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Wu F, Yi Y, Lian Y, Chen Q, Luo L, Yang H, Li H, Feng Y, Feng S, Zhou S, Huang Y, Li Z, Zhang X. Sex differences in the association between suicidal ideation and neurocognitive function in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:1355-1363. [PMID: 37184751 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that sex differences exist in many clinical manifestations of patients with schizophrenia, including suicidal ideation (SI) and neurocognitive function. The present study was performed to explore the sex differences in the association between SI and neurocognitive function in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. A total of 1188 inpatients with schizophrenia were recruited from multicenter psychiatric hospitals. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was utilized to evaluate the neurocognitive function of all patients. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was utilized to assess the psychopathology of patients. The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI) was used to assess the severity of SI. In male patients, the suicide risk score was significantly associated with PANSS negative symptoms (r = 0.167, p = 0.043), visuospatial subscale (r = - 0.261, p = 0.001), and RBANS total scores (r = - 0.172, p = 0.037). Furthermore, multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the visuospatial subscale (β = - 0.490, t = - 3.273, p = 0.001) was independently associated with the suicide risk score in male patients. In female patients, the suicide risk score was significantly correlated with PANSS positive symptoms (r = 0.249, p = 0.021), negative symptoms (r = 0.394, p < 0.001), general psychopathology (r = 0.276, p = 0.01) and PANSS total score (r = 0.365, p = 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that PANSS negative symptoms (β = 1.849, t = 3.933, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with suicide risk scores in female patients. Our findings indicate that there are sex differences in the association between SI and neurocognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. Based on the findings of our study, gender-specific prevention and intervention strategies may make a difference in reducing SI in Chinese schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunling Lian
- Department of Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, China
| | - Lanfang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, China
| | - Hanlun Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hehua Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Yangdong Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Shixuan Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Sumiao Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Rd, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Cui MF, Chen LM, Jiang C, Ma BZ, Yuan FW, Zhao C, Liu SM. Risks associated with cognitive function and management strategies in the clinical use of ADT: a systematic review from clinical and preclinical studies. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:561. [PMID: 39085696 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies and a leading cause of death in men. Owing to its excellent anti-tumor effects, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is widely used in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, its use is controversial because of its potential for inducing cognitive decline. In this review, we summarized the findings of preclinical and clinical studies investigating the effects of ADT on cognitive function in prostate cancer. We discussed the methods used to assess cognitive function in these studies, elucidated the mechanisms through which ADT affects cognitive function, and highlighted recent advancements in cognitive assessment methods. The findings of this review serve as a valuable reference for examining the relationship between ADT and cognitive function in future studies. Besides, the findings may help clinicians understand the advantages and disadvantages of ADT and optimize the treatment plan so as to minimize the adverse effects of ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fan Cui
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, No, China
| | - Li-Ming Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110 Ganhe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Cindy Jiang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, No, China
| | - Bing-Zhe Ma
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, No, China
| | - Fu-Wen Yuan
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, No, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, No, China.
| | - Shi-Min Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, No, China.
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3
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Chaudhary S, Roy A, Summers C, Ahles T, Li CSR, Chao HH. Androgen deprivation increases frontopolar cortical thickness in prostate cancer patients: an effect of early neurodegeneration? Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:3652-3664. [PMID: 39113873 PMCID: PMC11301281 DOI: 10.62347/wola8904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been associated with adverse effects on the brain. ADT leads to altered testosterone levels that may affect brain morphology as well as cognition. Considering the reliability of cortical thickness (CT) as a marker of cognitive and brain changes, e.g., in Alzheimer's disease, we assessed the impacts of ADT on CT and working memory. Thirty men with non-metastatic prostate cancer receiving ADT and 32 patients not receiving ADT (controls or CON), matched in age and years of education, participated in N-back task and quality-of-life (QoL) assessments as well as brain imaging at baseline and prospectively at 6 months. Imaging data were processed with published routines to estimate CT and the results of a group by time flexible factorial analysis were evaluated at a corrected threshold. ADT and CON did not differ in N-back performance or QoL across time points. Relative to CON, patients receiving ADT showed significantly higher frontopolar cortex (FPC) CT at 6-month follow-up vs. baseline. Follow-up vs. baseline FPC CT change correlated negatively with changes in 2-back correct response rate and in testosterone levels across all participants. In mediation analysis, FPC CT change mediated the association between testosterone level change and 2-back accuracy rate change. Increases in FPC CT following 6 months of ADT may reflect early neurodegenerative changes in response to androgen deprivation. While no significant impact on working memory or QoL was observed over 6 months, further research of longer duration of treatment is warranted to unravel the full spectrum of cognitive and neural consequences of ADT in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Chaudhary
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alicia Roy
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tim Ahles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Herta H Chao
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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Yoshida T, Alexander T, Xing M, Mirzaei S. S, Williams AM, Lubas M, Brinkman TM, Chemaitilly W, Robison LL, Hudson MM, Krull KR, Delaney A. Hypogonadism and neurocognitive outcomes among childhood cancer survivors. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:220-233. [PMID: 38468563 PMCID: PMC11052539 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood cancer survivors are at risk for hypogonadism. The impact of hypogonadism on neurocognitive impairment and emotional distress in the non-cancer population has been shown; however, the relationship among the childhood cancer survivor population is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the contribution of hypogonadism to neurocognitive impairment and emotional distress among survivors. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using retrospective cohort. METHODS In total, 3628 survivors who completed standard neurocognitive tests (six domains: processing speed, memory, executive function, attention, academics, and global cognition) and self-reported emotional distress were included in our study. Participants were stratified by sex and gonadal status. Outcomes were compared between hypogonadal and eugonadal groups by multivariable analysis, adjusting for established predictors, and mediation analyses to determine the direct/indirect effects of hypogonadism on outcomes. RESULTS The hypogonadal group exhibited a higher prevalence of neurocognitive impairment across domains, but no difference in emotional distress. Hypogonadal females exhibited higher relative risk (1.7, 95% CI, 1.2-2.5) for impaired visual processing speed, compared to eugonadal females after adjusting for cancer-related variables. In mediation models, hypogonadism had a significant direct (P < .01) and indirect (from P < .01) impact on impairment in visual processing speed among females. Males demonstrated direct (P = .03) and indirect (P = .04) impact of hypogonadism on motor processing speed. CONCLUSION Processing speed may be the most vulnerable neurocognitive domain associated with hypogonadism in survivors, while other domains were mainly impacted by cancer-related variables. Our findings support the need for further evaluation of the impact of sex hormone replacement therapy on neurocognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Tyler Alexander
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Mengqi Xing
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Sedigheh Mirzaei S.
