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Patil P, Vankani A, Sawant K. Design, optimization and characterization of atorvastatin loaded chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles based transdermal patch. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133219. [PMID: 38897514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
AIM Atorvastatin (ATO) loaded chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PECN) incorporated transdermal patch was developed to enhance its skin permeability and bioavailability. METHODOLOGY The ATO loaded PECN were prepared by ionic gelation method and optimized by Box-Behnken design. The optimized batches were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, in vitro, ex vivo, cell line and stability studies. The optimized ATO-PECN were incorporated into transdermal patches by solvent evaporation method and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, ex vivo skin permeation, in vivo pharmacokinetics and stability study. RESULTS The optimized batch of ATO-PECN had average size of 219.2 ± 5.98 nm with 82.68 ± 2.63 % entrapment and 25.41 ± 3.29 mV zeta potential. ATO-PECN showed sustained drug release and higher skin permeation. The cell line study showed that ATO-PECN increased the cell permeability of ATO as compared to ATO suspension. ATO-PECN loaded transdermal patch showed higher skin permeation. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed that the ATO-PECN transdermal patch showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in pharmacokinetic parameters as compared to marketed oral tablet, confirming enhancement in bioavailability of ATO. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present work concluded that the ATO-PECN loaded transdermal patch is a promising novel drug delivery system for poorly bioavailable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Patil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390001, Gujarat, India
| | - Ankit Vankani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390001, Gujarat, India
| | - Krutika Sawant
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390001, Gujarat, India.
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Sa A, Sawatdee S, Phadoongsombut N, Buatong W, Nakpeng T, Sritharadol R, Srichana T. Quantitative analysis of povidone-iodine thin films by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and their physicochemical properties. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2017; 67:169-186. [PMID: 28590912 DOI: 10.1515/acph-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, povidone-iodine (PVP-I) has been formulated as a topical spray to produce a thin film for the controlled release of I2. By means of experimental design, 27 formulations containing glycerol, ethanol, PEG 400, copovidone and HFA 134a as a propellant were prepared. The pH values of all formulations were in the range of 6-7. The viscosity was within the range of 11.9-85.9 mPa s. The surface tensions were 20.3 to 24.6 mN m-1 and the contact angles were between 19.3 and 38.7°. The assays for the iodine contents were within acceptable range (80-120 %). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the ionized form of iodine was much higher than the unionized form. The MIC and MBC values of the PVP-I sprays against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were higher than that of commercial PVP-I solution. The cytotoxicity study confirmed that the PVP-I spray had lower toxic effects on keratinocytes and fibroblasts compared to the commercial PVP-I solution. The formulation containing 59 % ethanol, 18 % copovidone and 12 % PEG 400 showed good antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anongtip Sa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sawatdee
- Drug and Cosmetic (Research and Development Unit), School of Pharmacy, Walailak University Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Narubodee Phadoongsombut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Wilaiporn Buatong
- Nanotec-PSU Excellence Center on Drug Delivery System Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Titpawan Nakpeng
- Nanotec-PSU Excellence Center on Drug Delivery System Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Rutthapol Sritharadol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Teerapol Srichana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Nanotec-PSU Excellence Center on Drug Delivery System Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Kamel NA, Abd El-messieh SL, Saleh NM. Chitosan/banana peel powder nanocomposites for wound dressing application: Preparation and characterization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 72:543-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Simon L, Ospina J. Three-dimensional analyses of a perforated cylindrical drug delivery device. Int J Pharm 2015; 481:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sarkar G, Saha NR, Roy I, Bhattacharyya A, Bose M, Mishra R, Rana D, Bhattacharjee D, Chattopadhyay D. Taro corms mucilage/HPMC based transdermal patch: An efficient device for delivery of diltiazem hydrochloride. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 66:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chandak AR, Prasad Verma PR. Eudragit-based transdermal delivery system of pentazocine: Physico-chemical, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 15:296-304. [PMID: 22716470 DOI: 10.3109/10837450903188501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to develop a matrix-type transdermal formulation of pentazocine using mixed polymeric grades of Eudragit RL/RS. The possible interaction between drug and polymer used were characterized by FTIR, DSC and X-RD. X-RD study indicates a change of state of drug from crystalline to amorphous in the matrix films prepared. The matrix transdermal films of pentazocine were evaluated for physical parameters and in vitro dissolution characteristic using Cygnus' sandwich patch holder. Irrespective of the grades of Eudragit polymer used, the thickness and weight per patch were similar. In vitro dissolution study revealed that, with an increase in the proportion of Eudragit RS (slightly permeable) type polymer, dissolution half life (t(50%)) increases and dissolution rate constant value decreases. Selected formulations were chosen for these pharmacokinetic studies in healthy rabbits. The relevance of difference in the in vitro dissolution rate profile and pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), t(max), AUC((s)), t(1/2,) K(el), and MRT) were evaluated statistically. In vitro dissolution profiles (DRC and t(50%)) and pharmacokinetic parameters showed a significant difference between test products (P<0.01). Quantitatively good correlation was found between the percentage of drug absorbed from the transdermal patches and AUC((s)).
