecam (P < 0.0001), and Igf2 (P = 0.002)) were reduced in the TAM group. In the TAM group, the percentages of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DC) were significantly decreased in the uterus around the implantation period. However, the number of M1 macrophages was increased. Both macrophages and DC had an increased activation profile (higher expression of MCHII, P = 0.012; CD80, P = 0.015; CCR7, P = 0.043 for macrophages, and higher expression of CD206, P = 0.018; CXCR4, P = 0.010; CCR7, P = 0.006, MCHII, P = 0.010; and CD80, P = 0.012 for DC). In spleen, an increase in the activation of macrophages (CCR7, P = 0.002; MCHII, P = 0.001; and CD80, P = 0.034) and DC was observed in the TAM group (CCR7, P = 0.001; MCHII, P = 0.001; Ly6C, P = 0.015). In the uteri and the spleen, we observed increased percentages of CD4+ T lymphocytes (P = 0.0237 and P = 0.0136, respectively) in the TAM group and, in the uteri, an increased number of regulatory T cells (P = 0.036) compared with the controls. LARGE SCALE DATA Not applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study is limited by the use of an animal model and the lack of intervention. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These data support involvement of innate and adaptive immune cells in the implantation failure and the increased rate of resorption observed in the mouse model of adenomyosis. This substantiates the need for additional research in this domain, with the goal of addressing fertility challenges in women affected by this condition. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) None.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bourdon
- Department of Gynaecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - A S Maget
- Department of Gynaecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - M Jeljeli
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - L Doridot
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - L Marcellin
- Department of Gynaecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - M Thomas
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - C Chêne
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - F Batteux
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Chapron
- Department of Gynaecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - P Santullli
- Department of Gynaecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai J, Bidulescu A. The association between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette and prediabetes, diabetes, or insulin resistance: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 251:110948. [PMID: 37666093 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have established associations between combustible cigarette use and diabetes. However, there is limited evidence on the association between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes and diabetes. METHOD With cross-sectional data of 5101 U.S. adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this study examined how e-cigarette use or dual use was related to diabetes, prediabetes, or insulin resistance. The presence of diabetes or prediabetes was determined by fasting glucose level, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), or the use of prescribed medications. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostatic model (HOMA-IR). The independent association between e-cigarette use or dual use and outcomes was examined using weighted multivariable logistic regression models controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Of all participants, 6.3% were current e-cigarette users and 17.1% were former e-cigarette users. In the fully adjusted model, e-cigarette use was not associated with prediabetes or diabetes (P>0.05). However, former e-cigarette users were 22% (95% CI: 1.00, 1.84) more likely to report higher HOMA-IR (Q3 vs Q1) than never e-cigarette users. Among ever combustible cigarette users, current e-cigarette users and former e-cigarette users were 63% (95% CI: 1.00, 2.91) and 64% (95% CI: 1.04, 2.59) more likely to report higher HOMA-IR than never e-cigarette users, respectively. There was no significant association between dual use and diabetes, prediabetes, or insulin resistance (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette use may be associated with insulin resistance. Our findings may inform future tobacco control policies and longitudinal studies assessing insulin resistance associated with e-cigarette use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cousin O, Vandecandelaere A, Bosquet D, Lefranc E, Scheffler F, Copin H, Mattoug S, Ben Khalifa M, Cabry R. [Electronic cigarettes and fertility: True or false friends?]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2023; 51:378-383. [PMID: 36931597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
While electronic cigarettes have been on the rise in France for the past ten years, data on their prevalence, use patterns and safety have remained fragmented and controversial. Electronic cigarettes seem to not be a harmless product to use, because although they contain fewer harmful substances than traditional cigarettes, they still contain toxic products such as endocrine disruptors, which appear to have a negative impact on hormonal homeostasis, morphology and functioning of the animal reproductive system. Mostly presented as a harmless alternative to traditional cigarettes by industry lobbies, electronic cigarettes are often offered as an aid to smoking cessation in the same way as nicotinic substitutes. This strategy is especially proposed without knowledge of its effects on human reproductive health. Indeed, there are currently very few scientific publications, which study the impact of the use of electronic cigarettes, nicotine and the vapours it delivers on fertility and the functioning of the human female and male reproductive systems. Thus, the great majority of the data we have to date come from studies carried out in animal populations and show that electronic cigarettes exposure affect fertility. There is, to our knowledge, no scientific publication on the results in Assisted Reproductive Technology in case of use of electronic cigarettes, motivating the realization of the study IVF-VAP currently underway in the department of Medicine and Biology of Reproduction of the Amiens Picardie University Hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Cousin
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - A Vandecandelaere
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - D Bosquet
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - E Lefranc
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - F Scheffler
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - H Copin
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - S Mattoug
- 1, rond-point du Professeur Christian-Cabrol, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - M Ben Khalifa
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - R Cabry
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mohammed AK. Impact of Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain with Mode of Delivery on Health Behavior of Primigravida Women. Am J Health Behav 2023; 47:579-587. [PMID: 37596743 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.47.3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This research was conducted to analyze the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy and weight gain in childbirth. This research is also an approach to understand women health behavior for BMI. Methods: In this descriptive analysis of 588 singleton pregnancies, their pre-pregnancy BMI was measured and gestational weight growth in the third trimester, all reserved pregnant women were tracked, and the method of delivery was recorded in Maternity Teaching Hospital from February to December 2020. The data collected throughout the investigation were analyzed using the SPSS 25 package application. Results: According to the study's findings, the average age of women was 24.4 years old, with a standard deviation of 5.04. About 66% of women had standard BMI, 17.56% were underweight, 10.13% were overweight, and 6.08% were obese. Conclusion: A statistically significant association was discovered between maternal weight during pregnancy and mode of delivery in this study. The study highlighted that women health behavior is significant factor to improve their BMI during pregnancy and delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atiya Kareem Mohammed
