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Middendorp E, Braeu F, Baaijens FPT, Humphrey JD, Cyron CJ, Loerakker S. Computational analysis of heart valve growth and remodeling after the Ross procedure. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024:10.1007/s10237-024-01874-y. [PMID: 39269523 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
During the Ross procedure, an aortic heart valve is replaced by a patient's own pulmonary valve. The pulmonary autograft subsequently undergoes substantial growth and remodeling (G&R) due to its exposure to increased hemodynamic loads. In this study, we developed a homogenized constrained mixture model to understand the observed adaptation of the autograft leaflets in response to the changed hemodynamic environment. This model was based on the hypothesis that tissue G&R aims to preserve mechanical homeostasis for each tissue constituent. To model the Ross procedure, we simulated the exposure of a pulmonary valve to aortic pressure conditions and the subsequent G&R of the valve. Specifically, we investigated the effects of assuming either stress- or stretch-based mechanical homeostasis, the use of blood pressure control, and the effect of root dilation. With this model, we could explain different observations from published clinical studies, such as the increase in thickness, change in collagen organization, and change in tissue composition. In addition, we found that G&R based on stress-based homeostasis could better capture the observed changes in tissue composition than G&R based on stretch-based homeostasis, and that root dilation or blood pressure control can result in more leaflet elongation. Finally, our model demonstrated that successful adaptation can only occur when the mechanically induced tissue deposition is sufficiently larger than tissue degradation, such that leaflet thickening overrules leaflet dilation. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that G&R based on mechanical homeostasis can capture the observed heart valve adaptation after the Ross procedure. Finally, this study presents a novel homogenized mixture model that can be used to investigate other cases of heart valve G&R as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmer Middendorp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Braeu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank P T Baaijens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Christian J Cyron
- Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum, Institute for Material Systems Modeling, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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2
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Liu Z, Liu Y, Yu Z, Tan C, Pek N, O'Donnell A, Wu A, Glass I, Winlaw DS, Guo M, Spence JR, Chen YW, Yutzey KE, Miao Y, Gu M. APOE-NOTCH axis governs elastogenesis during human cardiac valve remodeling. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2024; 3:933-950. [PMID: 39196035 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-024-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Valve remodeling is a process involving extracellular matrix organization and elongation of valve leaflets. Here, through single-cell RNA sequencing of human fetal valves, we identified an elastin-producing valve interstitial cell (VIC) subtype (apolipoprotein E (APOE)+, elastin-VICs) spatially located underneath valve endothelial cells (VECs) sensing unidirectional flow. APOE knockdown in fetal VICs resulted in profound elastogenesis defects. In valves with pulmonary stenosis (PS), we observed elastin fragmentation and decreased expression of APOE along with other genes regulating elastogenesis. Cell-cell interaction analysis revealed that jagged 1 (JAG1) from unidirectional VECs activates elastogenesis in elastin-VICs through NOTCH2. Similar observations were made in VICs cocultured with VECs under unidirectional flow. Notably, a drastic reduction of JAG1-NOTCH2 was also observed in PS valves. Lastly, we found that APOE controls JAG1-induced NOTCH activation and elastogenesis in VICs through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Our study suggests important roles of both APOE and NOTCH in regulating elastogenesis during human valve remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyun Yu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cheng Tan
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole Pek
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anna O'Donnell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Angeline Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ian Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David S Winlaw
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Minzhe Guo
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Airway Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yifei Miao
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Mingxia Gu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Martin M, Chen CY, McCowan T, Wells S. Differential Development of the Chordae Tendineae and Anterior Leaflet of the Bovine Mitral Valve. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:106. [PMID: 38667724 PMCID: PMC11050492 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that some adult mitral valve pathologies may have developmental origins involving errors in cell signaling and protein deposition during valvulogenesis. While early and late gestational stages are well-documented in zebrafish, chicks, and small mammalian models, longitudinal studies in large mammals with a similar gestational period to humans are lacking. Further, the mechanism of chordae tendineae formation and multiplication remains unclear. The current study presents a comprehensive examination of mitral anterior leaflet and chordae tendineae development in a bovine model (a large mammal with the same gestational period as humans). Remarkably distinct from small mammals, bovine development displayed early branched chordae, with increasing attachments only until birth, while the anterior leaflet grew both during gestation and postnatally. Chordae also exhibited accelerated collagen deposition, maturation, and crimp development during gestation. These findings suggest that the bovine anterior leaflet and chordae tendineae possess unique processes of development despite being a continuous collagenous structure and could provide greater insight into human valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Martin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Timothy McCowan
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
- Integrated Science Program, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah Wells
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
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Angiopoietin-like 2 is essential to aortic valve development in mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1277. [PMID: 36414704 PMCID: PMC9681843 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve (AoV) abnormalities during embryogenesis are a major risk for the development of aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and cardiac events later in life. Here, we identify an unexpected role for Angiopoietin-like 2 (ANGPTL2), a pro-inflammatory protein secreted by senescent cells, in valvulogenesis. At late embryonic stage, mice knocked-down for Angptl2 (Angptl2-KD) exhibit a premature thickening of AoV leaflets associated with a dysregulation of the fine balance between cell apoptosis, senescence and proliferation during AoV remodeling and a decrease in the crucial Notch signalling. These structural and molecular abnormalities lead toward spontaneous AVS with elevated trans-aortic gradient in adult mice of both sexes. Consistently, ANGPTL2 expression is detected in human fetal semilunar valves and associated with pathways involved in cell cycle and senescence. Altogether, these findings suggest that Angptl2 is essential for valvulogenesis, and identify Angptl2-KD mice as an animal model to study spontaneous AVS, a disease with unmet medical need.
