1
|
Douglas C, Maciulyte V, Zohren J, Snell DM, Mahadevaiah SK, Ojarikre OA, Ellis PJI, Turner JMA. CRISPR-Cas9 effectors facilitate generation of single-sex litters and sex-specific phenotypes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6926. [PMID: 34862376 PMCID: PMC8642469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are essential genetic tools in scientific research and global resources in agriculture. In both arenas, a single sex is often required in surplus. The ethical and financial burden of producing and culling animals of the undesired sex is considerable. Using the mouse as a model, we develop a synthetic lethal, bicomponent CRISPR-Cas9 strategy that produces male- or female-only litters with one hundred percent efficiency. Strikingly, we observe a degree of litter size compensation relative to control matings, indicating that our system has the potential to increase the yield of the desired sex in comparison to standard breeding designs. The bicomponent system can also be repurposed to generate postnatal sex-specific phenotypes. Our approach, harnessing the technological applications of CRISPR-Cas9, may be applicable to other vertebrate species, and provides strides towards ethical improvements for laboratory research and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Douglas
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Valdone Maciulyte
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jasmin Zohren
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Snell
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Obah A Ojarikre
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hacke K, Szakmary A, Cuddihy AR, Rozengurt N, Lemp NA, Aubrecht J, Lawson GW, Rao NP, Crooks GM, Schiestl RH, Kasahara N. Combined preconditioning and in vivo chemoselection with 6-thioguanine alone achieves highly efficient reconstitution of normal hematopoiesis with HPRT-deficient bone marrow. Exp Hematol 2011; 40:3-13.e3. [PMID: 22001673 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purine analogs such as 6-thioguanine (6TG) cause myelotoxicity upon conversion into nucleotides by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). Here we have developed a novel and highly efficient strategy employing 6TG as a single agent for both conditioning and in vivo chemoselection of HPRT-deficient hematopoietic stem cells. The dose-response and time course of 6TG myelotoxicity were first compared in HPRT wild-type mice and HPRT-deficient transgenic mice. Dosage and schedule parameters were optimized to employ 6TG for myelosuppressive conditioning, immediately followed by in vivo chemoselection of HPRT-deficient transgenic donor bone marrow (BM) transplanted into syngeneic HPRT wild-type recipients. At appropriate doses, 6TG induced selective myelotoxicity without any adverse effects on extrahematopoietic tissues in HPRT wild-type mice, while hematopoietic stem cells deficient in HPRT activity were highly resistant to its cytotoxic effects. Combined 6TG conditioning and post-transplantation chemoselection consistently achieved ∼95% engraftment of HPRT-deficient donor BM, with low overall toxicity. Long-term reconstitution of immunophenotypically normal BM was achieved in both primary and secondary recipients. Our results provide proof-of-concept that single-agent 6TG can be used for both myelosuppressive conditioning without requiring irradiation and for in vivo chemoselection of HPRT-deficient donor cells. Our results show that by applying the myelosuppressive effects of 6TG both before (as conditioning) and after transplantation (as chemoselection), highly efficient engraftment of HPRT-deficient hematopoietic stem cells can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hacke
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Keebaugh AC, Mitchell HA, Gaval-Cruz M, Freeman KG, Edwards GL, Weinshenker D, Thomas JW. PRTFDC1 is a genetic modifier of HPRT-deficiency in the mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22381. [PMID: 21818316 PMCID: PMC3144895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a severe X-linked neurological disorder caused by a deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). In contrast, HPRT-deficiency in the mouse does not result in the profound phenotypes such as self-injurious behavior observed in humans, and the genetic basis for this phenotypic disparity between HPRT-deficient humans and mice is unknown. To test the hypothesis that HPRT deficiency is modified by the presence/absence of phosphoribosyltransferase domain containing 1 (PRTFDC1), a paralog of HPRT that is a functional gene in humans but an inactivated pseudogene in mice, we created transgenic mice that express human PRTFDC1 in wild-type and HPRT-deficient backgrounds. Male mice expressing PRTFDC1 on either genetic background were viable and fertile. However, the presence of PRTFDC1 in the HPRT-deficient, but not wild-type mice, increased aggression as well as sensitivity to a specific amphetamine-induced stereotypy, both of which are reminiscent of the increased aggressive and self-injurious behavior exhibited by patients with LND. These results demonstrate that PRTFDC1 is a genetic modifier of HPRT-deficiency in the mouse and could therefore have important implications for unraveling the molecular etiology of LND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaine C. Keebaugh
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Mitchell
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Meriem Gaval-Cruz
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kimberly G. Freeman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gaylen L. Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James W. Thomas
