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Ritter MJ, Amano I, van der Spek AH, Gower AC, Undeutsch HJ, Rodrigues VAP, Daniel HE, Hollenberg AN. Nuclear Receptor Corepressors NCOR1 and SMRT Regulate Metabolism via Intestinal Regulation of Carbohydrate Transport. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae100. [PMID: 39106294 PMCID: PMC11337007 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor action is mediated in part by the nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) and the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT). NCOR1 and SMRT regulate metabolic pathways that govern body mass, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure, representing an understudied area in the realm of metabolic health and disease. Previously, we found that NCOR1 and SMRT are essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and their knockout (KO) leads to rapid weight loss and hypoglycemia, which is not survivable. Because of a potential defect in glucose absorption, we sought to determine the role of NCOR1 and SMRT specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We used a postnatal strategy to disrupt NCOR1 and SMRT throughout IECs in adult mice. These mice were characterized metabolically and underwent metabolic phenotyping, body composition analysis, and glucose tolerance testing. Jejunal IECs were isolated and profiled by bulk RNA sequencing. We found that the postnatal KO of NCOR1 and SMRT from IECs leads to rapid weight loss and hypoglycemia with a significant reduction in survival. This was accompanied by alterations in glucose metabolism and activation of fatty acid oxidation in IECs. Metabolic phenotyping confirmed a reduction in body mass driven by a loss of body fat without altered food intake. This appeared to be mediated by a reduction of key intestinal carbohydrate transporters, including SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5. Intestinal NCOR1 and SMRT act in tandem to regulate glucose levels and body weight. This in part may be mediated by regulation of intestinal carbohydrate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Ritter
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Anne H van der Spek
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adam C Gower
- Boston University Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hendrik J Undeutsch
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Victor A P Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hanix E Daniel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Maddox SA, Ponomareva OY, Zaleski CE, Chen MX, Vella KR, Hollenberg AN, Klengel C, Ressler KJ. Evidence for thyroid hormone regulation of amygdala-dependent fear-relevant memory and plasticity. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02679-2. [PMID: 39039155 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The amygdala is an established site for fear memory formation, and clinical studies suggest involvement of hormone signaling cascades in development of trauma-related disorders. While an association of thyroid hormone (TH) status and mood disorders is established, the related brain-based mechanisms and the role of TH in anxiety disorders are unknown. Here we examine the role that TH receptor (TR, a nuclear transcriptional repressor when unbound and a transcriptional activator when bound to TH) may have in mediating the initial formation of fear memories in the amygdala. We identified mRNA levels of TR and other TH pathway regulatory genes, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone (Trh), transthyretin (Ttr), thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (Trhr), type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2), mediator complex subunit 12 (Med12/Trap230) and retinoid X receptor gamma (Rxrg) to be altered in the amygdala following Pavlovian fear conditioning. Using TH agonist and antagonist infusion into the amygdala, we demonstrated that this pathway is both necessary and sufficient for fear memory consolidation. Inhibition of TH signaling with the TR antagonist 1-850 decreased fear memory consolidation; while activation of TR with T3 (triiodothyronine) resulted in increased memory formation. Using a systemic hypothyroid mouse model, we found that intra-amygdala infusions of T3 were sufficient to rescue deficits in fear memory. Finally, we demonstrated that T3 was sufficient to activate TR-specific gene pathways in the amygdala. These findings on the role of activity-dependent TR modulation support a model in which local TH is a critical regulator of fear memory-related plasticity in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Maddox
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Y Ponomareva
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cole E Zaleski
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle X Chen
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kristen R Vella
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Klengel
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Torres-Dowdall J, Karagic N, Prabhukumar F, Meyer A. Differential Regulation of Opsin Gene Expression in Response to Internal and External Stimuli. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae125. [PMID: 38860496 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining how internal and external stimuli interact to determine developmental trajectories of traits is a challenge that requires the integration of different subfields of biology. Internal stimuli, such as hormones, control developmental patterns of phenotypic changes, which might be modified by external environmental cues (e.g. plasticity). Thyroid hormone (TH) modulates the timing of opsin gene expression in developing Midas cichlid fish (Amphilophus citrinellus). Moreover, fish reared in red light accelerate this developmental timing compared to fish reared in white light. Hence, we hypothesized that plasticity caused by variation in light conditions has coopted the TH signaling pathway to induce changes in opsin gene expression. We treated Midas cichlids with TH and crossed this treatment with two light conditions, white and red. We observed that not only opsin expression responded similarly to TH and red light but also that, at high TH levels, there is limited capacity for light-induced plasticity. Transcriptomic analysis of the eye showed that genes in the TH pathway were affected by TH, but not by light treatments. Coexpression network analyses further suggested that response to light was independent of the response to TH manipulations. Taken together, our results suggest independent mechanisms mediating development and plasticity during development of opsin gene expression, and that responses to environmental stimuli may vary depending on internal stimuli. This conditional developmental response to external factors depending on internal ones (e.g. hormones) might play a fundamental role in the patterns of phenotypic divergence observed in Midas cichlids and potentially other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Torres-Dowdall
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Nidal Karagic
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Femina Prabhukumar
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Hauck AK, Mehmood R, Carpenter BJ, Frankfurter MT, Tackenberg MC, Inoue SI, Krieg MK, Cassim Bawa FN, Midha MK, Zundell DM, Batmanov K, Lazar MA. Nuclear receptor corepressors non-canonically drive glucocorticoid receptor-dependent activation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Nat Metab 2024; 6:825-836. [PMID: 38622413 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor corepressors (NCoRs) function in multiprotein complexes containing histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) to alter transcriptional output primarily through repressive chromatin remodelling at target loci1-5. In the liver, loss of HDAC3 causes a marked hepatosteatosis largely because of de-repression of genes involved in lipid metabolism6,7; however, the individual roles and contribution of other complex members to hepatic and systemic metabolic regulation are unclear. Here we show that adult loss of both NCoR1 and NCoR2 (double knockout (KO)) in hepatocytes phenocopied the hepatomegalic fatty liver phenotype of HDAC3 KO. In addition, double KO livers exhibited a dramatic reduction in glycogen storage and gluconeogenic gene expression that was not observed with hepatic KO of individual NCoRs or HDAC3, resulting in profound fasting hypoglycaemia. This surprising HDAC3-independent activation function of NCoR1 and NCoR2 is due to an unexpected loss of chromatin accessibility on deletion of NCoRs that prevented glucocorticoid receptor binding and stimulatory effect on gluconeogenic genes. These studies reveal an unanticipated, non-canonical activation function of NCoRs that is required for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Hauck
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryce J Carpenter
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maxwell T Frankfurter
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Tackenberg
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria K Krieg
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fathima N Cassim Bawa
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohit K Midha
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Delaine M Zundell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kirill Batmanov
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Paluvai H, Shanmukha KD, Tyedmers J, Backs J. Insights into the function of HDAC3 and NCoR1/NCoR2 co-repressor complex in metabolic diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1190094. [PMID: 37674539 PMCID: PMC10477789 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1190094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR1/2) are epigenetic regulators that play a key role in gene expression and metabolism. HDAC3 is a class I histone deacetylase that functions as a transcriptional co-repressor, modulating gene expression by removing acetyl groups from histones and non-histone proteins. NCoR1, on the other hand, is a transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and liver X receptor (LXR), to regulate metabolic gene expression. Recent research has revealed a functional link between HDAC3 and NCoR1 in the regulation of metabolic gene expression. Genetic deletion of HDAC3 in mouse models has been shown to improve glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Similarly, genetic deletion of NCoR1 has improved insulin resistance and reduced adiposity in mouse models. Dysregulation of this interaction has been associated with the development of cardio-metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes, suggesting that targeting this pathway may hold promise for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of individual functions of HDAC3 and NCoR1/2 and the co-repressor complex formation (HDAC3/NCoR1/2) in different metabolic tissues. Further studies are needed to thoroughly understand the mechanisms through which HDAC3, and NCoR1/2 govern metabolic processes and the implications for treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnareddy Paluvai
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kumar D. Shanmukha
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Tyedmers
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Backs
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