- Department of Maternal Neonatal Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Montjean D, Godin Pagé MH, Bélanger MC, Benkhalifa M, Miron P. An Overview of E-Cigarette Impact on Reproductive Health. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030827. [PMID: 36983982 PMCID: PMC10053939 DOI: 10.3390/life13030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are often considered a "safe substitute" for conventional cigarette cessation. The composition of the fluid is not always clearly defined and shows a large variation within brands and manufacturers. More than 80 compounds were detected in liquids and aerosols. E-cigarettes contain nicotine, and the addition of flavorings increases the toxicity of e-cigarette vapour in a significant manner. The heat generated by the e-cigarette leads to the oxidation and decomposition of its components, eventually forming harmful constituents in the inhaled vapour. The effects of these toxicants on male and female reproduction are well established in conventional cigarette smokers. Although toxins were measured at much lower levels in e-cigarette aerosols compared to smoke from a conventional cigarette, there are concerns about their potential impact on male and female reproduction. The information available was mainly obtained from studies conducted in animal models, and investigations in humans are scarce. However, the effects observed in animal models suggest that caution should be taken when vaping and that more research needs to be conducted to identify its potential adverse effects on fertility. The prevalence of e-cigarette usage is alarming, and warnings should be made about the impact of vaping on reproductive health. This document reviews the data regarding the impact of e-cigarette use on male and female reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Montjean
- Fertilys Fertility Center, 1950 Maurice-Gauvin Street, Laval, QC H7S 1Z5, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Claire Bélanger
- Fertilys Fertility Center, 1950 Maurice-Gauvin Street, Laval, QC H7S 1Z5, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), CHUM Research Center, 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Moncef Benkhalifa
- Fertilys Fertility Center, 1950 Maurice-Gauvin Street, Laval, QC H7S 1Z5, Canada
- Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction et Laboratoire PERITOX, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CBH-CHU Amiens Picardie, 1 Rond-Point du Professeur Christian Cabrol, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Pierre Miron
- Fertilys Fertility Center, 1950 Maurice-Gauvin Street, Laval, QC H7S 1Z5, Canada
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arafah M, Aldawood N, Alrezaki A, Nahdi S, Alwasel S, Mansour L, Harrath AH. Prenatal exposure to acrylamide differently affected the sex ratio, aromatase and apoptosis in female adult offspring of two subsequent generations. Physiol Res 2023; 72:59-69. [PMID: 36545876 PMCID: PMC10069810 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of acrylamide (ACR) exposure during pregnancy on the ovary of female adult offspring of two subsequent generations. Sixty-day-old Wistar albino female rats were given different doses of ACR (2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day) from day 6 of pregnancy until giving birth. Females from the first generation (AF1) were fed ad libitum, and thereafter, a subgroup was euthanized at 8 weeks of age and ovary samples were obtained. The remaining females were maintained until they reached sexual maturity (50 days old) and then treated in the same way as the previous generation to obtain the second generation of females (AF2). The histopathological examination indicated a high frequency of corpora lutea along with an increased number of antral follicles that reached the selectable stage mainly at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day. Interestingly, ACR exposure significantly increased the mRNA levels of CYP19 gene and its corresponding CYP19 protein expression in AF1 females. The TUNEL assay showed a significantly high rate of apoptosis in stromal cells except for dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day. However, in AF2 females, ACR exposure significantly increased the number of degenerating follicles and cysts while the number of growing follicles was reduced. Moreover, in both ACR-treated groups, estradiol-producing enzyme CYP19A gene and its corresponding protein were significantly reduced, and an excessive apoptosis was produced. We concluded that the ovarian condition of AF1 females had considerable similarity to the typical early perimenopausal stage, whereas that of AF2 females was similar to the late perimenopausal stage in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Arafah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vivarelli F, Granata S, Rullo L, Mussoni M, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Fimognari C, Cruz-Chamorro I, Carrillo-Vico A, Paolini M, Canistro D. On the toxicity of e-cigarettes consumption: Focus on pathological cellular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106315. [PMID: 35724819 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains without a doubt one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. In combination with conventional protocols for smoking cessation, e-cigarettes have been proposed as a useful tool to quit smoking. Advertised as almost free of toxic effects, e-cigarettes have rapidly increased their popularity, becoming a sought-after device, especially among young people. Recently some health concerns about e-cigarette consumption are being raised. It is well known that they can release several toxic compounds, some of which are carcinogenic to humans, and emerging results are now outlining the risks related to the onset of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. The present review shows the emerging evidence about the role of technical components of the devices, the e-liquid composition as well as customization by consumers. The primary topics we discuss are the main toxicological aspects associated with e-cigarette consumption, focusing on the molecular pathways involved. Here it will be shown how exposure to e-cigarette aerosol induces stress/mitochondrial toxicity, DNA breaks/fragmentation following the same pathological pathways triggered by tobacco smoke, including the deregulation of molecular signalling axis associated with cancer progression and cell migration. Risk to fertility and pregnancy, as well as cardiovascular risk associated with e-cigarette use, have also been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Granata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Milano - Bicocca