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bendre SV, Shaddock JG, Dobrovolsky VN, Albertini RJ, Heflich RH. Effect of chronic azathioprine treatment on germ-line transmission of Hprt mutation in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:744-753. [PMID: 18008354 DOI: 10.1002/em.20352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Azathioprine (Aza), a prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine, is used in human medicine to prevent transplant rejection and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Extremely high HPRT lymphocyte mutant frequencies (MFs) are found in humans and mice chronically treated with Aza, and these elevated MFs appear to be caused by selection and amplification of pre-existing HPRT mutant lymphocytes. In the present study, we investigated if in vivo selection by Aza also promotes the germ-line transmission of Hprt mutants. Fifty-five male C57BL/6 mice were treated with 10 mg/kg Aza three times/week for 24 weeks; 10 control mice were treated with the vehicle. Each of these males then was bred to unexposed females for a total of 8 weeks. Analysis of the Aza-treated males after the breeding period indicated that 12 had highly elevated Hprt lymphocyte MFs (1 x 10(-4)-2.5 x 10(-1) vs. normal MFs of <1 x 10(-5)), indicating that the Aza treatment successfully selected somatic cell mutants. The female offspring from the breeding were sacrificed at 28 days of age and Hprt MFs were measured in spleen lymphocytes. Most of the 364 female offspring (332 from Aza-treated fathers) had Hprt MFs of 0-6 x 10(-6), but seven of the offspring had moderately elevated MFs of 16 x 10(-6)-55 x 10(-6). Since one of these mice was fathered by a control male, these relatively high MFs appear to be part of the normal variation in lymphocyte Hprt MF. The present results provide no evidence that long-term Aza treatment promotes high levels of germ-line Hprt mutation transmission in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin V Bendre
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Patek CE, Saunders PTK, Miles CG, Berry RL, Hastie ND, Sharpe RM, Hooper ML. Gonadal effects of a mouse Denys-Drash syndrome mutation. Transgenic Res 2006; 14:691-702. [PMID: 16245160 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-7216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal effects of the Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS) mutation Wt1(tmT396 )were examined in chimaeric and heterozygous mice. Since the only heterozygote was 41,XXY, Sertoli cell function was assessed by comparison with age-matched control XXY testes. Control XXY Sertoli cells showed immuno-expression of WT1 and androgen receptor (AR) indistinguishable from wild-type (40,XY), but expressed anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH). In contrast, DDS Sertoli cells showed only faint immuno-expression of WT1 and did not express AR or AMH. While XY<-->XY DDS chimaeras were male, XX<-->XY chimaeras were predominantly female. In the rare XX<-->XY DDS males the Sertoli cell lineage was largely derived from Wt1 mutant XY cells. We conclude that DDS mutant cells can form Sertoli cells, that the dominant mutation does not cause male sex reversal in mice but distorts the sex ratio of XX<-->XY chimaeras, and that there may be a link between WT1, AMH and AR expression by Sertoli cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Patek
- Sir Alastair Currie Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lensch MW, Daley GQ. Scientific and clinical opportunities for modeling blood disorders with embryonic stem cells. Blood 2005; 107:2605-12. [PMID: 16332966 PMCID: PMC1895374 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our considerable wealth of data concerning hematologic processes has come despite difficulties working with stem and progenitor cells in vitro and their propensity to differentiate. Key methodologies that have sought to overcome such limitations include transgenic/knock-out animals and in vitro studies using murine embryonic stem cells, because both permit investigation of the formation of hematopoietic tissue from nonhematopoietic precursors. Although there have been many successful studies in model animals for understanding hematopoietic-cell development, differences between lower vertebrates and humans have left gaps in our understanding. Clearly, human-specific strategies to study the onset of hematopoiesis, particularly the earliest events leading to the specification of both normal and abnormal hematopoietic tissue, could bring an investigational renaissance. The recent availability of human embryonic stem (hES) cells suggests that such a system is now at hand. This review highlights the potential of hES cells to model human hematologic processes in vitro with an emphasis on disease targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M William Lensch