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Banerjee A, Biswas D, Barpanda A, Halder A, Sibal S, Kattimani R, Shah A, Mahadevan A, Goel A, Srivastava S. The First Pituitary Proteome Landscape From Matched Anterior and Posterior Lobes for a Better Understanding of the Pituitary Gland. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 22:100478. [PMID: 36470533 PMCID: PMC9877467 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, very few mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics studies are available on the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. In the past, MS-based investigations have focused exclusively on the whole pituitary gland or anterior pituitary lobe. In this study, for the first time, we performed a deep MS-based analysis of five anterior and five posterior matched lobes to build the first lobe-specific pituitary proteome map, which documented 4090 proteins with isoforms, mostly mapped into chromosomes 1, 2, and 11. About 1446 differentially expressed significant proteins were identified, which were studied for lobe specificity, biological pathway enrichment, protein-protein interaction, regions specific to comparison of human brain and other neuroendocrine glands from Human Protein Atlas to identify pituitary-enriched proteins. Hormones specific to each lobe were also identified and validated with parallel reaction monitoring-based target verification. The study identified and validated hormones, growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone subunit beta, exclusively to the anterior lobe whereas oxytocin-neurophysin 1 and arginine vasopressin to the posterior lobe. The study also identified proteins POU1F1 (pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1), POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin), PCOLCE2 (procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2), and NPTX2 (neuronal pentraxin-2) as pituitary-enriched proteins and was validated for their lobe specificity using parallel reaction monitoring. In addition, three uPE1 proteins, namely THEM6 (mesenchymal stem cell protein DSCD75), FSD1L (coiled-coil domain-containing protein 10), and METTL26 (methyltransferase-like 26), were identified using the NeXtProt database, and depicted tumor markers S100 proteins having high expression in the posterior lobe. In summary, the study documents the first matched anterior and posterior pituitary proteome map acting as a reference control for a better understanding of functional and nonfunctional pituitary adenomas and extrapolating the aim of the Human Proteome Project towards the investigation of the proteome of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepatarup Biswas
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhilash Barpanda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankit Halder
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shamira Sibal
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Abhidha Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery at King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth G. S. Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Human Brain Bank, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Atul Goel
- Department of Neurosurgery at King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth G. S. Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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Ke S, Liu YY, Karthikraj R, Kannan K, Jiang J, Abe K, Milanesi A, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone receptor β sumoylation is required for thyrotropin regulation and thyroid hormone production. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149425. [PMID: 34237030 PMCID: PMC8410017 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor β (THRB) is posttranslationally modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). We generated a mouse model with a mutation that disrupted sumoylation at lysine 146 (K146Q) and resulted in desumoylated THRB as the predominant form in tissues. The THRB K146Q mutant mice had normal serum thyroxine (T4), markedly elevated serum thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH; 81-fold above control), and enlargement of both the pituitary and the thyroid gland. The marked elevation in TSH, despite a normal serum T4, indicated blunted feedback regulation of TSH. The THRB K146Q mutation altered the recruitment of transcription factors to the TSHβ gene promoter, compared with WT, in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone content (T4, T3, and rT3) in the thyroid gland of the THRB K146Q mice was 10-fold lower (per gram tissue) than control, despite normal TSH bioactivity. The expression of thyroglobulin and dual oxidase 2 genes in the thyroid was reduced and associated with modifications of cAMP response element-binding protein DNA binding and cofactor interactions in the presence of the desumoylated THRB. Therefore, thyroid hormone production had both TSH-dependent and TSH-independent components. We conclude that THRB sumoylation at K146 was required for normal TSH feedback regulation and TH synthesis in the thyroid gland, by a TSH-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Ke
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yan-Yun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kiyomi Abe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Milanesi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Nuclear CoRepressors, NCOR1 and SMRT, are required for maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101315. [PMID: 34390859 PMCID: PMC8429965 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) and the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone (SMRT, also known as NCOR2) play critical and specific roles in nuclear receptor action. NCOR1, both in vitro and in vivo specifically regulates thyroid hormone (TH) action in the context of individual organs such as the liver, and systemically in the context of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. In contrast, selective deletion of SMRT in the liver or globally has shown that it plays very little role in TH signaling. However, both NCOR1 and SMRT have some overlapping roles in hepatic metabolism and lipogenesis. Here, we determine the roles of NCOR1 and SMRT in global physiologic function and find if SMRT could play a compensatory role in the regulation of TH action, globally. Methods We used a postnatal deletion strategy to disrupt both NCOR1 and SMRT together in all tissues at 8–9 weeks of age in male and female mice. This was performed using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase (UBC-Cre-ERT2) to KO (knockout) NCOR1, SMRT, or NCOR1 and SMRT together. We used the same strategy to KO HDAC3 in male and female mice of the same age. Metabolic parameters, gene expression, and thyroid function tests were analyzed. Results Surprisingly, adult mice that acquired NCOR1 and SMRT deletion rapidly became hypoglycemic and hypothermic and perished within ten days of deletion of both corepressors. Postnatal deletion of either NCOR1 or SMRT had no impact on mortality. NCOR1/SMRT KO mice rapidly developed hepatosteatosis and mild elevations in liver function tests. Additionally, alterations in lipogenesis, beta oxidation, along with hepatic triglyceride and glycogen levels suggested defects in hepatic metabolism. The intestinal function was intact in the NCOR1/SMRT knockout (KO) mice. The KO of HDAC3 resulted in a distinct phenotype from the NCOR1/SMRT KO mice, whereas none of the HDAC3 KO mice succumbed after tamoxifen injection. Conclusions The KO of NCOR1 and SMRT rapidly leads to significant metabolic abnormalities that do not survive – including hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and weight loss. Hepatosteatosis rapidly developed along with alterations in hepatic metabolism suggesting a contribution to the dramatic phenotype from liver injury. Glucose production and absorption were intact in NCOR1/SMRT KO mice, demonstrating a multifactorial process leading to their demise. HDAC3 KO mice have a distinct phenotype from the NCOR1/SMRT KO mice—which implies that NCOR1/SMRT together regulate a critical pathway that is required for survival in adulthood and is separate from HDAC3. The knockout of corepressors NCoR1 and SMRT is rapidly lethal. Metabolic abnormalities observed include hypoglycemia and hypothermia. Hepatic glucose production and intestinal absorption is intact despite hypoglycemia. The lethal action of NCoR1/SMRT deletion is independent of HDAC3.
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9
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Lauffer P, Zwaveling-Soonawala N, Naafs JC, Boelen A, van Trotsenburg ASP. Diagnosis and Management of Central Congenital Hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:686317. [PMID: 34566885 PMCID: PMC8458656 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.686317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Central congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency at birth due to insufficient stimulation by the pituitary of the thyroid gland. The incidence of central CH is currently estimated at around 1:13,000. Central CH may occur in isolation, but in the majority of cases (60%) it is part of combined pituitary hormone deficiencies (CPHD). In recent years several novel genetic causes of isolated central CH have been discovered (IGSF1, TBL1X, IRS4), and up to 90% of isolated central CH cases can be genetically explained. For CPHD the etiology usually remains unknown, although pituitary stalk interruption syndrome does seem to be the most common anatomic pituitary malformation associated with CPHD. Recent studies have shown that central CH is a more severe condition than previously thought, and that early detection and treatment leads to good neurodevelopmental outcome. However, in the neonatal period the clinical diagnosis is often missed despite hospital admission because of feeding problems, hypoglycemia and prolonged jaundice. This review provides an update on the etiology and prognosis of central CH, and a practical approach to diagnosis and management of this intriguing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lauffer
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda C. Naafs
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. S. Paul van Trotsenburg
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: A. S. Paul van Trotsenburg,
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Boelen A, van Trotsenburg ASP, Fliers E. Congenital isolated central hypothyroidism: Novel mutations and their functional implications. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:161-169. [PMID: 34225927 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disorder in newborns, occurring in 1 per 3000-4000 newborns. In the Netherlands, the neonatal screening program is based primarily on heel prick thyroxine (T4). In contrast to thyroid-stimulating hormone-based programs, this approach allows for the detection of both primary and central congenital hypothyroidism. Over the past decade, the identification of families with isolated congenital central hypothyroidism enabled the identification of novel genetic causes of this condition, in addition to mutations in the TSHβ-subunit gene and thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene reported earlier. In 2012, loss-of-function mutations in the immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1) gene, were reported as a genetic cause of a syndrome including X-linked congenital central hypothyroidism and adult macroorchidism. IGSF1 encodes a hypothalamic plasma membrane glycoprotein. Mutations in IGSF1 represent the most prevalent genetic cause of isolated central hypothyroidism to date. In 2016, mutations in the transducin β-like 1X (TBL1X) gene were identified in patients with a combination of mild central hypothyroidism and sensorineural hearing loss. TBL1X is an essential subunit of the NCoR/SMRT corepressor complex and expressed in many tissues including the human hypothalamus and pituitary. In 2018, mutations in the insulin receptor substrate 4 (IRS4) gene were reported in cases of familial isolated central hypothyroidism. IRS4 encodes a hypothalamic protein that is part of the insulin and leptin signaling cascade. These recent developments will broaden our understanding of the role of the hypothalamus in hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis regulation and will help to improve diagnosis and treatment of isolated central hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Boelen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A S Paul van Trotsenburg
