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Reeves B. Blood cell JAKtivation aggravates cerebral venous thrombosis. Blood Adv 2024; 8:3327-3329. [PMID: 38916898 PMCID: PMC11258618 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Reeves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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2
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Shabbir T, Hunsucker R, Martin D, Shabbir Z, Abou-El-Hassan H, Salahuddin T. A 44-Year-Old Male With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis. Cureus 2023; 15:e36974. [PMID: 37139286 PMCID: PMC10151108 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare condition that can result in severe neurological complications when left untreated. Disease pathology results from thrombus development within the superficial cortical veins or the dural sinuses. Thrombosis impedes cerebral drainage leading to venous congestion and consequent increase in cerebral pressure, parenchymal damage, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Headache is the most common presenting symptom; other symptoms include focal neurological signs, seizures, papilledema, and altered sensorium. Diagnosis is typically made with visualization of obstructed flow in the cerebral venous system using one of three imaging modalities: computed tomography-venography (CTV), magnetic resonance imaging with venography (MRV), and diagnostic cerebral angiography. First-line therapy for CVST is anticoagulation, and the prognosis is generally favorable with early detection and prompt treatment. In this case report, we discuss a singular case of a patient presenting with loss of consciousness who was found to have CVST and treated with anticoagulation therapy in the setting of an intraparenchymal hemorrhage.
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Bourrienne M, Gay J, Mazighi M, Ajzenberg N. State of the art in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis animal models. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2187-2196. [PMID: 35815379 PMCID: PMC9796510 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon venous thromboembolic event accounting for less than 1% of strokes resulting in brain parenchymal injuries. Diagnosis and prognosis are still challenging due to highly variable clinical course and etiologies. Beyond thrombosis, different CVST-related parenchymal injuries may occur and include edema, ischemic strokes, and intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH; i.e., parenchymal/subdural hematomas, and subarachnoid hemorrhages), which are identified in 40%-60% of patients without clearly identified mechanisms. In this perspective, experimental animal models contribute to the understanding of initiation, propagation, and resolution of thrombosis, as well as brain-related damages. Last but not least, animal models may be useful to study new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of CVST experimental models, focusing on their strengths, limits, and contribution to the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Charlotte Bourrienne
- Université Paris Cité & Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148, LVTSF‐75018 ParisFrance
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, AP‐HP, Hôpital BeaujonClichyFrance
| | - Juliette Gay
- Université Paris Cité & Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148, LVTSF‐75018 ParisFrance
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, AP‐HP, Hôpital Bichat Claude‐BernardParisFrance
| | - Mikaël Mazighi
- Université Paris Cité & Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148, LVTSF‐75018 ParisFrance
- Département de NeurologieAP‐HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, FHU NeurovascParisFrance
| | - Nadine Ajzenberg
- Université Paris Cité & Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148, LVTSF‐75018 ParisFrance
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, AP‐HP, Hôpital Bichat Claude‐BernardParisFrance
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4
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Marchandot B, Curtiaud A, Trimaille A, Sattler L, Grunebaum L, Morel O. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: current evidence, potential mechanisms, clinical implications, and future directions. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2021; 1:oeab014. [PMID: 35915769 PMCID: PMC8385852 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) (also termed thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome or vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia or vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia) is characterized by (i) venous or arterial thrombosis; (ii) mild-to-severe thrombocytopenia; (iii) positive antiplatelet factor 4 (PF4)-polyanion antibodies or anti-PF4-heparin antibodies detected by the HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia) ELISA; (iv) occurring 5-30 days after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca) or Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) vaccination. VITT's incidence is 1 per 100 000 vaccinated people irrespective of age and up to 1 in 50 000 for people <50 years of age with the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The exact mechanism by which adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines trigger this syndrome is still unclear, as for the increased risk for acute cerebral sinus venous thrombosis and splanchnic vein thrombosis as compared to other locations of venous thrombotic events. VITT is associated with the detection of anti-PF4 antibodies, unrelated to previous use of heparin therapy. PF4 antibodies are thought to activate platelets via the platelet FcγRIIA receptors leading to further platelet activation that causes thrombosis and thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Marchandot
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l’Hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Anais Curtiaud
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l’Hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Antonin Trimaille
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l’Hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, FMTS, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Laurent Sattler
- Haematology and Haemostasis Laboratory, Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l’Hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Lelia Grunebaum
- Haematology and Haemostasis Laboratory, Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l’Hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Olivier Morel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l’Hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, FMTS, Strasbourg 67000, France
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5
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Marchandot B, Carmona A, Trimaille A, Curtiaud A, Morel O. Procoagulant microparticles: a possible link between vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia (VITT) and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:689-691. [PMID: 34129181 PMCID: PMC8204296 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Marchandot
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Carmona
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antonin Trimaille
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), FMTS, UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anais Curtiaud
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Morel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France. .,INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), FMTS, UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Strasbourg, France.