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Henderson DJ, Eley L, Turner JE, Chaudhry B. Development of the Human Arterial Valves: Understanding Bicuspid Aortic Valve. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:802930. [PMID: 35155611 PMCID: PMC8829322 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.802930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the arterial valves are some of the commonest congenital malformations, with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) occurring in as many as 2% of the population. Despite this, most of what we understand about the development of the arterial (semilunar; aortic and pulmonary) valves is extrapolated from investigations of the atrioventricular valves in animal models, with surprisingly little specifically known about how the arterial valves develop in mouse, and even less in human. In this review, we summarise what is known about the development of the human arterial valve leaflets, comparing this to the mouse where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Inflammatory and regenerative processes in bioresorbable synthetic pulmonary valves up to two years in sheep-Spatiotemporal insights augmented by Raman microspectroscopy. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:243-259. [PMID: 34509697 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In situ heart valve tissue engineering is an emerging approach in which resorbable, off-the-shelf available scaffolds are used to induce endogenous heart valve restoration. Such scaffolds are designed to recruit endogenous cells in vivo, which subsequently resorb polymer and produce and remodel new valvular tissue in situ. Recently, preclinical studies using electrospun supramolecular elastomeric valvular grafts have shown that this approach enables in situ regeneration of pulmonary valves with long-term functionality in vivo. However, the evolution and mechanisms of inflammation, polymer absorption and tissue regeneration are largely unknown, and adverse valve remodeling and intra- and inter-valvular variability have been reported. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to gain a mechanistic understanding of the in vivo regenerative processes by combining routine histology and immunohistochemistry, using a comprehensive sheep-specific antibody panel, with Raman microspectroscopy for the spatiotemporal analysis of in situ tissue-engineered pulmonary valves with follow-up to 24 months from a previous preclinical study in sheep. The analyses revealed a strong spatial heterogeneity in the influx of inflammatory cells, graft resorption, and foreign body giant cells. Collagen maturation occurred predominantly between 6 and 12 months after implantation, which was accompanied by a progressive switch to a more quiescent phenotype of infiltrating cells with properties of valvular interstitial cells. Variability among specimens in the extent of tissue remodeling was observed for follow-up times after 6 months. Taken together, these findings advance the understanding of key events and mechanisms in material-driven in situ heart valve tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes for the first time the long-term in vivo inflammatory and regenerative processes that underly in situ heart valve tissue engineering using resorbable synthetic scaffolds. Using a unique combinatorial analysis of immunohistochemistry and Raman microspectroscopy, important spatiotemporal variability in graft resorption and tissue formation was pinpointed in in situ tissue-engineered heart valves, with a follow-up time of up to 24 months in sheep. This variability was correlated to heterogenous regional cellular repopulation, most likely instigated by region-specific differences in surrounding tissue and hemodynamics. The findings of this research contribute to the mechanistic understanding of in situ tissue engineering using resorbable synthetics, which is necessary to enable rational design of improved grafts, and ensure safe and robust clinical translation.
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7
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Transglutaminase 2 moderates the expansion of mouse abdominal aortic aneurysms. JVS Vasc Sci 2021; 2:95-109. [PMID: 34617062 PMCID: PMC8489235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previously published work has indicated that transcripts encoding transglutaminase 2 (TG2) increase markedly in a rat model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. This study determines whether TG2 and the related TG, factor XIII-A (FXIII-A), protect against aortic aneurysm development in mice. Methods C57BL/6J wild-type, Tgm2 -/- knockout, F13a1 -/- knockout, and Tgm2 -/- /F13a1 -/- double knockout mice were subjected to laparotomy and periaortic application of CaCl2. Results Tgm2 -/- mice showed slightly greater aortic dilatation at 6 weeks after treatment when compared with wild type. However, vessels from Tgm2 -/- mice, but not wild-type mice, continued to dilate up to 6 months after injury and by 24 weeks, a greater number of Tgm2 -/- mice had developed aneurysms (16/17 vs 10/19; P = .008). Laparotomy resulted in a high death rate in F13a1 -/- knockout mice, more frequently from cardiac complications than from hemorrhage, but among F13a1 -/- mice that survived for 6 weeks after CaCl2 treatment, abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter was unaltered relative to wild-type mice. Laparotomy resulted in a higher death rate among Tgm2 -/- /F13a1 -/- double knockout mice, owing to an increased frequency of delayed bleeding. Surprisingly, Tgm2 -/- /F13a1 -/- double knockout mice showed a trend toward decreased dilatation of the aorta 6 weeks after injury, and this finding was replicated in Tgm2 -/- /F13a1 -/- mice subjected to carotid artery injury. Levels of transcripts encoding TG2 were not increased in the aortas of injured wild-type or F13a1 -/- knockout mice relative to uninjured mice, although changes in the levels of other transcripts accorded with previous descriptions of the CaCl2 aneurysm model in mice. Conclusions Knockout of Tgm2, but not F13a1 exacerbates aortic dilatation, suggesting that TG2 confers protection. However, levels of TG2 messenger RNA are not acutely elevated after injury. FXIII-A plays a role in preventing postoperative damage after laparotomy, confirming previous reports that it prevents distal organ damage after trauma. TG2 promotes wound healing after surgery and, in its absence, the bleeding diathesis associated with FXIII-A deficiency is further exposed.
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Lipp SN, Jacobson KR, Hains DS, Schwarderer AL, Calve S. 3D Mapping Reveals a Complex and Transient Interstitial Matrix During Murine Kidney Development. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1649-1665. [PMID: 33875569 PMCID: PMC8425666 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a network of proteins and glycosaminoglycans that provides structural and biochemical cues to cells. In the kidney, the ECM is critical for nephrogenesis; however, the dynamics of ECM composition and how it relates to 3D structure during development is unknown. METHODS Using embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), E18.5, postnatal day 3 (P3), and adult kidneys, we fractionated proteins based on differential solubilities, performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and identified changes in ECM protein content (matrisome). Decellularized kidneys were stained for ECM proteins and imaged in 3D using confocal microscopy. RESULTS We observed an increase in interstitial ECM that connects the stromal mesenchyme to the basement membrane (TNXB, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3) between the embryo and adult, and a transient elevation of interstitial matrix proteins (COL5A2, COL12A1, COL26A1, ELN, EMID1, FBN1, LTBP4, THSD4) at perinatal time points. Basement membrane proteins critical for metanephric induction (FRAS1, FREM2) were highest in abundance in the embryo, whereas proteins necessary for integrity of the glomerular basement membrane (COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, LAMB2) were more abundant in the adult. 3D visualization revealed a complex interstitial matrix that dramatically changed over development, including the perinatal formation of fibrillar structures that appear to support the medullary rays. CONCLUSION By correlating 3D ECM spatiotemporal organization with global protein abundance, we revealed novel changes in the interstitial matrix during kidney development. This new information regarding the ECM in developing kidneys offers the potential to inform the design of regenerative scaffolds that can guide nephrogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Lipp
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Medical Scientist/Engineer Training Program, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kathryn R. Jacobson
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - David S. Hains
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Riley Children’s Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew L. Schwarderer
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Riley Children’s Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sarah Calve
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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Early Aberrant Angiogenesis Due to Elastic Fiber Fragmentation in Aortic Valve Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8070075. [PMID: 34202041 PMCID: PMC8303641 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8070075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic fiber fragmentation (EFF) is a hallmark of aortic valve disease (AVD), and neovascularization has been identified as a late finding related to inflammation. We sought to characterize the relationship between early EFF and aberrant angiogenesis. To examine disease progression, regional anatomy and pathology of aortic valve tissue were assessed using histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy from early-onset (<40 yo) and late-onset (≥40 yo) non-syndromic AVD specimens. To assess the effects of EFF on early AVD processes, valve tissue from Williams and Marfan syndrome patients was also analyzed. Bicuspid aortic valve was more common in early-onset AVD, and cardiovascular comorbidities were more common in late-onset AVD. Early-onset AVD specimens demonstrated angiogenesis without inflammation or atherosclerosis. A distinct pattern of elastic fiber components surrounded early-onset AVD neovessels, including increased emilin-1 and decreased fibulin-5. Different types of EFF were present in Williams syndrome (WS) and Marfan syndrome (MFS) aortic valves; WS but not MFS aortic valves demonstrated angiogenesis. Aberrant angiogenesis occurs in early-onset AVD in the absence of inflammation, implicating EFF. Elucidation of underlying mechanisms may inform the development of new pharmacologic treatments.