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - AnnaLynn M. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Margaret Lubas
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Tara M. Brinkman
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
- Department of Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Wassim Chemaitilly
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Kevin R. Krull
- Department of Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Angela Delaney
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
- Department of Pediatric Medicine-Endocrinology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
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5
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Tang S, Huang L, Lin F, Chen X, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang Y, Gao J, Xiao Q. Sex steroid and cognitive function among community-dwelling older men with or without vascular risk factors: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:147. [PMID: 38350861 PMCID: PMC10865607 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship of testosterone and estradiol concentrations with cognitive function among community-dwelling older men was inconclusive. To examine the association of serum testosterone and estradiol concentrations with cognitive function in older men with or without vascular risk factors (VRFs). METHODS This cross-sectional study consisted of 224 community-dwelling men aged 65-90 years in the Songjiang District of Shanghai, China. Serum testosterone and estradiol were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The following five factors were defined as VRFs in this study: obesity, history of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the association of testosterone and estradiol with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in participants with or without VRF. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was performed to account for the nonlinearity of these associations. RESULTS An inverted "U" shaped non-linear relationship was found between testosterone concentration and MMSE score in men with one VRF (P overall =.003, non-linear P =.002). Estradiol showed an inverted "U" shaped non-linear relationship with MMSE score independent of VRFs (men without VRF, P overall =.049, non-linear P =.015; men with one VRF, overall P =.007, non-linear P =.003; men with two or more VRFs, overall P =.009, non-linear P =.005). CONCLUSION In older men, an optimal level of sex steroid concentration may be beneficial to cognitive function and the VRFs should be considered when interpreting the relationship between sex steroid and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Huang
- Songjiang Center of Disease Prevention and Control, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangting Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Songjiang Center of Disease Prevention and Control, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Wang
- Songjiang District Xinqiao Town Community Health Service Center, 201600, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixiang Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qianyi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Cartier L, Guérin M, Saulnier F, Cotocea I, Mohammedi A, Moussaoui F, Kheloui S, Juster RP. Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:3. [PMID: 38191503 PMCID: PMC10773055 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually polymorphic cognition (SPC) results from the interaction between biological (birth-assigned sex (BAS), sex hormones) and socio-cultural (gender identity, gender roles, sexual orientation) factors. The literature remains quite mixed regarding the magnitude of the effects of these variables. This project used a battery of classic cognitive tests designed to assess the influence of sex hormones on cognitive performance. At the same time, we aimed to assess the inter-related and respective effects that BAS, sex hormones, and gender-related factors have on SPC. METHODS We recruited 222 adults who completed eight cognitive tasks that assessed a variety of cognitive domains during a 150-min session. Subgroups were separated based on gender identity and sexual orientation and recruited as follows: cisgender heterosexual men (n = 46), cisgender non-heterosexual men (n = 36), cisgender heterosexual women (n = 36), cisgender non-heterosexual women (n = 38), gender diverse (n = 66). Saliva samples were collected before, during, and after the test to assess testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychosocial variables were derived from self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Cognitive performance reflects sex and gender differences that are partially consistent with the literature. Interestingly, biological factors seem to better explain differences in male-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., spatial), while psychosocial factors seem to better explain differences in female-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., verbal). CONCLUSION Our results establish a better comprehension of SPC over and above the effects of BAS as a binary variable. We highlight the importance of treating sex as a biological factor and gender as a socio-cultural factor together since they collectively influence SPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Cartier
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mina Guérin
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fanny Saulnier
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ioana Cotocea
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
| | - Amine Mohammedi
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fadila Moussaoui
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Kheloui
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Zamir A, Ben Zeev T, Levi C, Einstein O, Ratamess NA, van Praag H, Hoffman JR. The effect of supraphysiological dose of nandrolone decanoate administration on the inflammatory, neurotrophin and behavioral response in adult and old male mice. Horm Behav 2023; 156:105444. [PMID: 38344953 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of 6 weeks of supraphysiological nandrolone decanoate (ND) administration in adult mice (7 months) on cognitive function and neuroinflammation during aging. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into ND (10 mg·kg-1·wk-1) or control (CTL) groups. Half of the mice were tested at a young (Y) age (ND-Y and CTL-Y), 1 week following final ND administration, while the remaining mice were tested at 16 months (O) (ND-O and CTL-O). Learning and memory were better in young mice compared to older mice, regardless of treatment. ND-O displayed decreased anxiety as compared to all other groups. TNFα and IL1β expression were higher in older mice, regardless of treatment. ND administration in young mice appeared to attenuate the neuroinflammatory response in aging mice as evidenced by decreased COX2, IL-4 and increased IL-10 expression in ND-O compared to CTL-O. BDNF AR and ER expression increased in ND-O compared to CTL-O. Results of the study indicated that supraphysiological ND administration had no negative effect on learning and memory but may attenuate anxiety in older mice. In addition, ND administration in young adult mice may attenuate the inflammatory response during aging, which may be related to elevations in both AR and ER expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zamir
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - T Ben Zeev
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - C Levi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - O Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - N A Ratamess
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, USA
| | - H van Praag
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
| | - J R Hoffman
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Israel.
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Khairy EY, Salama OA. Effect of exercise on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14300. [PMID: 37653057 PMCID: PMC10471618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis dysregulation was suggested to play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the effects of exercise on HPG hormones in an AD rat model, as a possible mechanism underlying the favorable effect of exercise on AD. Forty male Wistar albino rats 2-3 months old were subdivided randomly into two groups (n = 20 each): AD group (injected intraperitoneally with aluminum chloride (70 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks) and Control group. Each group was subdivided into exercised or non-exercised group (n = 10 each). Exercised groups were subjected to a swimming protocol (60 min/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks). Serum HPG hormones, hippocampal β-amyloid levels and Morris water-maze cognition were assessed. Results demonstrated higher levels of β-amyloid, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) together with lower testosterone levels and cognitive impairment in the AD rats compared to controls. Β-amyloid levels negatively correlated with testosterone levels and positively correlated with GnRH, LH and FSH among the AD rats. Higher testosterone and lower GnRH, LH, FSH and β-amyloid levels, as well as cognitive improvement, were observed in the exercised compared to non-exercised AD rats, suggesting a modulatory role of exercise training on AD-associated HPG axis dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Y Khairy
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165, Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ola A Salama
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165, Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
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9
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Andrade MK, Souza LC, Azevedo EM, Bail EL, Zanata SM, Andreatini R, Vital MABF. Melatonin reduces β-amyloid accumulation and improves short-term memory in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:264-272. [PMID: 36926592 PMCID: PMC10011440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, it can be associated with circadian rhythms, aging and neuroprotection. Melatonin levels are decreased in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) patients, which suggests a relationship between the melatonergic system and sAD. Melatonin may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, TAU protein hyperphosphorylation, and the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the impact of treatment with 10 mg/kg of melatonin (i.p) in the animal model of sAD induced by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of 3 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). ICV-STZ causes changes in the brain of rats similar to those found in patients with sAD. These changes include; progressive memory decline, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, disturbances in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and even reactive astrogliosis characterized by the upregulation of glucose levels and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The results show that ICV-STZ caused short-term spatial memory impairment in rats after 30 days of STZ infusion without locomotor impairment which was evaluated on day 27 post-injury. Furthermore, we observed that a prolonged 30-day treatment with melatonin can improve the cognitive impairment of animals in the Y-maze test, but not in the object location test. Finally, we demonstrated that animals receiving ICV-STZ have high levels of Aβ and GFAP in the hippocampus and that treatment with melatonin reduces Aβ levels but does not reduce GFAP levels, concluding that melatonin may be useful to control the progression of amyloid pathology in the brain.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer Disease
- APP, Amyloid precursor protein
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ, β-amyloid
- GFAP
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- ICV-STZ, Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin
- MEL, Melatonin
- MT1, Melatonin Receptor 1
- MT2, Melatonin Receptor 2
- Melatonin
- OLT, Object location test
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- Short-term memory
- Streptozotocin
- TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis factor alpha
- Y maze
- sAD, Sporadic Alzheimer disease
- β-amyloid
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos K Andrade
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Evellyn M Azevedo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil.,Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Ellen L Bail
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil.,Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Maria A B F Vital
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
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10
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Abstract
Recent publications of well-conducted population studies have informed us that the syndromic prevalence of age-related low testosterone, also known as late-onset hypogonadism, is quite low. Several well-conducted trials in middle-aged and older men with age-related decline in testosterone levels have revealed that efficacy of testosterone therapy is modest with improvement in sexual function, mood, volumetric bone density, and anemia. Although select older men might benefit from testosterone therapy, its effect on prostate cancer risk and major adverse cardiovascular events remains unclear. The results of the ongoing TRAVERSE trial will likely provide important insights into these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Figueiredo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI 541, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thiago Gagliano-Jucá
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI 541, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Northwestern Medicine McHenry Hospital, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, McHenry, IL, USA
| | - Shehzad Basaria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI 541, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Song L, Chen H, Qiao D, Zhang B, Guo F, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li S, Cui H. ZIP9 mediates the effects of DHT on learning, memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity of male Tfm and APP/PS1 mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139874. [PMID: 37305050 PMCID: PMC10248430 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgens are closely associated with functions of hippocampal learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. The zinc transporter ZIP9 (SLC39A9) regulates androgen effects as a binding site distinct from the androgen receptor (AR). However, it is still unclear whether androgens regulate their functions in hippocampus of mice through ZIP9. Compared with wild-type (WT) male mice, we found that AR-deficient male testicular feminization mutation (Tfm) mice with low androgen levels had learning and memory impairment, decreased expression of hippocampal synaptic proteins PSD95, drebrin, SYP, and dendritic spine density. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) supplementation significantly improved these conditions in Tfm male mice, although the beneficial effects disappeared after hippocampal ZIP9 knockdown. To explore the underlying mechanism, we first detected the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and eIF4E in the hippocampus and found that it was lower in Tfm male mice than in WT male mice, it upregulated with DHT supplementation, and it downregulated after hippocampal ZIP9 knockdown. Next, we found that the expression of PSD95, p-ERK1/2, and p-eIF4E increased in DHT-treated mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cells, and ZIP9 knockdown or overexpression inhibited or further enhanced these effects. Using the ERK1/2 specific inhibitor SCH772984 and eIF4E specific inhibitor eFT508, we found that DHT activated ERK1/2 through ZIP9, resulting in eIF4E phosphorylation, thus promoting PSD95 protein expression in HT22 cells. Finally, we found that ZIP9 mediated the effects of DHT on the expression of synaptic proteins PSD95, drebrin, SYP, and dendritic spine density in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice through the ERK1/2-eIF4E pathway and affected learning and memory. This study demonstrated that androgen affected learning and memory in mice through ZIP9, providing new experimental evidence for improvement in learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease with androgen supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Sports Human Science, Hebei Sport University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fangzhen Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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12