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6
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Bourrienne MC, Loyau S, Benichi S, Gay J, Solo-Nomenjanahary M, Journé C, Di Meglio L, Freiherr von Seckendorff A, Desilles JP, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Ajzenberg N, Mazighi M. A Novel Mouse Model for Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:1055-1066. [PMID: 33675011 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon cause of stroke resulting in parenchymal injuries associated with heterogeneous clinical symptoms and prognosis. Therefore, an experimental animal model is required to further study underlying mechanisms involved in CVST. This study is aimed at developing a novel murine model suitable and relevant for evaluating injury patterns during CVST and studying its clinical aspects. CVST was achieved in C57BL/6J mice by autologous clot injection into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) combined with bilateral ligation of external jugular veins. Clot was prepared ex vivo using thrombin before injection. On days 1 and 7 after CVST, SSS occlusion and associated-parenchymal lesions were monitored using different modalities: in vivo real-time intravital microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and immuno-histology. In addition, mice were subjected to a neurological sensory-motor evaluation. Thrombin-induced clot provided fibrin- and erythrocyte-rich thrombi that lead to reproducible SSS occlusion at day 1 after CVST induction. On day 7 post-CVST, venous occlusion monitoring (MRI, intravital microscopy) showed that initial injected-thrombus size did not significantly change demonstrating no early spontaneous recanalization. Microscopic histological analysis revealed that SSS occlusion resulted in brain edema, extensive fibrin-rich venular thrombotic occlusion, and ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions. Mice with CVST showed a significant lower neurological score on post-operative days 1 and 7, compared to the sham-operated group. We established a novel clinically CVST-relevant model with a persistent and reproducible SSS occlusion responsible for symptomatic ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions. This method provides a reliable model to study CVST physiopathology and evaluation of therapeutic new regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Bourrienne
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Loyau
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Sandro Benichi
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, AP-HP, Necker Children Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Gay
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | | | - Clément Journé
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodalités (FRIM), Faculté de Médecine X. Bichat, INSERM UMS34, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Lucas Di Meglio
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Desilles
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Ho-Tin-Noé
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Ajzenberg
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, 75877, Paris Cedex 18, France
| | - Mikaël Mazighi
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
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7
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Wang S, Reeves B, Sparkenbaugh EM, Russell J, Soltys Z, Zhang H, Faber JE, Key NS, Kirchhofer D, Granger DN, Mackman N, Pawlinski R. Protective and detrimental effects of neuroectodermal cell-derived tissue factor in mouse models of stroke. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27489885 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the CNS, a dysregulated hemostatic response contributes to both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. Tissue factor (TF), the primary initiator of the extrinsic coagulation cascade, plays an essential role in hemostasis and also contributes to thrombosis. Using both genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we characterized the contribution of neuroectodermal (NE) cell TF to the pathophysiology of stroke. We used mice with various levels of TF expression and found that astrocyte TF activity reduced to ~5% of WT levels was still sufficient to maintain hemostasis after hemorrhagic stroke but was also low enough to attenuate inflammation, reduce damage to the blood-brain barrier, and improve outcomes following ischemic stroke. Pharmacologic inhibition of TF during the reperfusion phase of ischemic stroke attenuated neuronal damage, improved behavioral deficit, and prevented mortality of mice. Our data demonstrate that NE cell TF limits bleeding complications associated with the transition from ischemic to hemorrhagic stroke and also contributes to the reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. The high level of TF expression in the CNS is likely the result of selective pressure to limit intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after traumatic brain injury but, in the modern era, poses the additional risk of increased ischemia-reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Wang