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10
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Yang W, Li Y, Bai J, You T, Yi K, Xie D, Zhang X, Xie X. A Functional Variant Rs492554 Associated With Congenital Heart Defects Modulates SESN2 Expression Through POU2F1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668474. [PMID: 34249922 PMCID: PMC8260953 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia exposure is responsible for the high incidence of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in high-altitude areas, which is nearly 20 times higher than that in low-altitude areas. However, the genetic factors involved are rarely reported. Sestrin2 (SESN2), a hypoxia stress-inducible gene, protects cardiomyocyte viability under stress; thus, SESN2 polymorphism may be a potential risk factor for CHD. We performed an association study of the SESN2 polymorphisms with CHD risk in two independent groups of the Han Chinese population from two different altitude areas. The allele-specific effects of lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed by expression quantitative trait locus, electrophoretic mobility shift, and luciferase reporter assays. The molecular mechanism of Sesn2 action against hypoxia-induced cell injury was investigated in embryonic rat-heart-derived H9c2 cells treated with or without hypoxia-mimetic cobalt chloride. SNP rs492554 was significantly associated with reduced CHD risk in the high-altitude population, but not in the low-altitude population. The protective T allele of rs492554 was correlated with higher SESN2 expression and showed a preferential binding affinity to POU2F1. We then identified SNP rs12406992 in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs492554 and mapped it within the binding motif of POU2F1. The T-C haplotype of rs492554-rs12406992 could increase luciferase expression, whereas POU2F1 knockdown effectively suppressed it. Mechanistically, increased Sesn2 protects against oxidative stress and cell apoptosis and maintains cell viability and proliferation. In summary, CHD-associated SNP rs492554 acts as an allele-specific distal enhancer to modulate SESN2 expression via interaction with POU2F1, which might provide new mechanistic insights into CHD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Yang
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Cardiovascular Institute, People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao You
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kang Yi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dingxiong Xie
- Gansu Cardiovascular Institute, People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Cardiovascular Institute, People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, China.,Genetics Medicine Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Hutcheson JD, Schlotter F, Creager MD, Li X, Pham T, Vyas P, Higashi H, Body SC, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Kos L, Aikawa E. Elastogenesis Correlates With Pigment Production in Murine Aortic Valve Leaflets. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:678401. [PMID: 34239903 PMCID: PMC8257952 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.678401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aortic valve (AV) leaflets rely on a precise extracellular matrix (ECM) microarchitecture for appropriate biomechanical performance. The ECM structure is maintained by valvular interstitial cells (VICs), which reside within the leaflets. The presence of pigment produced by a melanocytic population of VICs in mice with dark coats has been generally regarded as a nuisance, as it interferes with histological analysis of the AV leaflets. However, our previous studies have shown that the presence of pigment correlates with increased mechanical stiffness within the leaflets as measured by nanoindentation analyses. In the current study, we seek to better characterize the phenotype of understudied melanocytic VICs, explore the role of these VICs in ECM patterning, and assess the presence of these VICs in human aortic valve tissues. Approach and Results: Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry revealed that melanocytes within murine AV leaflets express phenotypic markers of either neuronal or glial cells. These VIC subpopulations exhibited regional patterns that corresponded to the distribution of elastin and glycosaminoglycan ECM proteins, respectively. VICs with neuronal and glial phenotypes were also found in human AV leaflets and showed ECM associations similar to those observed in murine leaflets. A subset of VICs within human AV leaflets also expressed dopachrome tautomerase, a common melanocyte marker. A spontaneous mouse mutant with no aortic valve pigmentation lacked elastic fibers and had reduced elastin gene expression within AV leaflets. A hyperpigmented transgenic mouse exhibited increased AV leaflet elastic fibers and elastin gene expression. Conclusions: Melanocytic VIC subpopulations appear critical for appropriate elastogenesis in mouse AVs, providing new insight into the regulation of AV ECM homeostasis. The identification of a similar VIC population in human AVs suggests conservation across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Florian Schlotter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Heart Center Leipzig at Leipzig University, Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael D. Creager
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tan Pham
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Payal Vyas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon C. Body
- Center for Perioperative Genomics, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sasha A. Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lidia Kos
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Zbinden A, Layland SL, Urbanczyk M, Carvajal Berrio DA, Marzi J, Zauner M, Hammerschmidt A, Brauchle EM, Sudrow K, Fink S, Templin M, Liebscher S, Klein G, Deb A, Duffy GP, Crooks GM, Eble JA, Mikkola HKA, Nsair A, Seifert M, Schenke‐Layland K. Nidogen-1 Mitigates Ischemia and Promotes Tissue Survival and Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002500. [PMID: 33643791 PMCID: PMC7887579 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia impacts multiple organ systems and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Ischemia disrupts tissue homeostasis, driving cell death, and damages tissue structure integrity. Strategies to heal organs, like the infarcted heart, or to replace cells, as done in pancreatic islet β-cell transplantations, are often hindered by ischemic conditions. Here, it is discovered that the basement membrane glycoprotein nidogen-1 attenuates the apoptotic effect of hypoxia in cardiomyocytes and pancreatic β-cells via the αvβ3 integrin and beneficially modulates immune responses in vitro. It is shown that nidogen-1 significantly increases heart function and angiogenesis, while reducing fibrosis, in a mouse postmyocardial infarction model. These results demonstrate the protective and regenerative potential of nidogen-1 in ischemic conditions.
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13
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New Concepts in the Development and Malformation of the Arterial Valves. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040038. [PMID: 32987700 PMCID: PMC7712390 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although in many ways the arterial and atrioventricular valves are similar, both being derived for the most part from endocardial cushions, we now know that the arterial valves and their surrounding structures are uniquely dependent on progenitors from both the second heart field (SHF) and neural crest cells (NCC). Here, we will review aspects of arterial valve development, highlighting how our appreciation of NCC and the discovery of the SHF have altered our developmental models. We will highlight areas of research that have been particularly instructive for understanding how the leaflets form and remodel, as well as those with limited or conflicting results. With this background, we will explore how this developmental knowledge can help us to understand human valve malformations, particularly those of the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Controversies and the current state of valve genomics will be indicated.