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Khan SS, Khatik GL, Datusalia AK. Strategies for Treatment of Disease-Associated Dementia Beyond Alzheimer's Disease: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:309-339. [PMID: 35410602 PMCID: PMC10190146 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220411083922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory, cognition, dementia, and neurodegeneration are complexly interlinked processes with various mechanistic pathways, leading to a range of clinical outcomes. They are strongly associated with pathological conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and stroke and are a growing concern for their timely diagnosis and management. Several cognitionenhancing interventions for management include non-pharmacological interventions like diet, exercise, and physical activity, while pharmacological interventions include medicinal agents, herbal agents, and nutritional supplements. This review critically analyzed and discussed the currently available agents under different drug development phases designed to target the molecular targets, including cholinergic receptor, glutamatergic system, GABAergic targets, glycine site, serotonergic targets, histamine receptors, etc. Understanding memory formation and pathways involved therein aids in opening the new gateways to treating cognitive disorders. However, clinical studies suggest that there is still a dearth of knowledge about the pathological mechanism involved in neurological conditions, making the dropouts of agents from the initial phases of the clinical trial. Hence, a better understanding of the disease biology, mode of drug action, and interlinked mechanistic pathways at a molecular level is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiya Samim Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow (UP) India
| | - Gopal L. Khatik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow (UP) India
| | - Ashok K. Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow (UP) India
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow (UP) India
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13
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Abstract
As men grow older, circulating testosterone concentrations decline, while prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia increase. Epidemiological studies of middle-aged and older men have demonstrated associations of lower testosterone concentrations with higher prevalence and incidence of cognitive decline and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. In observational studies, men with prostate cancer treated by androgen deprivation therapy had a higher risk of dementia. Small intervention studies of testosterone using different measures of cognitive function have provided inconsistent results, with some suggesting improvement. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of one year's testosterone treatment conducted in 788 men aged ≥ 65 years, baseline testosterone < 9.54 nmol/L, showed an improvement in sexual function, but no improvement in cognitive function. There is a known association between diabetes and dementia risk. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of two year's testosterone treatment in 1,007 men aged 50-74 years, waist circumference ≥ 95 cm, baseline testosterone ≤ 14 nmol/L, showed an effect of testosterone in reducing type 2 diabetes risk. There were no cognitive endpoints in that trial. Additional research is warranted but at this stage lower testosterone concentrations in ageing men should be regarded as a biomarker rather than a proven therapeutic target for risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia.
| | - Leon Flicker
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
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14
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Overman MJ, Pendleton N, O'Neill TW, Bartfai G, Casanueva FF, Forti G, Rastrelli G, Giwercman A, Han TS, Huhtaniemi IT, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Lean ME, Punab M, Lee DM, Antonio L, Gielen E, Rutter MK, Vanderschueren D, Wu FC, Tournoy J. Reproductive hormone levels, androgen receptor CAG repeat length and their longitudinal relationships with decline in cognitive subdomains in men: The European Male Ageing Study. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113825. [PMID: 35487276 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been proposed that endogenous sex hormone levels may present a modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline. However, the evidence for effects of sex steroids on cognitive ageing is conflicting. We therefore investigated associations between endogenous hormone levels, androgen receptor CAG repeat length, and cognitive domains including visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, and processing speed in a large-scale longitudinal study of middle-aged and older men. METHODS Men aged 40-79 years from the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) underwent cognitive assessments and measurements of hormone levels at baseline and follow-up (mean = 4.4 years, SD ± 0.3 years). Hormone levels measured included total and calculated free testosterone and estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and sex hormone-binding globulin. Cognitive function was assessed using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Copy and Recall, the Camden Topographical Recognition Memory and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Multivariate linear regressions were used to examine associations between baseline and change hormone levels, androgen receptor CAG repeat length, and cognitive decline. RESULTS Statistical analyses included 1,827 and 1,423 participants for models investigating relationships of cognition with hormone levels and CAG repeat length, respectively. In age-adjusted models, we found a significant association of higher baseline free testosterone (β=-0.001, p=0.005) and dihydrotestosterone levels (β=-0.065, p=0.003) with greater decline on Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Recall over time. However, these effects were no longer significant following adjustment for centre, health, and lifestyle factors. No relationships were observed between any other baseline hormone levels, change in hormone levels, or androgen receptor CAG repeat length with cognitive decline in the measured domains. CONCLUSIONS In this large-scale prospective study there was no evidence for an association between endogenous sex hormone levels or CAG repeat length and cognitive ageing in men. These data suggest that sex steroid levels do not affect visuospatial function, visual memory, or processing speed in middle-aged and older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot J Overman
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Clinical & Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Terence W O'Neill
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Gyorgy Bartfai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Albert Szent-György Medical University, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University Spain; CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gianni Forti
- Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thang S Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Ilpo T Huhtaniemi
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London UK
| | | | - Michael Ej Lean
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margus Punab
- Andrology Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - David M Lee
- Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Leen Antonio
- Department of Andrology and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Gielen
- Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin K Rutter
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Department of Andrology and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederick Cw Wu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jos Tournoy
- Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Arbo BD, Schimith LE, Goulart dos Santos M, Hort MA. Repositioning and development of new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on neuroinflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Blankers SA, Galea LA. Androgens and Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus. ANDROGENS: CLINICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTICS 2021; 2:203-215. [PMID: 35024692 PMCID: PMC8744005 DOI: 10.1089/andro.2021.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is modulated by steroid hormones, including androgens, in male rodents. In this review, we summarize research showing that chronic exposure to androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, enhances the survival of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of male, but not female, rodents, via the androgen receptor. However, the neurogenesis promoting the effect of androgens in the dentate gyrus may be limited to younger adulthood as it is not evident in middle-aged male rodents. Although direct exposure to androgens in adult or middle age does not significantly influence neurogenesis in female rodents, the aromatase inhibitor letrozole enhances neurogenesis in the hippocampus of middle-aged female mice. Unlike other androgens, androgenic anabolic steroids reduce neurogenesis in the hippocampus of male rodents. Collectively, the research indicates that the ability of androgens to enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rodents is dependent on dose, androgen type, sex, duration, and age. We discuss these findings and how androgens may be influencing neuroprotection, via neurogenesis in the hippocampus, in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Blankers
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liisa A.M. Galea
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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17
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Supakul S, Okano H, Maeda S. Utilization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived In vitro Models for the Future Study of Sex Differences in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:768948. [PMID: 34803659 PMCID: PMC8599796 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.768948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an aging-dependent neurodegenerative disease that impairs cognitive function. Although the main pathologies of AD are the aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau protein, the mechanisms that lead to these pathologies and their effects are believed to be heterogeneous among patients. Many epidemiological studies have suggested that sex is involved in disease prevalence and progression. The reduction of sex hormones contributes to the pathogenesis of AD, especially in females, suggesting that the supplementation of sex hormones could be a therapeutic intervention for AD. However, interventional studies have revealed that hormone therapy is beneficial under limited conditions in certain populations with specific administration methods. Thus, this suggests the importance of identifying crucial factors that determine hormonal effects in patients with AD. Based on these factors, it is necessary to decide which patients will receive the intervention before starting it. However, the long observational period and many uncontrollable environmental factors in clinical trials made it difficult to identify such factors, except for the APOE ε4 allele. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients can differentiate into neurons and recapitulate some aspects of AD pathogenesis. This in vitro model allows us to control non-cell autonomous factors, including the amount of Aβ aggregates and sex hormones. Hence, iPSCs provide opportunities to investigate sex-dependent pathogenesis and predict a suitable population for clinical trials of hormone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopak Supakul
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Popiołek A, Brzoszczyk B, Jarzemski P, Chyrek-Tomaszewska A, Wieczór R, Borkowska A, Bieliński M. Prostate-Specific Antigen and Testosterone Levels as Biochemical Indicators of Cognitive Function in Prostate Cancer Survivors and the Role of Diabetes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225307. [PMID: 34830590 PMCID: PMC8619514 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies in men. The increase in the number of PC survivors is associated with many problems including cognitive impairment. Early detection of such problems facilitates timely protective intervention. This study examined the association between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or testosterone (T) levels and cognitive function in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Such a correlation could help identify patient groups at risk of cognitive impairment. Participants underwent clinical (demographic data, medical history, physical examination, and blood analyses) and neuropsychological assessment (cognitive test battery). Preoperative PSA or T levels were not associated with cognitive function. However, long-term follow-up after prostatectomy showed a strong correlation between PSA levels and the results of verbal memory and executive function tests. A trend toward significance was also observed for visuospatial memory. The levels of free T and total T were not correlated with cognitive function. Only the levels of free T after hormonal treatment were significantly correlated with executive functions. Comorbid diabetes affected these correlations. In conclusion, PSA levels at a distant postoperative time and free T level after hormonal treatment may be biomarkers of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Popiołek
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.-T.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Internal Diseases, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 85-163 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-37-03
| | - Bartosz Brzoszczyk
- Department of Laparoscopic, General, and Oncological Urology, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.B.); (P.J.)