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brandi Reeves
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erica M Sparkenbaugh
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janice Russell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zbigniew Soltys
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hua Zhang
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James E Faber
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel S Key
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Wang S, Reeves B, Pawlinski R. Astrocyte tissue factor controls CNS hemostasis and autoimmune inflammation. Thromb Res 2016; 141 Suppl 2:S65-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(16)30369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Zhu DS, Fu J, Zhang Y, Xie C, Wang XQ, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li SX, Liu XB, Wan ZW, Dong Q, Guan YT. Sensitivity and Specificity of Double-Track Sign in the Detection of Transverse Sinus Stenosis: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135897. [PMID: 26291452 PMCID: PMC4546352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transverse sinus stenosis (TSS) is common among patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. No previous studies have reported on double-track sign detected on axial Gd-enhanced T1WI in TSS. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the double-track sign in the detection of TSS. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 383 patients with transverse sinus thrombosis (TST) and 30 patients with normal transverse sinus from 5 participating hospitals in china from January 2008 to June 2014. 167 feasible transverse sinuses included in this study were categorized into TSS (n = 76), transverse sinus occlusion (TSO) (n = 52) and transverse sinus normal (TSN) groups (n = 39) according to imaging diagnosis on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or magnetic resonance venography (MRV). Double-track sign on axial Gd-enhanced T1WI was compared among the three groups. Sensitivity and specificity of double-track sign in detection of TSS were calculated, with final imaging diagnosis of TSS on DSA or MRV as the reference standard. RESULTS Of 383 patients with TST recruited over a 6.5-year period, 128 patients were enrolled in the study, 255 patients were excluded because of insufficient clinical data, imaging finding and delay time, and 30 matched patients with normal transverse sinus were enrolled in the control group. Therefore, double-track sign assessment was conducted in 167 available transverse sinuses of 158 patients. Of the 76 sinuses in TSS group, 51 had double-track sign. Of the other 91 sinuses in TSO and TSN groups, 3 had a false-positive double-track sign. Thus, double-track sign on axial Gd-enhanced T1WI was 67.1% (95% CI 55.3-77.2) sensitive and 96.7% (95% CI 89.9-99.1) specific for detection of TSS. CONCLUSIONS The double-track sign on axial Gd-enhanced T1WI is highly specific and moderate sensitive for detection of TSS. Nevertheless, it could be a direct sign and might provide an early clue for TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Fu
- Department of Pathology, Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanyuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Dong Fang Hospital, School of medicine, Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Xu Li
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Bei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Wan
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Yang-Tai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: ,
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10
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Senchenkova EY, Russell J, Esmon CT, Granger DN. Roles of Coagulation and fibrinolysis in angiotensin II-enhanced microvascular thrombosis. Microcirculation 2015; 21:401-7. [PMID: 24495184 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AngII-induced HTN is associated with accelerated thrombus development in arterioles. This study assessed the contributions of different components of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis to AngII-mediated microvascular thrombosis. METHODS Light/dye-induced thrombus formation (the time of onset and flow cessation) was quantified in cremaster muscle arterioles of AngII infused (two weeks) WT/AngII mice, EPCR-TgN, and mice deficient in PAI-1. WT/AngII mice were also treated with either tissue factor antibody, antithrombin III, heparin, hirudin, or murine APC. RESULTS TF immunoblockade or hirudin treatment did not prevent the AngII-induced acceleration of thrombosis. While antithrombin III treatment prevented the acceleration in both thrombus onset and flow cessation, heparin only improved the time for blood flow cessation. Neither WT mice treated with murine APC nor EPCR-TgN were protected against AngII-induced thrombus development. A similar lack of protection was noted in PAI-1deficient mice. CONCLUSION These findings implicate a role for thrombin generation pathway in the accelerated thrombosis induced by AngII and suggest that an impaired protein C pathway and increased PAI-1 do not make a significant contribution to this model of microvascular thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y Senchenkova