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14
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Abstract
The valves of the heart are crucial for ensuring that blood flows in one direction from the heart, through the lungs and back to the rest of the body. Heart valve development is regulated by complex interactions between different cardiac cell types and is subject to blood flow-driven forces. Recent work has begun to elucidate the important roles of developmental pathways, valve cell heterogeneity and hemodynamics in determining the structure and function of developing valves. Furthermore, this work has revealed that many key genetic pathways involved in cardiac valve development are also implicated in diseased valves. Here, we review recent discoveries that have furthered our understanding of the molecular, cellular and mechanosensitive mechanisms of valve development, and highlight new insights into congenital and acquired valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O'Donnell
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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15
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Gonzalez de Torre I, Alonso M, Rodriguez-Cabello JC. Elastin-Based Materials: Promising Candidates for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:657. [PMID: 32695756 PMCID: PMC7338576 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke and cardiovascular episodes are still some of the most common diseases worldwide, causing millions of deaths and costing billions of Euros to healthcare systems. The use of new biomaterials with enhanced biological and physical properties has opened the door to new approaches in cardiovascular applications. Elastin-based materials are biomaterials with some of the most promising properties. Indeed, these biomaterials have started to yield good results in cardiovascular and angiogenesis applications. In this review, we explore the latest trends in elastin-derived materials for cardiac regeneration and the different possibilities that are being explored by researchers to regenerate an infarcted muscle and restore its normal function. Elastin-based materials can be processed in different manners to create injectable systems or hydrogel scaffolds that can be applied by simple injection or as patches to cover the damaged area and regenerate it. Such materials have been applied to directly regenerate the damaged cardiac muscle and to create complex structures, such as heart valves or new bio-stents that could help to restore the normal function of the heart or to minimize damage after a stroke. We will discuss the possibilities that elastin-based materials offer in cardiac tissue engineering, either alone or in combination with other biomaterials, in order to illustrate the wide range of options that are being explored. Moreover, although tremendous advances have been achieved with such elastin-based materials, there is still room for new approaches that could trigger advances in cardiac tissue regeneration.
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16
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Schwach V, Passier R. Native cardiac environment and its impact on engineering cardiac tissue. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:3566-3580. [PMID: 31338495 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) generally have an immature fetal-like phenotype when directly compared to isolated CMs from human hearts, despite significant advance in differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to multiple cardiac lineages. Therefore, hPSC-CMs may not accurately mimic all facets of healthy and diseased human adult CMs. During embryonic development, the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) experiences a gradual assembly of matrix proteins that transits along the maturation of CMs. Mimicking these dynamic stages may contribute to hPSC-CMs maturation in vitro. Thus, in this review, we describe the progressive build-up of the cardiac ECM during embryonic development, the ECM of the adult human heart and the application of natural and synthetic biomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering with hPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Dept of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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17
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Schenke-Layland K, Liebscher S, Layland SL. Use of Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Natural Materials in Bioengineering. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Fernández-Colino A, Wolf F, Rütten S, Schmitz-Rode T, Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Jockenhoevel S, Mela P. Small Caliber Compliant Vascular Grafts Based on Elastin-Like Recombinamers for in situ Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31803735 PMCID: PMC6877483 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, but surgical options are restricted by the limited availability of autologous vessels, and the suboptimal performance of prosthetic vascular grafts. This is especially evident for coronary artery by-pass grafts, whose small caliber is associated with a high occlusion propensity. Despite the potential of tissue-engineered grafts, compliance mismatch, dilatation, thrombus formation, and the lack of functional elastin are still major limitations leading to graft failure. This calls for advanced materials and fabrication schemes to achieve improved control on the grafts' properties and performance. Here, bioinspired materials and technical textile components are combined to create biohybrid cell-free implants for endogenous tissue regeneration. Clickable elastin-like recombinamers are processed to form an open macroporous 3D architecture to favor cell ingrowth, while being endowed with the non-thrombogenicity and the elastic behavior of the native elastin. The textile components (i.e., warp-knitted and electrospun meshes) are designed to confer suture retention, long-term structural stability, burst strength, and compliance. Notably, by controlling the electrospun layer's thickness, the compliance can be modulated over a wide range of values encompassing those of native vessels. The grafts support cell ingrowth, extracellular matrix deposition and endothelium development in vitro. Overall, the fabrication strategy results in promising off-the-shelf hemocompatible vascular implants for in situ tissue engineering by addressing the known limitations of bioartificial vessel substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fernández-Colino
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederic Wolf
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,AMIBM-Aachen-Maastricht-Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Petra Mela
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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19
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Dekker S, van Geemen D, van den Bogaerdt AJ, Driessen-Mol A, Aikawa E, Smits AIPM. Sheep-Specific Immunohistochemical Panel for the Evaluation of Regenerative and Inflammatory Processes in Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:105. [PMID: 30159315 PMCID: PMC6104173 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of living heart valve replacements via tissue engineering is actively being pursued by many research groups. Numerous strategies have been described, aimed either at culturing autologous living valves in a bioreactor (in vitro) or inducing endogenous regeneration by the host via resorbable scaffolds (in situ). Whereas a lot of effort is being invested in the optimization of heart valve scaffold parameters and culturing conditions, the pathophysiological in vivo remodeling processes to which tissue-engineered heart valves are subjected upon implantation have been largely under-investigated. This is partly due to the unavailability of suitable immunohistochemical tools specific to sheep, which serves as the gold standard animal model in translational research on heart valve replacements. Therefore, the goal of this study was to comprise and validate a comprehensive sheep-specific panel of antibodies for the immunohistochemical analysis of tissue-engineered heart valve explants. For the selection of our panel we took inspiration from previous histopathological studies describing the morphology, extracellular matrix composition and cellular composition of native human heart valves throughout development and adult stages. Moreover, we included a range of immunological markers, which are particularly relevant to assess the host inflammatory response evoked by the implanted heart valve. The markers specifically identifying extracellular matrix components and cell phenotypes were tested on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of native sheep aortic valves. Markers for inflammation and apoptosis were tested on ovine spleen and kidney tissues. Taken together, this panel of antibodies could serve as a tool to study the spatiotemporal expression of proteins in remodeling tissue-engineered heart valves after implantation in a sheep model, thereby contributing to our understanding of the in vivo processes which ultimately determine long-term success or failure of tissue-engineered heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Dekker
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Daphne van Geemen
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Anita Driessen-Mol
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthal I. P. M. Smits
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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20
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A heart for fibrillin: spatial arrangement in adult wild-type murine myocardial tissue. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:271-280. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Bellazzi R, Engel F, Ferrazzi F. Gene network analysis: from heart development to cardiac therapy. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:522-31. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-06-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SummaryNetworks offer a flexible framework to represent and analyse the complex interactions between components of cellular systems. In particular gene networks inferred from expression data can support the identification of novel hypotheses on regulatory processes. In this review we focus on the use of gene network analysis in the study of heart development. Understanding heart development will promote the elucidation of the aetiology of congenital heart disease and thus possibly improve diagnostics. Moreover, it will help to establish cardiac therapies. For example, understanding cardiac differentiation during development will help to guide stem cell differentiation required for cardiac tissue engineering or to enhance endogenous repair mechanisms. We introduce different methodological frameworks to infer networks from expression data such as Boolean and Bayesian networks. Then we present currently available temporal expression data in heart development and discuss the use of network-based approaches in published studies. Collectively, our literature-based analysis indicates that gene network analysis constitutes a promising opportunity to infer therapy-relevant regulatory processes in heart development. However, the use of network-based approaches has so far been limited by the small amount of samples in available datasets. Thus, we propose to acquire high-resolution temporal expression data to improve the mathematical descriptions of regulatory processes obtained with gene network inference methodologies. Especially probabilistic methods that accommodate the intrinsic variability of biological systems have the potential to contribute to a deeper understanding of heart development.