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Mussoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cahill KM, Johnson TK, Perveen Z, Schexnayder M, Xiao R, Heffernan LM, Langohr IM, Paulsen DB, Penn AL, Noël A. In utero exposures to mint-flavored JUUL aerosol impair lung development and aggravate house dust mite-induced asthma in adult offspring mice. Toxicology 2022; 477:153272. [PMID: 35878681 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are few reports concerning electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use during pregnancy and no studies on asthma in prenatally JUUL-exposed offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that in utero JUUL exposure causes unfavorable birth outcomes and lasting pulmonary health effects in adult offspring. BALB/c dams were exposed to either air or mint-flavored JUUL aerosol, 1-hr/d, 20 consecutive days during gestation. Offspring were sacrificed on post-natal day (PND) 0 or at 11-week of age, following house dust mite (HDM) challenge. Gene expression was assessed in the uterine/placental tissue of the dams and lung responses were assessed in offspring at PND0 and at 11 weeks of age. JUUL-exposed offspring exhibited decreased body weights and lengths at PND0. These birth outcomes were accompanied by dysregulation of 54 genes associated with hypoxia and oxidative stress in the uterine/placental tissues of JUUL-exposed dams, as well as 24 genes in the lungs of the offspring related to Wnt signaling, plus 9 genes related to epigenetics, and 7 genes related to inflammation. At 11 weeks of age, JUUL + HDM exposed mice exhibited pulmonary inflammation when compared to their respective air + HDM controls. Additionally, the JUUL + HDM exposure dysregulated several genes associated with allergies and asthma. Further, the JUUL + HDM females showed decreased methylation of the promoter region of the Il10ra gene. Taken together, our mouse model shows that inhalation of JUUL aerosols during pregnancy affects the intrauterine environment, impairs lung development, and heightens the effects of allergic airway responses later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerin M Cahill
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Trenton K Johnson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Zakia Perveen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Matthew Schexnayder
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Linda M Heffernan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Daniel B Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Arthur L Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hod R, Mohd Nor NH, Maniam S. Systematic review on e-cigarette and its effects on weight gain and adipocytes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270818. [PMID: 35788209 PMCID: PMC9255744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and obesity are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. E-cigarette which was first introduced in 2000s is perceived as an effective alternative to conventional tobacco smoking. Limited knowledge is available regarding the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. This study systematically reviews the current literature on the effects of e-cigarettes on body weight changes and adipocytes. The search was performed using OVID Medline and Scopus databases and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were independently assessed. This review included all English language, empirical quantitative and qualitative papers that investigated the effects of e-cigarettes on bodyweight or lipid accumulation or adipocytes. Literature searches identified 4965 references. After removing duplicates and screening for eligibility, thirteen references which involve human, in vivo and in vitro studies were reviewed and appraised. High prevalence of e-cigarette was reported in majority of the cross sectional studies conducted among respondent who are obese or overweight. More conclusive findings were identified in in vivo studies with e-cigarette causing weight decrease. However, these observations were not supported by in vitro data. Hence, the effect of e-cigarette on body weight changes warrants further investigations. Well-designed population and molecular studies are needed to further elucidate the role of e-cigarettes in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Hod
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Mohd Nor
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Maniam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alghobary M, Mostafa T. Addiction and human male fertility: A systematic review and a critical appraisal. Andrology 2022; 10:1073-1095. [PMID: 35588397 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addiction is a global problem that has many negative consequences on human health as well as the quality of life. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to assess the effect of addiction on human male fertility. METHODS A systematic review was conducted on various electronic sites. RESULTS The initial literature search identified a total of 5239 articles in all searched databases. After removing duplicates and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria,177 were potential articles, 112 were omitted because no direct relevance was encountered. Finally, 65 studies were retained for review. They were classified according to the type of addiction into; opioids and cannabinoids (18 articles), alcohol (7 articles), cocaine (2 articles), Androgenic Anabolic steroids AAS (15 articles), tobacco (10 articles) and caffeine (13 articles). Most of these recruited articles demonstrated a negative impact of the addressed substance on male fertility with variable levels of evidence. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that addiction harms human male fertility that should be put into consideration. More future studies are needed after a proper methodological and statistical approach, including logistic regression analysis, to predict the effect of a specific substance on human male fertility. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moheiddin Alghobary
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Taymour Mostafa
- Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Angley M, Qi X, Lu L, D'Alton ME, Kahe K. Maternal electronic cigarette exposure in relation to offspring development: a comprehensive review. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022; 4:100659. [PMID: 35568317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become increasingly popular in young generations in the United States. Because the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with combustible cigarette smoking are well-recognized, many pregnant women switch to e-cigarettes believing that this alternative is low in toxic chemicals. However, most e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which can easily pass through the placenta and accumulate to a high concentration in fetal blood circulation. Studies have also detected toxic metals (eg, lead, cadmium, and nickel) in e-cigarettes, and carbonyl compounds and flavorings, which are suggested to be irritative and even carcinogenic. There are questions that need to be answered about the risks of e-cigarette exposure during pregnancy. Unfortunately, research evaluating the association between maternal e-cigarette exposure and offspring health is scarce, especially with regard to human studies. Some evidence from laboratory and animal studies, although inconsistent, showed that maternal exposure to e-cigarette vapor may lead to restricted growth of offspring. E-cigarette exposure may also have an impact on the metabolic health of offspring, manifested as distorted glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. In addition, in utero exposure may lead to defects in respiratory, vascular, and neurologic system development. For humans, investigations mostly focused on immediate birth outcomes such as small-for-gestational-age neonates, low birthweight, and preterm birth; however, the results were inconclusive. Research also suggests that maternal e-cigarette exposure may result in compromised neurodevelopment in newborns. In summary, current evidence is insufficient to rigorously evaluate the health impacts of maternal e-cigarette use on offspring development. Future investigations are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, XX D'Alton, and XX Kahe); Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, and XX Kahe)
| | - Meghan Angley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, XX D'Alton, and XX Kahe); Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, and XX Kahe)
| | - Xinran Qi
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (XX Qi)
| | - Liping Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, XX D'Alton, and XX Kahe); Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, and XX Kahe)
| | - Mary E D'Alton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, XX D'Alton, and XX Kahe)
| | - Ka Kahe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, XX D'Alton, and XX Kahe); Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (XX Zhang, XX Angley, XX Lu, and XX Kahe).