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Colgin LM, Hackmann AFM, Emond MJ, Monnat RJ. The unexpected landscape of in vivo somatic mutation in a human epithelial cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:1437-42. [PMID: 11818556 PMCID: PMC122209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.032655699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2001] [Accepted: 12/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data exist on somatic mutation in the epithelial cell lineages that play a central role in human biology and disease. To delineate the "landscape" of somatic mutation in a human epithelial cell lineage, we determined the frequency and molecular nature of somatic mutations occurring in vivo in the X-linked HPRT gene of kidney tubular epithelial cells. Kidney epithelial mutants were frequent (range 0.5 to 4.2 x 10(-4)) and contained a high proportion of unreported HPRT base substitutions, -1-bp deletions and multiple mutations. This spectrum of somatic mutation differed from HPRT mutations identified in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and from germ-line HPRT mutations identified in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome or hyperuricemia patients. Our results indicate that DNA damage and mutagenesis may have unusual or mechanistically interesting features in kidney tubular epithelium, and that somatic mutation may play a more important role in human kidney disease than has been previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorel M Colgin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357705, Seattle, WA 98195-7705, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Patek CE, Little MH, Fleming S, Miles C, Charlieu JP, Clarke AR, Miyagawa K, Christie S, Doig J, Harrison DJ, Porteous DJ, Brookes AJ, Hooper ML, Hastie ND. A zinc finger truncation of murine WT1 results in the characteristic urogenital abnormalities of Denys-Drash syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2931-6. [PMID: 10077614 PMCID: PMC15872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wilms tumor-suppressor gene, WT1, plays a key role in urogenital development, and WT1 dysfunction is implicated in both neoplastic (Wilms tumor, mesothelioma, leukemias, and breast cancer) and nonneoplastic (glomerulosclerosis) disease. The analysis of diseases linked specifically with WT1 mutations, such as Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS), can provide valuable insight concerning the role of WT1 in development and disease. DDS is a rare childhood disease characterized by a nephropathy involving mesangial sclerosis, XY pseudohermaphroditism, and/or Wilms tumor (WT). DDS patients are constitutionally heterozygous for exonic point mutations in WT1, which include mutations predicted to truncate the protein within the C-terminal zinc finger (ZF) region. We report that heterozygosity for a targeted murine Wt1 allele, Wt1(tmT396), which truncates ZF3 at codon 396, induces mesangial sclerosis characteristic of DDS in adult heterozygous and chimeric mice. Male genital defects also were evident and there was a single case of Wilms tumor in which the transcript of the nontargeted allele showed an exon 9 skipping event, implying a causal link between Wt1 dysfunction and Wilms tumorigenesis in mice. However, the mutant WT1(tmT396) protein accounted for only 5% of WT1 in both heterozygous embryonic stem cells and the WT. This has implications regarding the mechanism by which the mutant allele exerts its effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Patek
- Sir Alastair Currie CRC Laboratories, Molecular Medicine Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- J D West
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deubel W, Bassukas ID, Schlereth W, Lorenz R, Hempel K. Age dependent selection against HPRT deficient T lymphocytes in the HPRT+/- heterozygous mouse. Mutat Res 1996; 351:67-77. [PMID: 8602176 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The fraction of HPRT deficient T lymphocytes was measured in the HPRT +/- female mouse between birth and an age of about 2 years. The animals were the F1 offspring of the HPRT deficient strain 129MF1 and HPRT competent C57BL/6J-mice. T lymphocytes from spleen were cloned in vitro and HPRT deficient clones were detected by double-labeling with [3H]thymidine and [14C]hypoxanthine. During the first weeks of life the fraction of deficient lymphocytes sharply decreases from about 50% at birth to 10-30% at an age of 10 weeks. In adult animals the fraction of HPRT deficient T cells smoothly further decreases to values about 10% at 80-90 weeks. The equation gamma(t)=[0.547 x exp(-0.405 x t)] + [0.453 x exp(-0.0116 x t)] was found to be a good approximation of the time course of HPRT deficient cells in spleen; gamma(t) is the fraction of deficient cells per competent cell and t is the age of animals in weeks. It is postulated that the selection against HPRT deficient T lymphocytes is the consequence of the reduced proliferative capacity of HPRT deficient cells (=selection factor). The time course of the ratio of deficient cells can be described as a function of the proliferation rate of the HPRT competent T cells and this selection factor. The sharp initial decrease is explained by a high selection pressure against HPRT deficient cells in young animals when the proliferation rate of the expanding T cell population is high and when T cells proliferate in the bone marrow. In adult animals the selection pressure against HPRT deficient cells is reduced, since T cells arise in general in peripheral lymphatic organs, where the salvage pathway is of lesser importance compared to the de novo purine synthesis. Implications of the selection against HPRT deficient lymphocytes for the widely used HPRT mutation assay are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Deubel