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Cilurzo F, Minghetti P, Gennari CGM, Casiraghi A, Selmin F, Montanari L. Formulation study of a patch containing propranolol by design of experiments. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:17-22. [PMID: 23301830 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.743559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of a transdermal patch containing propranolol (PR). METHOD Skin penetration enhancers (SPEs) able to improve the skin permeability of PR were selected and a quality by design approach was applied to the development of the patch by a 2(4) full factorial design. The permeation profile of PR from the formulations was assessed in in vitro permeation studies performed by using Franz diffusion cells and human epidermis as membrane. Finally, skin irritation was evaluated by the Draize test. RESULTS N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) resulted as the best SPE: in addition, the critical factors influencing the PR diffusion through the human epidermis when loaded in the patch resulted in the matrix thickness (X1, p = 0.0957) and PR content (X3, p = 0.0004) which improved the flux; conversely, NMP lacked its enhancement effect when loaded in the patch and the increase in its concentration (X4, p = 0.006) affected the drug permeation through human epidermis. The flux of optimal formulation was 12.7 μg/cm(2)/h. On the basis of the steady-state concentration and clearance of PR, the estimated patch surface was 100-120 cm(2), since the activity of PR is related to its Senantiomer and no in vivo bioconversion occurs. CONCLUSION A patch containing (S)-PR was prepared and the (S)-PR flux (13.3 μg/cm(2)/h) permitted to confirm the suitability of a transdermal administration of PR. In particular, the use of a 50 μm thick methacrylic matrix containing 8% (S)-PR and 15% NMP can allow to develop a patch non-irritating to the skin, in order to ensure a constant permeation flux of PR over 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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Chandak AR, Verma PRP. Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate Using Mixed Grades of Eudragit: Physico-Chemical, In-Vitro, and In-Vivo Evaluations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10601330801937544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chandak AR, Verma PRP. Development and Evaluation of HPMC Based Matrices for Transdermal Patches of Tramadol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10601330701885066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Burdock GA. Safety assessment of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a food ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2341-51. [PMID: 17723258 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC; CAS No. 9004-65-3) is an odorless and tasteless, white to slightly off-white, fibrous or granular, free-flowing powder that is a synthetic modification of the natural polymer, cellulose. It is used in the food industry as a multipurpose food ingredient. HPMC is approved by FDA as both a direct and an indirect food additive, and is approved for use as a food additive by the EU. The JECFA has evaluated the food uses of HPMC and established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 'not specified' for such uses. Based on the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 5000 mg/kg body weight/day from a 90-day feeding study in rats, a tolerable intake for ingestion of HPMC by humans of 5 mg/kg body weight/day is posited and, as such, is more than 100-fold greater than the estimated current consumption of 0.047 mg/kg body weight/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Burdock
- Burdock Group, 2001 9th Ave Suite 301, Vero Beach, FL 32960, USA.
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Abstract
Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs (beta-blockers) are one of the most frequently used class of cardiovascular drugs that are mainly used in conventional dosage forms., which have their own limitations including hepatic first-pass metabolism, high incidence of adverse effects due to variable absorption profiles, higher frequency of administration and poor patient compliance. Essentially, attempts have been made to develop novel drug delivery systems for beta-blockers, including transdermal delivery systems, to circumvent the drawbacks of conventional drug delivery. However, so far none of the beta-blocker drugs have been marketed as transdermal delivery systems. Nevertheless, there have been noteworthy research endeavours worldwide at the laboratory level to investigate the skin permeation and to develop transdermal formulations of beta-blockers including: propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, timolol, levobunolol, bupranolol, bopindolol, mepindolol, sotalol, labetolol, pindolol, acebutolol and oxprenolol. Innovative research exploiting penetration-enhancing strategies, such as iontophoresis, electroporation, microneedles and sonophoresis, holds promise for the successful use of these drugs as consumer-friendly transdermal dosage forms in clinical practice. This paper presents an overview of the transdermal research on this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India.
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Frishman WH, Alwarshetty M. Beta-adrenergic blockers in systemic hypertension: pharmacokinetic considerations related to the current guidelines. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41:505-16. [PMID: 12083978 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200241070-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic blockade has provided one of the major pharmacotherapeutic advances of the 20th century. Beta-blockers are first-line drugs for the management of systemic hypertension, used alone and in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Drugs in the beta-blocking class have the common property of blocking the binding of catecholamines to beta-adrenergic receptor sites; however, there are significant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between the individual agents that are of clinical importance. Among these differences are the completeness of gastrointestinal absorption, the degree of hepatic first-pass metabolism, lipid solubility, protein binding, brain penetration, concentration within the cardiac tissue, rate of hepatic biotransformation, and renal clearance of drug and/or metabolites. Long-acting formulations of existing beta-blockers are currently in use, and ultra-short-acting agents are also available. Age, race, cigarette smoking and concomitant drug therapy can also influence the pharmacokinetics of beta-blocking drugs. The wide interpatient variability in plasma drug concentrations observed with beta-blockers makes this parameter unreliable in routine patient management. Despite the pharmacokinetic differences among beta-blockers, these drugs should always be titrated to achieve the desired individual patient response.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Frishman
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Room 263 Munger Pavilion, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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