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cahill KM, Gartia MR, Sahu S, Bergeron SR, Heffernan LM, Paulsen DB, Penn AL, Noël A. In utero exposure to electronic-cigarette aerosols decreases lung fibrillar collagen content, increases Newtonian resistance and induces sex-specific molecular signatures in neonatal mice. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:205-224. [PMID: 35415078 PMCID: PMC8960495 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 7% of pregnant women in the United States use electronic-cigarette (e-cig) devices during pregnancy. There is, however, no scientific evidence to support e-cig use as being 'safe' during pregnancy. Little is known about the effects of fetal exposures to e-cig aerosols on lung alveologenesis. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that in utero exposure to e-cig aerosol impairs lung alveologenesis and pulmonary function in neonates. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed 2 h a day for 20 consecutive days during gestation to either filtered air or cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol (36 mg/mL of nicotine). Lung tissue was collected in offspring during lung alveologenesis on postnatal day (PND) 5 and PND11. Lung function was measured at PND11. Exposure to e-cig aerosol in utero led to a significant decrease in body weights at birth which was sustained through PND5. At PND5, in utero e-cig exposures dysregulated genes related to Wnt signaling and epigenetic modifications in both females (~ 120 genes) and males (40 genes). These alterations were accompanied by reduced lung fibrillar collagen content at PND5-a time point when collagen content is close to its peak to support alveoli formation. In utero exposure to e-cig aerosol also increased the Newtonian resistance of offspring at PND11, suggesting a narrowing of the conducting airways. At PND11, in females, transcriptomic dysregulation associated with epigenetic alterations was sustained (17 genes), while WNT signaling dysregulation was largely resolved (10 genes). In males, at PND11, the expression of only 4 genes associated with epigenetics was dysregulated, while 16 Wnt related-genes were altered. These data demonstrate that in utero exposures to cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosols alter lung structure and function and induce sex-specific molecular signatures during lung alveologenesis in neonatal mice. This may reflect epigenetic programming affecting lung disease development later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerin M. Cahill
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Manas R. Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Sushant Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA
| | - Sarah R. Bergeron
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Linda M. Heffernan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Daniel B. Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Arthur L. Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Developmental Effects of Electronic Cigarette Use. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3337-3346. [PMID: 35578965 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes have gained widespread acceptance among adolescents and young adults. As a result of this popularity, there are concerns regarding the potential harm of primary, secondhand and thirdhand electronic cigarette exposures on fetal and postnatal development. In vitro studies have shown that constituents in electronic cigarette liquids, including nicotine, flavorings, and carrier agents can alter cellular processes and growth. Additionally, aerosolized electronic cigarette emissions have been shown to disrupt organ development and immune responses in preclinical studies. In clinical studies, an association between electronic cigarette use and frequent respiratory symptoms, greater asthma severity and impaired mucociliary clearance has been demonstrated with adolescent and young adult users of electronic cigarettes having twice the frequency of cough, mucus production, or bronchitis compared to nonusers. Along with the popularity of electronic cigarette use, secondhand electronic cigarette exposure has increased substantially; with almost one-fourth of middle and high school children reporting exposure to secondhand vapors. The health consequences of secondhand electronic cigarette exposure on children and other vulnerable populations are poorly understood but detectable levels of cotinine have been measured in nonusers. Pregnant women and their offspring are another vulnerable group at increased risk for health consequences from electronic cigarette exposure. Nicotine crosses the placenta and can disrupt brain and lung development in preclinical studies. This article will focus on the physiological and health effects associated with primary or secondhand exposure to electronic cigarettes. It is expected that with ongoing availability of electronic cigarettes as well as the accumulation of additional follow-up time for long-term outcomes, the risks associated with exposure will become better clarified. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3337-3346, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Collaco
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon A McGrath-Morrow
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The use of electronic (e)-cigarettes was initially considered a beneficial solution to conventional cigarette smoking cessation. However, paradoxically, e-cigarette use is rapidly growing among nonsmokers, including youth and young adults. In 2019, this rapid growth resulted in an epidemic of hospitalizations and deaths of e-cigarette users (vapers) due to acute lung injury; this novel disease was termed e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Pathophysiologic mechanisms of EVALI likely involve cytotoxicity and neutrophilic inflammation caused by inhaled chemicals, but further details remain unknown. The undiscovered mechanisms of EVALI are a barrier to identifying biomarkers and developing therapeutics. Furthermore, adverse effects of e-cigarette use have been linked to chronic lung diseases and systemic effects on multiple organs. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the diverse spectrum of vaping exposures, epidemiological and clinical reports, and experimental findings to provide a better understanding of EVALI and the adverse health effects of chronic e-cigarette exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Walayat A, Li Y, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Liu B, Shao XM, Zhang L, Xiao D. Fetal e-cigarette exposure programs a neonatal brain hypoxic-ischemic sensitive phenotype via altering DNA methylation patterns and autophagy signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R791-R801. [PMID: 34524928 PMCID: PMC8616627 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00207.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal e-cigarette (e-cig) exposure is a pressing perinatal health concern. Emerging evidence reveals its potential adverse impacts on brain development in offspring, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study tested the hypothesis that fetal e-cig exposure induces an aberrant DNA methylation profile in the developing brain, leading to alteration of autophagic flux signaling and programming of a sensitive phenotype to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Pregnant rats were exposed to chronic intermittent e-cig aerosol. Neonates were examined at the age of 9 days old. Maternal e-cig exposure decreased the body weight and brain weight but enhanced the brain-to-body weight ratio in the neonates. E-cig exposure induced a gender-dependent increase in hypoxic-ischemia-induced brain injury in male neonates associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. It differentially altered DNA methyltransferase expression and enhanced both global DNA methylation levels and specific CpG methylation at the autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) promoter. In addition, maternal e-cig exposure caused downregulations of ATG5, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β, and sirtuin 1 expression in neonatal brains. Of importance, knockdown of ATG5 in neonatal pups exaggerated neonatal HIE. In conclusion, the present study reveals that maternal e-cig exposure downregulates autophagy-related gene expression via DNA hypermethylation, leading to programming of a hypoxic-ischemic sensitive phenotype in the neonatal brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Walayat