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Lacámara N, Lecumberri B, Barquiel B, Escribano A, González-Casado I, Álvarez-Escolá C, Aleixandre-Blanquer F, Morales F, Alfayate R, Bernal-Soriano MC, Miralles R, Yildirim Simsir I, Özgen AG, Bernal J, Berbel P, Moreno JC. Identification of Resistance to Exogenous Thyroxine in Humans. Thyroid 2020; 30:1732-1744. [PMID: 32498666 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) deiodination in the hypothalamus/pituitary is mediated by deiodinase type-2 (D2) activity. Dio2(-/-) mice show central resistance to exogenous T4. Patients with resistance to exogenous thyroxine (RETH) have not been described. The aim of this study was to identify hypothyroid patients with thyrotropin (TSH) unresponsiveness to levothyroxine (LT4) and to characterize the clinical, hormonal, and genetic features of human RETH. Methods: We investigated hypothyroid patients with elevated TSH under LT4 treatment at doses leading to clinical and/or biochemical hyperthyroidism. TSH and free T4 (fT4) were determined by chemiluminescence, and total T4, T3, and reverse T3 (rT3) by radioimmunoassay. TSH/fT4 ratio at inclusion and T3/T4, rT3/T4, and T3/rT3 ratios at follow-up were compared with those from patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) due to thyroid hormone receptor-β (THRB) mutations. DIO2, including the Ala92-D2 polymorphism, selenocysteine binding protein 2 (SECISBP2), and THRB were fully sequenced. Results: Eighteen hypothyroid patients (nine of each sex, 3-59 years) treated with LT4 showed elevated TSH (15.5 ± 4.7 mU/L; reference range [RR]: 0.4-4.5), fT4 (20.8 ± 2.4 pM; RR: 9-20.6), and TSH/fT4 ratio (0.74 ± 0.25; RR: 0.03-0.13). Despite increasing LT4 doses from 1.7 ± 1.0 to 2.4 ± 1.7 μg/kg/day, TSH remained elevated (6.9 ± 2.7 mU/L). Due to hyperthyroid symptoms, LT4 doses were reduced, and TSH increased again to 7.9 ± 3.2 mU/L. In the euthyroid/hyperthyrotropinemic state, T3/T4 and T3/rT3 ratios were decreased (9.2 ± 2.4, RR: 11.3-15.3 and 2.5 ± 1.4, RR: 7.5-8.5, respectively) whereas rT3/T4 was increased (0.6 ± 0.2; RR: 0.43-0.49), suggesting reduced T4 to T3 and increased T4 to rT3 conversion. These ratios were serum T4-independent and were not observed in RTH patients. Genetic testing was normal. The Ala92-D2 polymorphism was present in 7 of 18 patients, but the allele dose did not correlate with RETH. Conclusions: Human RETH is characterized by iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis and elevated TSH/fT4 ratio. In the euthyroid/hyperthyrotropinemic state, it is confirmed by decreased T3/T4 and T3/rT3 ratios, and elevated rT3/T4 ratio. This phenotype may guide clinicians to consider combined T4+T3 therapy in a targeted fashion. The absence of germline DIO2 mutations suggests that aberrant post-translational D2 modifications in pituitary/hypothalamus or defects in other genes regulating the T4 to T3 conversion pathway could be involved in RETH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Lacámara
- Thyroid Molecular Laboratory, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- The Rare Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Barquiel
- Department of Endocrinology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Escribano
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Morales
- Department of Endocrinology, Virgen Del Rocío University Hospital, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Alfayate
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Alicante University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Miralles
- Department of Endocrinology, Alicante University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ilgin Yildirim Simsir
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gökhan Özgen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Juan Bernal
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Moreno
- Thyroid Molecular Laboratory, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- The Rare Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Ritter MJ, Amano I, Hollenberg AN. Thyroid Hormone Signaling and the Liver. Hepatology 2020; 72:742-752. [PMID: 32343421 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a critical role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis throughout life. It is well known that the liver and thyroid are intimately linked, with TH playing important roles in de novo lipogenesis, beta-oxidation (fatty acid oxidation), cholesterol metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Indeed, patients with hypothyroidism have abnormal lipid panels with higher levels of low-density lipoprotein levels, triglycerides (triacylglycerol; TAG), and apolipoprotein B levels. Even in euthyroid patients, lower serum-free thyroxine levels are associated with higher total cholesterol levels, LDL, and TAG levels. In addition to abnormal serum lipids, the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases with lower free thyroxine levels. As free thyroxine rises, the risk of NAFLD is reduced. This has led to numerous animal studies and clinical trials investigating TH analogs and TH receptor agonists as potential therapies for NAFLD and hyperlipidemia. Thus, TH plays an important role in maintaining hepatic homeostasis, and this continues to be an important area of study. A review of TH action and TH actions on the liver will be presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Ritter
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Izuki Amano
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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13
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Sun Z, Xu Y. Nuclear Receptor Coactivators (NCOAs) and Corepressors (NCORs) in the Brain. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5843759. [PMID: 32449767 PMCID: PMC7351129 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivators (NCOAs) and corepressors (NCORs) bind to nuclear hormone receptors in a ligand-dependent manner and mediate the transcriptional activation or repression of the downstream target genes in response to hormones, metabolites, xenobiotics, and drugs. NCOAs and NCORs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain. Studies using genetic animal models started to reveal pivotal roles of NCOAs/NCORs in the brain in regulating hormonal signaling, sexual behaviors, consummatory behaviors, exploratory and locomotor behaviors, moods, learning, and memory. Genetic variants of NCOAs or NCORs have begun to emerge from human patients with obesity, hormonal disruption, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorders. Here we review recent studies that shed light on the function of NCOAs and NCORs in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Zheng Sun, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: ; or Yong Xu, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Zheng Sun, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: ; or Yong Xu, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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14
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Kang Z, Fan R. PPARα and NCOR/SMRT corepressor network in liver metabolic regulation. FASEB J 2020; 34:8796-8809. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000055rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfang Kang
- Department of Basic Medical Research Qingyuan People's HospitalThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Qingyuan China
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
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15
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Leitch VD, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Role of thyroid hormones in craniofacial development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:147-164. [PMID: 31974498 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the craniofacial skeleton relies on complex temporospatial organization of diverse cell types by key signalling molecules. Even minor disruptions to these processes can result in deleterious consequences for the structure and function of the skull. Thyroid hormone deficiency causes delayed craniofacial and tooth development, dysplastic facial features and delayed development of the ossicles in the middle ear. Thyroid hormone excess, by contrast, accelerates development of the skull and, in severe cases, might lead to craniosynostosis with neurological sequelae and facial hypoplasia. The pathogenesis of these important abnormalities remains poorly understood and underinvestigated. The orchestration of craniofacial development and regulation of suture and synchondrosis growth is dependent on several critical signalling pathways. The underlying mechanisms by which these key pathways regulate craniofacial growth and maturation are largely unclear, but studies of single-gene disorders resulting in craniofacial malformations have identified a number of critical signalling molecules and receptors. The craniofacial consequences resulting from gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations affecting insulin-like growth factor 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor and WNT signalling are similar to the effects of altered thyroid status and mutations affecting thyroid hormone action, suggesting that these critical pathways interact in the regulation of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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16
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Iemolo A, Montilla-Perez P, Lai IC, Meng Y, Nolan S, Wen J, Rusu I, Dulcis D, Telese F. A cell type-specific expression map of NCoR1 and SMRT transcriptional co-repressors in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2218-2238. [PMID: 32072640 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly change gene expression patterns is essential for differentiation, development, and functioning of the brain. Throughout development, or in response to environmental stimuli, gene expression patterns are tightly regulated by the dynamic interplay between transcription activators and repressors. Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) and silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid-hormone receptors (SMRT) are the best characterized transcriptional co-repressors from a molecular point of view. They mediate epigenetic silencing of gene expression in a wide range of developmental and homeostatic processes in many tissues, including the brain. For instance, NCoR1 and SMRT regulate neuronal stem cell proliferation and differentiation during brain development and they have been implicated in learning and memory. However, we still have a limited understanding of their regional and cell type-specific expression in the brain. In this study, we used fluorescent immunohistochemistry to map their expression patterns throughout the adult mouse brain. Our findings reveal that NCoR1 and SMRT share an overall neuroanatomical distribution, and are detected in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. However, we observed striking differences in their cell type-specific expression in glial cells. Specifically, all oligodendrocytes express NCoR1, but only a subset express SMRT. In addition, NCoR1, but not SMRT, was detected in a subset of astrocytes and in the microglia. These novel observations are corroborated by single cell transcriptomics and emphasize how NCoR1 and SMRT may contribute to distinct biological functions, suggesting an exclusive role of NCoR1 in innate immune responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Iemolo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - I-Chi Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yinuo Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Syreeta Nolan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Junneng Wen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Iulia Rusu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Davide Dulcis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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17