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Gangadharan B, Delignat S, Ollivier V, Gupta N, Mackman N, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S. Role of coagulation-associated processes on factor VIII immunogenicity in a mouse model of severe hemophilia A. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:2065-9. [PMID: 25267332 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses to therapeutic factor VIII remain a major problem, affecting 30% of patients with severe hemophilia A. The primary factors that drive immune responses in these patients remain elusive. There have been conflicting reports on a role of coagulation (or thrombin) in anti-FVIII immune responses. OBJECTIVE To assess the importance of coagulation-associated processes for the onset of the anti-FVIII immune response. METHODS Using FVIII-deficient mice, we compared the immunogenicity of recombinant FVIII or the inactive FVIII(V) (634M) mutant. In parallel, the involvement of tissue factor (TF) activity in the anti-FVIII immune response was investigated upon injection of a neutralizing anti-TF antibody or by the use of chimeric mice that lack TF expression in myeloid cells. The development of the anti-FVIII immune response was also monitored after treatment with warfarin. RESULTS The kinetics of the development of antibody responses to FVIII(V) (634M) were indistinguishable from those of wild-type FVIII. Inhibition of TF activity did not modulate immune responses to exogenous FVIII. Additionally, global inhibition of coagulation with warfarin failed to reduce the anti-FVIII immune response. CONCLUSIONS Thrombin generation or coagulation-associated processes do not modulate the anti-FVIII antibody response in mouse model of severe hemophilia A.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gangadharan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMR S) 1138, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Paris, France
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12
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Xue M, Jackson CJ. Activated protein C and its potential applications in prevention of islet β-cell damage and diabetes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:323-63. [PMID: 24559924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is derived from its precursor, protein C (PC). Originally thought to be synthesized exclusively by the liver, recent reports have shown that PC is also produced by many other cells including pancreatic islet β cells. APC functions as a physiological anticoagulant with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and barrier-stabilizing properties. APC exerts its protective effects via an intriguing mechanism requiring combinations of endothelial PC receptor, protease-activated receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, Tie2 or CD11b, depending on cell types. Diabetes is a chronic condition resulted from the body's inability to produce and/or properly use insulin. The prevalence of diabetes has risen dramatically and has become one of the major causes of premature mortality and morbidity worldwide. Diabetes prevention is an ideal approach to reduce this burden. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the major forms of diabetes mellitus, and both are characterized by an autoimmune response, intraislet inflammation, β-cell apoptosis, and progressive β-cell loss. Protecting β-cell from damage is critical in both prevention and treatment of diabetes. Recent in vitro and animal studies show that APC's strong anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties are beneficial in preventing β-cell destruction and diabetes in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Future preventive and therapeutic uses of APC in diabetes look very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Wang J, Ji X, Ling F, He X. Comparison of anticoagulation and thrombolysis treatments in a rat model of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:532-41. [PMID: 24195615 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.862245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (SSST) is a form of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) routinely treated with anticoagulation therapy. Anticoagulation and thrombolysis treatment effects on neurological function, venous recanalization and brain edema were compared after SSST in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent non-fatal SSST induction and were divided into no treatment (control), anticoagulation (heparin), carotid artery thrombolysis and local thrombolysis groups (each n = 50). Within each group, an equal number of rats (n = 10) were treated with anticoagulation and thrombolysis at day 3 or weeks 1, 2, 3 or 4 following SSST. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) was conducted within 24 h of anticoagulation and thrombolysis treatments to determine recanalization, structural abnormalities and cerebral edema quantitated by wet-dry methods. Neurological function (Rotarod test) and histological abnormalities were compared. Severe brain edema, flattened gyri and coronal swelling were observed following SSST. Recanalization rates in carotid artery and local thrombolysis were higher than in anticoagulation (both p < 0.001). Carotid artery and local thrombolysis brain water contents were 79.6±0.1% and 79.2±0.1%, respectively, significantly lower than 83.9±0.1% and 84±0.1% in anticoagulation and controls, respectively (all p < 0.05), after treatments at day 3 following SSST. Increasing SSST onset to treatment time worsened neurological function ( p < 0.05). Maximum treatment benefits were observed <2 weeks post-SSST using local thrombolysis and, to a lesser extent, carotid artery thrombolysis. Thrombolysis may produce better functional outcomes if employed early rather than as a second-line treatment following anticoagulant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
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Figueiredo G, Boll H, Kramer M, Groden C, Brockmann MA. In vivo X-ray digital subtraction and CT angiography of the murine cerebrovasculature using an intra-arterial route of contrast injection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:1702-9. [PMID: 22576899 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Investigation of the anatomy, patency, and blood flow of arterial and venous vessels in small animal models of cerebral ischemia, venous thrombosis, or vasospasm is of major interest. However, due to their small caliber, in vivo examination of these vessels is technically challenging. Using micro-CT, we compared the feasibility of in vivo DSA and CTA of the murine cerebrovasculature using an intra-arterial route of contrast administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ECA was catheterized in 5 C57BL/6J mice. During intra-arterial injection of an iodized contrast agent (30 μL/1 sec), DSA of the intra- and extracranial vessels was performed in mice breathing room air and repeated in hypoxic/hypercapnic mice. Micro-CTA was performed within 20 seconds of intra-arterial contrast injection (220 μL/20 sec). Image quality of both methods was compared. Radiation dose measurements were performed with thermoluminescence dosimeters. RESULTS Both methods provided high-resolution images of the murine cerebrovasculature, with the smallest identifiable vessel calibers of ≤ 50 μm. Due to its high temporal resolution of 30 fps, DSA allowed identification of anastomoses between the ICA and ECA by detection of retrograde flow within the superficial temporal artery. Micro-CTA during intra-arterial contrast injection resulted in a reduced injection volume and a higher contrast-to-noise ratio (19.0 ± 1.0) compared with DSA (10.0 ± 1.8) or micro-CTA when using an intravenous injection route (1.3 ± 0.4). CONCLUSIONS DSA of the murine cerebrovasculature is feasible using micro-CT and allows precise and repeated measurements of the vessel caliber, and changes of the vessel caliber, while providing relevant information on blood flow in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Figueiredo
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Hampton AL, Diaz JA, Hawley AE, Wrobleski SK, Wang JG, Lee RD, Kirchhofer D, Sigler RE, Wakefield TW, Mackman N, Myers DD. Myeloid cell tissue factor does not contribute to venous thrombogenesis in an electrolytic injury model. Thromb Res 2011; 130:640-5. [PMID: 22192154 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue factor (TF) is a potent initiator of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. The role and source of TF in venous thrombotic disease is not clearly defined. Our study objective was to identify the contribution of myeloid cell TF to venous thrombogenesis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mouse electrolytic inferior vena cava model was used to induce thrombosis. The following groups of mice were used (1) TF(flox/flox)LysMCre(+) mice that have reduced TF expression in myeloid cells, (2) TF(flox/flox)LysMCre(-) littermate controls, (3) Wild type mice given a monoclonal anti-mouse TF antibody (1H1) to inhibit TF activity, and (4) Wild type mice given rat IgG. Evaluations at baseline, day 2, and day 6 post thrombosis included thrombus weight, vein wall inflammatory cell migration, vein wall TF mRNA, and plasma D-dimer levels. RESULTS Inhibition of TF significantly decreased thrombus weight 2days post venous thrombosis. In contrast, TF(flox/flox)LysMCre(+) had no change in thrombus weight when compared to littermate controls. The absence of myeloid cell TF did not affect infiltration of neutrophils or monocytes into the vein wall. TF mRNA expression in the vein wall decreased at 2days but then returned to baseline levels by 6days post thrombosis. D-dimer levels peaked at 2days post thrombosis in mice with or without myeloid cell TF. CONCLUSIONS TF is important in the formation of venous thrombi in the macrovasculature. However, TF expression by myeloid cells does not significantly contribute to venous thrombogenesis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Hampton