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yong Li
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yingjie Fu
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Bailin Liu
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xuesi M Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
DeVito EE, Fagle T, Allen AM, Pang RD, Petersen N, Smith PH, Weinberger AH. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use and Pregnancy II: Perinatal Outcomes Following ENDS Use During Pregnancy. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021; 8:366-379. [PMID: 35368552 PMCID: PMC8974704 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review examines the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes following electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use during pregnancy, and considers whether there are sufficient data to support ENDS as a harm reduction approach during pregnancy. Recent Findings Seven papers assessed perinatal outcomes following ENDS use during pregnancy. There was evidence that ENDS use was associated with increased risk for some adverse perinatal outcomes (e.g., small for gestational age). However, the repeated use of data sets, insufficient data (e.g., timing of ENDS use, type of ENDS products used), and limited samples size, contributed to mixed findings on the degree to which ENDS use (alone or in combination with combustible cigarettes (CC)) impacts the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes relative to CC smoking alone. Summary The current data are still insufficient to support ENDS as a harm reduction approach, though findings do warrant concern and more detailed investigation of ENDS use during pregnancy. Future research directions, as well as implications for clinical recommendations and tobacco regulatory science are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise E. DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tessa Fagle
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alicia M. Allen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine – Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Raina D. Pang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip H. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, College of Education, Health and Society, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Andrea H. Weinberger
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University and Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bonner E, Chang Y, Christie E, Colvin V, Cunningham B, Elson D, Ghetu C, Huizenga J, Hutton SJ, Kolluri SK, Maggio S, Moran I, Parker B, Rericha Y, Rivera BN, Samon S, Schwichtenberg T, Shankar P, Simonich MT, Wilson LB, Tanguay RL. The chemistry and toxicology of vaping. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107837. [PMID: 33753133 PMCID: PMC8263470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emerson Christie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Colvin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brittany Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Elson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christine Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Juliana Huizenga
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sara J Hutton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Maggio
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Rericha
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samantha Samon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Trever Schwichtenberg
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsay B Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Understanding Rising Electronic Cigarette Use. Obstet Gynecol 2021; 137:521-527. [PMID: 33543893 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaping is the act of inhaling an aerosol generated by an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette), a battery-powered device that heats a reservoir of liquid, typically nicotine-containing, to deliver contents to the user. E-cigarettes were initially introduced as a means of smoking cessation, although evidence of their effectiveness is limited. There is a widespread perception that these products are a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes, driven in large part by marketing efforts by e-cigarette manufacturers. Yet to achieve vaporization, temperatures are so high that components of the device hardware, such as metals, plastics, rubber and foam, are aerosolized and inhaled along with the vaporized e-liquid containing nicotine, flavoring and solvents. We do not fully understand the health consequences of such aerosol exposure, particularly long-term effects, but short-term negative cardiovascular and respiratory effects have been demonstrated. Very few studies have evaluated the reproductive effect of e-cigarette use. We do not know whether vaping during pregnancy affects birth outcomes or the lifelong health of the fetus. There has been an exponential rise in the use of e-cigarettes in the United States since their introduction, particularly among youths, while concurrently there has been a laudable reduction in conventional cigarette use. It is imperative that obstetrician-gynecologists have a basic understanding of e-cigarettes, screen all patients as is consistently done for conventional smoking, and provide resources to patients about potential negative consequences of use.
Collapse
|
23
|
Testa A, Jackson DB, Boccio C. Stressful life events and electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Soc Sci Med 2021; 276:113845. [PMID: 33761384 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Smoking during pregnancy poses a significant health risk for infant well-being. Prior research has linked experiencing stressful life events (SLEs) during pregnancy to prenatal smoking. However, extant research has not assessed whether SLEs experienced during pregnancy are a risk factor for prenatal electronic cigarette use. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the association between SLEs and electronic cigarette use during the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS We employ data on 70,626 recent mothers from the 2016-2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Logistic and multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association between SLEs and electronic cigarette use during the third-trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS The prevalence of electronic cigarette use increased alongside an accumulating history of SLEs (0 SLEs = 0.4%; 1-2 SLEs = 0.9%; 3-5 SLEs = 1.9%; 6+ SLEs = 5.0%). Logistic regression models found 6 or more SLEs were associated with 4.7 times higher odds of electronic cigarette use relative to 0 SLEs after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (AOR = 4.705, 95% CI = 2.960, 7.479). Study findings also showed that women who experienced greater levels of SLEs had a higher prevalence of using any nicotine products (i.e., exclusive electronic cigarette user, exclusive cigarette user, dual user), relative to being a non-smoker. Findings from multinomial logistic regression models revealed that a higher number of SLEs was associated with an increased relative risk of all smoking outcomes. Still, these associations were particularly pronounced in the case of exclusive electronic cigarette user (ARR = 8.485, 95% CI = 4.900, 14.692) and dual-use (ARR = 8.348, 95% CI = 4.113, 16.945) when participants experienced 6 or more SLEs (relative to 0 SLEs). CONCLUSIONS Considering the potentially harmful ramifications of electronic cigarette use during pregnancy there is a need for interventions that reduce stressful experiences and decrease smoking during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cashen Boccio