| | - Piotr Jarzemski
- Department of Laparoscopic, General, and Oncological Urology, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.B.); (P.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Chyrek-Tomaszewska
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.-T.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Internal Diseases, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 85-163 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Radosław Wieczór
- Department of Internal Diseases, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 85-163 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Alina Borkowska
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.-T.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Maciej Bieliński
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.-T.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
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19
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Exploring the sex and gender correlates of cognitive sex differences. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 221:103452. [PMID: 34801881 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlates of cognitive sex differences are yet to be fully understood. Many biological and psychosocial factors modulate these cognitive abilities leading to mixed results in the scientific literature. The current study aims to explore the different parameters potentially influencing cognitive abilities acting in synergy. Sex and gender correlates of cognitive functioning were assessed in a sample of individuals ages 18 to 45 years (N = 87) from diverse sexual orientations. Sex hormones were assessed via saliva samples at four timepoints throughout the testing. Gender roles, sexual orientation and socio-demographics were measured via self-report questionnaires. Participants completed mental rotation and verbal fluency tasks. Men performed better than women at mental rotation, while no significant difference was found for verbal fluency. Significant positive associations were observed between estradiol and word fluency for the naturally cycling women compared to the women using oral contraception. While controlling for sex hormones, a significant interaction effect of sex by gender roles was identified for mental rotation among masculine women. These exploratory results suggest an effect principally driven by sex and sex hormones on cognitive performance that will need to be furthered with larger studies.
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20
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Yang Y, Liang F, Gao J, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Yang G, Soriano SG, Feng HJ, Xie Z. Testosterone attenuates sevoflurane-induced tau phosphorylation and cognitive impairment in neonatal male mice. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127:929-941. [PMID: 34686310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane anaesthesia induces phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau and cognitive impairment in neonatal, but not adult, mice. The underlying mechanisms remain largely to be determined. Sex hormones can be neuroprotective, but little is known about the influence of testosterone on age-dependent anaesthesia effects. METHODS Six- and 60-day-old male mice received anaesthesia with sevoflurane 3% for 2 h daily for 3 days. Morris water maze, immunoassay, immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation, nanobeam technology, and electrophysiology were used to assess cognition; testosterone concentrations; tau phosphorylation; glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) activation; binding or interaction between tau and GSK3β; and neuronal activation in mice, cells, and neurones. RESULTS Compared with 60-day-old male mice, 6-day-old male mice had lower testosterone concentrations (3.03 [0.29] vs 0.44 [0.12] ng ml-1; P<0.01), higher sevoflurane-induced tau phosphorylation in brain (133 [20]% vs 100 [6]% in 6-day-old mice, P<0.01; 103 [8]% vs 100 [13]% in 60-day-old mice, P=0.77), and sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment. Testosterone treatment increased brain testosterone concentrations (1.76 [0.10] vs 0.39 [0.05] ng ml-1; P<0.01) and attenuated the sevoflurane-induced tau phosphorylation and cognitive impairment in neonatal male mice. Testosterone inhibited the interaction between tau and GSK3β, and attenuated sevoflurane-induced inhibition of excitatory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal neurones. CONCLUSIONS Lower brain testosterone concentrations in neonatal compared with adult male mice contributed to age-dependent tau phosphorylation and cognitive impairment after sevoflurane anaesthesia. Testosterone might attenuate the sevoflurane-induced tau phosphorylation and cognitive impairment by inhibiting the interaction between tau and GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Feng Liang
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sulpicio G Soriano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hua-Jun Feng
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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21
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Sirichaiwetchakoon K, Suksuphew S, Srisawat R, Eumkeb G. Butea superba Roxb. Extract Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive and Memory Impairment in Aged Male Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:2703138. [PMID: 34671404 PMCID: PMC8523236 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2703138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Butea superba Roxb. (B. superba) is a herb that has been used for rejuvenation, to improve sexual performance, or to prevent erectile dysfunction function. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is the main cause of progressive dementia. This study aimed to investigate the amelioration for cognitive and memory dysfunction of B. superba ethanolic extract (BSE), a possible mechanism of action, and its toxicity. The results from the Y-maze test, novel object recognition test, and passive avoidance test exhibited that the administration of BSE at 50 mg/kg (BSL) and 200 mg/kg (BSH) could ameliorate scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in all behavior testing. Moreover, BSE could prevent the cognitive deficit in a dose-dependent manner in a passive avoidance test. Furthermore, BSE inhibited acetylcholinesterase's (AChE) ex vivo activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Also, the in vitro and ex vivo antioxidative effects of BSE revealed that BSE had free radical scavenging activities in both DPPH and FRAP assay. Furthermore, male rats treated with BSE at 200 mg/kg/day for two weeks could significantly increase serum testosterone compared with control (P < 0.05). The GC-MS analysis and previous studies revealed that BSE contained propanoic acid, 3,3'-thiobis-, didodecyl ester, oleic acid, gamma-sitosterol, and stigmasterol which may play an important role in cognitive and memory impairment prevention. The toxicity test of BSE in rats at 50 and 200 mg/kg/day for two weeks showed that relative organ weight, serum creatinine, ALT, ALP, and CBC levels of both treated groups were not significantly different compared to the CON (P > 0.05). These results suggest that BSE may not be toxic to the vital organ and blood. In conclusion, BSE has the potential to be developed as a health supplement product or medicine for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipot Sirichaiwetchakoon
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Suksuphew
- Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rungrudee Srisawat
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Griangsak Eumkeb
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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22
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Machine learning models of ischemia/hemorrhage in moyamoya disease and analysis of its risk factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 209:106919. [PMID: 34507124 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT This study aimed to determine the risk factors of ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke in patients suffering moyamoya disease (MMD), as well as to compare the effects of six analysis methods. METHODS In the present retrospective study, the data originated from the database of Jiang Xi Province Medical Big Data Engineering & Technology Research Center. In addition, the information of patients with MMD that were admitted to the second affiliated hospital of Nanchang university from January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2019 was acquired. Six different machine learning methods were adopted to build the models, and XGboost, Logistic regression (LR) and Support vector machine (SVM) models were adopted to determine the risk factors of ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke in patients with MMD because of their excellent performance. Next, the effects of the built models were compared and validated in internal and independent external validation sets. The external validation set involving 204 cases from January 1st, 2018 to December 31st, 2019. RESULT On the whole, 790 patients with MMD were screened, i.e., 397 patients with cerebral infarction and 393 patients with cerebral hemorrhage. In the internal validation set, XGboost model exhibited significant discrimination (AUC>0.75), with its area under the curve (AUC) reaching 0.874 (95% CI: 0.859, 0.889). Compared with the LR and SVM models, the XGboost model in the internal validation set achieved the improved accuracy by 3.2% and 3.1%, respectively, whereas no significant difference was identified. CONCLUSION XGboost model could be more efficient in analyzing the risk factors of ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke in patients with MMD; the risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke in MMD might be closely related to Suzuki stages, presence of an aneurysm, rural residence, hospitalization times and age of onset.