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22
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Shen N, Knopf A, Westendorf C, Kraushaar U, Riedl J, Bauer H, Pöschel S, Layland SL, Holeiter M, Knolle S, Brauchle E, Nsair A, Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K. Steps toward Maturation of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes by Defined Physical Signals. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:122-135. [PMID: 28528699 PMCID: PMC5511039 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (ESC-CMs) may offer significant advances in creating in vitro cardiac tissues for disease modeling, drug testing, and elucidating developmental processes; however, the induction of ESCs to a more adult-like CM phenotype remains challenging. In this study, we developed a bioreactor system to employ pulsatile flow (1.48 mL/min), cyclic strain (5%), and extended culture time to improve the maturation of murine and human ESC-CMs. Dynamically-cultured ESC-CMs showed an increased expression of cardiac-associated proteins and genes, cardiac ion channel genes, as well as increased SERCA activity and a Raman fingerprint with the presence of maturation-associated peaks similar to primary CMs. We present a bioreactor platform that can serve as a foundation for the development of human-based cardiac in vitro models to verify drug candidates, and facilitates the study of cardiovascular development and disease. Custom-made bioreactor exposes ESC-CMs to defined shear stress and cyclic stretch Physical signals and extended culture significantly improve maturation of ESC-CMs Biochemical fingerprint of dynamically cultured ESC-CMs is similar to primary CMs
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Shen
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Anne Knopf
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Claas Westendorf
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- Department of Cell Biology, Electrophysiology, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Julia Riedl
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Hannah Bauer
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Simone Pöschel
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Shannon Lee Layland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Monika Holeiter
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Stefan Knolle
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Cell Biology, Electrophysiology, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Eva Brauchle
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ali Nsair
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (CVRL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Broad Stem Cell Research Center, David School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Svenja Hinderer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (CVRL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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23
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Eoh JH, Shen N, Burke JA, Hinderer S, Xia Z, Schenke-Layland K, Gerecht S. Enhanced elastin synthesis and maturation in human vascular smooth muscle tissue derived from induced-pluripotent stem cells. Acta Biomater 2017; 52:49-59. [PMID: 28163239 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining vascular smooth muscle tissue with mature, functional elastic fibers is a key obstacle in tissue-engineered blood vessels. Poor elastin secretion and organization leads to a loss of specialization in contractile smooth muscle cells, resulting in over proliferation and graft failure. In this study, human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were differentiated into early smooth muscle cells, seeded onto a hybrid poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate/poly (l-lactide) (PEGdma-PLA) scaffold and cultured in a bioreactor while exposed to pulsatile flow, towards maturation into contractile smooth muscle tissue. We evaluated the effects of pulsatile flow on cellular organization as well as elastin expression and assembly in the engineered tissue compared to a static control through immunohistochemistry, gene expression and functionality assays. We show that culturing under pulsatile flow resulted in organized and functional hiPSC derived smooth muscle tissue. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed hiPSC-smooth muscle tissue with robust, well-organized cells and elastic fibers and the supporting microfibril proteins necessary for elastic fiber assembly. Through qRT-PCR analysis, we found significantly increased expression of elastin, fibronectin, and collagen I, indicating the synthesis of necessary extracellular matrix components. Functionality assays revealed that hiPSC-smooth muscle tissue cultured in the bioreactor had an increased calcium signaling and contraction in response to a cholinergic agonist, significantly higher mature elastin content and improved mechanical properties in comparison to the static control. The findings presented here detail an effective approach to engineering elastic human vascular smooth muscle tissue with the functionality necessary for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Obtaining robust, mature elastic fibers is a key obstacle in tissue-engineered blood vessels. Human induced-pluripotent stem cells have become of interest due to their ability to supplement tissue engineered scaffolds. Their ability to differentiate into cells of vascular lineages with defined phenotypes serves as a potential solution to a major cause of graft failure in which phenotypic shifts in smooth muscle cells lead to over proliferation and occlusion of the graft. Herein, we have differentiated human induced-pluripotent stem cells in a pulsatile flow bioreactor, resulting in vascular smooth muscle tissue with robust elastic fibers and enhanced functionality. This study highlights an effective approach to engineering elastic functional vascular smooth muscle tissue for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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24
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Brauchle E, Bauer H, Fernes P, Zuk A, Schenke-Layland K, Sengle G. Raman microspectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for the non-invasive analysis of fibrillin-1 deficiency in the skin and in the in vitro skin models. Acta Biomater 2017; 52:41-48. [PMID: 27956365 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillin microfibrils and elastic fibers are critical determinants of elastic tissues where they define as tissue-specific architectures vital mechanical properties such as pliability and elastic recoil. Fibrillin microfibrils also facilitate elastic fiber formation and support the association of epithelial cells with the interstitial matrix. Mutations in fibrillin-1 (FBN1) are causative for the Marfan syndrome, a congenital multisystem disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of the fibrillin microfibril/ elastic fiber architecture in the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, ocular, and dermal system. In this study, we utilized Raman microspectroscopy in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze the molecular consequences of fibrillin-1 deficiency in skin of a mouse model (GT8) of Marfan syndrome. In addition, full-thickness skin models incorporating murine wild-type and Fbn1GT8/GT8 fibroblasts as well as human HaCaT keratinocytes were generated and analyzed. Skin models containing GT8 fibroblasts showed an altered epidermal morphology when compared to wild-type models indicating a new role for fibrillin-1 in dermal-epidermal crosstalk. Obtained Raman spectra together with PCA allowed to discriminate between healthy and deficient microfibrillar networks in murine dermis and skin models. Interestingly, results obtained from GT8 dermis and skin models showed similar alterations in molecular signatures triggered by fibrillin-1 deficiency such as amide III vibrations and decreased levels of glycan vibrations. Overall, this study indicates that Raman microspectroscopy has the potential to analyze subtle changes in fibrillin-1 microfibrils and elastic fiber networks. Therefore Raman microspectroscopy may be utilized as a non-invasive and sensitive diagnostic tool to identify connective tissue disorders and monitor their disease progression. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mutations in building blocks of the fibrillin microfibril/ elastic fiber network manifest in disease conditions such as aneurysms, emphysema or lax skin. Understanding how structural changes induced by fibrillin-1 mutation impact the architecture of fibrillin microfibrils, which then translates into an altered activation state of targeted growth factors, represents a huge challenge in elucidating the genotype-phenotype correlations in connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome. This study shows that Raman microspectroscopy is able to reveal structural changes in fibrillin-1 microfibrils and elastic fiber networks and to discriminate between normal and diseased networks in vivo and in vitro. Therefore Raman microspectroscopy may be utilized as a non-invasive and sensitive diagnostic tool to identify connective tissue disorders and monitor their disease progression.