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Femia MR, Evans RM, Zhang J, Sun X, Lebegue CJ, Roggero VR, Allison LA. Mediator subunit MED1 modulates intranuclear dynamics of the thyroid hormone receptor. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:2909-2926. [PMID: 31692077 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) mediate thyroid hormone (T3 )-dependent gene expression. The nuclear import and export signals that direct TR shuttling are well characterized, but little is known about factors modulating nuclear retention. We used fluorescence-based nucleocytoplasmic scoring and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in transfected cells to investigate whether Mediator subunits MED1 and MED13 play a role in nuclear retention of TR. When MED1 was overexpressed, there was a striking shift towards a greater nuclear localization of TRβ1 and the oncoprotein v-ErbA, subtypes with cytosolic populations at steady-state, and TRβ1 intranuclear mobility was reduced. For TRα1, there was no observable change in its predominantly nuclear distribution pattern or mobility. Consistent with a role for MED1 in nuclear retention, the cytosolic TRα1 and TRβ1 population were significantly greater in MED1-/- cells, compared with MED1+/+ cells. Exposure to T3 and epidermal growth factor, which induces MED1 phosphorylation, also altered TR intranuclear dynamics. Overexpression of miR-208a, which downregulates MED13, led to a more cytosolic distribution of nuclear-localized TRα1; however, overexpression of MED13 had no effect on TRβ1 localization. The known binding site of MED1 overlaps with a transactivation domain and nuclear export signal in helix 12 of TR's ligand-binding domain (LBD). Coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that TR's LBD interacts directly with exportins 5 and 7, suggesting that binding of exportins and MED1 to TR may be mutually exclusive. Collectively, our data provide evidence that MED1 promotes nuclear retention of TR, and highlight the dual functionality of helix 12 in TR transactivation and nuclear export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Femia
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, Williamsburg, Viginia
| | | | - Jibo Zhang
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, Williamsburg, Viginia
| | - Xiaopeng Sun
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, Williamsburg, Viginia
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18
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Naz S, Friedman TB. Growth factor and receptor malfunctions associated with human genetic deafness. Clin Genet 2019; 97:138-155. [PMID: 31506927 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of different signaling pathways are necessary for development and maintenance of the human auditory system. Normal hearing allows for the detection of soft sounds within the frequency range of 20 to 20 000 Hz, but more importantly to perceive the human voice frequency band of 250 to 6000 Hz. Loss of hearing is common, and is a clinically heterogeneous disorder that can be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to loud noise, infections and ototoxic drugs. In addition, variants of hundreds of genes have been reported to disrupt processes required for hearing. Noncoding regulatory variants and variants of additional genes necessary for hearing remain to be discovered as many individuals with inherited deafness are without a genetic diagnosis, despite the advent of whole exome sequencing. Here, we discuss in detail some of these deafness-causing variants of genes encoding a ligand or its receptor. Spotlighted in this review are three growth factor-receptor-pairs EDN3/EDNRB, HGF/MET and JAG/NOTCH, which individually are necessary for normal hearing. We also offer our perspective on unanswered questions, future challenges and potential opportunities for treatments emerging from molecular genetic and mechanistic studies of deafness due to these causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Naz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Thomas B Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Shimizu H, Lu Y, Vella KR, Damilano F, Astapova I, Amano I, Ritter M, Gallop MR, Rosenzweig AN, Cohen RN, Hollenberg AN. Nuclear corepressor SMRT is a strong regulator of body weight independently of its ability to regulate thyroid hormone action. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220717. [PMID: 31404087 PMCID: PMC6690520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silencing Mediator of Retinoid and Thyroid Hormone Receptors (SMRT) and the nuclear receptor co-repressor1 (NCoR1) are paralogs and regulate nuclear receptor (NR) function through the recruitment of a multiprotein complex that includes histone deacetylase activity. Previous genetic strategies which deleted SMRT in a specific tissue or which altered the interaction between SMRT and NRs have suggested that it may regulate adiposity and insulin sensitivity. However, the full role of SMRT in adult mice has been difficult to establish because its complete deletion during embryogenesis is lethal. To elucidate the specific roles of SMRT in mouse target tissues especially in the context of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, we used a tamoxifen-inducible post-natal disruption strategy. We found that global SMRT deletion causes dramatic obesity even though mice were fed a standard chow diet and exhibited normal food intake. This weight gain was associated with a decrease in energy expenditure. Interestingly, the deletion of SMRT had no effect on TH action in any tissue but did regulate retinoic acid receptor (RAR) function in the liver. We also demonstrate that the deletion of SMRT leads to profound hepatic steatosis in the setting of obesity. This is unlike NCoR1 deletion, which results in hepatic steatosis due to the upregulation of lipogenic gene expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SMRT plays a unique and CoR specific role in the regulation of body weight and has no role in TH action. This raises the possibility that additional role of CoRs besides NCoR1 and SMRT may exist to regulate TH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimizu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristen R. Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Federico Damilano
- Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Inna Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Izuki Amano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan Ritter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Molly R. Gallop
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony N. Rosenzweig
- Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald N. Cohen
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anthony N. Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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20
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Freudenthal B, Shetty S, Butterfield NC, Logan JG, Han CR, Zhu X, Astapova I, Hollenberg AN, Cheng SY, Bassett JD, Williams GR. Genetic and Pharmacological Targeting of Transcriptional Repression in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Alpha. Thyroid 2019; 29:726-734. [PMID: 30760120 PMCID: PMC6533791 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones act in bone and cartilage via thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα). In the absence of triiodothyronine (T3), TRα interacts with co-repressors, including nuclear receptor co-repressor-1 (NCoR1), which recruit histone deacetylases (HDACs) and mediate transcriptional repression. Dominant-negative mutations of TRα cause resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα; OMIM 614450), characterized by excessive repression of T3 target genes leading to delayed skeletal development, growth retardation, and bone dysplasia. Treatment with thyroxine has been of limited benefit, even in mildly affected individuals, and there is a need for new therapeutic strategies. It was hypothesized that (i) the skeletal manifestations of RTHα are mediated by the persistent TRα/NCoR1/HDAC repressor complex containing mutant TRα, and (ii) treatment with the HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) would ameliorate these manifestations. Methods: The skeletal phenotypes of (i) Thra1PV/+ mice, a well characterized model of RTHα; (ii) Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice, which express an NCoR1 mutant that fails to interact with TRα; and (iii) Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant adult mice were determined. Wild-type, Thra1PV/+, Ncor1ΔID/ΔID, and Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant mice were also treated with SAHA to determine whether HDAC inhibition results in amelioration of skeletal abnormalities. Results:Thra1PV/+ mice had a severe skeletal dysplasia, characterized by short stature, abnormal bone morphology, and increased bone mineral content. Despite normal bone length, Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice displayed increased cortical bone mass, mineralization, and strength. Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant mice displayed only a small improvement of skeletal abnormalities compared to Thra1PV/+ mice. Treatment with SAHA to inhibit histone deacetylation had no beneficial or detrimental effects on bone structure, mineralization, or strength in wild-type or mutant mice. Conclusions: These studies indicate treatment with SAHA is unlikely to improve the skeletal manifestations of RTHα. Nevertheless, the findings (i) confirm that TRα1 has a critical role in the regulation of skeletal development and adult bone mass, (ii) suggest a physiological role for alternative co-repressors that interact with TR in skeletal cells, and (iii) demonstrate a novel role for NCoR1 in the regulation of adult bone mass and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Freudenthal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samiksha Shetty
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie C. Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Inna Astapova
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anthony N. Hollenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: J.H. Duncan Bassett, BMBCh, PhD, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Graham R. Williams, MBBS, PhD, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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21
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Liang N, Jakobsson T, Fan R, Treuter E. The Nuclear Receptor-Co-repressor Complex in Control of Liver Metabolism and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:411. [PMID: 31293521 PMCID: PMC6606711 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the major cell-type in the liver responsible for the coordination of metabolism in response to multiple signaling inputs. Coordination occurs primarily at the level of gene expression via transcriptional networks composed of transcription factors, in particular nuclear receptors (NRs), and associated co-regulators, including chromatin-modifying complexes. Disturbance of these networks by genetic, environmental or nutritional factors can lead to metabolic dysregulation and has been linked to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) toward steatohepatitis and even liver cancer. Since there are currently no approved therapies, major efforts are dedicated to identify the critical factors that can be employed for drug development. Amongst the identified factors with clinical significance are currently lipid-sensing NRs including PPARs, LXRs, and FXR. However, major obstacles of NR-targeting are the undesired side effects associated with the genome-wide NR activities in multiple cell-types. Thus, of particular interest are co-regulators that determine NR activities, context-selectivity, and associated chromatin states. Current research on the role of co-regulators in hepatocytes is still premature due to the large number of candidates, the limited number of available mouse models, and the technical challenges in studying their chromatin occupancy. As a result, how NR-co-regulator networks in hepatocytes are coordinated by extracellular signals, and how NR-pathway selectivity is achieved, remains currently poorly understood. We will here review a notable exception, namely a fundamental transcriptional co-repressor complex that during the past decade has become the probably most-studied and best-understood physiological relevant co-regulator in hepatocytes. This multiprotein complex contains the core subunits HDAC3, NCOR, SMRT, TBL1, TBLR1, and GPS2 and is referred to as the "NR-co-repressor complex." We will particularly discuss recent advances in characterizing hepatocyte-specific loss-of-function mouse models and in applying genome-wide sequencing approaches including ChIP-seq. Both have been instrumental to uncover the role of each of the subunits under physiological conditions and in disease models, but they also revealed insights into the NR target range and genomic mechanisms of action of the co-repressor complex. We will integrate a discussion of translational aspects about the role of the complex in NAFLD pathways and in particular about the hypothesis that patient-specific alterations of specific subunits may determine NAFLD susceptibility and the therapeutic outcomes of NR-directed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jakobsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Eckardt Treuter