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23
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Ren RJ, Huang Q, Xu G, Gu K, Dammer EB, Wang CF, Xie XY, Chen W, Shao ZY, Chen SD, Wang G. Association between Alzheimer's disease and risk of cancer: A retrospective cohort study in Shanghai, China. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:924-933. [PMID: 34482613 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the risk of cancer in the Chinese population. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between AD and the risk of various cancers, as shown by hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Of 8097 AD patients, the HR for all subsequent cancers was 0.822 (95% CI, 0.728-0.928; P = .002). Among them, three specific cancers were associated with AD: lung cancer (HR, 0.656; 95% CI, 0.494- 0.871; P = .004), prostate and testicular cancer (HR, 0.414; 95% CI, 0.202-0.847; P = .016), and lymphoma (HR, 2.202; 95% CI, 1.005-4.826; P = .049). CONCLUSION Patients with AD might have a lower chance of developing several cancers, including lung cancer and prostate and testicular cancer. Meanwhile, a positive association between AD and a higher incident rate of lymphoma was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jing Ren
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Gu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chun-Fang Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Information Center, Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yi Shao
- Information Center, Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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24
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Zhang Z, Kang D, Li H. Testosterone and Cognitive Impairment or Dementia in Middle-Aged or Aging Males: Causation and Intervention, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2021; 34:405-417. [PMID: 32602403 DOI: 10.1177/0891988720933351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To investigate the association between testosterone levels and the risk of dementia and to assess the effectiveness of testosterone supplement treatment in patients with cognitive impairment or dementia. METHODS We searched Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE on September 30, 2019. RESULTS The risk factor portion of the review included 27 studies with 18 599 participants. Studies revealed inconsistent findings on the association between testosterone levels and the risk of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer disease (AD). The result from our meta-analysis showed an increased risk of all-cause dementia with decreasing total testosterone (total-T, 4572 participants, hazard ratio: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.26). Some studies also found an increased risk of AD with a lower level of total-T, free testosterone, and bioavailable testosterone. Testosterone supplement treatment may improve general cognitive function and motor response in the short term as measured by the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (mean difference [MD]: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.20-7.59) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MD: 3.4, 95% CI: 0.83-5.97) and verbal memory as measured by story recall delay at 3 months (MD: 8.4, 95% CI: 0.49-16.3). CONCLUSION Lower levels of testosterone may be associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia or AD. Testosterone supplement treatment may or may not improve general cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment/AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, 26447Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Deying Kang
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, 34753West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Urological Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (34732PUMCH), Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Darusman HS, Li Wern T, Sajuthi D, Schapiro SJ, Hau J. Age-related cognitive impairment is associated with low serum concentrations of testosterone and CSF levels of amyloid beta 42 in male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol 2021; 50:270-272. [PMID: 34363401 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aged memory-impaired cynomolgus monkeys had significantly lower levels of cerebrospinal amyloid (Aβ42 ) and serum testosterone compared with young animals and non-memory-impaired controls. Our findings confirm similar findings in the human and substantiate the usefulness of the cynomolgus monkey as a spontaneous model for aging-associated senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Shalahudin Darusman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia.,Primate Research Center, IPB, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tan Li Wern
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dondin Sajuthi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia.,Primate Research Center, IPB, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Jann Hau
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Liu JM, Shen CY, Lau WCY, Shao SC, Man KKC, Hsu RJ, Wu CT, Lai ECC. Association between Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Risk of Dementia in Men with Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153861. [PMID: 34359762 PMCID: PMC8345520 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of dementia after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the association between ADT and the incidence of dementia in patients with PCa. We identified patients newly diagnosed with PCa in the National Health Insurance Database of Taiwan from 1 January 2002 to 30 June 2016 and in The Health Improvement Network of the United Kingdom (UK) from 1 January 1998 to 31 March 2018. We classified patients with PCa into ADT and ADT-naïve groups. Propensity score (PS) methods were used to minimize the differences in characteristics between the groups. We performed a Cox proportional hazard model to obtain the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) to compare the incidence of dementia between the groups. Our ADT group comprised 8743 and 73,816 patients in Taiwan and the UK, respectively, which were matched 1:1 to ADT-naïve patients by PS. The incidence rates of dementia in the ADT group were 2.74 versus 3.03 per 1000 person-years in the ADT naïve groups in Taiwan, and 2.81 versus 2.79 per 1000 person-years in the UK. There was no statistical difference between ADT and ADT-naïve groups (adjusted HR: 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87-1.43 in Taiwan and adjusted HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.85-1.23 in the UK). We found no association between the incidence of dementia and ADT in patients with advanced PCa in either database. Further studies are warranted to evaluate other possible triggers of incident dementia in patients receiving ADT for advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Yao Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.S.)
| | - Wallis C. Y. Lau
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (W.C.Y.L.); (K.K.C.M.)
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shih-Chieh Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth K. C. Man
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (W.C.Y.L.); (K.K.C.M.)
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Cancer Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Te Wu
- Department of Urology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Edward Chia-Cheng Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 6209)
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27
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Marzban M, Nabipour I, Farhadi A, Ostovar A, Larijani B, Darabi AH, Shabankari E, Gholizade M. Association between anemia, physical performance and cognitive function in Iranian elderly people: evidence from Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:329. [PMID: 34030664 PMCID: PMC8142505 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The present study aimed to investigate the relation between anemia and hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, physical performance, and cognitive function in a large sample of Iranian elderly population. Methods Data were collected from Bushehr elderly health (BEH) program. A total of 3000 persons aged ≥60 years were selected through multistage random sampling. Hemoglobin values lower than 12 and 13 g/dL were considered as anemia for women and men, respectively. The cognitive function was measured using the Mini-cog test and Category fluency test (CFT), and the physical function was measured using handgrip strength (muscle strength), Relative handgrip strength (RHGS), and 4.57-m usual gait speed. Univariate and adjusted multivariate logistic regression and linear regression with Stata MP (version 15) were run, and a p-value of < 0.05 was used as statistically significant for all analyses. Results Among participants, 7.43% were anemic, and 115 (51.57%) simultaneously had anemia and cognitive disorder. There were significant associations between red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), platelet count (PLT), and hematocrit percentage (HCT) with cognitive impairment. Additionally, Hgb concentration was significantly associated with all physical measures (Mean handgrip, Relative handgrip, and usual gait speed) and late recall (mini-cog) among the whole participants. This association remained statistically significant after considering multi-cofounders. In contrast, after stratifying the participants by gender, the association between Hgb concentration and usual gait speed was decreased in both men and women; moreover, Hgb association with cognitive measures (category fluency test and late recall) was no longer significant (all p-values > 0.05). Conclusion There was a cross-sectional and significant association between anemia and functional variables (e.g., Relative and mean handgrip) in Iranian elderly population, whereas Semantic memory, Late recall, and walking were more affected by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Marzban
- Clinical Research Development Center, The Persian Gulf Martyrs, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Akram Farhadi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. .,The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Afshin Ostovar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Darabi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Elnaz Shabankari
- Department of Nutrition Science, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohamad Gholizade
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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28
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Gurvich C, Le J, Thomas N, Thomas EHX, Kulkarni J. Sex hormones and cognition in aging. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:511-533. [PMID: 33706960 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis that regulate reproductive function are also potent neurosteriods that have multiple effects on the development, maintenance and function of the brain. There is a growing body of evidence linking sex hormones to cognitive functioning across the lifespan. Both subjective and objective cognitive changes can occur with aging. For women, cognitive complains are commonly associated with the menopause transition-a time of significant hormone flux. Sex differences in neurodegenerative conditions associated with cognitive dysfunction, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, suggest a potential link between sex hormones and cognitive decline. Evidence for the effects of hormone therapy on cognition is growing, but remains inconclusive. This chapter provides an overview of sex hormones and cognition in association with healthy aging, including a focus on the menopause transition, as well as reviewing findings linking sex hormones to cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. An overview of hormone therapy and cognition is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jessica Le
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H X Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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OSTATNÍKOVÁ D, LAKATOŠOVÁ S, BABKOVÁ J, HODOSY J, CELEC P. Testosterone and the Brain: From Cognition to Autism. Physiol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.33549/10.33549/physiolres.934592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex and gender matter in all aspects of life. Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in anatomy, physiology, but also pathology. Many of the differences are due to sex chromosomes and, thus, genetics, other due to endocrine factors such as sex hormones, some are of social origin. Over the past decades, huge number of scientific studies have revealed striking sex differences of the human brain with remarkable behavioral and cognitive consequences. Prenatal and postnatal testosterone influence brain structures and functions, respectively. Cognitive sex differences include especially certain spatial and language tasks, but they also affect many other aspects of the neurotypical brain. Sex differences of the brain are also relevant for the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, which are much more prevalent in the male population. Structural dimorphism in the human brain was well-described, but recent controversies now question its importance. On the other hand, solid evidence exists regarding gender differences in several brain functions. This review tries to summarize the current understanding of the complexity of the effects of testosterone on brain with special focus on their role in the known sex differences in healthy individuals and people in the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D OSTATNÍKOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - S LAKATOŠOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - J BABKOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - J HODOSY
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - P CELEC
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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30