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Kluin J, Talacua H, Smits AIPM, Emmert MY, Brugmans MCP, Fioretta ES, Dijkman PE, Söntjens SHM, Duijvelshoff R, Dekker S, Janssen-van den Broek MWJT, Lintas V, Vink A, Hoerstrup SP, Janssen HM, Dankers PYW, Baaijens FPT, Bouten CVC. In situ heart valve tissue engineering using a bioresorbable elastomeric implant - From material design to 12 months follow-up in sheep. Biomaterials 2017; 125:101-117. [PMID: 28253994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The creation of a living heart valve is a much-wanted alternative for current valve prostheses that suffer from limited durability and thromboembolic complications. Current strategies to create such valves, however, require the use of cells for in vitro culture, or decellularized human- or animal-derived donor tissue for in situ engineering. Here, we propose and demonstrate proof-of-concept of in situ heart valve tissue engineering using a synthetic approach, in which a cell-free, slow degrading elastomeric valvular implant is populated by endogenous cells to form new valvular tissue inside the heart. We designed a fibrous valvular scaffold, fabricated from a novel supramolecular elastomer, that enables endogenous cells to enter and produce matrix. Orthotopic implantations as pulmonary valve in sheep demonstrated sustained functionality up to 12 months, while the implant was gradually replaced by a layered collagen and elastic matrix in pace with cell-driven polymer resorption. Our results offer new perspectives for endogenous heart valve replacement starting from a readily-available synthetic graft that is compatible with surgical and transcatheter implantation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Kluin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Talacua
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthal I P M Smits
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Y Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zürich, Switzerland; Heart Center Zürich, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Wyss Translational Center Zürich, ETH and University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Emanuela S Fioretta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra E Dijkman
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Renée Duijvelshoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Dekker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Valentina Lintas
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aryan Vink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Hoerstrup
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zürich, Switzerland; Wyss Translational Center Zürich, ETH and University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Patricia Y W Dankers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P T Baaijens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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26
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van Geemen D, Soares ALF, Oomen PJA, Driessen-Mol A, Janssen-van den Broek MWJT, van den Bogaerdt AJ, Bogers AJJC, Goumans MJTH, Baaijens FPT, Bouten CVC. Age-Dependent Changes in Geometry, Tissue Composition and Mechanical Properties of Fetal to Adult Cryopreserved Human Heart Valves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149020. [PMID: 26867221 PMCID: PMC4750936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information about age-specific structural and functional properties of human heart valves, while this information is key to the development and evaluation of living valve replacements for pediatric and adolescent patients. Here, we present an extended data set of structure-function properties of cryopreserved human pulmonary and aortic heart valves, providing age-specific information for living valve replacements. Tissue composition, morphology, mechanical properties, and maturation of leaflets from 16 pairs of structurally unaffected aortic and pulmonary valves of human donors (fetal-53 years) were analyzed. Interestingly, no major differences were observed between the aortic and pulmonary valves. Valve annulus and leaflet dimensions increase throughout life. The typical three-layered leaflet structure is present before birth, but becomes more distinct with age. After birth, cell numbers decrease rapidly, while remaining cells obtain a quiescent phenotype and reside in the ventricularis and spongiosa. With age and maturation-but more pronounced in aortic valves-the matrix shows an increasing amount of collagen and collagen cross-links and a reduction in glycosaminoglycans. These matrix changes correlate with increasing leaflet stiffness with age. Our data provide a new and comprehensive overview of the changes of structure-function properties of fetal to adult human semilunar heart valves that can be used to evaluate and optimize future therapies, such as tissue engineering of heart valves. Changing hemodynamic conditions with age can explain initial changes in matrix composition and consequent mechanical properties, but cannot explain the ongoing changes in valve dimensions and matrix composition at older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne van Geemen
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Ana L. F. Soares
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Pim J. A. Oomen
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Anita Driessen-Mol
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Antoon J. van den Bogaerdt
- Heart Valve Bank Rotterdam, Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ad J. J. C. Bogers
- Heart Valve Bank Rotterdam, Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Frank P. T. Baaijens
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Visualizing tropoelastin in a long-term human elastic fibre cell culture model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20378. [PMID: 26842906 PMCID: PMC4740895 DOI: 10.1038/srep20378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin is an essential protein found in a variety of tissues where resilience and flexibility are needed, such as the skin and the heart. When aiming to engineer suitable implants, elastic fibres are needed to allow adequate tissue renewal. However, the visualization of human elastogenesis remains in the dark. To date, the visualization of human tropoelastin (TE) production in a human cell context and its fibre assembly under live cell conditions has not been achieved. Here, we present a long-term cell culture model of human dermal fibroblasts expressing fluorescence-labelled human TE. We employed a lentiviral system to stably overexpress Citrine-labelled TE to build a fluorescent fibre network. Using immunofluorescence, we confirmed the functionality of the Citrine-tagged TE. Furthermore, we visualized the fibre assembly over the course of several days using confocal microscopy. Applying super resolution microscopy, we were able to investigate the inner structure of the elastin–fibrillin-1 fibre network. Future investigations will allow the tracking of TE produced under various conditions. In tissue engineering applications the fluorescent fibre network can be visualized under various conditions or it serves as a tool for investigating fibre degradation processes in disease-in-a-dish-models.