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
El-Merhie N, Krüger A, Uliczka K, Papenmeier S, Roeder T, Rabe KF, Wagner C, Angstmann H, Krauss-Etschmann S. Sex dependent effect of maternal e-nicotine on F1 Drosophila development and airways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4441. [PMID: 33627715 PMCID: PMC7904947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes are heavily advertised as healthier alternative to common tobacco cigarettes, leading more and more women to switch from regular cigarettes to ENDS (electronic nicotine delivery system) during pregnancy. While the noxious consequences of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on the offspring health are well-described, information on the long-term consequences due to maternal use of e-cigarettes do not exist so far. Therefore, we aimed to investigate how maternal e-nicotine influences offspring development from earliest life until adulthood. To this end, virgin female Drosophila melanogaster flies were exposed to nicotine vapor (8 µg nicotine) once per hour for a total of eight times. Following the last exposure, e-nicotine or sham exposed females were mated with non-exposed males. The F1-generation was then analyzed for viability, growth and airway structure. We demonstrate that maternal exposure to e-nicotine not only leads to reduced maternal fertility, but also negatively affects size and weight, as well as tracheal development of the F1-generation, lasting from embryonic stage until adulthood. These results not only underline the need for studies investigating the effects of maternal vaping on offspring health, but also propose our established model for analyzing molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways mediating these intergenerational changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia El-Merhie
- Division of Experimental Asthma Research, Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
| | - Arne Krüger
- Division of Experimental Asthma Research, Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
| | - Karin Uliczka
- Division of Experimental Asthma Research, Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
- Invertebrate Models, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stephanie Papenmeier
- Division of Experimental Asthma Research, Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
- Invertebrate Models, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Zoology, Christian Albrechts University, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus F Rabe
- Department of Pneumology, LungenClinic, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Grosshansdorf, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Wagner
- Invertebrate Models, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Hanna Angstmann
- Division of Experimental Asthma Research, Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Division of Experimental Asthma Research, Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany.
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tarran R, Barr RG, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A, Chu HW, Dalton P, Doerschuk CM, Drummond MB, Gold DR, Goniewicz ML, Gross ER, Hansel NN, Hopke PK, Kloner RA, Mikheev VB, Neczypor EW, Pinkerton KE, Postow L, Rahman I, Samet JM, Salathe M, Stoney CM, Tsao PS, Widome R, Xia T, Xiao D, Wold LE. E-Cigarettes and Cardiopulmonary Health. FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab004. [PMID: 33748758 PMCID: PMC7948134 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes have surged in popularity over the last few years, particularly among youth and young adults. These battery-powered devices aerosolize e-liquids, comprised of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, typically with nicotine, flavors, and stabilizers/humectants. Although the use of combustible cigarettes is associated with several adverse health effects including multiple pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, the effects of e-cigarettes on both short- and long-term health have only begun to be investigated. Given the recent increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes, there is an urgent need for studies to address their potential adverse health effects, particularly as many researchers have suggested that e-cigarettes may pose less of a health risk than traditional combustible cigarettes and should be used as nicotine replacements. This report is prepared for clinicians, researchers, and other health care providers to provide the current state of knowledge on how e-cigarette use might affect cardiopulmonary health, along with research gaps to be addressed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation Center University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hong W Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Pamela Dalton
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Department of Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Bradley Drummond
- Department of Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Kloner
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir B Mikheev
- Individual and Population Health, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Evan W Neczypor
- Biomedical Science Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Postow
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Catherine M Stoney
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Widome
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - DaLiao Xiao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Lawrence D Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Colleges of Medicine and Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Adverse effects of fetal exposure of electronic-cigarettes and high-fat diet on male neonatal hearts. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 118:104573. [PMID: 33212125 PMCID: PMC8501912 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. The cardiovascular risk in the offspring associated with in utero nicotine exposure is further exaggerated by maternal obesity. The consumption of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is alarmingly increasing among adolescents and young adults without the knowledge of their harmful health effects. There has also been a substantial increase in e-cigarette use by women of reproductive age. This study investigates the detrimental effects of gestational exposure of e-cigarette and a high-fat diet (HFD) on neonatal hearts. Time-mated pregnant mice were fed a HFD and exposed to saline or e-cigarette aerosol with 2.4% nicotine from embryonic day 4 (E4) to E20. We demonstrated that in utero exposure of e-cigarettes and HFD from E4 to E20 triggers cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis in the offspring at postnatal day1 (PND1), PND3, and PND14. Induction of CM apoptosis following gestational exposure of e-cigarettes and HFD was associated with inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), increased cardiac oxidative stress coupled with perturbation of cardiac BAX/ BCL-2 ratio and activation of caspase 3 at PND 14. Electron microscopy further revealed that left ventricles of pups at PND14 after e-cigarette exposure exhibited apoptotic nuclei, convoluted nuclear membranes, myofibrillar derangement, and enlarged mitochondria occasionally showing signs of crystolysis, indicative of cardiomyopathy and cardiac dysfunction. Our results show profound adverse effects of prenatal exposure of e-cigarette plus HFD in neonatal hearts that may lead to long-term adverse cardiac consequences in the adult.