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22
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García M, Barreda-Bonis AC, Jiménez P, Rabanal I, Ortiz A, Vallespín E, Del Pozo Á, Martínez-San Millán J, González-Casado I, Moreno JC. Central Hypothyroidism and Novel Clinical Phenotypes in Hemizygous Truncation of TBL1X. J Endocr Soc 2018; 3:119-128. [PMID: 30591955 PMCID: PMC6300407 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transducin β-like 1 X-linked (TBL1X) gene encodes a subunit of the nuclear corepressor-silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor complex (NCoR-SMRT) involved in repression of thyroid hormone action in the pituitary and hypothalamus. TBL1X defects were recently associated with central hypothyroidism and hearing loss. The current study aims to describe the clinical and genetic characterization of a male diagnosed with central hypothyroidism through thyroid hormone profiling, TRH test, brain MRI, audiometry, and psychological evaluation. Next-generation sequencing of known genes involved in thyroid disorders was implemented. The 6-year-old boy was diagnosed with central hypothyroidism [free T4: 10.42 pmol/L (normal: 12 to 22 pmol/L); TSH: 1.57 mIU/L (normal: 0.7 to 5.7 mIU/L)], with a mildly reduced TSH response to TRH. He was further diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at 7 years, alternating episodes of encopresis and constipation, and frequent headaches. MRI showed a normal pituitary but detected a Chiari malformation type I (CMI). At 10 years, audiometry identified poor hearing threshold at high frequencies. Sequencing revealed a nonsense hemizygous mutation in TBL1X [c.1015C>T; p.(Arg339Ter)] largely truncating its WD-40 repeat domain involved in nuclear protein-protein interactions. In conclusion, to our knowledge, we identified the first severely truncating TBL1X mutation in a patient with central hypothyroidism, hypoacusia, and novel clinical features like ADHD, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and CMI. Given the relevance of TBL1X and NCoR-SMRT for the regulation of transcriptional programs at different tissues (pituitary, cochlea, brain, fossa posterior, and cerebellum), severe mutations in TBL1X may lead to a distinct syndrome with a phenotypic spectrum wider than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García
- Thyroid Molecular Laboratory, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paula Jiménez
- Thyroid Molecular Laboratory, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rabanal
- Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Ortiz
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vallespín
- Functional and Structural Genomics, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Del Pozo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José C Moreno
- Thyroid Molecular Laboratory, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Lima TI, Valentim RR, Araújo HN, Oliveira AG, Favero BC, Menezes ES, Araújo R, Silveira LR. Role of NCoR1 in mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:734-741. [PMID: 29660213 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial number and shape are constantly changing in response to increased energy demands. The ability to synchronize mitochondrial pathways to respond to energy fluctuations within the cell is a central aspect of mammalian homeostasis. This dynamic process depends on the coordinated activation of transcriptional complexes to promote the expression of genes encoding for mitochondrial proteins. Recent evidence has shown that the nuclear corepressor NCoR1 is an essential metabolic switch which acts on oxidative metabolism signaling. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging role of NCoR1 in the transcriptional control of energy metabolism. The identification and characterization of NCoR1 as a central, evolutionary conserved player in mitochondrial function have revealed a novel layer of metabolic control. Defining the precise mechanisms by which NCoR1 acts on energy homeostasis will ultimately contribute towards the development of novel therapies for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanes I Lima
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (Ribeirão Preto Campus), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Valentim
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hygor N Araújo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André G Oliveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Favero
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eveline S Menezes
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Araújo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Silveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Anyetei-Anum CS, Roggero VR, Allison LA. Thyroid hormone receptor localization in target tissues. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R19-R34. [PMID: 29440347 PMCID: PMC5843491 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptors, TRα1, TRβ1 and other subtypes, are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that mediate the action of thyroid hormone signaling in numerous tissues to regulate important physiological and developmental processes. Their most well-characterized role is as ligand-dependent transcription factors; TRs bind thyroid hormone response elements in the presence or absence of thyroid hormone to facilitate the expression of target genes. Although primarily residing in the nucleus, TRα1 and TRβ1 shuttle rapidly between the nucleus and cytoplasm. We have identified multiple nuclear localization signals and nuclear export signals within TRα1 and TRβ1 that interact with importins and exportins, respectively, to mediate translocation across the nuclear envelope. More recently, enigmatic cytoplasmic functions have been ascribed to other TR subtypes, expanding the diversity of the cellular response to thyroid hormone. By integrating data on localization signal motifs, this review provides an overview of the complex interplay between TR's dynamic transport pathways and thyroid hormone signaling activities. We examine the variation in TR subtype response to thyroid hormone signaling, and what is currently known about regulation of the variety of tissue-specific localization patterns, including targeting to the nucleus, the mitochondria and the inner surface of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent R Roggero
- Department of BiologyCollege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Lizabeth A Allison
- Department of BiologyCollege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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25
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Alternative mRNA Splicing in the Pathogenesis of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020632. [PMID: 29473878 PMCID: PMC5855854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative mRNA splicing is an important mechanism in expansion of proteome diversity by production of multiple protein isoforms. However, emerging evidence indicates that only a limited number of annotated protein isoforms by alternative splicing are detected, and the coding sequence of alternative splice variants usually is only slightly different from that of the canonical sequence. Nevertheless, mis-splicing is associated with a large array of human diseases. Previous reviews mainly focused on hereditary and somatic mutations in cis-acting RNA sequence elements and trans-acting splicing factors. The importance of environmental perturbations contributed to mis-splicing is not assessed. As significant changes in exon skipping and splicing factors expression levels are observed with diet-induced obesity, this review focuses on several well-known alternatively spliced metabolic factors and discusses recent advances in the regulation of the expressions of splice variants under the pathophysiological conditions of obesity. The potential of targeting the alternative mRNA mis-splicing for obesity-associated diseases therapies will also be discussed.
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26
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Okamura T, Nakajima Y, Shibusawa N, Horiguchi K, Matsumoto S, Yamada E, Tomaru T, Ishii S, Ozawa A, Ishizuka T, Hashimoto K, Okada S, Satoh T, Yamada M. Pituitary NR4A1 is negatively regulated by thyroid hormone without direct binding of thyroid hormone receptors on the gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:32-42. [PMID: 28823847 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that TRH stimulated pituitary TSHβ gene expression via an immediate increase in NR4A1 in thyrotrophs. We demonstrated that NR4A1 mRNA levels are regulated by thyroid hormone. Pituitary NR4A1 mRNA levels were decreased in mice injected with L-T4. NR4A1 promoter activity was increased by the overexpression of TRβs, and these increases were decreased by T3, and the -27∼+152 bp region was responsible for these changes in vitro. An EMSA showed the lack of TRβs-isoforms binding, and a ChIP assay demonstrated the recruitment of TRβs and NCoR in the -147∼+148 bp region in the absence of T3, whereas T3 induced their release. Experiments on the overexpression and knockdown of NCoR, and using the mutant TRs supported the involvement of NCoR in the TR-induced stimulation. These results demonstrate that thyroid hormone down-regulated basal NR4A1 mRNA levels in the pituitary, and the direct binding of TR was not required.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Pairing
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Mutation/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Thyroid Hormones/pharmacology
- Thyrotoxicosis/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okamura
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Nakajima
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibusawa
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Eijiro Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuya Tomaru
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sumiyasu Ishii
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ozawa
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishizuka
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Koshi Hashimoto
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shuichi Okada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsurou Satoh
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan.
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27
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Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Development of the Endochondral Skeleton. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:351-381. [PMID: 29407442 PMCID: PMC9830754 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is an established regulator of skeletal growth and maintenance both in clinical studies and in laboratory models. The clinical consequences of altered thyroid status on the skeleton during development and in adulthood are well known, and genetic mouse models in which elements of the TH signaling axis have been manipulated illuminate the mechanisms which underlie TH regulation of the skeleton. TH is involved in the regulation of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in several skeletal cell types including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. The effects of TH are mediated primarily via the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) α and β, ligand-inducible nuclear receptors which act as transcription factors to regulate target gene expression. Both TRα and TRβ signaling are important for different stages of skeletal development. The molecular mechanisms of TH action in bone are complex and include interaction with a number of growth factor signaling pathways. This review provides an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of TH action in bone, focusing particularly on the role of TH in endochondral bone formation during postnatal growth.