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Calsolaro V, Bottari M, Coppini G, Lemmi B, Monzani F. Endocrine dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2021; 46:335-349. [PMID: 33435644 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a highly prevalent chronic disease among the older population, affecting more than 50 million people worldwide and representing a huge healthcare, social and economic burden. Dementia, and in particular Alzheimer's disease, prevalence is expected to raise within the next few years. Unfortunately, no disease-modifying therapies are available so far, despite a plethora of clinical trials targeting the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Given these premises, it appears crucial to address not only the neuropathological correlates of the disease, but also the modifiable risk factors. Among them, evidence suggest a role of the endocrine system not only in the brain development, but also in the maintenance of its health, having neurotrophic, antioxidant and metabolic functions crucial for the cognitive abilities. This review focuses on the evidence evaluating the impact of the endocrine systems, in particular thyroid function, insulin resistance, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and sexual hormones on cognitive status. Results from epidemiological, preclinical and some clinical studies demonstrated the link between thyroid, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D and cognitive status, between diabetes, and insulin resistance in particular, and dementia, between sexual and adrenal hormones, particularly estrogen variation at menopause, and cognitive decline. The growing interest on the modifiable risks factors of cognitive decline increased the knowledge about the complex interplay of endocrine systems and cognition, highlighting the need and the usefulness of a multidisciplinary approach to the prevention of a complex and devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calsolaro
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina Bottari
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Coppini
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bianca Lemmi
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Monzani
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy -
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31
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Shim M, Bang WJ, Oh CY, Lee YS, Jeon SS, Ahn H, Ju YS, Cho JS. Risk of dementia and Parkinson's disease in patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy using gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for prostate cancer: A nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244660. [PMID: 33378392 PMCID: PMC7773184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported conflicting results on the association of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with dementia and Parkinson's disease in patients with prostate cancer (Pca). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) increases the risk of both diseases. A nationwide population cohort study was conducted involving newly diagnosed patients with Pca %who started ADT with GnRHa (GnRHa users, n = 3,201) and control (nonusers, n = 4,123) between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2016, using data from the National Health Insurance Service. To validate the result, a hospital cohort of patients with Pca consisting of GnRHa users (n = 205) and nonusers (n = 479) in a tertiary referral center from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2016, were also analyzed. Traditional and propensity score-matched Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effects of ADT on the risk of dementia and Parkinson's disease. In univariable analysis, risk of dementia was associated with GnRHa use in both nationwide and hospital validation cohort (hazard ratio [HR], 1.696; 95% CI, 1.425-2.019, and HR, 1.352; 95% CI, 1.089-1.987, respectively). In a nationwide cohort, ADT was not associated with dementia in both traditional and propensity score-matched multivariable analysis, whereas in a hospital validation cohort, ADT was associated with dementia only in unmatched analysis (HR, 1.203; 95% CI, 1.021-1.859) but not in propensity score-matched analysis. ADT was not associated with Parkinson's disease in either nationwide and validation cohorts. This population-based study suggests that the association between GnRHa use as ADT and increased risk of dementia or Parkinson's disease is not clear, which was also verified in a hospital validation cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsun Shim
- Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, GyeongGi-Do, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Bang
- Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, GyeongGi-Do, Korea
| | - Cheol Young Oh
- Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, GyeongGi-Do, Korea
| | - Yong Seong Lee
- Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, GyeongGi-Do, Korea
| | - Seong Soo Jeon
- Department of Urology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanjong Ahn
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Su Ju
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, GyeongGi-Do, Korea
| | - Jin Seon Cho
- Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, GyeongGi-Do, Korea
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Age-Related Male Hypogonadism and Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: Focus on the Effects of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on Cognition. Geriatrics (Basel) 2020; 5:geriatrics5040076. [PMID: 33081371 PMCID: PMC7709679 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics5040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data report that male hypogonadism may play a role in cognitive impairment in elderly. However, the effect of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on cognitive abilities in this cluster of patients has not been well established. Methods. PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched by using free text words and medical subject headings terms related with "male hypogonadism", "late-onset hypogonadism", elderly, cognition, "mild cognitive impairment", memory, "testosterone replacement therapy" used in various combinations according to the specific clinical questions. Original articles, reviews, and randomized controlled trials written in English were selected. Results. A long-term TRT could improve specific cognitive functions, such as verbal and spatial memory, cognitive flexibility, and physical vitality. However, randomized controlled trials do not provide positive results, and in most of the cases TRT might not induce beneficial effects on cognitive function in elderly men. Discussion and conclusions. Since the lengthening of life expectancy, the prevalence rate of cognitive decline in elderly men is expected to increase remarkably over the next decade with considerable healthcare and economical concerns. Therefore, this remains a relevant clinical topic and further investigations are needed for clarifying the role of TRT especially in elderly men with hypogonadism.
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Sundermann EE, Panizzon MS, Chen X, Andrews M, Galasko D, Banks SJ. Sex differences in Alzheimer's-related Tau biomarkers and a mediating effect of testosterone. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32560743 PMCID: PMC7304096 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Women show greater pathological Tau biomarkers than men along the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum, particularly among apolipoprotein ε-E4 (APOE4) carriers; however, the reason for this sex difference in unknown. Sex differences often indicate an underlying role of sex hormones. We examined whether testosterone levels might influence this sex difference and the modifying role of APOE4 status. Analyses included 172 participants (25 cognitively normal, 97 mild cognitive impairment, 50 AD participants) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (34% female, 54% APOE4 carriers, aged 55-90). We examined the separate and interactive effects of plasma testosterone levels and APOE4 on cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated-tau181 (p-Tau) levels in the overall sample and the sex difference in p-Tau levels before and after adjusting for testosterone. A significant APOE4-by-testosterone interaction revealed that lower testosterone levels related to higher p-Tau levels among APOE4 carriers regardless of sex. As expected, women had higher p-Tau levels than men among APOE4 carriers only, yet this difference was eliminated upon adjustment for testosterone. Results suggest that testosterone is protective against p-Tau particularly among APOE4 carriers. The lower testosterone levels that typically characterize women may predispose them to pathological Tau, particularly among female APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Sundermann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Murray Andrews
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Sarah J. Banks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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34
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Corona G, Guaraldi F, Rastrelli G, Sforza A, Maggi M. Testosterone Deficiency and Risk of Cognitive Disorders in Aging Males. World J Mens Health 2020; 39:9-18. [PMID: 32378366 PMCID: PMC7752509 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment and dementia are predicted to undergo a dramatic increase in the following years with more than 131.5 million people being affected by 2030. Although vascular diseases play the most important role in the pathogenesis of memory impairment in aging men, some pre-clinical and clinical evidence has suggested a possible contribution of the age-dependent reduction of testosterone (T). In this paper we have summarized and discussed all the information derived from available animal and experimental studies. In addition, we meta-analyzed data rising from all randomized placebo controlled trials (RCTs) published so far. Only limited preclinical and clinical evidence can support a possible contribution of T in the pathogenesis of the age-dependent impairment of cognitive functions. In addition, our meta-analysis did not support the use of T replacement therapy for the improvement of several cognitive domains analyzed including attention/working memory, executive function, language, verbal memory, visual memory, visuomotor ability, and visuospatial ability. However, it is important to recognize that the vast majority of available RCTs included mixed populations of subjects with eugonadism and hypogonadism preventing any final conclusion being drawn on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Guaraldi
- Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sforza
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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35
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Jaeger ECB, Miller LE, Goins EC, Super CE, Chyr CU, Lower JW, Honican LS, Morrison DE, Ramdev RA, Spritzer MD. Testosterone replacement causes dose-dependent improvements in spatial memory among aged male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 113:104550. [PMID: 31901624 PMCID: PMC7080566 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone has been shown to have dose-dependent effects on spatial memory in males, but the effects of aging upon this relationship remain unclear. Additionally, the mechanism by which testosterone regulates memory is unknown, but may involve changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) within specific brain regions. We tested the effects of age and testosterone on spatial memory among male rats using two spatial memory tasks: an object-location memory task (OLMT) and the radial-arm maze (RAM). Castration had minimal effect on performance on the RAM, but young rats (2 months) performed significantly fewer working memory errors than aged rats (20 months), and aged rats performed significantly fewer reference memory errors. Both age and castration impaired performance on the OLMT, with only the young rats with intact gonads successfully performing the task. Subsequent experiments involved daily injections of either drug vehicle or one of four doses of testosterone propionate (0.125, 0.250, 0.500, and 1.00 mg/rat) given to castrated aged males. On the RAM, a low physiological dose (0.125 mg) and high doses (0.500-1.000 mg) of testosterone improved working memory, while an intermediate dose (0.250 mg) did not. On the OLMT, only the 0.250 mg T group showed a significant increase in exploration ratios from the exposure trials to the testing trials, indicating that this group remembered the position of the objects. Brain tissue (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum) was collected from all subjects to assay BDNF. We found no evidence that testosterone influenced BDNF, indicating that it is unlikely that testosterone regulates spatial memory through changes in BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza C B Jaeger
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - L Erin Miller
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - Emily C Goins
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - Chloe E Super
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - Christina U Chyr
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - John W Lower
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - Lauren S Honican
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - Daryl E Morrison
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - Rajan A Ramdev
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - Mark D Spritzer
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA; Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
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36
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37
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Dubal DB. Sex difference in Alzheimer's disease: An updated, balanced and emerging perspective on differing vulnerabilities. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:261-273. [PMID: 33008530 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sex biology influences Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sex differences exist in the epidemiologic, imaging, biomarker, and pathology studies of this uniquely human condition. The mandate to understand sex differences in major diseases like AD is important for many reasons. First, AD is the most common neurodegenerative condition and a devastating disease-experienced as an insidious and progressive erosion of memory, cognition, and other brain functions. Second, since true sex differences in AD exist, their precise understanding could reveal what protects one sex or makes the other vulnerable-and this knowledge could inform development of new therapeutic approaches to benefit both sexes. Third, AD develops in the aging brain in a milieu of decreased circulating gonadal hormones. Thus, how sex-specific depletion affects the brain along with how replacement of androgens in men and estrogens and progestins in women alters vulnerability to AD are relevant questions, with clinical implications in a future of personalized medicine. This review will highlight advances in sex differences in AD in human populations with a focused perspective on epidemiology, biomarkers, and clinical trials. A thorough and concise overview of sex differences reviewed here indicates varying vulnerabilities in men and women. This review examines several lines of recent and strong evidence that collectively indicate the following: (1) men die faster with AD, (2) more women live with AD, (3) both sexes show similar risk of developing AD until advanced ages when women show increased risk, (4) both sexes show largely similar AD biomarker burden with notable exceptions for higher tau levels in subgroups of women with high amyloid, (5) women show brain reserve and resilience to tau pathology, (6) both sexes are vulnerable to the genetic risk of carrying APOE4, with women showing higher risk, and (7) neither sex has shown clear benefit of hormone replacement for AD or dementia risk in randomized clinical trials to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena B Dubal