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martin GM, Ogburn CE, Colgin LM, Gown AM, Edland SD, Monnat RJ. Somatic mutations are frequent and increase with age in human kidney epithelial cells. Hum Mol Genet 1996; 5:215-21. [PMID: 8824877 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/5.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used a primary cloning assay to determine the frequency of 6-thioguanine (TG)-resistant tubular epithelial cells in kidney tissue from 72 human donors ranging in age from 2 to 94 years. The frequency of TG-resistant mutants ranged from approximately 5 x 10(-5) for donors in the first decade of life to approximately 2.5 x 10(-4) for donors in the eighth and later decades of life. Two different statistical analyses indicated that this increase in mutant frequency is exponential with age. We also observed a 2-fold higher TG-resistant mutant frequency in nephrectomy kidneys containing a coincident renal carcinoma. DNA sequence analyses revealed HPRT gene mutations in each of 14 TG-resistant mutants from seven unrelated donors. Thirteen of these 14 mutants resulted from independent mutational events. These results suggest that somatic mutations are common in renal--and perhaps in other human--epithelia, and thus could play an important role in the genesis of age-associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
McCreanor GM, Harkness RA. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and its pathogenesis: normal nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide but reduced ATP concentrations that correlate with reduced poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activity in HPRT-deficient lymphoblasts. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995; 18:737-47. [PMID: 8750613 DOI: 10.1007/bf02436765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase- (HPRT; EC 2.4.2.8) deficient lymphoblasts, ATP but not nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide coenzyme concentrations are reduced by limited nutrition. Such reduced ATP concentrations are correlated with reduced poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (polyADPRT; EC 2.4.2.30) activity; this reduces the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide coenzymes and thus explains their normal intracellular concentrations. Since reductions in poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activity reduce DNA repair, alterations in DNA could accumulate even in non-multiplying cells such as neurons, especially in the continuously active 'respiratory centre'. Our Lesch-Nyhan patients suffered respiratory deaths between 15 and 20 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M McCreanor
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, MRC Clinical Research Centre and Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- K R Thomas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84112
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Samuel K, Clarke AR, Ansell JD, Hooper ML. Age-dependent selection against hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase-deficient cells in mouse haematopoiesis. Development 1993; 118:859-63. [PMID: 8076522 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118.3.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The basis of a previously observed difference in the level of contribution of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient cells between the haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic tissues of chimaeric and heterozygous mice has been clarified by studying two populations of female mice that differ only in that one is heterozygous for a null allele at the hprt locus and the other is wild type at this locus. Both populations are heterozygous for an electrophoretic variant allele at the X-linked Pgk-1 locus, so that X-chromosome inactivation generates cells expressing different isozymes of phosphoglycerate kinase which can be assayed to monitor cell selection. The results show that hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency itself, rather than an effect of another X-linked gene, causes a reduced level of contribution to haematopoietic tissues. Further, the extent of the depletion increases significantly with age, and this effect is due to a progressive reduction in the level of contribution to haematopoietic tissues rather than to an increase in the level of contribution to non-haematopoietic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Samuel
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Mouse models of human genetic disorders provide a valuable resource for investigating the pathogenesis of genetic disease and for testing potential therapies. The high degree of resolution of linkage mapping in the mouse allows mutant phenotypes to be mapped precisely which, combined with the accurate definition of areas of homology between the mouse and human genomes, greatly facilitates the identification of mouse models. We describe here mouse models of human single gene disorders dividing them into three categories depending on the information available; phenotypic similarities, comparative mapping and identification of the underlying genetic lesion.
Collapse
|
16
|
Williamson DJ, Hooper ML, Melton DW. Mouse models of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 1992; 15:665-73. [PMID: 1528024 DOI: 10.1007/bf01799622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lesch--Nyhan syndrome is an X-linked disease caused by the deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the purine salvage pathways. It is characterized by severe gout, choreoathetosis, self-mutilatory behaviour and mental retardation. The derivation of mice genetically deficient in this enzyme may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of the neurological abnormality where previously models using drug administration to mimic the disorder have had to suffice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Williamson
- Department of Pathology, University Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|