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28
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Han CR, Park S, Cheng SY. NCOR1 modulates erythroid disorders caused by mutations of thyroid hormone receptor α1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18080. [PMID: 29273766 PMCID: PMC5741760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) gene mutations, via dominant negative mode, cause erythroid abnormalities in patients. Using mice expressing a dominant negative TRα1 mutant (TRα1PV; Thra1PV/+ mice), we showed that TRα1PV acted directly to suppress the expression of key erythroid genes, causing erythroid defects. The nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) was reported to mediate the dominant negative effects of mutated TRα1. However, how NCOR1 could regulate TRα1 mutants in erythroid defects in vivo is not known. In the present study, we crossed Thra1PV/+ mice with mice expressing a mutant Ncor1 allele (NCOR1ΔID; Ncor1ΔID mice). TRα1PV mutant cannot bind to NCOR1ΔID. The expression of NCOR1ΔID ameliorated abnormalities in the peripheral blood indices, and corrected the defective differentiation potential of progenitors in the erythroid lineage. The defective terminal erythropoiesis of lineage-negative bone marrow cells of Thra1PV/+ mice was rescued by the expression of NCOR1ΔID. De-repression of key erythroid genes in Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice led to partial rescue of terminal erythroid differentiation. These results indicate that the inability of TRα1PV to recruit NCOR1ΔID to form a repressor complex relieved the deleterious actions of TRα1 mutants in vivo. NCOR1 is a critical novel regulator underpining the pathogenesis of erythroid abnormalities caused by TRα1 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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29
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Vella KR, Hollenberg AN. The actions of thyroid hormone signaling in the nucleus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:127-135. [PMID: 28286327 PMCID: PMC5592130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are a critical regulator of mammalian physiology. Much of their action is due to effects in the nucleus where T3 engages thyroid hormone receptor isoforms to mediate its effects. In order to function properly the TR isoforms must be recruited to regulatory sequences within genes that they up-regulate. On these positive regulated target genes the TR can activate or repress depending upon whether the receptor is bound to T3 or not and the type of co-regulatory proteins present in that cell type. In contrast to T3 mediated activation, the mechanism by which the TR represses transcription in the presence of T3 remains unclear. Herein we will review the components of the transcriptional response to T3 within the nucleus and attempt to highlight the outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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30
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Abstract
Central hypothyroidism is a rare and heterogeneous disorder that is characterized by a defect in thyroid hormone secretion in an otherwise normal thyroid gland due to insufficient stimulation by TSH. The disease results from the abnormal function of the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, or both. Moreover, central hypothyroidism can be isolated or combined with other pituitary hormone deficiencies, which are mostly acquired and are rarely congenital. The clinical manifestations of central hypothyroidism are usually milder than those observed in primary hypothyroidism. Obtaining a positive diagnosis for central hypothyroidism can be difficult from both a clinical and a biochemical perspective. The diagnosis of central hypothyroidism is based on low circulating levels of free T4 in the presence of low to normal TSH concentrations. The correct diagnosis of both acquired (also termed sporadic) and congenital (also termed genetic) central hypothyroidism can be hindered by methodological interference in free T4 or TSH measurements; routine utilization of total T4 or T3 measurements; concurrent systemic illness that is characterized by low levels of free T4 and normal TSH concentrations; the use of the sole TSH-reflex strategy, which is the measurement of the sole level of TSH, without free T4, if levels of TSH are in the normal range; and the diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism based on TSH analysis without the concomitant measurement of serum levels of T4. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge of the causes of central hypothyroidism, emphasizing possible pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Rodari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Claudia Giavoli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Andrea Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University and Endocrinology Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano 20086, Italy
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31
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NCoR1-independent mechanism plays a role in the action of the unliganded thyroid hormone receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8458-E8467. [PMID: 28923959 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706917114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) is considered to be the major corepressor that mediates ligand-independent actions of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) during development and in hypothyroidism. We tested this by expressing a hypomorphic NCoR1 allele (NCoR1ΔID), which cannot interact with the TR, in Pax8-KO mice, which make no thyroid hormone. Surprisingly, abrogation of NCoR1 function did not reverse the ligand-independent action of the TR on many gene targets and did not fully rescue the high mortality rate due to congenital hypothyroidism in these mice. To further examine NCoR1's role in repression by the unliganded TR, we deleted NCoR1 in the livers of euthyroid and hypothyroid mice and examined the effects on gene expression and enhancer activity measured by histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) acetylation. Even in the absence of NCoR1 function, we observed strong repression of more than 43% of positive T3 (3,3',5-triiodothyronine) targets in hypothyroid mice. Regulation of approximately half of those genes correlated with decreased H3K27 acetylation, and nearly 80% of these regions with affected H3K27 acetylation contained a bona fide TRβ1-binding site. Moreover, using liver-specific TRβ1-KO mice, we demonstrate that hypothyroidism-associated changes in gene expression and histone acetylation require TRβ1. Thus, many of the genomic changes mediated by the TR in hypothyroidism are independent of NCoR1, suggesting a role for additional signaling modulators in hypothyroidism.
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32
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Sasaki S, Matsushita A, Kuroda G, Nakamura HM, Oki Y, Suda T. The Mechanism of Negative Transcriptional Regulation by Thyroid Hormone: Lessons From the Thyrotropin β Subunit Gene. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 106:97-127. [PMID: 29407449 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) activates (positive regulation) or represses (negative regulation) target genes at the transcriptional level. The molecular mechanism of the former has been elucidated in detail; however, the mechanism for negative regulation has not been established. The best example of the gene that is negatively regulated by T3 is the thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) β subunit (TSHβ) gene. Analogous to the T3-responsive element (TRE) in positive regulation, a negative TRE (nTRE) has been postulated in the TSHβ gene. However, TSHβ promoter analysis, performed in the presence of transcription factors Pit1 and GATA2, which are determinants of thyrotroph differentiation in the pituitary, revealed that the nTRE is dispensable for inhibition by T3. We propose a tethering model in which the T3 receptor is tethered to GATA2 via protein-protein interaction and inhibits GATA2-dependent transactivation of the TSHβ gene in a T3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Go Kuroda
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Oki
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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Turgeon MO, Silander TL, Doycheva D, Liao XH, Rigden M, Ongaro L, Zhou X, Joustra SD, Wit JM, Wade MG, Heuer H, Refetoff S, Bernard DJ. TRH Action Is Impaired in Pituitaries of Male IGSF1-Deficient Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:815-830. [PMID: 28324000 PMCID: PMC5460797 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1) gene cause central hypothyroidism. IGSF1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of unknown function expressed in thyrotropin (TSH)-producing thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The protein is cotranslationally cleaved, with only its C-terminal domain (CTD) being trafficked to the plasma membrane. Most intragenic IGSF1 mutations in humans map to the CTD. In this study, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to introduce a loss-of-function mutation into the IGSF1-CTD in mice. The modified allele encodes a truncated protein that fails to traffic to the plasma membrane. Under standard laboratory conditions, Igsf1-deficient males exhibit normal serum TSH levels as well as normal numbers of TSH-expressing thyrotropes. However, pituitary expression of the TSH subunit genes and TSH protein content are reduced, as is expression of the receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). When challenged with exogenous TRH, Igsf1-deficient males release TSH, but to a significantly lesser extent than do their wild-type littermates. The mice show similarly attenuated TSH secretion when rendered profoundly hypothyroid with a low iodine diet supplemented with propylthiouracil. Collectively, these results indicate that impairments in pituitary TRH receptor expression and/or downstream signaling underlie central hypothyroidism in IGSF1 deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Turgeon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Tanya L. Silander
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Denica Doycheva
- 4Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging–Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Marc Rigden
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Sjoerd D. Joustra
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mike G. Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Heike Heuer
- 4Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Daniel J. Bernard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4 Canada
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Abstract
An insufficient stimulation by thyrotropin (TSH) of an otherwise normal thyroid gland represents the cause of Central Hypothyrodism (CeH). CeH is about 1000-folds rarer than Primary Hypothyroidism and often represents a real challenge for the clinicians, mainly because they cannot rely on adequately sensitive parameters for diagnosis or management, as it occurs with circulating TSH in PH. Therefore, CeH diagnosis can be frequently missed or delayed in patients with a previously unknown pituitary involvement. A series of genetic defects have been described to account for isolated CeH or combined pituitary hormone defects (CPHDs) with variable clinical characteristics and degrees of severity. The recently identified candidate gene IGSF1 appears frequently involved. This review provides an updated illustration of the different genetic defects accounting for CeH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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35
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Heinen CA, Losekoot M, Sun Y, Watson PJ, Fairall L, Joustra SD, Zwaveling-Soonawala N, Oostdijk W, van den Akker ELT, Alders M, Santen GWE, van Rijn RR, Dreschler WA, Surovtseva OV, Biermasz NR, Hennekam RC, Wit JM, Schwabe JWR, Boelen A, Fliers E, van Trotsenburg ASP. Mutations in TBL1X Are Associated With Central Hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4564-4573. [PMID: 27603907 PMCID: PMC5155687 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Isolated congenital central hypothyroidism (CeH) can result from mutations in TRHR, TSHB, and IGSF1, but its etiology often remains unexplained. We identified a missense mutation in the transducin β-like protein 1, X-linked (TBL1X) gene in three relatives diagnosed with isolated CeH. TBL1X is part of the thyroid hormone receptor-corepressor complex. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were the identification of TBL1X mutations in patients with unexplained isolated CeH, Sanger sequencing of relatives of affected individuals, and clinical and biochemical characterization; in vitro investigation of functional consequences of mutations; and mRNA expression in, and immunostaining of, human hypothalami and pituitary glands. DESIGN This was an observational study. SETTING The study was conducted at university medical centers. PATIENTS Nineteen individuals with and seven without a mutation participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures included sequencing results, clinical and biochemical characteristics of mutation carriers, and results of in vitro functional and expression studies. RESULTS Sanger sequencing yielded five additional mutations. All patients (n = 8; six males) were previously diagnosed with CeH (free T4 [FT4] concentration below the reference interval, normal thyrotropin). Eleven relatives (two males) also carried mutations. One female had CeH, whereas 10 others had low-normal FT4 concentrations. As a group, adult mutation carriers had 20%-25% lower FT4 concentrations than controls. Twelve of 19 evaluated carriers had hearing loss. Mutations are located in the highly conserved WD40-repeat domain of the protein, influencing its expression and thermal stability. TBL1X mRNA and protein are expressed in the human hypothalamus and pituitary. CONCLUSIONS TBL1X mutations are associated with CeH and hearing loss. FT4 concentrations in mutation carriers vary from low-normal to values compatible with CeH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Heinen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Watson