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28
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Padmanabhan Iyer R, Chiao YA, Flynn ER, Hakala K, Cates CA, Weintraub ST, de Castro Brás LE. Matrix metalloproteinase-9-dependent mechanisms of reduced contractility and increased stiffness in the aging heart. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:92-107. [PMID: 26415707 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) collectively degrade all extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Of the MMPs, MMP-9 has the strongest link to the development of cardiac dysfunction. Aging associates with increased MMP-9 expression in the left ventricle (LV) and reduced cardiac function. We investigated the effect of MMP-9 deletion on the cardiac ECM in aged animals. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used male and female middle-aged (10- to16-month old) and old (20- to 24-month old) wild-type (WT) and MMP-9 null mice (n = 6/genotype/age). LVs were decellularized to remove highly abundant mitochondrial proteins that could mask identification of relative lower abundant components, analyzed by shotgun proteomics, and proteins of interest validated by immunoblot. RESULTS Elastin microfibril interface-located protein 1 (EMILIN-1) decreased with age in WT (p < 0.05), but not in MMP-9 null. EMILIN-1 promotes integrin-dependent cell adhesion and EMILIN-1 deficiency has been associated with vascular stiffening. Talin-2, a cytoskeletal protein, was elevated with age in WT (p < 0.05), and MMP-9 deficiency blunted this increase. Talin-2 is highly expressed in adult cardiac myocytes, transduces mechanical force to the ECM, and is activated by increases in substrate stiffness. Our results suggest that MMP-9 deletion may reduce age-related myocardial stiffness, which may explain improved cardiac function in MMP-9 null animals. CONCLUSIONS We identified age-related changes in the cardiac proteome that are MMP-9 dependent, suggesting MMP-9 as a possible therapeutic target for the aging patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ying Ann Chiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Flynn
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kevin Hakala
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Courtney A Cates
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lisandra E de Castro Brás
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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29
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Monaghan MG, Linneweh M, Liebscher S, Van Handel B, Layland SL, Schenke-Layland K. Endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation and mesenchymal cell colonization at the onset of human cardiac valve development. Development 2015; 143:473-82. [PMID: 26674310 PMCID: PMC4760315 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of mechanisms in semilunar valve development might enable the development of new therapies for congenital heart disorders. Here, we found differences in proliferation-associated genes and genes repressed by VEGF between human semilunar valve leaflets from first and second trimester hearts. The proliferation of valve interstitial cells and ventricular valve endothelial cells (VECs) and cellular density declined from the first to the second trimester. Cytoplasmic expression of NFATC1 was detected in VECs (4 weeks) and, later, cells in the leaflet/annulus junction mesenchyme expressing inactive NFATC1 (5.5-9 weeks) were detected, indicative of endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT) in valvulogenesis. At this leaflet/annulus junction, CD44(+) cells clustered during elongation (11 weeks), extending toward the tip along the fibrosal layer in second trimester leaflets. Differing patterns of maturation in the fibrosa and ventricularis were detected via increased fibrosal periostin content, which tracked the presence of the CD44(+) cells in the second trimester. We revealed that spatiotemporal NFATC1 expression actively regulates EndMT during human valvulogenesis, as early as 4 weeks. Additionally, CD44(+) cells play a role in leaflet maturation toward the trilaminar structure, possibly via migration of VECs undergoing EndMT, which subsequently ascend from the leaflet/annulus junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Monaghan
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miriam Linneweh
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ben Van Handel
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (CVRL), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (CVRL), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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30
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Hemodynamics driven cardiac valve morphogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1760-6. [PMID: 26608609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are instrumental to cardiovascular development and physiology. The heart beats approximately 2.6 billion times in a human lifetime and heart valves ensure that these contractions result in an efficient, unidirectional flow of the blood. Composed of endocardial cells (EdCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM), cardiac valves are among the most mechanically challenged structures of the body both during and after their development. Understanding how hemodynamic forces modulate cardiovascular function and morphogenesis is key to unraveling the relationship between normal and pathological cardiovascular development and physiology. Most valve diseases have their origins in embryogenesis, either as signs of abnormal developmental processes or the aberrant re-expression of fetal gene programs normally quiescent in adulthood. Here we review recent discoveries in the mechanobiology of cardiac valve development and introduce the latest technologies being developed in the zebrafish, including live cell imaging and optical technologies, as well as modeling approaches that are currently transforming this field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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31
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Hinderer S, Brauchle E, Schenke-Layland K. Generation and Assessment of Functional Biomaterial Scaffolds for Applications in Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2326-41. [PMID: 25778713 PMCID: PMC4745029 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Current clinically applicable tissue and organ replacement therapies are limited in the field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine. The available options do not regenerate damaged tissues and organs, and, in the majority of the cases, show insufficient restoration of tissue function. To date, anticoagulant drug-free heart valve replacements or growing valves for pediatric patients, hemocompatible and thrombus-free vascular substitutes that are smaller than 6 mm, and stem cell-recruiting delivery systems that induce myocardial regeneration are still only visions of researchers and medical professionals worldwide and far from being the standard of clinical treatment. The design of functional off-the-shelf biomaterials as well as automatable and up-scalable biomaterial processing methods are the focus of current research endeavors and of great interest for fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Here, various approaches that aim to overcome the current limitations are reviewed, focusing on biomaterials design and generation methods for myocardium, heart valves, and blood vessels. Furthermore, novel contact- and marker-free biomaterial and extracellular matrix assessment methods are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hinderer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Nobelstrasse 12, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Silcherstr. 7/1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Eva Brauchle
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Nobelstrasse 12, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Silcherstr. 7/1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), University of Stuttgart, Nobelstrasse 12, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Nobelstrasse 12, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Silcherstr. 7/1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at the, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Browne S, Monaghan MG, Brauchle E, Berrio DC, Chantepie S, Papy-Garcia D, Schenke-Layland K, Pandit A. Modulation of inflammation and angiogenesis and changes in ECM GAG-activity via dual delivery of nucleic acids. Biomaterials 2015; 69:133-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Munjal C, Opoka AM, Osinska H, James JF, Bressan GM, Hinton RB. TGF-β mediates early angiogenesis and latent fibrosis in an Emilin1-deficient mouse model of aortic valve disease. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:987-96. [PMID: 25056700 PMCID: PMC4107327 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve disease (AVD) is characterized by elastic fiber fragmentation (EFF), fibrosis and aberrant angiogenesis. Emilin1 is an elastin-binding glycoprotein that regulates elastogenesis and inhibits TGF-β signaling, but the role of Emilin1 in valve tissue is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Emilin1 deficiency results in AVD, mediated by non-canonical (MAPK/phosphorylated Erk1 and Erk2) TGF-β dysregulation. Using histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, quantitative gene expression analysis, immunoblotting and echocardiography, we examined the effects of Emilin1 deficiency (Emilin1−/−) in mouse aortic valve tissue. Emilin1 deficiency results in early postnatal cell-matrix defects in aortic valve tissue, including EFF, that progress to latent AVD and premature death. The Emilin1−/− aortic valve displays early aberrant provisional angiogenesis and late neovascularization. In addition, Emilin1−/− aortic valves are characterized by early valve interstitial cell activation and proliferation and late myofibroblast-like cell activation and fibrosis. Interestingly, canonical TGF-β signaling (phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3) is upregulated constitutively from birth to senescence, whereas non-canonical TGF-β signaling (phosphorylated Erk1 and Erk2) progressively increases over time. Emilin1 deficiency recapitulates human fibrotic AVD, and advanced disease is mediated by non-canonical (MAPK/phosphorylated Erk1 and Erk2) TGF-β activation. The early manifestation of EFF and aberrant angiogenesis suggests that these processes are crucial intermediate factors involved in disease progression and therefore might provide new therapeutic targets for human AVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Munjal