- Department of Neurology, Endowed Chair in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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38
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Abstract
There is significant animal model data demonstrating a benefit of testosterone on both inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms relevant to multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies have demonstrated lowered testosterone levels in up to 40% of men with MS. Lower testosterone levels were correlated with worsened scores of physical and cognitive disability. There is increasing data suggesting a role of testosterone in MS risk. A pilot study has demonstrated significant benefits of testosterone replacement therapy on cognitive, radiological, and immunological outcome measures in men with MS. Larger studies in other conditions have demonstrated concerns in terms of cardiovascular risk, which indicate the need for careful monitoring upon administration to MS patients. Further studies are needed to develop safer testosterone preparations, which preserve its multiple beneficial effects, as well as multicenter clinical trials to evaluate safety, dosing, and efficacy in larger populations of men with MS. Additionally, studies are needed to further explore the role of androgens as a risk factor for MS, particularly at key life transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Chitnis
- Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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39
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Walther A, Seuffert J. Testosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone Treatment in Ageing Men: Are We All Set? World J Mens Health 2019; 38:178-190. [PMID: 31190486 PMCID: PMC7076306 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although demographic statistics show that populations around the world are rapidly ageing, this rising life expectancy is accompanied by an increase in the number of people living with age-related chronic conditions, such as frailty, cognitive decline, depression, or sexual dysfunction. In men, a progressive decline in androgens occurs with increasing age, and low androgen levels are associated with age-related chronic conditions. However, androgen administration studies are inconclusive, showing differing results according to the androgen used (testosterone [T], dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]), the group of men examined (younger vs. older; eugonadal vs. hypogonadal) and the conditions studied (frailty, cognitive decline, depression, sexual dysfunction). In this review, the current state for the use of T and DHEA therapy in men for the age-related conditions is examined. Due to the progressive age-related decline in androgens leading to a higher rate of older men having low androgen levels, the effects of androgen treatment in elderly males will be of particular interest in this review. Dose-response relationships, the role of potential moderators, and the androgen treatment-related risk for adverse events will be discussed. Studies have suggested that T treatment - more so than DHEA treatment - may be an effective therapy against age-related chronic conditions in men with low T levels; especially older men. Such conditions include frailty, depression, or sexual dysfunction. However, T treatment does not emerge as an effective therapy against cognitive decline. Nevertheless, more high-quality, randomised controlled trials using T treatment for age-related chronic conditions are necessary if further conclusions are to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- Department of Biological Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Task Force on Men's Mental Health of the World Federation of the Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP).
| | - Julian Seuffert
- Department of Biological Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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40
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Buskbjerg CR, Gravholt CH, Dalby HR, Amidi A, Zachariae R. Testosterone Supplementation and Cognitive Functioning in Men-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1465-1484. [PMID: 31384712 PMCID: PMC6676074 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone supplementation (TS) is assumed important for cognitive functioning in men, but conflicting results have prevented firm conclusions. The current study systematically reviewed available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on effects of TS on cognitive functioning in men, subjected the findings to meta-analysis, and explored between-study differences as possible moderators of the effects. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, two authors independently searched for eligible records in the electronic databases of PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, and Embase and determined eligibility using the following (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) criteria: population, male adults (>18 years); intervention, TS; comparison, placebo; and outcome, results of standardized neuropsychological tests. Following duplicate removal, 3873 records were screened with 92 remaining for full-text screening. Twenty-one papers reporting results of 23 independent RCTs were included, of which none treated samples of clinically hypogonadal men. The small improvement found in overall cognitive functioning (Hedges g = 0.09; CI 95%: −0.02 to 0.19) failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.108) and approached zero when adjusting for possible publication bias (g = 0.04). The effects for the 11 individual cognitive domains did not reach statistical significance (g: −0.04 to 0.19, P: 0.061 to 0.989). Small statistically significant (P < 0.05) effects were found for five study subsets but failed to meet the fail-safe criterion. The available evidence indicates that effects of TS on cognitive functioning in men with testosterone levels within normal ranges are less robust and of insufficient magnitude to be of clinical relevance. The effects in clinically hypogonadal men remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie R Buskbjerg
- Unit for Psychooncology and Health Psychology, Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helene R Dalby
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ali Amidi
- Unit for Psychooncology and Health Psychology, Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Zachariae
- Unit for Psychooncology and Health Psychology, Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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41
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Medeiros ADM, Silva RH. Sex Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease: Where Do We Stand? J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:35-60. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André de Macêdo Medeiros
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Regina Helena Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Nonhuman Primate Models of Immunosenescence. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to a dramatic increase in life expectancy, the number of individuals aged 65 and older is rapidly rising. This presents considerable challenges to our health care system since advanced age is associated with a higher susceptibility to infectious diseases due to immune senescence. However, the mechanisms underlying age-associated dysregulated immunity are still incompletely understood. Advancement in our comprehension of mechanisms of immune senescence and development of interventions to improve health span requires animal models that closely recapitulate the physiological changes that occur with aging in humans. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are invaluable preclinical models to study the underlying causal mechanism of pathogenesis due to their outbred nature, high degree of genetic and physiological similarity to humans, and their susceptibility to human pathogens. In this chapter, we review NHP models available for biogerontology research, advantages and challenges they present, and advances they facilitated. Furthermore, we emphasize the utility of NHPs in characterizing immune senescence, evaluating interventions to reverse aging of the immune system, and development of vaccine strategies that are better suited for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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43
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Moser VA, Christensen A, Liu J, Zhou A, Yagi S, Beam CR, Galea L, Pike CJ. Effects of aging, high-fat diet, and testosterone treatment on neural and metabolic outcomes in male brown Norway rats. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 73:145-160. [PMID: 30359877 PMCID: PMC6252085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is affected by multiple factors, including aging, obesity, and low testosterone. We previously showed that obesity and low testosterone independently and interactively exacerbate AD-related outcomes in young adult rodents. The goals of the present study are two-fold: to examine whether the effects of an obesogenic diet differ with increasing age and to determine if testosterone treatment in middle-aged and aged animals mitigates negative effects of the diet. Male brown Norway rats were maintained on control or high-fat diets for 12 weeks beginning in young adulthood, middle age, or advanced age. Separate cohorts of middle-aged and aged animals were treated with testosterone during dietary manipulations. Endpoints included metabolic indices, inflammation, cognitive performance, and neural health outcomes. Aging was associated with poorer outcomes that were generally exacerbated by high-fat diet, especially at middle age. Testosterone treatment was largely without benefit, exerting only subtle effects on a select number of measures. Understanding how the deleterious effects of obesity are affected by advancing age and the ability of protective strategies such as testosterone to reduce these effects may provide significant insight into both the development and prevention of age-related cognitive decline and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alexandra Moser
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy Christensen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Zhou
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shunya Yagi
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Christopher R Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liisa Galea
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Christian J Pike
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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44
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Lei Y, Renyuan Z. Effects of Androgens on the Amyloid-β Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3885-3894. [PMID: 30215697 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related androgen depletion has been implicated in compromised neuroprotection and is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia. Emerging data revealed that reduction of both serum and brain androgen levels in males is associated with increased amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, a putative cause of AD. It has been demonstrated that androgens can function as the endogenous negative regulators of Aβ. However, the mechanisms by which androgens regulate Aβ production, degradation, and clearance, as well as the Aβ-induced pathological process in AD, are still elusive. This review emphasizes the contributions of androgen to Aβ metabolism and toxicity in AD and thus may provide novel strategies for prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lei
- Department of Urology, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Renyuan
- Department of Urology, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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45
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Statin reduces the risk of dementia in diabetic patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; 22:276-283. [PMID: 30337635 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been reported to increase the risk of dementia. Statin use decreases the risk of dementia. This study is aimed to investigate the association of statin use and dementia in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients receiving ADT. METHODS Using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, we conducted a population-based nationwide cohort study of T2DM patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) between 1998 and 2013. To test statin effects on dementia in T2DM patients receiving ADT, cox proportional hazards models with 1:1 propensity score-matched analysis were used. We divided the study subjects into a statin group and a statin-naive group. The primary outcome was dementia. RESULTS Of the 9855 selected T2DM patients newly diagnosed with PCa between 1998 and 2013, 5427 patients received ADT for their PCa. After propensity score matching, 1006 statin users and 1006 non-statin users were included in the study cohort, with a mean follow-up period of 3.5 years for the statin group. Among those patients, 179 (8.7%) were newly diagnosed with dementia. A propensity score-matched analysis (hazard ratio = 0.70, 95% confidence interval = 0.52-0.94) demonstrated a significantly decreased risk of subsequent dementia in the statin users with an absolute risk reduction by 1%. A significant decrease in the risk of dementia with increasing statin duration was also demonstrated (P for trend = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Statin use in T2DM patients receiving ADT for PCa had decreased risk of dementia, with statin adherence and intensity augmenting this benefit.