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Fairall
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erica L T van den Akker
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Alders
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs W E Santen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick R van Rijn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A Dreschler
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Surovtseva
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W R Schwabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A S Paul van Trotsenburg
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., O.V.S., A.B., E.F.), Clinical Genetics (M.A.), and Clinical and Experimental Audiology (W.A.D.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Paediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., N.Z.-S., A.S.P.v.T.), Radiology (R.R.v.R.), and Paediatrics (R.C.H.), Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Clinical Genetics (M.L., Y.S., G.W.E.S.), Paediatrics (S.D.J., W.O., J.M.W.), and Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.D.J., N.R.B.), Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology (P.J.W., L.F., J.W.R.S.), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (E.L.T.v.d.A.), Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Astapova I. Role of co-regulators in metabolic and transcriptional actions of thyroid hormone. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:73-97. [PMID: 26673411 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) controls a wide range of physiological processes through TH receptor (TR) isoforms. Classically, TRs are proposed to function as tri-iodothyronine (T3)-dependent transcription factors: on positively regulated target genes, unliganded TRs mediate transcriptional repression through recruitment of co-repressor complexes, while T3 binding leads to dismissal of co-repressors and recruitment of co-activators to activate transcription. Co-repressors and co-activators were proposed to play opposite roles in the regulation of negative T3 target genes and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, but exact mechanisms of the negative regulation by TH have remained elusive. Important insights into the roles of co-repressors and co-activators in different physiological processes have been obtained using animal models with disrupted co-regulator function. At the same time, recent studies interrogating genome-wide TR binding have generated compelling new data regarding effects of T3, local chromatin structure, and specific response element configuration on TR recruitment and function leading to the proposal of new models of transcriptional regulation by TRs. This review discusses data obtained in various mouse models with manipulated function of nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR or NCOR1) and silencing mediator of retinoic acid receptor and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT or NCOR2), and family of steroid receptor co-activators (SRCs also known as NCOAs) in the context of TH action, as well as insights into the function of co-regulators that may emerge from the genome-wide TR recruitment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone turnover and maintenance. Thyrotoxicosis is an established cause of secondary osteoporosis, and abnormal thyroid hormone signaling has recently been identified as a novel risk factor for osteoarthritis. Skeletal phenotypes in genetically modified mice have faithfully reproduced genetic disorders in humans, revealing the complex physiological relationship between centrally regulated thyroid status and the peripheral actions of thyroid hormones. Studies in mutant mice also established the paradigm that T3 exerts anabolic actions during growth and catabolic effects on adult bone. Thus, the skeleton represents an ideal physiological system in which to characterize thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action during development and adulthood and in response to injury. Future analysis of T3 action in individual skeletal cell lineages will provide new insights into cell-specific molecular mechanisms and may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Schoenmakers N, Alatzoglou KS, Chatterjee VK, Dattani MT. Recent advances in central congenital hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:R51-71. [PMID: 26416826 PMCID: PMC4629398 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) may occur in isolation, or more frequently in combination with additional pituitary hormone deficits with or without associated extrapituitary abnormalities. Although uncommon, it may be more prevalent than previously thought, affecting up to 1:16 000 neonates in the Netherlands. Since TSH is not elevated, CCH will evade diagnosis in primary, TSH-based, CH screening programs and delayed detection may result in neurodevelopmental delay due to untreated neonatal hypothyroidism. Alternatively, coexisting growth hormones or ACTH deficiency may pose additional risks, such as life threatening hypoglycaemia. Genetic ascertainment is possible in a minority of cases and reveals mutations in genes controlling the TSH biosynthetic pathway (TSHB, TRHR, IGSF1) in isolated TSH deficiency, or early (HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, SOX3, OTX2) or late (PROP1, POU1F1) pituitary transcription factors in combined hormone deficits. Since TSH cannot be used as an indicator of euthyroidism, adequacy of treatment can be difficult to monitor due to a paucity of alternative biomarkers. This review will summarize the normal physiology of pituitary development and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, then describe known genetic causes of isolated central hypothyroidism and combined pituitary hormone deficits associated with TSH deficiency. Difficulties in diagnosis and management of these conditions will then be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - V Krishna Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Calzà L, Fernández M, Giardino L. Role of the Thyroid System in Myelination and Neural Connectivity. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1405-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Lin XW, Blum ID, Storch KF. Clocks within the Master Gland: Hypophyseal Rhythms and Their Physiological Significance. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 30:263-76. [PMID: 25926680 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415580881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Various aspects of mammalian endocrine physiology show a time-of-day variation with a period of 24 h, which represents an adaptation to the daily environmental fluctuations resulting from the rotation of the earth. These 24-h rhythms in hormone abundance and consequently hormone function may rely on rhythmic signals produced by the master circadian clock, which resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and is thought to chiefly dictate the pattern of rest and activity in mammals in conjunction with the light/dark (LD) cycle. However, it is likely that clocks intrinsic to elements of the endocrine axes also contribute to the 24-h rhythms in hormone function. Here we review the evidence for rhythm generation in the endocrine master gland, the pituitary, and its physiological significance in the context of endocrine axes regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ian David Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Liu YY, Ayers S, Milanesi A, Teng X, Rabi S, Akiba Y, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone receptor sumoylation is required for preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7402-15. [PMID: 25572392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) play an essential role in metabolic regulation. However, the role of TR in adipogenesis has not been established. We reported previously that TR sumoylation is essential for TR-mediated gene regulation and that mutation of either of the two sites in TRα or any of the three sites in TRβ reduces TR sumoylation. Here, we transfected TR sumoylation site mutants into human primary preadiocytes and the mouse 3T3L1 preadipocyte cell line to determine the role of TR sumoylation in adipogenesis. Reduced sumoylation of TRα or TRβ resulted in fewer and smaller lipid droplets and reduced proliferation of preadipocytes. TR sumoylation mutations, compared with wild-type TR, results in reduced C/EBP expression and reduced PPARγ2 mRNA and protein levels. TR sumoylation mutants recruited NCoR and disrupted PPARγ-mediated perilipin1 (Plin1) gene expression, associated with impaired lipid droplet formation. Expression of NCoRΔID, a mutant NCoR lacking the TR interaction domain, partially "rescued" the delayed adipogenesis and restored Plin1 gene expression and adipogenesis. TR sumoylation site mutants impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and the proliferation of primary human preadipocytes. Expression of the TRβ K146Q sumoylation site mutant down-regulated the essential genes required for canonical Wnt signal-mediated proliferation, including Wnt ligands, Fzds, β-catenin, LEF1, and CCND1. Additionally, the TRβ K146Q mutant enhanced the canonical Wnt signaling inhibitor Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). Our data demonstrate that TR sumoylation is required for activation of the Wnt canonical signaling pathway during preadipocyte proliferation and enhances the PPARγ signaling that promotes differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073,
| | - Stephen Ayers
- the Genomic Medicine Program, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Anna Milanesi
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- the Institute of Endocrinology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Sina Rabi
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Ysutada Akiba
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Gregory A Brent
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073,
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Guo C, Li Y, Gow CH, Wong M, Zha J, Yan C, Liu H, Wang Y, Burris TP, Zhang J. The optimal corepressor function of nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ requires G protein pathway suppressor 2. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3666-79. [PMID: 25519902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-dependent transcription by the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) is important for homeostatic expression of PPARγ target genes in vivo. The current model states that NCoR-mediated repression requires its direct interaction with PPARγ in the repressive conformation. Previous studies, however, have shown that DNA-bound PPARγ is incompatible with a direct, high-affinity association with NCoR because of the inherent ability of PPARγ to adopt the active conformation. Here we show that NCoR acquires the ability to repress active PPARγ-mediated transcription via G protein pathway suppressor 2 (GPS2), a component of the NCoR corepressor complex. Unlike NCoR, GPS2 can recognize and bind the active state of PPARγ. In GPS2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, loss of GPS2 markedly reduces the corepressor function of NCoR for PPARγ, leading to constitutive activation of PPARγ target genes and spontaneous adipogenesis of the cells. GPS2, however, is dispensable for repression mediated by unliganded thyroid hormone receptor α or a PPARγ mutant unable to adopt the active conformation. This study shows that GPS2, although dispensable for the intrinsic repression function of NCoR, can mediate a novel corepressor repression pathway that allows NCoR to directly repress active PPARγ-mediated transcription, which is important for the optimal corepressor function of NCoR for PPARγ. Interestingly, GPS2-dependent repression specifically targets PPARγ but not PPARα or PPARδ. Therefore, GPS2 may serve as a unique target to manipulate PPARγ signaling in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Guo
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, the Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Yali Li
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Chien-Hung Gow
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, the Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Madeline Wong
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Jikun Zha
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Chunxia Yan
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, the College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China, and
| | - Hongqi Liu
- the Infection and Immunity Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650018, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Thomas P Burris
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, the Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267,
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Abstract
NCoR1 (nuclear receptor corepressor) and SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors; NCoR2) are well-recognized coregulators of nuclear receptor (NR) action. However, their unique roles in the regulation of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in specific cell types have not been determined. To accomplish this we generated mice that lacked function of either NCoR1, SMRT, or both in the liver only and additionally a global SMRT knockout model. Despite both corepressors being present in the liver, deletion of SMRT in either euthyroid or hypothyroid animals had little effect on TH signaling. In contrast, disruption of NCoR1 action confirmed that NCoR1 is the principal mediator of TH sensitivity in vivo. Similarly, global disruption of SMRT, unlike the global disruption of NCoR1, did not affect TH levels. While SMRT played little role in TH-regulated pathways, when disrupted in combination with NCoR1, it greatly accentuated the synthesis and storage of hepatic lipid. Taken together, these data demonstrate that corepressor specificity exists in vivo and that NCoR1 is the principal regulator of TH action. However, both corepressors collaborate to control hepatic lipid content, which likely reflects their cooperative activity in regulating the action of multiple NRs including the TH receptor (TR).