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Figueiredo G, Brockmann C, Boll H, Heilmann M, Schambach SJ, Fiebig T, Kramer M, Groden C, Brockmann MA. Comparison of digital subtraction angiography, micro-computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography in the assessment of the cerebrovascular system in live mice. Clin Neuroradiol 2011; 22:21-8. [PMID: 22109696 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-011-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mice are often used as small animal models of brain ischemia, venous thrombosis, or vasospasm. This article aimed at providing an overview of the currently available methodologies for in vivo imaging of the murine cerebrovasculature and comparing the capabilities and limitations of the different methods. METHODS Micro-computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed during intra-arterial and intravenous administration of a contrast agent bolus. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed during intra-arterial administration of contrast agent using the micro-CT scanner. Time-of-flight (ToF) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography was performed using a small animal scanner (9.4 T) equipped with a cryogenic transceive quadrature coil. Datasets were compared for scan time, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), temporal and spatial resolution, radiation dose, contrast agent dose and detailed recognition of cerebrovascular structures. RESULTS Highest spatial resolution was achieved using micro-CTA (16 x 16 x 16 µm) and DSA (14 x 14 µm). Compared to micro-CTA (20-40 s) and ToF-MRA (57 min), DSA provided highest temporal resolutions (30 fps) allowing analyses of the cerebrovascular blood flow. Highest mean CNR was reached using ToF-MRA (50.7 ± 15.0), while CNR of micro-CTA depended on the intra-arterial (19.0 ± 1.0) and intravenous (1.3 ± 0.4) use of agents. The CNR of DSA was 10.0 ± 1.8. CONCLUSIONS The use of dedicated small animal scanners allows cerebrovascular imaging in live animals as small as mice. As each of the methods analyzed has its advantages and limitations, choosing the best suited imaging modality for a defined question is of great importance. By this means the aforementioned methods offer a great potential for future projects in preclinical cerebrovascular research including ischemic stroke or vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Figueiredo
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
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Protein C anticoagulant system--anti-inflammatory effects. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 34:127-32. [PMID: 21822632 PMCID: PMC3233668 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) plays active roles in preventing progression of a number of disease processes. These include thrombosis due to its direct anticoagulant activity which is likely augmented by its cytoprotective activity, thereby limiting exposure of procoagulant cellular membrane surfaces on cells. Beyond that, the pathway signals the cells to prevent apoptosis, to dampen inflammation, to increase endothelial barrier function, and to selectively downregulate some genes implicated in disease progression. Most of these functions are manifested to APC binding to endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) allowing PAR1 activation, but activation of other PARS is also implicated in some cases. In addition to EPCR orchestrating these changes, CD11b is also capable of supporting APC signaling. Selective control of these pathways offers potential in new therapeutic approaches to disease.
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Jia Y, Wang RK. Label-free in vivo optical imaging of functional microcirculations within meninges and cortex in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 194:108-15. [PMID: 20933005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal microcirculation within meninges is common in many neurological diseases. There is a need for an imaging method that is capable of monitoring dynamic meningeal microcirculations, preferably decoupled from cortical blood flow. Optical microangiography (OMAG) is a recently developed label-free imaging method capable of producing 3D images of dynamic blood perfusion within micro-circulatory tissue beds at an imaging depth up to ∼2 mm, with an unprecedented imaging sensitivity to blood flow at ∼4 μm/s. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of OMAG in imaging the detailed blood flow distributions, at a capillary level resolution, within the meninges and cortex in mice with the cranium left intact. Using a thrombotic mouse model, we show that the OMAG can yield longitudinal measurements of meningeal vascular responses to the insult and can decouple these responses from those in the cortex, giving valuable information regarding the localized hemodynamics along with the dynamic formation of thrombotic event. The results indicate that OMAG can be a useful tool to study therapeutic strategies in preclinical animal models in order to mitigate various pathologies that are mainly related to the meningeal circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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