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46
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Hussain R, Zubair H, Pursell S, Shahab M. Neurodegenerative Diseases: Regenerative Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E177. [PMID: 30223579 PMCID: PMC6162719 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration refers to regrowth of tissue in the central nervous system. It includes generation of new neurons, glia, myelin, and synapses, as well as the regaining of essential functions: sensory, motor, emotional and cognitive abilities. Unfortunately, regeneration within the nervous system is very slow compared to other body systems. This relative slowness is attributed to increased vulnerability to irreversible cellular insults and the loss of function due to the very long lifespan of neurons, the stretch of cells and cytoplasm over several dozens of inches throughout the body, insufficiency of the tissue-level waste removal system, and minimal neural cell proliferation/self-renewal capacity. In this context, the current review summarized the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders; their causes and consequences and proposed novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Hussain
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Hira Zubair
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah Pursell
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Muhammad Shahab
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Carr JS, Bonham LW, Morgans AK, Ryan CJ, Yokoyama JS, Geier EG. Genetic Variation in the Androgen Receptor and Measures of Plasma Testosterone Levels Suggest Androgen Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:529. [PMID: 30131669 PMCID: PMC6090298 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevalence varies by sex, suggesting that sex chromosomes, sex hormones and/or their signaling could potentially modulate AD risk and progression. Low testosterone levels are reported in men with AD. Further, variation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene has been associated with AD risk and cognitive impairment. We assessed measures of plasma testosterone levels as a biomarker of AD in male participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. Baseline testosterone levels were significantly different between clinical diagnosis groups [cognitively normal controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or AD], with the lowest testosterone levels in men with AD. Lower baseline testosterone levels were associated with higher baseline clinical severity. Change in testosterone levels between baseline and 1-year follow-up varied by diagnosis; MCI had the greatest decreases in testosterone levels between baseline and 1-year follow-up. Despite differences by clinical diagnosis, there was no association between plasma testosterone and CSF biomarkers of AD pathology. We also tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AR for association with AD risk in a separate cohort from ADNI and found 26 SNPs associated with risk for AD. The top associated SNP is predicted to be an expression quantitative trait locus for AR in multiple tissues, including brain, with the AD-associated risk allele predicted to confer lower AR expression. Our findings suggest a link between the androgen pathway and AD through Aβ/tau independent pathways. These effects may be most pronounced during conversion from MCI to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie S Carr
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alicia K Morgans
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Charles J Ryan
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ethan G Geier
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Yeap BB, Page ST, Grossmann M. Testosterone treatment in older men: clinical implications and unresolved questions from the Testosterone Trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:659-672. [PMID: 30017800 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A decrease in the concentration of circulating testosterone in many older men is a biomarker and possibly a rectifiable contributing factor to ill health. Low circulating testosterone concentration has been associated with cardiovascular disease, reduced cognition, fracture risk, and anaemia. However, randomised placebo-controlled trials are essential to clarify the benefits and possible risks of testosterone treatment in men without hypothalamic, pituitary, or testicular disease. The Testosterone Trials (T-Trials) were a coordinated set of trials that, following a screening-to-enrolment ratio of 65:1, randomly assigned 790 men aged 65 years or older who had a baseline testosterone concentration of less than 9·54 nmol/L and symptoms consistent with hypogonadism, but no recognisable hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis pathology, to daily transdermal testosterone or placebo for 12 months. In the main trial, testosterone treatment resulted in a modest benefit for sexual function, whereas the other primary outcomes of vitality and physical function were not met. Data from concomitant substudies raised a possible concern over changes in coronary plaque volume, showed a neutral effect on memory and other cognitive functions, and revealed improvements in volumetric bone mineral density and anaemia. Although insufficient to alter the existing clinical equipoise, the T-Trials provided substantial new data on organ-specific outcomes for testosterone treatment in older men. Further clinical trials are necessary to determine whether testosterone treatment will translate into patient-valued health outcomes and to clarify effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu B Yeap
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie T Page
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Debate position: cognition and mood are not improved in men administered exogenous testosterone therapy. Curr Opin Urol 2018; 27:525-531. [PMID: 28863017 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the increasing evidence suggesting that exogenous testosterone therapy is not associated with improvements in cognition or mood. This article is part of a series, in this issue, in which authors are assigned opinion pieces on controversial topics pertaining to testosterone replacement. RECENT FINDINGS Testosterone is increasingly being prescribed. Particularly in the setting of recent data suggestive of possible cardiovascular risk associated with its use; a clear understanding of the domains of health that improve with exogenous testosterone use is important. Data on endogenous and exogenous testosterone with cognition and mood are mixed, likely partly related to methodological differences of type of testosterone, patient population, and dosing. SUMMARY Overall, available data are not suggestive of a clear benefit of testosterone supplementation in multiple domains of cognition and in mood. Supraphysiologic testosterone has been associated with adverse psychological outcomes, albeit not uniformly in studies.
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Zhao J, Bian C, Liu M, Zhao Y, Sun T, Xing F, Zhang J. Orchiectomy and letrozole differentially regulate synaptic plasticity and spatial memory in a manner that is mediated by SRC-1 in the hippocampus of male mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:354-368. [PMID: 29452160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal synaptic plasticity is the basis of spatial memory and cognition and is strongly regulated by both testicular androgens (testosterone, T) and hippocampal estrogens (17β-estradiol, E2) converted from T by aromatase, which is inhibited by letrozole (LET), but the contribution of each pathway to spatial memory and the associated mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we first used orchiectomy (ORX) and LET injection to investigate the effects of T and hippocampal E2 on spatial memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Next, we examined the changes in steroid receptors and steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) under these treatments. Finally, we constructed an SRC-1 RNA interference lentivirus and an AROM overexpression lentivirus to explore the roles of SRC-1 under T replacement and AROM overexpression. The results revealed spatial memory impairment only after LET. LET induced more actin depolymerization and greater losses of spines, synapses, and postsynaptic proteins compared with ORX. Moreover, although ERα and ERβ were affected by LET and ORX at similar levels, AR, GPR30, and SRC-1 were dramatically decreased by LET compared with ORX. Finally, the T and AROM overexpression-induced changes in synaptic proteins and actin polymerization were blocked by SRC-1 inhibition. These results demonstrate that testicular androgens play a limited role, whereas local E2 is more important for cognition, which may explain why castrated men such as eunuchs usually do not have cognitive disorders. These results also suggest a pivotal role of SRC-1 in the action of steroids; thus, SRC-1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen Bian
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yangang Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fangzhou Xing
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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