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Transcriptional coregulators: fine-tuning metabolism. Cell Metab 2014; 20:26-40. [PMID: 24794975 PMCID: PMC4079747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis requires that cellular energy levels are adapted to environmental cues. This adaptation is largely regulated at the transcriptional level, through the interaction between transcription factors, coregulators, and the basal transcriptional machinery. Coregulators, which function as both metabolic sensors and transcriptional effectors, are ideally positioned to synchronize metabolic pathways to environmental stimuli. The balance between inhibitory actions of corepressors and stimulatory effects of coactivators enables the fine-tuning of metabolic processes. This tight regulation opens therapeutic opportunities to manage metabolic dysfunction by directing the activity of cofactors toward specific transcription factors, pathways, or cells/tissues, thereby restoring whole-body metabolic homeostasis.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism in the adult. The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, α and β, are differentially expressed in tissues and have distinct roles in TH signaling. Local activation of thyroxine (T4), to the active form, triiodothyronine (T3), by 5'-deiodinase type 2 (D2) is a key mechanism of TH regulation of metabolism. D2 is expressed in the hypothalamus, white fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle and is required for adaptive thermogenesis. The thyroid gland is regulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In addition to TRH/TSH regulation by TH feedback, there is central modulation by nutritional signals, such as leptin, as well as peptides regulating appetite. The nutrient status of the cell provides feedback on TH signaling pathways through epigentic modification of histones. Integration of TH signaling with the adrenergic nervous system occurs peripherally, in liver, white fat, and BAT, but also centrally, in the hypothalamus. TR regulates cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism through direct actions on gene expression as well as cross-talk with other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and bile acid signaling pathways. TH modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity, especially important for the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The role of TH in regulating metabolic pathways has led to several new therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and interactions of the various TH signaling pathways in metabolism will improve our likelihood of identifying effective and selective targets.
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46
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Aninye IO, Matsumoto S, Sidhaye AR, Wondisford FE. Circadian regulation of Tshb gene expression by Rev-Erbα (NR1D1) and nuclear corepressor 1 (NCOR1). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17070-7. [PMID: 24794873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical for development, growth, and metabolism. Circulating TH levels are tightly regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Although circadian TSH secretion has been well documented, the mechanism of this observation remains unclear. Recently, the nuclear corepressor, NCOR1, has been postulated to regulate TSH expression, presumably by interacting with thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) bound to TSH subunit genes. We report herein the first in vitro study of NCOR1 regulation of TSH in a physiologically relevant cell system, the TαT1.1 mouse thyrotroph cell line. Knockdown of NCOR1 by shRNA adenovirus increased baseline Tshb mRNA levels compared with scrambled control, but surprisingly had no affect on the T3-mediated repression of this gene. Using ChIP, we show that NCOR1 enriches on the Tshb promoter at sites different from THR previously identified by our group. Furthermore, NCOR1 enrichment on Tshb is unaffected by T3 treatment. Given that NCOR1 does not target THR on Tshb, we hypothesized that NCOR1 targeted Rev-Erbα (NR1D1), an orphan nuclear receptor that is a potent repressor of gene transcription and regulator of metabolism and circadian rhythms. Using a serum shock technique, we synchronized TαT1.1 cells to study circadian gene expression. Post-synchronization, Tshb and Nr1d1 mRNA levels displayed oscillations that inversely correlated with each other. Furthermore, NR1D1 was enriched at the same locus as NCOR1 on Tshb. Therefore, we propose a model for Tshb regulation whereby NR1D1 and NCOR1 interact to regulate circadian expression of Tshb independent of TH negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene O Aninye
- From the Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Shunichi Matsumoto
- From the Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Aniket R Sidhaye
- From the Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- From the Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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Astapova I, Ramadoss P, Costa-e-Sousa RH, Ye F, Holtz KA, Li Y, Niepel MW, Cohen DE, Hollenberg AN. Hepatic nuclear corepressor 1 regulates cholesterol absorption through a TRβ1-governed pathway. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1976-86. [PMID: 24713658 DOI: 10.1172/jci73419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional coregulators are important components of nuclear receptor (NR) signaling machinery and provide additional mechanisms for modulation of NR activity. Expression of a mutated nuclear corepressor 1 (NCoR1) that lacks 2 NR interacting domains (NCoRΔID) in the liver leads to elevated expression of genes regulated by thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and liver X receptor (LXR), both of which control hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that expression of NCoRΔID in mouse liver improves dietary cholesterol tolerance in an LXRα-independent manner. NCoRΔID-associated cholesterol tolerance was primarily due to diminished intestinal cholesterol absorption as the result of changes in the composition and hydrophobicity of the bile salt pool. Alterations of the bile salt pool were mediated by increased expression of genes encoding the bile acid metabolism enzymes CYP27A1 and CYP3A11 as well as canalicular bile salt pump ABCB11. We have determined that these genes are regulated by thyroid hormone and that TRβ1 is recruited to their regulatory regions. Together, these data indicate that interactions between NCoR1 and TR control a specific pathway involved in regulation of cholesterol metabolism and clearance.
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48
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Picou F, Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Richard S, Flamant F. Deciphering direct and indirect influence of thyroid hormone with mouse genetics. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:429-41. [PMID: 24617548 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, binds nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of a large number of genes in many cell types. Unraveling the direct and indirect effect of this hormonal stimulation, and establishing links between these molecular events and the developmental and physiological functions of the hormone, is a major challenge. New mouse genetics tools, notably those based on Cre/loxP technology, are suitable to perform a multiscale analysis of T3 signaling and achieve this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Picou
- Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale, Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Thyroid hormone signaling in vivo requires a balance between coactivators and corepressors. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1564-75. [PMID: 24550004 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00129-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), a human syndrome, is characterized by high thyroid hormone (TH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Mice with mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) gene that cannot bind steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) and Src-1(-/-) mice both have phenotypes similar to that of RTH. Conversely, mice expressing a mutant nuclear corepressor 1 (Ncor1) allele that cannot interact with TRβ, termed NCoRΔID, have low TH levels and normal TSH. We hypothesized that Src-1(-/-) mice have RTH due to unopposed corepressor action. To test this, we crossed NCoRΔID and Src-1(-/-) mice to create mice deficient for coregulator action in all cell types. Remarkably, NCoR(ΔID/ΔID) Src-1(-/-) mice have normal TH and TSH levels and are triiodothryonine (T(3)) sensitive at the level of the pituitary. Although absence of SRC-1 prevented T(3) activation of key hepatic gene targets, NCoR(ΔID/ΔID) Src-1(-/-) mice reacquired hepatic T(3) sensitivity. Using in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP) for the related coactivator SRC-2, we found enhanced SRC-2 recruitment to TR-binding regions of genes in NCoR(ΔID/ΔID) Src-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that SRC-2 is responsible for T(3) sensitivity in the absence of NCoR1 and SRC-1. Thus, T(3) targets require a critical balance between NCoR1 and SRC-1. Furthermore, replacement of NCoR1 with NCoRΔID corrects RTH in Src-1(-/-) mice through increased SRC-2 recruitment to T(3) target genes.
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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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