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amy M Opoka
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hanna Osinska
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeanne F James
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Giorgio M Bressan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Robert B Hinton
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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34
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Hinderer S, Shena N, Ringuette LJ, Hansmann J, Reinhardt DP, Brucker SY, Davis EC, Schenke-Layland K. In vitro elastogenesis: instructing human vascular smooth muscle cells to generate an elastic fiber-containing extracellular matrix scaffold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:034102. [PMID: 25784676 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/034102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are essential for the proper function of organs including cardiovascular tissues such as heart valves and blood vessels. Although (tropo)elastin production in a tissue-engineered construct has previously been described, the assembly to functional elastic fibers in vitro using human cells has been highly challenging. In the present study, we seeded primary isolated human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) onto 3D electrospun scaffolds and exposed them to defined laminar shear stress using a customized bioreactor system. Increased elastin expression followed by elastin deposition onto the electrospun scaffolds, as well as on newly formed fibers, was observed after six days. Most interestingly, we identified the successful deposition of elastogenesis-associated proteins, including fibrillin-1 and -2, fibulin-4 and -5, fibronectin, elastin microfibril interface located protein 1 (EMILIN-1) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) within our engineered constructs. Ultrastructural analyses revealed a developing extracellular matrix (ECM) similar to native human fetal tissue, which is composed of collagens, microfibrils and elastin. To conclude, the combination of a novel dynamic flow bioreactor and an electrospun hybrid polymer scaffold allowed the production and assembly of an elastic fiber-containing ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hinderer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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35
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Godby RC, Munjal C, Opoka AM, Smith JM, Yutzey KE, Narmoneva DA, Hinton RB. Cross Talk between NOTCH Signaling and Biomechanics in Human Aortic Valve Disease Pathogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014; 1:237-256. [PMID: 29552567 PMCID: PMC5856658 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve disease is a burgeoning public health problem associated with significant mortality. Loss of function mutations in NOTCH1 cause bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and calcific aortic valve disease. Because calcific nodules manifest on the fibrosa side of the cusp in low fluidic oscillatory shear stress (OSS), elucidating pathogenesis requires approaches that consider both molecular and mechanical factors. Therefore, we examined the relationship between NOTCH loss of function (LOF) and biomechanical indices in healthy and diseased human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). An orbital shaker system was used to apply cyclic OSS, which mimics the cardiac cycle and hemodynamics experienced by AVICs in vivo. NOTCH LOF blocked OSS-induced cell alignment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), whereas AVICs did not align when subjected to OSS under any conditions. In healthy AVICs, OSS resulted in decreased elastin (ELN) and α-SMA (ACTA2). NOTCH LOF was associated with similar changes, but in diseased AVICs, NOTCH LOF combined with OSS was associated with increased α-SMA expression. Interestingly, AVICs showed relatively higher expression of NOTCH2 compared to NOTCH1. Biomechanical interactions between endothelial and interstitial cells involve complex NOTCH signaling that contributes to matrix homeostasis in health and disorganization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Godby
- Division of Cardiology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Charu Munjal
- Division of Cardiology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Amy M. Opoka
- Division of Cardiology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - J. Michael Smith
- TriHealth Heart Institute, Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Daria A. Narmoneva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Robert B. Hinton
- Division of Cardiology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-513-636-0389; Fax: +1-513-636-5958
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Review of Molecular and Mechanical Interactions in the Aortic Valve and Aorta: Implications for the Shared Pathogenesis of Aortic Valve Disease and Aortopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:823-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cangemi C, Hansen ML, Argraves WS, Rasmussen LM. Fibulins and their role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Adv Clin Chem 2014; 67:245-65. [PMID: 25735864 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibulins are a group of extracellular matrix proteins of which many are present in high amounts in the cardiovascular system. They share common biochemical properties and are often found in relation to basement membranes or elastic fibers. Observations in humans with specific mutations in fibulin genes, together with results from genetically engineered mice and data from human cardiovascular tissue suggest that the fibulin family of proteins play important functional roles in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, fibulin-1 circulates in high concentrations in plasma and may function as a cardiovascular disease marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cangemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Lyck Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - William Scott Argraves
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Schesny MK, Monaghan M, Bindermann AH, Freund D, Seifert M, Eble JA, Vogel S, Gawaz MP, Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K. Preserved bioactivity and tunable release of a SDF1-GPVI bi-specific protein using photo-crosslinked PEGda hydrogels. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kantaputra PN, Kaewgahya M, Wiwatwongwana A, Wiwatwongwana D, Sittiwangkul R, Iamaroon A, Dejkhamron P. Cutis laxa with pulmonary emphysema, conjunctivochalasis, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, abnormal hair, and a novel FBLN5 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2370-7. [PMID: 24962763 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 4-year-old girl with autosomal recessive cutis laxa, type IA, or pulmonary emphysema type (ARCL1A; OMIM #219100), with loose and wrinkled skin, mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse, conjunctivochalasis, obstructed nasolacrimal ducts, hypoplastic maxilla, and early childhood-onset pulmonary emphysema. Mutation analysis of FBLN5 showed a homozygous c.432C>G missense mutation, and heterozygosity in the parents. This is predicted to cause amino acid substitution p.Cys144Trp. Conjunctivochalasis or redundant folds of conjunctiva and obstructed nasolacrimal ducts have not been reported to be associated with FBLN5 mutations. Histopathological study of the conjunctival biopsy showed that most blood vessels had normal elastic fibers. The gingiva appeared normal, but histologically elastic fibers were defective. Scanning electron micrography of scalp hair demonstrated hypoplastic hair follicles. The cuticles appear intact underneath the filamentous meshwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Nik Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Craniofacial Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Engineering of a bio-functionalized hybrid off-the-shelf heart valve. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2130-9. [PMID: 24333025 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently available heart valve replacements are limited in long-term performance or fail due to leaflet thickening, lack of growth or remodeling potential. In order to address these issues, it is necessary to mimic multiple factors of the native valvular extracellular matrix (ECM) such as architecture, mechanical behavior and biochemical signals. Here, we successfully generated an electrospun PEGdma-PLA scaffold adapted to the structure and mechanical properties of native valve leaflets. Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) and valvular endothelial cells (VECs) were seeded on the scaffold and when cultured under physiological conditions in a bioreactor, the construct performed like a native leaflet. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to obtain detailed mechanical information from the leaflets, which enabled the first layer-specific measurement of the Young's modulus. Interestingly, spongiosa stiffness was much lower compared to the fibrosa and ventricularis. Moreover, investigations into human fetal heart valve development identified collagen type I and versican as important structural proteins. As a proof of principle, these proteins were introduced to the scaffold, demonstrating the ability to bio-functionalize the hybrid valve based on natures' blueprint.
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