Collapse
|
27
|
Corona G, Sansone A, Pallotti F, Ferlin A, Pivonello R, Isidori AM, Maggi M, Jannini EA. People smoke for nicotine, but lose sexual and reproductive health for tar: a narrative review on the effect of cigarette smoking on male sexuality and reproduction. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1391-1408. [PMID: 32323225 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review the impact of smoking habits on cardiovascular (CV) as well as on male sexual and reproductive function and to provide updated evidence on the role of electronic cigarettes (e-Cig) on the same topics. METHODS A comprehensive Medline, Embase, and Cochrane search was performed including the following words: smoking, CV system, CV risk, erectile dysfunction (ED), and male fertility. Publications from January 1, 1969 up to February 29, 2020 were included. RESULTS Smoking has a tremendous negative impact on CV mortality and morbidity. Current smoking behavior is also negatively associated with erectile dysfunction (ED) and impaired sperm parameters. E-Cig can release significantly lower concentrations of harmful substances when compared to regular combustible cigarettes. Whether or not the latter can result in positive CV, sexual, and fertility outcomes is still under study. Preliminary studies showed that exposure to e-Cig leads to lower vascular damage when compared to the traditional cigarette use. However, data on the long-term effects of e-Cig are lacking. Similarly, preliminary data, obtained in animal models, have suggested a milder effect of e-Cig on erectile function and sperm parameters. CONCLUSION Available evidence showed that e-Cig are much less dangerous when compared to the traditional tobacco use. However, it should be recognized that the risk related to e-Cig is still higher when compared to that observed in non-smoking patients. Hence, e-Cig should be considered as a potential tool, in the logic of harm reduction, to reduce the CV, sexual and fertility risk in patients refractory to the fundamental, healthy choice to definitively quit smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Corona
- Medical Department, Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Azienda-Usl Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology & Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - F Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ferlin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Pivonello
- Division of Endocrinology, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology & Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lechasseur A, Morissette MC. The fog, the attractive and the addictive: pulmonary effects of vaping with a focus on the contribution of each major vaping liquid constituent. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/200268. [PMID: 33060167 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0268-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaping has become increasingly popular over the past decade. This pragmatic review presents the published biological effects of electronic cigarette vapour inhalation with a focus on the pulmonary effects. Special attention has been devoted to providing the documented effects specific to each major ingredient, namely propylene glycol/glycerol, nicotine and flavouring agents. For each ingredient, findings are divided according to the methodology used, being in vitro studies, animal studies and clinical studies. Finally, we provide thoughts and insights on the current state of understanding of the pulmonary effects of vaping, as well as novel research avenues and methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lechasseur
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Dept of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Looking Inside the World of Granulosa Cells: The Noxious Effects of Cigarette Smoke. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090309. [PMID: 32867029 PMCID: PMC7555008 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental implications of tobacco smoke on systemic health have been widely established during the past few decades. Nonetheless, increasing evidence has begun to shed more light on the serious impact that smoke exposure could also have on mammal reproductive health in terms of overall ovarian dysfunction and gestation. A variety of these complications seem to be causally related to specific chemical substances contained in cigarette smoke and their possible effects on ovarian tissues and cells, such as granulosa cells. Granulosa cells represent the functional unit of the ovary and are able to establish a bidirectional cross-talk relationship with the oocyte during folliculogenesis, which makes them vital for its correct growth and development. Based on these premises, the current review focuses on the presence of related smoke-induced damages in granulosa cells. Data have been grouped according to the studied tobacco constituents and the molecular pathways involved, in order to synthesize their impact on granulosa cells and fertility. Attention is further brought to the correlation between electronic cigarettes and female reproduction, although there have been no investigations so far regarding e-cigarette-related granulosa cell exposure. We summarize how tobacco constituents are able to cause alterations in the "life" of granulosa cells, ranging from luteal steroidogenesis and follicular loss to granulosa cell apoptosis and activation of the autophagic machinery. Further studies have been conducted to elucidate the relationship between lifestyle and fertility as to reduce the morbidity connected with infertility.
Collapse
|
30
|
Szumilas K, Szumilas P, Grzywacz A, Wilk A. The Effects of E-Cigarette Vapor Components on the Morphology and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176152. [PMID: 32847119 PMCID: PMC7504689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarettes, a comparatively new phenomenon, are regarded as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes. They are increasingly popular among adolescents of both sexes, and many smokers use e-cigarettes in their attempts to quit smoking. There is little understanding of the effects of exposure to e-cigarette vapors on human reproductive health, human development, or the functioning of the organs of the male and female reproductive systems. Data on the effects of the exposure were derived mainly from animal studies, and they show that e-cigarettes can affect fertility. Here, we review recent studies on the effects of exposure to e-cigarettes on facets of morphology and function in the male and female reproductive organs. E-cigarettes, even those which are nicotine-free, contain many harmful substances, including endocrine disruptors, which disturb hormonal balance and morphology and the function of the reproductive organs. E-cigarettes cannot be considered a completely healthy alternative to smoking. As is true for smoking, deleterious effects on the human reproductive system from vaping are likely, from the limited evidence to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Szumilas
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Paweł Szumilas
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Wilk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-4661681
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Herman M, Tarran R. E-cigarettes, nicotine, the lung and the brain: multi-level cascading pathophysiology. J Physiol 2020; 598:5063-5071. [PMID: 32515030 DOI: 10.1113/jp278388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is highly addictive and causes respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and multiple types of cancer. Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are non-combustible tobacco alternatives that aerosolize nicotine and flavouring agents in a propylene glycol-vegetable glycerine vehicle. They were originally envisaged as a tobacco cessation aid, but whether or not they help people to quit tobacco use is controversial. In this review, we have compared and contrasted what is known regarding the effects of nicotine on the lungs vs. the effects of nicotine in the brain in the context of addiction. Critically, both combustible tobacco products and e-cigarettes contain nicotine, a highly addictive, plant-derived alkaloid that binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Nicotine's reinforcing properties are primarily mediated by activation of the brain's mesolimbic reward circuitry and release of the neurotransmitter dopamine that contribute to the development of addiction. Moreover, nicotine addiction drives repeated intake that results in chronic pulmonary exposure to either tobacco smoke or e-cigarettes despite negative respiratory symptoms. Beyond the brain, nAChRs are also highly expressed in peripheral neurons, epithelia and immune cells, where their activation may cause harmful effects. Thus, nicotine, a key ingredient of both conventional and electronic cigarettes, produces neurological effects that drive addiction and may damage the lungs in the process, producing a complex, multilevel pathological state. We conclude that vaping needs to be studied by multi-disciplinary teams that include pulmonary and neurophysiologists as well as behaviourists and addiction specialists to fully understand their impact on human physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Herman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jackson A, Grobman B, Krishnan-Sarin S. Recent findings in the pharmacology of inhaled nicotine: Preclinical and clinical in vivo studies. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108218. [PMID: 32592708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rise of vaping in adolescents, the recent entrance of new inhaled nicotine products such as iQOS on the market and e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury cases has created concern for the use of inhaled non-combustible nicotine products. This narrative review discusses recent experimental in vivo studies that utilize human, rat and mouse models to understand the pharmacological impact of nicotine from non-combustible products. METHODS The search engine PubMed was utilized with the following search terms: inhaled nicotine, nicotine e-cigarette, heated tobacco products, iQOS, electronic cigarette, nicotine inhaler, nicotine vaping. This review highlights recent primary in vivo studies of inhaled nicotine administration experimental paradigms that occurred in laboratory settings using human and rodent (rats and mice) models that have been published from January 2017-December 2019. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of nicotine via e-cigarettes is influenced by the PG/VG and flavor constituents in e-liquids, the presence of nicotine salts in e-liquids, puff topography of nicotine and tobacco product users and the power of the e-cigarette device. The pharmacodynamic impact of inhaled nicotine has cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous system implications. CONCLUSION The articles reviewed here highlight the importance of both animal and human models to fully understand the impact of inhaled nicotine pharmacology There is a need for more rodent pharmacokinetic inhaled nicotine studies to understand the influences of factors such as flavor and nicotine salts. Additionally, consensus on nicotine measurement in both human and rodent studies is greatly needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asti Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Ben Grobman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Effect of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure during gestation and lactation on learning and memory of adult male offspring rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 221:112911. [PMID: 32289318 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use has increased worldwide, including among pregnant and breastfeeding women. In this study, we examined the effect of ECIG aerosol exposure during gestation and lactation on learning and memory of adult male offspring rats. METHODS Rats were exposed to either fresh air or ECIG aerosol for one hour daily during gestational period as well as days 4-21 of lactation. Male offspring were followed through 19 weeks and then spatial learning and memory were tested by radial arm water maze (RAWM). The hippocampus was examined for biomarkers of harm, including oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). RESULTS Relative to exposure to fresh air, exposure to ECIG aerosol during gestation/lactation impaired long-term memory in adult offspring (P < 0.05). This impairment was associated with increased activity of superoxide dismutase in the hippocampus (P < 0.05). BDNF and the other tested oxidative stress biomarkers were not affected by ECIG aerosol exposure (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, ECIG aerosol exposure during gestation and lactation impaired long-term memory and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in the hippocampus of offspring adult rats. These results support the development of strategies to enhance ECIG cessation during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ruszkiewicz JA, Zhang Z, Gonçalves FM, Tizabi Y, Zelikoff JT, Aschner M. Neurotoxicity of e-cigarettes. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111245. [PMID: 32145355 PMCID: PMC7089837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It appears that electronic cigarettes (EC) are a less harmful alternative to conventional cigarette (CC) smoking, as they generate substantially lower levels of harmful carcinogens and other toxic compounds. Thus, switching from CC to EC may be beneficial for smokers. However, recent accounts of EC- or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) has raised concerns regarding their adverse health effects. Additionally, the increasing popularity of EC among vulnerable populations, such as adolescents and pregnant women, calls for further EC safety evaluation. In this state-of-the-art review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the neurological effects induced by EC exposure. Moreover, we discuss possible neurotoxic effects of nicotine and numerous other chemicals which are inherent both to e-liquids and EC aerosols. We conclude that in recognizing pertinent issues associated with EC usage, both government and scientific researchers must address this public health issue with utmost urgency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Biochemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, United States
| | - Judith T Zelikoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
E-cigarette use in reproductive-aged women and pregnancy: a rising health concern. Fertil Steril 2020; 113:1133-1134. [PMID: 32222252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Zielinska-Blizniewska H, Malinowska K, Zajdel K, Zakonnik L, Zajdel R. A Summary of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Evaluating the Impact of E-Cigarette Exposure on Living Organisms and the Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020652. [PMID: 31963832 PMCID: PMC7013895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide use of electronic cigarettes has been rapidly expanding over recent years, but the long-term effect of e-cigarette vapor exposure on human health and environment is not well established; however, its mechanism of action entails the production of reactive oxygen species and trace metals, and the exacerbation of inflammation, which are associated with potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The present study examines the effects of selected liquid chemicals used in e-cigarettes, such as propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, nicotine and flavorings, on living organisms; the data collected indicates that exposure to e-cigarette liquid has potentially detrimental effects on cells in vitro, and on animals and humans in vivo. While e-liquid exposure can adversely influence the physiology of living organisms, vaping is recommended as an alternative for tobacco smoking. The study also compares the impact of e-cigarette liquid exposure and traditional cigarette smoke on organisms and the environmental impact. The environmental influence of e-cigarette use is closely connected with the emission of airborne particulate matter, suggesting the possibility of passive smoking. The obtained data provides an insight into the impact of nicotine delivery systems on living organisms and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-663-626-667
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Malinowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-725 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Lukasz Zakonnik
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Radoslaw Zajdel
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|